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Jamerlan AM, An SSA, Hulme JP. Microbial diversity and fitness in the gut-brain axis: influences on developmental risk for Alzheimer's disease. Gut Microbes 2025; 17:2486518. [PMID: 40207973 PMCID: PMC11988266 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2025.2486518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2025] [Accepted: 03/25/2025] [Indexed: 04/11/2025] Open
Abstract
The gut-brain axis (GBA) denotes the dynamic and bidirectional communication system that connects the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system (CNS). This review explored this axis, focusing on the role of microbial diversity and fitness in maintaining gastrointestinal health and preventing neurodegeneration, particularly in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Gut dysbiosis, characterized by the imbalance in populations of beneficial and harmful bacteria, has been associated with increased systemic inflammation, neuroinflammation, and the progression of AD through pathogenic mechanisms involving amyloid deposition, tauopathy, and increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Emerging evidence highlighted the therapeutic potential of probiotics, dietary interventions, and intermittent fasting in restoring microbial balance, reducing inflammation, and minimizing neurodegenerative risks. Probiotics and synbiotics are promising in helping improve cognitive function and metabolic health, while dietary patterns like the Mediterranean diet were linked to decreased neuroinflammation and enhanced gut-brain communication. Despite significant advancement, further research is needed to elucidate the specific microbial strains, metabolites, and mechanisms influencing brain health. Future studies employing longitudinal designs and advanced omics technologies are essential to developing targeted microbiome-based therapies for managing AD-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo M. Jamerlan
- Department of Bionanotechnology, Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Soo A. An
- Department of Bionanotechnology, Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - John P. Hulme
- Department of Bionanotechnology, Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
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2
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Belelli D, Lambert JJ, Wan MLY, Monteiro AR, Nutt DJ, Swinny JD. From bugs to brain: unravelling the GABA signalling networks in the brain-gut-microbiome axis. Brain 2025; 148:1479-1506. [PMID: 39716883 PMCID: PMC12074267 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awae413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2024] [Revised: 11/21/2024] [Accepted: 12/01/2024] [Indexed: 12/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Convergent data across species paint a compelling picture of the critical role of the gut and its resident microbiota in several brain functions and disorders. The chemicals mediating communication along these sophisticated highways of the brain-gut-microbiome (BGM) axis include both microbiota metabolites and classical neurotransmitters. Amongst the latter, GABA is fundamental to brain function, mediating most neuronal inhibition. Until recently, GABA's role and specific molecular targets in the periphery within the BGM axis had received limited attention. Yet, GABA is produced by neuronal and non-neuronal elements of the BGM, and recently, GABA-modulating bacteria have been identified as key players in GABAergic gut systems, indicating that GABA-mediated signalling is likely to transcend physiological boundaries and species. We review the available evidence to better understand how GABA facilitates the integration of molecularly and functionally disparate systems to bring about overall homeostasis and how GABA perturbations within the BGM axis can give rise to multi-system medical disorders, thereby magnifying the disease burden and the challenges for patient care. Analysis of transcriptomic databases revealed significant overlaps between GABAAR subunits expressed in the human brain and gut. However, in the gut, there are notable expression profiles for a select number of subunits that have received limited attention to date but could be functionally relevant for BGM axis homeostasis. GABAergic signalling, via different receptor subtypes, directly regulates BGM homeostasis by modulating the excitability of neurons within brain centres responsible for gastrointestinal (GI) function in a sex-dependent manner, potentially revealing mechanisms underlying the greater prevalence of GI disturbances in females. Apart from such top-down regulation of the BGM axis, a diverse group of cell types, including enteric neurons, glia, enteroendocrine cells, immune cells and bacteria, integrate peripheral GABA signals to influence brain functions and potentially contribute to brain disorders. We propose several priorities for this field, including the exploitation of available technologies to functionally dissect components of these GABA pathways within the BGM, with a focus on GI and brain-behaviour-disease. Furthermore, in silico ligand-receptor docking analyses using relevant bacterial metabolomic datasets, coupled with advances in knowledge of GABAAR 3D structures, could uncover new ligands with novel therapeutic potential. Finally, targeted design of dietary interventions is imperative to advancing their therapeutic potential to support GABA homeostasis across the BGM axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Belelli
- GABA Labs (Research) Ltd., Hemel Hempstead HP2 5HD, UK
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Institute, Dundee University, Dundee DD1 5HL, UK
- School of Medicine, Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
| | - Jeremy J Lambert
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Institute, Dundee University, Dundee DD1 5HL, UK
| | - Murphy Lam Yim Wan
- School of Medicine, Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
| | - Ana Rita Monteiro
- School of Medicine, Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
| | - David J Nutt
- GABA Labs (Research) Ltd., Hemel Hempstead HP2 5HD, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Jerome D Swinny
- School of Medicine, Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
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3
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Singh S, Saini V, Jha HC. The role of secondary genomes in neurodevelopment and co-evolutionary dynamics. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2025; 180:245-297. [PMID: 40414634 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2025.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2025]
Abstract
This chapter examines how human biology and microbial "secondary genomes" have co-evolved to shape neurodevelopment through the gut-brain axis. Microbial communities generate metabolites that cross blood-brain and placental barriers, influencing synaptogenesis, immune responses, and neural circuit formation. Simultaneously, Human Accelerated Regions (HARs) and Endogenous Retroviruses (ERVs) modulate gene expression and immune pathways, determining which microbes thrive in the gut and impacting brