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Huffman A, Zhang X, Lanka M, Zheng J, Masci AM, He Y. Ontological representation, modeling, and analysis of parasite vaccines. J Biomed Semantics 2024; 15:4. [PMID: 38664818 PMCID: PMC11044459 DOI: 10.1186/s13326-024-00307-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogenic parasites are responsible for multiple diseases, such as malaria and Chagas disease, in humans and livestock. Traditionally, pathogenic parasites have been largely an evasive topic for vaccine design, with most successful vaccines only emerging recently. To aid vaccine design, the VIOLIN vaccine knowledgebase has collected vaccines from all sources to serve as a comprehensive vaccine knowledgebase. VIOLIN utilizes the Vaccine Ontology (VO) to standardize the modeling of vaccine data. VO did not model complex life cycles as seen in parasites. With the inclusion of successful parasite vaccines, an update in parasite vaccine modeling was needed. RESULTS VIOLIN was expanded to include 258 parasite vaccines against 23 protozoan species, and 607 new parasite vaccine-related terms were added to VO since 2022. The updated VO design for parasite vaccines accounts for parasite life stages and for transmission-blocking vaccines. A total of 356 terms from the Ontology of Parasite Lifecycle (OPL) were imported to VO to help represent the effect of different parasite life stages. A new VO class term, 'transmission-blocking vaccine,' was added to represent vaccines able to block infectious transmission, and one new VO object property, 'blocks transmission of pathogen via vaccine,' was added to link vaccine and pathogen in which the vaccine blocks the transmission of the pathogen. Additionally, our Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) of 140 parasite antigens used in the parasitic vaccines identified enriched features. For example, significant patterns, such as signal, plasma membrane, and entry into host, were found in the antigens of the vaccines against two parasite species: Plasmodium falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii. The analysis found 18 out of the 140 parasite antigens involved with the malaria disease process. Moreover, a majority (15 out of 54) of P. falciparum parasite antigens are localized in the cell membrane. T. gondii antigens, in contrast, have a majority (19/24) of their proteins related to signaling pathways. The antigen-enriched patterns align with the life cycle stage patterns identified in our ontological parasite vaccine modeling. CONCLUSIONS The updated VO modeling and GSEA analysis capture the influence of the complex parasite life cycles and their associated antigens on vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Huffman
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medicine School, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Xumeng Zhang
- College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, University of Michigan, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Meghana Lanka
- College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, University of Michigan, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jie Zheng
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan Medicine School, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anna Maria Masci
- Department of Data Impact and Governance, MD Anderson Cancer Center University of Texas, TX, 77030, Houston, USA
| | - Yongqun He
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medicine School, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan Medicine School, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medicine School, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Maritz-Olivier C, Ferreira M, Olivier NA, Crafford J, Stutzer C. Mining gene expression data for rational identification of novel drug targets and vaccine candidates against the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2023; 91:291-317. [PMID: 37755526 PMCID: PMC10562289 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-023-00838-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Control of complex parasites via vaccination remains challenging, with the current combination of vaccines and small drugs remaining the choice for an integrated control strategy. Studies conducted to date, are providing evidence that multicomponent vaccines will be needed for the development of protective vaccines against endo- and ectoparasites, though multicomponent vaccines require an in-depth understanding of parasite biology which remains insufficient for ticks. With the rapid development and spread of acaricide resistance in ticks, new targets for acaricide development also remains to be identified, along with novel targets that can be exploited for the design of lead compounds. In this study, we analysed the differential gene expression of Rhipicephalus microplus ticks that were fed on cattle vaccinated with a multi-component vaccine (Bm86 and 3 putative Bm86-binding proteins). The data was scrutinised for the identification of vaccine targets, small drug targets and novel pathways that can be evaluated in future studies. Limitations associated with targeting novel proteins for vaccine and/or drug design is also discussed and placed into the context of challenges arising when targeting large protein families and intracellular localised proteins. Lastly, this study provide insight into how Bm86-based vaccines may reduce successful uptake and digestion of the bloodmeal and overall tick fecundity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Maritz-Olivier
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa.
| | - Mariëtte Ferreira
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Nicholas A Olivier
- DNA Microarray Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Jan Crafford
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Christian Stutzer
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa.
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Kotze AC, Hunt PW. The current status and outlook for insecticide, acaricide and anthelmintic resistances across the Australian ruminant livestock industries: assessing the threat these resistances pose to the livestock sector. Aust Vet J 2023; 101:321-333. [PMID: 37401786 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
The Australian ruminant livestock industries are faced with the need to control parasitic infectious diseases that can seriously impact the health of animals. However, increasing levels of resistance to insecticides, anthelmintics and acaricides are substantially reducing the ability to control some of these parasites. Here we review the current situation with regard to chemical resistances in parasites across the various sectors of the Australian ruminant livestock industries and assess the level of threat that these resistances pose to the sustainability of these sectors in the short to long terms. We also look at the extent to which testing for resistance occurs across the various industry sectors, and hence how well-informed these sectors are of the extent of chemical resistance. We examine on-farm management practices, breeding of parasite-resistant animals, and non-chemical therapeutics that may act as short to long term means to reduce the current reliance on chemicals for parasite control. Finally, we look at the balance between the prevalence and magnitude of current resistances and the availability and adoption rates of management, breeding and therapeutic alternatives in order to assess the parasite control outlook for the various industry sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Kotze
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - P W Hunt
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
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Bishop LJ, Stutzer C, Maritz-Olivier C. More than Three Decades of Bm86: What We Know and Where to Go. Pathogens 2023; 12:1071. [PMID: 37764879 PMCID: PMC10537462 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tick and tick-borne disease control have been a serious research focus for many decades. In a global climate of increasing acaricide resistance, host immunity against tick infestation has become a much-needed complementary strategy to common chemical control. From the earliest acquired resistance studies in small animal models to proof of concept in large production animals, it was the isolation, characterization, and final recombinant protein production of the midgut antigen Bm86 from the Australian cattle tick strain of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (later reinstated as R. (B.) australis) that established tick subunit vaccines as a viable alternative in tick and tick-borne disease control. In the past 37 years, this antigen has spawned numerous tick subunit vaccines (either Bm86-based or novel), and though we are still describing its molecular structure and function, this antigen remains the gold standard for all tick vaccines. In this paper, advances in tick vaccine development over the past three decades are discussed alongside the development of biotechnology, where existing gaps and future directives in the field are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christine Maritz-Olivier
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0083, South Africa; (L.J.B.); (C.S.)
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Parizi LF, Githaka NW, Logullo C, Zhou J, Onuma M, Termignoni C, da Silva Vaz I. Universal Tick Vaccines: Candidates and Remaining Challenges. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2031. [PMID: 37370541 DOI: 10.3390/ani13122031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in molecular biology, particularly regarding massively parallel sequencing technologies, have enabled scientists to gain more insight into the physiology of ticks. While there has been progress in identifying tick proteins and the pathways they are involved in, the specificities of tick-host interaction at the molecular level are not yet fully understood. Indeed, the development of effective commercial tick vaccines has been slower than expected. While omics studies have pointed to some potential vaccine immunogens, selecting suitable antigens for a multi-antigenic vaccine is very complex due to the participation of redundant molecules in biological pathways. The expansion of ticks and their pathogens into new territories and exposure to new hosts makes it necessary to evaluate vaccine efficacy in unusual and non-domestic host species. This situation makes ticks and tick-borne diseases an increasing threat to animal and human health globally, demanding an urgent availability of vaccines against multiple tick species and their pathogens. This review discusses the challenges and advancements in the search for universal tick vaccines, including promising new antigen candidates, and indicates future directions in this crucial research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Fernando Parizi
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Logullo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-853, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-853, Brazil
| | - Jinlin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Misao Onuma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Carlos Termignoni
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-853, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90040-060, Brazil
| | - Itabajara da Silva Vaz
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-853, Brazil
- Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91540-000, Brazil
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6
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Długosz E, Wesołowska A. Immune Response of the Host and Vaccine Development. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050637. [PMID: 37242307 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are one of the greatest achievements of modern medicine, offering an effective way to fight and control infectious diseases [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Długosz
- Division of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wesołowska
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wilcza 64, 00-679 Warsaw, Poland
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Molina JM, Hernández YI, Ferrer O, Conde-Felipe MM, Rodríguez F, Ruiz A. Immunization with thiol-binding proteins from Haemonchus contortus adult worms partially protects goats against infection during prepatency. Exp Parasitol 2023; 248:108512. [PMID: 36965594 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
To contribute of the knowledge of the immune mechanisms underlying the response to the immunization of goats with thiol-binding proteins fractions (PBS-TSBP) from Haemonchus contortus (H. contortus) adult worms, this study analyzed the degree of protection and the immune responses developed against the parasite after vaccination with this antigenic complex during the time-elapsing between challenge with L3 of the parasite and the development of adult worms, evidenced by the appearance of first faecal eggs (prepatent period or prepatency). Goat kids immunized with PBS-TBSP generated an immune response during the prepatency which translates into a reduction in the number of worms, as well as a lower reduction on packed cell volume and plasma protein levels in relation to the non-vaccinated animals. As previously described in other studies carried out after the prepatent period, this protection was associated with a systemic humoral response. At the local level, a specific humoral response was also observed, together with an immune-inflammatory infiltrate in the gastric mucosa of MCH-II + cells and CD4+ lymphocytes, whose number was associated with a reduction in the number of worms and an increase in plasma proteins. A high peripheral eosinophilia was detected, but no corresponding increased infiltration of the gastric mucosa by eosinophils or globular leukocytes was observed. In agreement with previous data on the immunolocalization of the antigens used here, the results obtained contribute to the idea that these may be excretion/secretion (E/S) products necessary for parasite survival, whose inactivation during the larval and/or pre-adult stages may have contributed to immunoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Molina
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria, Spain.
| | - Y I Hernández
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria, Spain.
| | - O Ferrer
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria, Spain.
| | - M M Conde-Felipe
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria, Spain.
| | - F Rodríguez
- Department of Anatomy and Compared Anatomy Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
| | - A Ruiz
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria, Spain.
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8
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Recent Advances in the Development of Adenovirus-Vectored Vaccines for Parasitic Infections. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16030334. [PMID: 36986434 PMCID: PMC10058461 DOI: 10.3390/ph16030334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines against parasites have lagged centuries behind those against viral and bacterial infections, despite the devastating morbidity and widespread effects of parasitic diseases across the globe. One of the greatest hurdles to parasite vaccine development has been the lack of vaccine strategies able to elicit the complex and multifaceted immune responses needed to abrogate parasitic persistence. Viral vectors, especially adenovirus (AdV) vectors, have emerged as a potential solution for complex disease targets, including HIV, tuberculosis, and parasitic diseases, to name a few. AdVs are highly immunogenic and are uniquely able to drive CD8+ T cell responses, which are known to be correlates of immunity in infections with most protozoan and some helminthic parasites. This review presents recent developments in AdV-vectored vaccines targeting five major human parasitic diseases: malaria, Chagas disease, schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and toxoplasmosis. Many AdV-vectored vaccines have been developed for these diseases, utilizing a wide variety of vectors, antigens, and modes of delivery. AdV-vectored vaccines are a promising approach for the historically challenging target of human parasitic diseases.
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Samia HR, aicha D, Meriem M, Rabah Y, Imene S, Bousaad H, Chafia T, Ahsene B, Jean G, Saâdia M. Treatment of protoscoleces with gamma radiation: potential immunoprotective effect against experimental murine echinococcosis. Parasite Immunol 2022; 44:e12944. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hadj Rabia Samia
- Department of Nuclear Applications Nuclear Research Center, B.P.43 Sebala‐Draria Algeria
- Laboratory of Biology and Animal Physiology, ENS Kouba Algiers Algeria
| | - Debib aicha
- Laboratory of Management and Valorization of Agricultural and Aquatic Ecosystems (LMVAAE) Morsli Abdallah Tipaza University Center Algeria
| | - Mezaguer Meriem
- Department of ionizing radiation dosimetry Nuclear Research Center, 2bd Frantz Fanon Algiers Algeria
| | - Yefsah Rabah
- Department of Irradiation Technology Nuclear Research Center, 2bd Frantz Fanon Algiers Algeria
| | - Soufli Imene
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology Faculty of Biological Science University of Sciences and technology Houari Boumediene, USTHB, PB 32 El‐Alia Algiers Algeria
| | - Hamrioui Bousaad
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Mustapha Bacha Hospital Algiers Algeria
| | - Touil‐Boukoffa Chafia
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology Faculty of Biological Science University of Sciences and technology Houari Boumediene, USTHB, PB 32 El‐Alia Algiers Algeria
| | - Baz Ahsene
- Laboratory of Biology and Animal Physiology, ENS Kouba Algiers Algeria
| | - Giaimis Jean
- UMR Qualisud‐Faculty of Pharmacy University of Montpellier I Montpellier France
| | - Mameri Saâdia
- Laboratory of Anatomopathology Mustapha Bacha Hospital Algiers Algeria
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Diosdado A, Simón F, Serrat J, González-Miguel J. Interaction of helminth parasites with the haemostatic system of their vertebrate hosts: a scoping review. PARASITE (PARIS, FRANCE) 2022; 29:35. [PMID: 35833785 PMCID: PMC9281497 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2022034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Helminth parasitoses are among the most prevalent health issues worldwide. Their control depends largely on unravelling host–parasite interactions, including parasitic exploitation of the host haemostatic system. The present study undertakes a scoping review of the research carried out in this field with the aim of unifying and updating concepts. Multiple keywords combined with Boolean operators were employed to design the literature search strategy. Two online databases were used to identify original peer-reviewed articles written in English and published before 1st January 2020 describing molecular interactions between helminth parasites and the host haemostatic system. Relevant data from the selected sources of evidence were extracted and analysed. Ninety-six publications reporting 259 interactions were selected. Fifty-three proteins belonging to 32 species of helminth parasites were involved in interactions with components of the host haemostatic system. Many of these proteins from both parasite and host were conserved among the different interactions identified. Most of these interactions were related to the inhibition of the coagulation system and the activation of fibrinolysis. This was associated mainly with a potential of parasites to reduce the formation of blood clots in the host and attributed to biological processes, such as parasite nutrition, survival, invasion, evasion and migration or the appearance of pathological mechanisms in the host. A wide range of helminth parasites have developed similar strategies to exploit the haemostatic system of their hosts, which could be regarded as an evolutionary conserved mechanism that could confer benefits to parasites in terms of survival and establishment in their vertebrate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Diosdado
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Fernando Simón
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Judit Serrat
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Javier González-Miguel
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), 37008 Salamanca, Spain - Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre of One Health (COH), Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, H91 DK59 Galway, Ireland
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Exploring Sea Lice Vaccines against Early Stages of Infestation in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar). Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10071063. [PMID: 35891227 PMCID: PMC9324576 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The sea louse Caligus rogercresseyi genome has opened the opportunity to apply the reverse vaccinology strategy for identifying antigens with potential effects on lice development and its application in sea lice control. This study aimed to explore the efficacy of three sea lice vaccines against the early stage of infestation, assessing the transcriptome modulation of immunized Atlantic salmon. Therein, three experimental groups of Salmo salar (Atlantic salmon) were vaccinated with the recombinant proteins: Peritrophin (prototype A), Cathepsin (prototype B), and the mix of them (prototype C), respectively. Sea lice infestation was evaluated during chalimus I-II, the early-infective stages attached at 7-days post infestation. In parallel, head kidney and skin tissue samples were taken for mRNA Illumina sequencing. Relative expression analyses of genes were conducted to identify immune responses, iron transport, and stress responses associated with the tested vaccines during the early stages of sea lice infection. The vaccine prototypes A, B, and C reduced the parasite burden by 24, 44, and 52% compared with the control group. In addition, the RNA-Seq analysis exhibited a prototype-dependent transcriptome modulation. The high expression differences were observed in genes associated with metal ion binding, molecular processes, and energy production. The findings suggest a balance between the host’s inflammatory response and metabolic process in vaccinated fish, increasing their transcriptional activity, which can alter the early host–parasite interactions. This study uncovers molecular responses produced by three vaccine prototypes at the early stages of infestation, providing new knowledge for sea lice control in the salmon aquaculture.
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Host–Parasite Relationships in Veterinary Parasitology: Get to Know Your Enemy before Fighting It. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12040448. [PMID: 35203156 PMCID: PMC8868562 DOI: 10.3390/ani12040448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary success of parasitism is directly related to the huge number of species that have evolved this way of life [...]
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Shams M, Khazaei S, Ghasemi E, Nazari N, Javanmardi E, Majidiani H, Bahadory S, Anvari D, Fatollahzadeh M, Nemati T, Asghari A. Prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis in women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of recently published literature (2016-2020). Trop Med Health 2022; 50:12. [PMID: 35093180 PMCID: PMC8800356 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-022-00402-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urinary schistosomiasis is a serious threat in endemic territories of Africa and the Middle East. The status of female urinary schistosomiasis (FUS) in published literature between 2016 and 2020 was investigated. METHODS A systematic search in PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, based on the 'Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses' checklist, and a meta-analysis using random-effects model to calculate the weighted estimates and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were done. RESULTS Totally, 113 datasets reported data on 40,531 women from 21 African countries, showing a pooled prevalence of 17.5% (95% CI: 14.8-20.5%). Most studies (73) were performed in Nigeria, while highest prevalence was detected in Mozambique 58% (95% CI: 56.9-59.1%) (one study). By sample type and symptoms, vaginal lavage [25.0% (95% CI: 11.4-46.1%)] and hematuria 19.4% (95% CI: 12.2-29.4%) showed higher FUS frequency. Studies using direct microscopy diagnosed a 17.1% (95% CI: 14.5-20.1%) prevalence rate, higher than PCR-based studies 15.3% (95% CI: 6.1-33.2%). Except for sample type, all other variables had significant association with the overall prevalence of FUS. CONCLUSIONS More studies are needed to evaluate the true epidemiology of FUS throughout endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Shams
- Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Sasan Khazaei
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ezatollah Ghasemi
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Medicine, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
| | - Naser Nazari
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Erfan Javanmardi
- Clinical Research Development Center, "The Persian Gulf Martyrs" Hospital of Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Majidiani
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Saeed Bahadory
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Anvari
- Department of Parasitology, Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- School of Medicine, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
| | - Mohammad Fatollahzadeh
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Taher Nemati
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Asghari
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Adegboye O, Field MA, Kupz A, Pai S, Sharma D, Smout MJ, Wangchuk P, Wong Y, Loiseau C. Natural-Product-Based Solutions for Tropical Infectious Diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:e0034820. [PMID: 34494873 PMCID: PMC8673330 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00348-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
About half of the world's population and 80% of the world's biodiversity can be found in the tropics. Many diseases are specific to the tropics, with at least 41 diseases caused by endemic bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi. Such diseases are of increasing concern, as the geographic range of tropical diseases is expanding due to climate change, urbanization, change in agricultural practices, deforestation, and loss of biodiversity. While traditional medicines have been used for centuries in the treatment of tropical diseases, the active natural compounds within these medicines remain largely unknown. In this review, we describe infectious diseases specific to the tropics, including their causative pathogens, modes of transmission, recent major outbreaks, and geographic locations. We further review current treatments for these tropical diseases, carefully consider the biodiscovery potential of the tropical biome, and discuss a range of technologies being used for drug development from natural resources. We provide a list of natural products with antimicrobial activity, detailing the source organisms and their effectiveness as treatment. We discuss how technological advancements, such as next-generation sequencing, are driving high-throughput natural product screening pipelines to identify compounds with therapeutic properties. This review demonstrates the impact natural products from the vast tropical biome have in the treatment of tropical infectious diseases and how high-throughput technical capacity will accelerate this discovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyelola Adegboye
- Public Health and Tropical Medicine, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vector-Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Matt A. Field
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
- Garvin Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Andreas Kupz
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Saparna Pai
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Dileep Sharma
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
- College of Medicine & Dentistry, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Michael J. Smout
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Phurpa Wangchuk
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Yide Wong
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Claire Loiseau
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
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15
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Insights into the functional expansion of the astacin peptidase family in parasitic helminths. Int J Parasitol 2021; 52:243-251. [PMID: 34715086 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Helminths secrete a plethora of proteins involved in parasitism-related processes such as tissue penetration, migration, feeding and immunoregulation. Astacins, a family of zinc metalloproteases belonging to the peptidase family M12, are one of the most abundantly represented protein families in the secretomes of helminths. Despite their involvement in virulence, very few studies have addressed the role of this loosely defined protein group in parasitic helminths. Herein, we have analysed the predicted proteomes from 154 helminth species and confirmed the expansion of the astacin family in several nematode taxa. The astacin domain associated with up to 110 other domains into 145 unique domain architectures, where CUB and ShK constitute the principal and nearly independent bi-domain frameworks. The presence of co-existing domains suggests promiscuous adaptable functions to several roles. These activities could be related either to substrate specificity or to higher-order functions, such as anti-angiogenesis and immunomodulation, where the astacin domain would play an accessory role. Furthermore, some phylogenetically restricted mutations in the astacin domain affected residues located at the active cleft and binding sub-pockets, suggesting adaptation to different substrate specificities. Altogether, these findings suggest the astacin domain is a highly adaptable module that fulfils multiple proteolytic needs of the parasitic lifestyle. This study contributes to the understanding of helminth-secreted astacins and, ultimately, provides the foundation to guide future investigations about the role of this diverse family of proteins in host-parasite interactions.
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de L Paula LA, Cândido ACBB, Santos MFC, Caffrey CR, Bastos JK, Ambrósio SR, Magalhães LG. Antiparasitic Properties of Propolis Extracts and Their Compounds. Chem Biodivers 2021; 18:e2100310. [PMID: 34231306 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Propolis is a bee product that has been used in medicine since ancient times. Although its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antitumor, and immunomodulatory activities have been investigated, its anti-parasitic properties remain poorly explored, especially regarding helminths. This review surveys the results obtained with propolis around the world against human parasites. Regarding protozoa, studies carried out with the protozoa Trypanosoma spp. and Leishmania spp. have demonstrated promising results in vitro and in vivo. However, there are fewer studies for Plasmodium spp., the etiological agent of malaria and less so for helminths, particularly for Fasciola spp. and Schistosoma spp. Despite the favorable in vitro results with propolis, helminth assays need to be further investigated. However, propolis has shown itself to be an excellent natural product for parasitology, thus opening new paths and approaches in its activity against protozoa and helminths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A de L Paula
- Research Group on Natural Products, Center for Research in Sciences and Technology, University of Franca, Avenida Dr. Armando Salles of Oliveira 201, CEP 14404-600, Franca, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana C B B Cândido
- Research Group on Natural Products, Center for Research in Sciences and Technology, University of Franca, Avenida Dr. Armando Salles of Oliveira 201, CEP 14404-600, Franca, SP, Brazil
| | - Mario F C Santos
- Research Group on Natural Products, Center for Research in Sciences and Technology, University of Franca, Avenida Dr. Armando Salles of Oliveira 201, CEP 14404-600, Franca, SP, Brazil
| | - Conor R Caffrey
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jairo K Bastos
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, CEP 14.040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Sérgio R Ambrósio
- Research Group on Natural Products, Center for Research in Sciences and Technology, University of Franca, Avenida Dr. Armando Salles of Oliveira 201, CEP 14404-600, Franca, SP, Brazil
| | - Lizandra G Magalhães
- Research Group on Natural Products, Center for Research in Sciences and Technology, University of Franca, Avenida Dr. Armando Salles of Oliveira 201, CEP 14404-600, Franca, SP, Brazil.,Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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17
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Taki AC, Byrne JJ, Wang T, Sleebs BE, Nguyen N, Hall RS, Korhonen PK, Chang BC, Jackson P, Jabbar A, Gasser RB. High-Throughput Phenotypic Assay to Screen for Anthelmintic Activity on Haemonchus contortus. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14070616. [PMID: 34206910 PMCID: PMC8308562 DOI: 10.3390/ph14070616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic worms cause very significant diseases in animals and humans worldwide, and their control is critical to enhance health, well-being and productivity. Due to widespread drug resistance in many parasitic worms of animals globally, there is a major, continuing demand for the discovery and development of anthelmintic drugs for use to control these worms. Here, we established a practical, cost-effective and semi-automated high throughput screening (HTS) assay, which relies on the measurement of motility of larvae of the barber’s pole worm (Haemonchus contortus) using infrared light-interference. Using this assay, we screened 80,500 small molecules and achieved a hit rate of 0.05%. We identified three small molecules that reproducibly inhibited larval motility and/or development (IC50 values of ~4 to 41 µM). Future work will critically assess the potential of selected hits as candidates for subsequent optimisation or repurposing against parasitic nematodes. This HTS assay has a major advantage over most previous assays in that it achieves a ≥ 10-times higher throughput (i.e., 10,000 compounds per week), and is thus suited to the screening of libraries of tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of compounds for subsequent hit-to-lead optimisation or effective repurposing and development. The current assay should be adaptable to many socioeconomically important parasitic nematodes, including those that cause neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). This aspect is of relevance, given the goals of the World Health Organization (WHO) Roadmap for NTDs 2021–2030, to develop more effective drugs and drug combinations to improve patient outcomes and circumvent the ineffectiveness of some current anthelmintic drugs and possible drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya C. Taki
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.C.T.); (J.J.B.); (T.W.); (B.E.S.); (R.S.H.); (P.K.K.); (B.C.H.C.); (A.J.)
| | - Joseph J. Byrne
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.C.T.); (J.J.B.); (T.W.); (B.E.S.); (R.S.H.); (P.K.K.); (B.C.H.C.); (A.J.)
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.C.T.); (J.J.B.); (T.W.); (B.E.S.); (R.S.H.); (P.K.K.); (B.C.H.C.); (A.J.)
| | - Brad E. Sleebs
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.C.T.); (J.J.B.); (T.W.); (B.E.S.); (R.S.H.); (P.K.K.); (B.C.H.C.); (A.J.)
- Chemical Biology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia;
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Nghi Nguyen
- Chemical Biology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia;
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Ross S. Hall
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.C.T.); (J.J.B.); (T.W.); (B.E.S.); (R.S.H.); (P.K.K.); (B.C.H.C.); (A.J.)
| | - Pasi K. Korhonen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.C.T.); (J.J.B.); (T.W.); (B.E.S.); (R.S.H.); (P.K.K.); (B.C.H.C.); (A.J.)
| | - Bill C.H. Chang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.C.T.); (J.J.B.); (T.W.); (B.E.S.); (R.S.H.); (P.K.K.); (B.C.H.C.); (A.J.)
| | - Paul Jackson
- Johnson & Johnson, Global Public Health, Janssen Research and Development, San Diego, CA 92121, USA;
| | - Abdul Jabbar
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.C.T.); (J.J.B.); (T.W.); (B.E.S.); (R.S.H.); (P.K.K.); (B.C.H.C.); (A.J.)
| | - Robin B. Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.C.T.); (J.J.B.); (T.W.); (B.E.S.); (R.S.H.); (P.K.K.); (B.C.H.C.); (A.J.)
- Correspondence:
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Couto J, Seixas G, Stutzer C, Olivier NA, Maritz-Olivier C, Antunes S, Domingos A. Probing the Rhipicephalusbursa Sialomes in Potential Anti-Tick Vaccine Candidates: A Reverse Vaccinology Approach. Biomedicines 2021; 9:363. [PMID: 33807386 PMCID: PMC8067113 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the wake of the 'omics' explosion of data, reverse vaccinology approaches are being applied more readily as an alternative for the discovery of candidates for next generation diagnostics and vaccines. Promising protective antigens for the control of ticks and tick-borne diseases can be discovered by mining available omics data for immunogenic epitopes. The present study aims to explore the previously obtained Rhipicephalus bursa sialotranscriptome during both feeding and Babesia infection, to select antigenic targets that are either membrane-associated or a secreted protein, as well as unique to the ectoparasite and not present in the mammalian host. Further, they should be capable of stimulating T and B cells for a potential robust immune response, and be non-allergenic or toxic to the host. From the R. bursa transcriptome, 5706 and 3025 proteins were identified as belonging to the surfaceome and secretome, respectively. Following a reverse genetics immunoinformatics pipeline, nine preferred candidates, consisting of one transmembrane-related and eight secreted proteins, were identified. These candidates showed a higher predicted antigenicity than the Bm86 antigen, with no homology to mammalian hosts and exposed regions. Only four were functionally annotated and selected for further in silico analysis, which examined their protein structure, surface accessibility, flexibility, hydrophobicity, and putative linear B and T-cell epitopes. Regions with overlapping coincident epitopes groups (CEGs) were evaluated to select peptides that were further analyzed for their physicochemical characteristics, potential allergenicity, toxicity, solubility, and potential propensity for crystallization. Following these procedures, a set of three peptides from the three R. bursa proteins were selected. In silico results indicate that the designed epitopes could stimulate a protective and long-lasting immune response against those tick proteins, reflecting its potential as anti-tick vaccines. The immunogenicity of these peptides was evaluated in a pilot immunization study followed by tick feeding to evaluate its impact on tick behavior and pathogen transmission. Combining in silico methods with in vivo immunogenicity evaluation enabled the screening of vaccine candidates prior to expensive infestation studies on the definitive ovine host animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Couto
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira, 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; (G.S.); (A.D.)
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (GHTM-IHMT-UNL), Rua da Junqueira, 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Seixas
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira, 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; (G.S.); (A.D.)
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (GHTM-IHMT-UNL), Rua da Junqueira, 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Christian Stutzer
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; (C.S.); (C.M.-O.)
| | - Nicholas A. Olivier
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa;
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Christine Maritz-Olivier
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; (C.S.); (C.M.-O.)
| | - Sandra Antunes
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira, 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; (G.S.); (A.D.)
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (GHTM-IHMT-UNL), Rua da Junqueira, 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Domingos
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira, 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; (G.S.); (A.D.)
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (GHTM-IHMT-UNL), Rua da Junqueira, 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
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Vaccine approaches applied to controlling dog ticks. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2021; 12:101631. [PMID: 33494026 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ticks are considered the most important vectors in veterinary medicine with a profound impact on animal health worldwide, as well as being key vectors of diseases affecting household pets. The leading strategy applied to dog tick control is the continued use of acaricides. However, this approach is not sustainable due to surging tick resistance, growing public concern over pesticide residues in food and in the environment, and the rising costs associated with their development. In contrast, tick vaccines are a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative against tick-borne diseases by controlling vector infestations and reducing pathogen transmission. These premises have encouraged researchers to develop an effective vaccine against ticks, with several proteins having been characterized and used in native, synthetic, and recombinant forms as antigens in immunizations. The growing interaction between domestic pets and people underscores the importance of developing new tick control measures that require effective screening platforms applied to vaccine development. However, as reviewed in this paper, very little progress has been made in controlling ectoparasite infestations in pets using the vaccine approach. The control of tick infestations and pathogen transmission could be obtained through immunization programs aimed at reducing the tick population and interfering in the pathogenic transmission that affects human and animal health on a global scale.
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Selzer PM, Epe C. Antiparasitics in Animal Health: Quo Vadis? Trends Parasitol 2020; 37:77-89. [PMID: 33039282 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Antiparasitics acting on endo- or ectoparasites represent the second largest segment of the global animal health market, accounting for 23% of market share. However, relatively few novel antiparasitic agents have been introduced into the market during recent decades. One exception, and a groundbreaking 21st century success story, are the isoxazolines, whose full potential has not yet been entirely explored. Unfortunately, resistance issues are present across most parasitic diseases, which generates a clear market need for novel resistance-breaking antiparasitics with new modes/mechanisms of action. Recent advances in science and technologies strongly suggest that the time is right to invest in new modalities such as parasitic vaccines or in environmentally friendly interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Selzer
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Binger Str. 173, 55216 Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany.
| | - Christian Epe
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Binger Str. 173, 55216 Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
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Zawawi A, Else KJ. Soil-Transmitted Helminth Vaccines: Are We Getting Closer? Front Immunol 2020; 11:576748. [PMID: 33133094 PMCID: PMC7565266 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.576748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic helminths infect over one-fourth of the human population resulting in significant morbidity, and in some cases, death in endemic countries. Despite mass drug administration (MDA) to school-aged children and other control measures, helminth infections are spreading into new areas. Thus, there is a strong rationale for developing anthelminthic vaccines as cost-effective, long-term immunological control strategies, which, unlike MDA, are not haunted by the threat of emerging drug-resistant helminths nor limited by reinfection risk. Advances in vaccinology, immunology, and immunomics include the development of new tools that improve the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of vaccines; and some of these tools have been used in the development of helminth vaccines. The development of anthelminthic vaccines is fraught with difficulty. Multiple lifecycle stages exist each presenting stage-specific antigens. Further, helminth parasites are notorious for their ability to dampen down and regulate host immunity. One of the first significant challenges in developing any vaccine is identifying suitable candidate protective antigens. This review explores our current knowledge in lead antigen identification and reports on recent pre-clinical and clinical trials in the context of the soil-transmitted helminths Trichuris, the hookworms and Ascaris. Ultimately, a multivalent anthelminthic vaccine could become an essential tool for achieving the medium-to long-term goal of controlling, or even eliminating helminth infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayat Zawawi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,*Correspondence: Ayat Zawawi
| | - Kathryn J. Else
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, School of Biological Sciences, Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom,Kathryn J. Else
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Barrow P, Dujardin JC, Fasel N, Greenwood AD, Osterrieder K, Lomonossoff G, Fiori PL, Atterbury R, Rossi M, Lalle M. Viruses of protozoan parasites and viral therapy: Is the time now right? Virol J 2020; 17:142. [PMID: 32993724 PMCID: PMC7522927 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01410-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by protozoan parasites burden the world with huge costs in terms of human and animal health. Most parasitic diseases caused by protozoans are neglected, particularly those associated with poverty and tropical countries, but the paucity of drug treatments and vaccines combined with increasing problems of drug resistance are becoming major concerns for their control and eradication. In this climate, the discovery/repurposing of new drugs and increasing effort in vaccine development should be supplemented with an exploration of new alternative/synergic treatment strategies. Viruses, either native or engineered, have been employed successfully as highly effective and selective therapeutic approaches to treat cancer (oncolytic viruses) and antibiotic-resistant bacterial diseases (phage therapy). Increasing evidence is accumulating that many protozoan, but also helminth, parasites harbour a range of different classes of viruses that are mostly absent from humans. Although some of these viruses appear to have no effect on their parasite hosts, others either have a clear direct negative impact on the parasite or may, in fact, contribute to the virulence of parasites for humans. This review will focus mainly on the viruses identified in protozoan parasites that are of medical importance. Inspired and informed by the experience gained from the application of oncolytic virus- and phage-therapy, rationally-driven strategies to employ these viruses successfully against parasitic diseases will be presented and discussed in the light of the current knowledge of the virus biology and the complex interplay between the viruses, the parasite hosts and the human host. We also highlight knowledge gaps that should be addressed to advance the potential of virotherapy against parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Barrow
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - Jean Claude Dujardin
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat, 155, 2000, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Fasel
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Ch. des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Alex D Greenwood
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Virologie, Robert Von Ostertag-Haus - Zentrum Fuer Infektionsmedizin, Robert von Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Osterrieder
- Institut für Virologie, Robert Von Ostertag-Haus - Zentrum Fuer Infektionsmedizin, Robert von Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, 31 To Yuen Street, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - George Lomonossoff
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Pier Luigi Fiori
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Biomedice, Universita Degli Studi Di Sassari, Sardinia, Italy
| | - Robert Atterbury
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Matteo Rossi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Ch. des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Marco Lalle
- Unit of Foodborne and Neglected Parasitic Diseases, European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, viale Regina Elena 299, 00186, Rome, Italy.
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Ehsan M, Hu RS, Liang QL, Hou JL, Song X, Yan R, Zhu XQ, Li X. Advances in the Development of Anti- Haemonchus contortus Vaccines: Challenges, Opportunities, and Perspectives. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030555. [PMID: 32971770 PMCID: PMC7565421 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal nematode parasite Haemonchus contortus (H. contortus) is a resident of tropical and subtropical regions worldwide that imposes significant production losses, economic losses, and animal health issues in the small ruminant industry, particularly sheep and goats. Considerable efforts have been made to understand how immunity is elicited against H. contortus infection. Various potential vaccine antigens have been tested by different methods and strategies applied in animal models, and significant progress has been made in the development of vaccines against H. contortus. This review highlighted and shared the knowledge about the current understanding of host immune responses to H. contortus and ongoing challenges in the development of a protective, effective, and long-lasting vaccine against H. contortus infection. We have also pinpointed some achievements and failures in the development and testing of vaccines, which will establish a road map for future research directions to explore new effective vaccine candidates for controlling and preventing H. contortus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ehsan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (M.E.); (R.-S.H.); (Q.-L.L.); (J.-L.H.)
| | - Rui-Si Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (M.E.); (R.-S.H.); (Q.-L.L.); (J.-L.H.)
| | - Qin-Li Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (M.E.); (R.-S.H.); (Q.-L.L.); (J.-L.H.)
| | - Jun-Ling Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (M.E.); (R.-S.H.); (Q.-L.L.); (J.-L.H.)
| | - Xiaokai Song
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.S.); (R.Y.); (X.L.)
| | - Ruofeng Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.S.); (R.Y.); (X.L.)
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (M.E.); (R.-S.H.); (Q.-L.L.); (J.-L.H.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +86-354-628-8993
| | - Xiangrui Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.S.); (R.Y.); (X.L.)
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Robbertse L, Richards SA, Stutzer C, Olivier NA, Leisewitz AL, Crafford JE, Maritz-Olivier C. Temporal analysis of the bovine lymph node transcriptome during cattle tick (Rhipicephalus microplus) infestation. Vaccine 2020; 38:6889-6898. [PMID: 32900540 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Livestock production is a fundamental source of revenue and nutrition, wherein cattle-farming constitutes one of the major agricultural industries. Vectors and vector-borne diseases constitute one of the major factors that decrease the livelihood of all farming communities, more so in resource-poor communities and developing countries. Understanding the immunological responses during tick infestation in cattle is instrumental in the development of novel and improved tick control strategies, such as vaccines. In this study, gene expression patterns were compared within the lymph nodes of three cattle breeds at different life stages of the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus. For Bonsmara (5/8Bos taurus indicus × 3/8B. t. taurus) cattle specifically, some 183 genes were found to be differentially expressed within the lymph nodes during larval and adult tick feeding, relative to uninfested cattle. Overall, the data provides evidence for a transcriptional regulatory network that is activated during immature tick infestation, but is down-regulated towards basal transcriptional levels when adult ticks are feeding. Specific processes in the lymph nodes of Bonsmara cattle were found to be differentially regulated on a transcriptional level. These include: (1) Leukocyte recruitment to the lymph node via chemokines and chemotaxis, (2) Trans-endothelial and intranodal movement on the reticular network, (3) Active regulation of cellular transcription and translation in the lymph node (including leukocyte associated cellular regulatory networks) and (4) Chemokine receptors regulating the movement of cells out of the lymph node. This work provides a first transcriptome analysis of bovine lymph node responses in tick-infested cattle. Findings show a dynamic immune response to tick infestation for the Bonsmara cattle breed, and that suppression of the maturation of the cattle hosts' immunity is especially evident during the larval feeding stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luïse Robbertse
- Department of Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Sabine A Richards
- Department of Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Christian Stutzer
- Department of Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Nicholas A Olivier
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa; ACGT Microarray Facility, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Andrew L Leisewitz
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jan E Crafford
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Christine Maritz-Olivier
- Department of Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
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Drurey C, Coakley G, Maizels RM. Extracellular vesicles: new targets for vaccines against helminth parasites. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:623-633. [PMID: 32659278 PMCID: PMC8313431 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The hunt for effective vaccines against the major helminth diseases of humans has yet to bear fruit despite much effort over several decades. No individual parasite antigen has proved to elicit full protective immunity, suggesting that combinatorial strategies may be required. Recently it has been discovered that extracellular vesicles released by parasitic helminths contain multiple potential immune modulators, which could together be targeted by a future vaccine. Increasing knowledge of helminth extracellular vesicle components, both enclosed by and exposed on the membrane, will open up a new field of targets for an effective vaccine. This review discusses the interactions between helminth extracellular vesicles and the immune system discovered thus far, and the advantages of targeting these lipid-bound packages with a vaccine. In addition, we also comment upon specific antigens that may be the best targets for an anti-helminth vaccine. In the future, extensive knowledge of the parasites' full arsenal in controlling their host may finally provide us with the ideal target for a fully effective vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Drurey
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Gillian Coakley
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Rick M Maizels
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.
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26
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Rosa BA, Choi YJ, McNulty SN, Jung H, Martin J, Agatsuma T, Sugiyama H, Le TH, Doanh PN, Maleewong W, Blair D, Brindley PJ, Fischer PU, Mitreva M. Comparative genomics and transcriptomics of 4 Paragonimus species provide insights into lung fluke parasitism and pathogenesis. Gigascience 2020; 9:giaa073. [PMID: 32687148 PMCID: PMC7370270 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giaa073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paragonimus spp. (lung flukes) are among the most injurious foodborne helminths, infecting ∼23 million people and subjecting ∼292 million to infection risk. Paragonimiasis is acquired from infected undercooked crustaceans and primarily affects the lungs but often causes lesions elsewhere including the brain. The disease is easily mistaken for tuberculosis owing to similar pulmonary symptoms, and accordingly, diagnostics are in demand. RESULTS We assembled, annotated, and compared draft genomes of 4 prevalent and distinct Paragonimus species: Paragonimus miyazakii, Paragonimus westermani, Paragonimus kellicotti, and Paragonimus heterotremus. Genomes ranged from 697 to 923 Mb, included 12,072-12,853 genes, and were 71.6-90.1% complete according to BUSCO. Orthologous group analysis spanning 21 species (lung, liver, and blood flukes, additional platyhelminths, and hosts) provided insights into lung fluke biology. We identified 256 lung fluke-specific and conserved orthologous groups with consistent transcriptional adult-stage Paragonimus expression profiles and enriched for iron acquisition, immune modulation, and other parasite functions. Previously identified Paragonimus diagnostic antigens were matched to genes, providing an opportunity to optimize and ensure pan-Paragonimus reactivity for diagnostic assays. CONCLUSIONS This report provides advances in molecular understanding of Paragonimus and underpins future studies into the biology, evolution, and pathogenesis of Paragonimus and related foodborne flukes. We anticipate that these novel genomic and transcriptomic resources will be invaluable for future lung fluke research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Rosa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Young-Jun Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Samantha N McNulty
- The McDonnell Genome Institute at Washington University, School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Ave, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Hyeim Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - John Martin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Takeshi Agatsuma
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Kochi Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho 185-1, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan
| | - Hiromu Sugiyama
- Laboratory of Helminthology, Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Thanh Hoa Le
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cay Giay, Ha Noi 10307, Vietnam
| | - Pham Ngoc Doanh
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cay Giay, Ha Noi 10307, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cay Giay, Ha Noi 10307, Vietnam
| | - Wanchai Maleewong
- Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Khon Kaen University, 123 Moo 16 Mittraphap Rd., Nai-Muang, Muang District, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, 123 Moo 16 Mittraphap Rd., Nai-Muang, Muang District, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - David Blair
- College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Paul J Brindley
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, and Pathology School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Ross Hall 2300 Eye Street, NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Peter U Fischer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Makedonka Mitreva
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- The McDonnell Genome Institute at Washington University, School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Ave, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
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27
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Wait LF, Dobson AP, Graham AL. Do parasite infections interfere with immunisation? A review and meta-analysis. Vaccine 2020; 38:5582-5590. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Sander VA, Sánchez López EF, Mendoza Morales L, Ramos Duarte VA, Corigliano MG, Clemente M. Use of Veterinary Vaccines for Livestock as a Strategy to Control Foodborne Parasitic Diseases. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:288. [PMID: 32670892 PMCID: PMC7332557 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Foodborne diseases (FBDs) are a major concern worldwide since they are associated with high mortality and morbidity in the human population. Among the causative agents of FBDs, Taenia solium, Echinococcus granulosus, Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidium spp., and Trichinella spiralis are listed in the top global risk ranking of foodborne parasites. One common feature between them is that they affect domestic livestock, encompassing an enormous risk to global food production and human health from farm to fork, infecting animals, and people either directly or indirectly. Several approaches have been employed to control FBDs caused by parasites, including veterinary vaccines for livestock. Veterinary vaccines against foodborne parasites not only improve the animal health by controlling animal infections but also contribute to increase public health by controlling an important source of FBDs. In the present review, we discuss the advances in the development of veterinary vaccines for domestic livestock as a strategy to control foodborne parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Marina Clemente
- Laboratorio de Molecular Farming y Vacunas, Unidad Biotecnológica 6-UB6, INTECH, UNSAM-CONICET, Chascomús, Argentina
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29
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The potential for vaccines against scour worms of small ruminants. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:533-553. [PMID: 32569640 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This review addresses the research landscape regarding vaccines against scour worms, particularly Trichostrongylus spp. and Teladorsagia circumcincta. The inability of past research to deliver scour-worm vaccines with reliable and reproducible efficacy has been due in part to gaps in knowledge concerning: (i) host-parasite interactions leading to development of type-2 immunity, (ii) definition of an optimal suite of parasite antigens, and (iii) rational formulation and administration to induce protective immunity against gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) at the site of infestation. Recent 'omics' developments enable more systematic analyses. GIN genomes are reaching completion, facilitating "reverse vaccinology" approaches that have been used successfully for the Rhipicephalus australis vaccine for cattle tick, while methods for gene silencing and editing in GIN enable identification and validation of potential vaccine antigens. We envisage that any efficacious scour worm vaccine(s) would be adopted similarly to "Barbervax™" within integrated parasite management schemes. Vaccines would therefore effectively parallel the use of resistant animals, and reduce the frequency of drenching and pasture contamination. These aspects of integration, efficacy and operation require updated models and validation in the field. The conclusion of this review outlines an approach to facilitate an integrated research program.
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Kasaija PD, Contreras M, Kabi F, Mugerwa S, de la Fuente J. Vaccination with Recombinant Subolesin Antigens Provides Cross-Tick Species Protection in Bos indicus and Crossbred Cattle in Uganda. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020319. [PMID: 32570925 PMCID: PMC7350222 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cattle tick infestations and transmitted pathogens affect animal health, production and welfare with an impact on cattle industry in tropical and subtropical countries. Anti-tick vaccines constitute an effective and sustainable alternative to the traditional methods for the control of tick infestations. Subolesin (SUB)-based vaccines have shown efficacy for the control of multiple tick species, but several factors affect the development of new and more effective vaccines for the control of tick infestations. To address this challenge, herein we used a regional and host/tick species driven approach for vaccine design and implementation. The objective of the study was to develop SUB-based vaccines for the control of the most important tick species (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, R. decoloratus and Amblyomma variegatum) affecting production of common cattle breeds (Bos indicus and B. indicus x B. taurus crossbred) in Uganda. In this way, we addressed the development of anti-tick vaccines as an intervention to prevent the economic losses caused by ticks and tick-borne diseases in the cattle industry in Uganda. The results showed the possibility of using SUB antigens for the control of multiple tick species in B. indicus and crossbred cattle and suggested the use of R. appendiculatus SUB to continue research on vaccine design and formulation for the control of cattle ticks in Uganda. Future directions would include quantum vaccinology approaches based on the characterization of the SUB protective epitopes, modeling of the vaccine E under Ugandan ecological and epidemiological conditions and optimization of vaccine formulation including the possibility of oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D. Kasaija
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM)-Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha (JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain; (P.D.K.); (M.C.)
- National Livestock Resources Research Institute (NaLIRRI/NARO), P.O. Box 5704 Kampala, Uganda; (F.K.); (S.M.)
| | - Marinela Contreras
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM)-Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha (JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain; (P.D.K.); (M.C.)
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Fredrick Kabi
- National Livestock Resources Research Institute (NaLIRRI/NARO), P.O. Box 5704 Kampala, Uganda; (F.K.); (S.M.)
| | - Swidiq Mugerwa
- National Livestock Resources Research Institute (NaLIRRI/NARO), P.O. Box 5704 Kampala, Uganda; (F.K.); (S.M.)
| | - José de la Fuente
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM)-Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha (JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain; (P.D.K.); (M.C.)
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
- Correspondence: or
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Hartigan A, Kosakyan A, Pecková H, Eszterbauer E, Holzer AS. Transcriptome of Sphaerospora molnari (Cnidaria, Myxosporea) blood stages provides proteolytic arsenal as potential therapeutic targets against sphaerosporosis in common carp. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:404. [PMID: 32546190 PMCID: PMC7296530 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6705-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Parasites employ proteases to evade host immune systems, feed and replicate and are often the target of anti-parasite strategies to disrupt these interactions. Myxozoans are obligate cnidarian parasites, alternating between invertebrate and fish hosts. Their genes are highly divergent from other metazoans, and available genomic and transcriptomic datasets are limited. Some myxozoans are important aquaculture pathogens such as Sphaerospora molnari replicating in the blood of farmed carp before reaching the gills for sporogenesis and transmission. Proliferative stages cause a massive systemic lymphocyte response and the disruption of the gill epithelia by spore-forming stages leads to respiratory problems and mortalities. In the absence of a S. molnari genome, we utilized a de novo approach to assemble the first transcriptome of proliferative myxozoan stages to identify S. molnari proteases that are upregulated during the first stages of infection when the parasite multiplies massively, rather than in late spore-forming plasmodia. Furthermore, a subset of orthologs was used to characterize 3D structures and putative druggable targets. Results An assembled and host filtered transcriptome containing 9436 proteins, mapping to 29,560 contigs was mined for protease virulence factors and revealed that cysteine proteases were most common (38%), at a higher percentage than other myxozoans or cnidarians (25–30%). Two cathepsin Ls that were found upregulated in spore-forming stages with a presenilin like aspartic protease and a dipeptidyl peptidase. We also identified downregulated proteases in the spore-forming development when compared with proliferative stages including an astacin metallopeptidase and lipases (qPCR). In total, 235 transcripts were identified as putative proteases using a MEROPS database. In silico analysis of highly transcribed cathepsins revealed potential drug targets within this data set that should be prioritised for development. Conclusions In silico surveys for proteins are essential in drug discovery and understanding host-parasite interactions in non-model systems. The present study of S. molnari’s protease arsenal reveals previously unknown proteases potentially used for host exploitation and immune evasion. The pioneering dataset serves as a model for myxozoan virulence research, which is of particular importance as myxozoan diseases have recently been shown to emerge and expand geographically, due to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlie Hartigan
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Science, České Budějovice, Czechia.
| | - Anush Kosakyan
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Science, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Hana Pecková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Science, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Edit Eszterbauer
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Astrid S Holzer
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Science, České Budějovice, Czechia
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de la Fuente J, Estrada-Peña A, Contreras M. Modeling tick vaccines: a key tool to improve protection efficacy. Expert Rev Vaccines 2020; 19:217-225. [PMID: 32192377 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2020.1745635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: The development of more effective vaccines for the control of tick infestations and pathogen transmission is essential for prevention and control of tick-borne diseases worldwide. Recently, the application of omics technologies has advanced the identification of tick protective antigens. However, other factors such as vaccine formulation and implementation need to be addressed, and tick vaccine modeling will contribute to improve the efficacy of vaccination strategies.Areas covered: In this review, we summarized current information on tick vaccine correlates of protection and modeling, and proposed new approaches to improve vaccine evaluation and implementation using as a proof-of-concept the Hyalomma marginatum-Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus model due to its high mortality rate and potentially growing impact on human health.Expert opinion: Vaccines are required as an effective and environmentally sound intervention for the control of tick-borne diseases affecting human and animal health worldwide. Despite recent advances in the identification of candidate tick protective antigens, research on vaccine formulation and implementation need to be addressed to improve tick vaccine control efficacy. As shown here, modeling of the vaccination strategies against ticks and transmitted pathogens will contribute to vaccine development by guiding the selection of appropriate antigen combinations, target hosts, and vaccination time schedule.
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Affiliation(s)
- José de la Fuente
- SaBio, Instituto De Investigación En Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | | | - Marinela Contreras
- SaBio, Instituto De Investigación En Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
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Sepúlveda-Crespo D, Reguera RM, Rojo-Vázquez F, Balaña-Fouce R, Martínez-Valladares M. Drug discovery technologies: Caenorhabditis elegans as a model for anthelmintic therapeutics. Med Res Rev 2020; 40:1715-1753. [PMID: 32166776 DOI: 10.1002/med.21668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Helminthiasis is one of the gravest problems worldwide. There is a growing concern on less available anthelmintics and the emergence of resistance creating a major threat to human and livestock health resources. Novel and broad-spectrum anthelmintics are urgently needed. The free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans could address this issue through automated high-throughput technologies for the screening of large chemical libraries. This review discusses the strong advantages and limitations for using C elegans as a screening method for anthelmintic drug discovery. C elegans is the best model available for the validation of novel effective drugs in treating most, if not all, helminth infections, and for the elucidation the mode of action of anthelmintic candidates. This review also focuses on available technologies in the discovery of anthelmintics published over the last 15 years with particular attention to high-throughput technologies over conventional screens. On the other hand, this review highlights how combinatorial and nanomedicine strategies could prolong the use of anthelmintics and control resistance problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sepúlveda-Crespo
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Rosa M Reguera
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Francisco Rojo-Vázquez
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León), León, Spain.,Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Rafael Balaña-Fouce
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - María Martínez-Valladares
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León), León, Spain.,Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain
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Contreras M, Pacheco I, Alberdi P, Díaz-Sánchez S, Artigas-Jerónimo S, Mateos-Hernández L, Villar M, Cabezas-Cruz A, de la Fuente J. Allergic Reactions and Immunity in Response to Tick Salivary Biogenic Substances and Red Meat Consumption in the Zebrafish Model. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:78. [PMID: 32211341 PMCID: PMC7075944 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks are arthropod ectoparasite vectors of pathogens and the cause of allergic reactions affecting human health worldwide. In humans, tick bites can induce high levels of immunoglobulin E antibodies against the carbohydrate Galα1-3Galβ1-(3)4GlcNAc-R (α-Gal) present in glycoproteins and glycolipids from tick saliva that mediate anaphylactic reactions known as the alpha-Gal syndrome (AGS) or red meat allergy. In this study, a new animal model was developed using zebrafish for the study of allergic reactions and the immune mechanisms in response to tick salivary biogenic substances and red meat consumption. The results showed allergic hemorrhagic anaphylactic-type reactions and abnormal behavior patterns likely in response to tick salivary toxic and anticoagulant biogenic compounds different from α-Gal. However, the results showed that only zebrafish previously exposed to tick saliva developed allergic reactions to red meat consumption with rapid desensitization and tolerance. These allergic reactions were associated with tissue-specific Toll-like receptor-mediated responses in types 1 and 2 T helper cells (TH1 and TH2) with a possible role for basophils in response to tick saliva. These results support previously proposed immune mechanisms triggering the AGS and provided evidence for new mechanisms also potentially involved in the AGS. These results support the use of the zebrafish animal model for the study of the AGS and other tick-borne allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinela Contreras
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Iván Pacheco
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Pilar Alberdi
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Sandra Díaz-Sánchez
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Sara Artigas-Jerónimo
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Lourdes Mateos-Hernández
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain.,UMR BIPAR, INRA, ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Margarita Villar
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz
- UMR BIPAR, INRA, ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - José de la Fuente
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
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González-Miguel J, Becerro-Recio D, Sotillo J, Simón F, Siles-Lucas M. Set up of an in vitro model to study early host-parasite interactions between newly excysted juveniles of Fasciola hepatica and host intestinal cells using a quantitative proteomics approach. Vet Parasitol 2020; 278:109028. [PMID: 31986420 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica is the causative agent of fasciolosis, a parasitic zoonosis of global distribution causing significant economic losses in animal production and a human public health problem in low-income countries. Hosts are infected by ingestion of aquatic plants carrying metacercariae. Once ingested, the juvenile parasites excyst in the small intestine and, after crossing it, they follow a complex migratory route that lead the parasites to their definitive location in the bile ducts. Despite being a critical event in the progression of the infection, the available data on the cross-talk relationships between the parasite and the host at an early stage of the infection are scarce. The objective of the present work is to characterize the proteomic changes occurring in both the parasite and the host, through the development of a novel in vitro model, to shed light on the molecular pathways of communication between the newly excysted juveniles (NEJ) from F. hepatica and the host's intestinal epithelium. For this, in vitro excystation of F. hepatica metacercariae was carried out and NEJ were obtained. Additionally, optimal conditions of growth and expansion of mouse primary small intestinal epithelial cells (MPSIEC) in culture were fine-tuned. Tegumentary and somatic parasite antigens (NEJ-Teg and NEJ-Som), as well as host cell protein lysate (MPSIEC-Lys) were obtained before and after 24 h co-culture of NEJ with MPSIEC. We used an isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-based strategy to detect 191 and 62 up-regulated, and 112 and 57 down-regulated proteins in the NEJ-Teg and NEJ-Som extracts, respectively. Similarly, 87 up-regulated and 73 down-regulated proteins in the MPSIEC-Lys extract were identified. Taking into account the biological processes in which these proteins were involved, interesting mechanisms related to parasite development, invasion and evasion, as well as manipulation of the host intestinal epithelial cell adhesion, immunity and apoptosis pathways, among others, could be inferred, taking place at the host-parasite interface. The further understanding of these processes could constitute promising therapeutic targets in the future against fasciolosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier González-Miguel
- Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology (IRNASA, CSIC), Sustainable Development Department, C/Cordel de Merinas, 52, 37008, Salamanca, Spain; Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - David Becerro-Recio
- Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology (IRNASA, CSIC), Sustainable Development Department, C/Cordel de Merinas, 52, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Javier Sotillo
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain; Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute for Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Fernando Simón
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Mar Siles-Lucas
- Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology (IRNASA, CSIC), Sustainable Development Department, C/Cordel de Merinas, 52, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
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Schistosomiasis and hookworm infection in humans: Disease burden, pathobiology and anthelmintic vaccines. Parasitol Int 2020; 75:102051. [PMID: 31911156 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2020.102051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Helminth diseases are the ancient scourges of humans and their damages are 'silent and insidious'. Of the helminth infections, schistosomiasis and hookworm infection have a great impact. This review covers information regarding vaccine candidates against schistosomiasis and hookworms that reached at least up to the phase-1 trial and literatures regarding other vaccine candidates have been excluded. For clinical manifestations, all available literatures were included, and for epidemiology and global burden of the diseases (GBD), literatures only within 2000-2019 were included. Literatures were searched surfing various databases including PubMED, Google Scholar, and Science Direct and overall over 150 literatures were identified. Globally ~250 million people are suffering from schistosomiasis, resulting 1430 thousand DALY (disability adjusted life year) per year. On the other hand, about 1.3 billion people are infected with hookworm (HW), and according to WHO, ~878 million school-age children (SAC) are at risk. HW is estimated to cause 65,000 deaths annually, accounts for 845 thousand DALYs as well as to cause 6-35.3% loss in productivity. Despite tremendous efforts, very few anthelmintic vaccine candidates such as Na-GST-1, Na-APR-1 and Na-ASP-2 against HW, and Sm28GST/Sh28GST, Sm-p80, Sm14 and Sm-TSP-1/SmTSP-2 against schistosomiasis reached up to the clinical trials. More efforts are needed to achieve the WHO targets taken against the maladies.
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de la Fuente J, Estrada-Peña A. Why New Vaccines for the Control of Ectoparasite Vectors Have Not Been Registered and Commercialized? Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7030075. [PMID: 31357707 PMCID: PMC6789832 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7030075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevention and control of vector-borne diseases is a priority for improving global health. Despite recent advances in the characterization of ectoparasite-host-pathogen molecular interactions, vaccines are not available for most ectoparasites and vector-borne diseases that cause millions of deaths yearly. In this paper, in response to the question of why new vaccines for the control of ectoparasite vectors have not been registered and commercialized, and to contribute developing new effective vaccines against ectoparasite vectors, we propose challenges and approaches to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José de la Fuente
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain.
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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Nisbet AJ, McNeilly TN, Price DRG, Oliver EM, Bartley Y, Mitchell M, Palarea-Albaladejo J, Matthews JB. The rational simplification of a recombinant cocktail vaccine to control the parasitic nematode Teladorsagia circumcincta. Int J Parasitol 2019; 49:257-265. [PMID: 30690091 PMCID: PMC6456928 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Using data from five independent vaccine trials, which employed a subunit cocktail vaccine containing eight recombinant proteins to protect sheep against Teladorsagia circumcincta, a strategy was developed to simplify antigen complexity of the vaccine. A meta-analysis of data from these five trials demonstrated statistically significant reductions in cumulative faecal egg count and worm burden in vaccinated sheep when compared with those which had received adjuvant only (P = 0.009 and P < 0.0001, respectively). Relationships between antigen-specific antibody levels, antibody avidity and parasitological parameters of efficacy were analysed for each of the eight proteins in these trials. Of these, the strongest correlations between percentage reduction in cumulative faecal egg count and avidity were obtained for the vaccine antigen T. circumcincta apyrase-1 (Tci-APY-1) in relation to either total antigen-specific IgG or IgG1 in sera (P = 0.019 and P = 0.030, respectively). In addition, IgG and IgA within the serum and abomasal mucus of control (parasite challenged) lambs strongly recognised Tci-APY-1 and T. circumcincta metalloproteinase-1 (Tci-MEP-1) but only weakly bound the other six antigens, indicating Tci-APY-1 and Tci-MEP-1 are most effectively recognised by the parasite-induced antibody response. On the basis of these findings, a two-protein vaccine comprising Tci-APY-1 and Tci-MEP-1 was tested in a direct comparison with the original eight-component vaccine. A further group was immunised with Tci-MEP-1 in combination with a mutated form of Tci-APY-1 (mTci-APY-1), which had no enzymatic activity. Across the trial, the mean faecal egg count levels of the eight-antigen recipients were lower than those of the adjuvant only control group (P = 0.013) and the mean FEC of the mTci-APY-1 and Tci-MEP-1 recipients was lower, although not statistically significantly, than that of the adjuvant-only control group (P = 0.093). Mean cumulative faecal egg count levels were reduced by 43% in lambs immunised with mTci-APY-1 plus Tci-MEP-1 compared with the controls (P = 0.079).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alasdair J Nisbet
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom.
| | - Tom N McNeilly
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel R G Price
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
| | - E Margaret Oliver
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Yvonne Bartley
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Mairi Mitchell
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jacqueline B Matthews
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Paragonimiasis is a zoonotic disease caused by lung flukes of the genus Paragonimus. Humans usually become infected by eating freshwater crabs or crayfish containing encysted metacercariae of these worms. However, an alternative route of infection exists: ingestion of raw meat from a mammalian paratenic host. Adult worms normally occur in pairs in cysts in the lungs from which they void their eggs via air passages. The pulmonary form is typical in cases of human infection due to P. westermani, P. heterotremus, and a few other species (Table 5.1). Worms may occupy other sites in the body, notably the brain, but lung flukes have made their presence felt in almost every organ. Ectopic paragonimiasis is particularly common when infection is due to members of the P. skrjabini complex (Table 5.1). Human paragonimiasis occurs primarily in the tropics and subtropics of Asia, Africa, and the Americas, with different species being responsible in different areas (Table 5.1).
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Affiliation(s)
- David Blair
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia.
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Abstract
Despite the reduction in the prevalence of soil-transmitted helminthiases in many regions of the world, morbidity rates remain high in some rural regions. The Kato-Katz technique is a simple, inexpensive and field-applicable tool commonly used for the diagnosis and worm-burden characterization of these infections. Molecular studies have revolutionized our understanding of the epidemiology and evolutionary genetics of parasites. In this study we recovered helminthic DNA from Kato-Katz slides (n = 93) prepared in 2011 in the Brazilian Amazon. We achieved DNA recovery by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 84% of cases for Ascaris sp. and 75% of cases for hookworms. The sequencing confirmed the specific species of the amplicons. The slides stored for a few years could be analysed using this methodology, allowing access to DNA from a large collection of samples. We must consider the Kato-Katz thick smears as a source of helminth DNA. This can significantly reduce logistical difficulties in the field in terms of obtaining, preserving, transporting and initial processing of samples.
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Artigas-Jerónimo S, De La Fuente J, Villar M. Interactomics and tick vaccine development: new directions for the control of tick-borne diseases. Expert Rev Proteomics 2018; 15:627-635. [PMID: 30067120 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2018.1506701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ticks are obligate hematophagous arthropod ectoparasites that transmit pathogens responsible for a growing number of tick-borne diseases (TBDs) throughout the world. Vaccines have been shown to be the most efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly approach for the control of ticks and the prevention of TBDs. Although at its infancy, interactomics has shown the possibilities that the knowledge of the interactome offers in understanding tick biology and the molecular mechanisms involved in pathogen infection and transmission. Furthermore, interactomics has provided information for the identification of candidate vaccine protective antigens. Areas covered: In this special report, we review the different approaches used for the study of protein-protein physical and functional interactions, and summarize the application of interactomics to the characterization of tick biology and tick-host-pathogen interactions, and the possibilities that offers to vaccine development for the control of ticks and TBDs. Expert commentary: The combination of interacting proteins in antigen formulations may increase vaccine efficacy. In the near future, the combination of interactomics with other omics approaches such as transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and regulomics together with intelligent Big Data analytic techniques will improve the high throughput discovery and characterization of vaccine protective antigens for the prevention and control of TBDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Artigas-Jerónimo
- a SaBio. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM , Ciudad Real , Spain
| | - José De La Fuente
- a SaBio. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM , Ciudad Real , Spain.,b Department of Veterinary Pathobiology , Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University , Stillwater OK , USA
| | - Margarita Villar
- a SaBio. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM , Ciudad Real , Spain
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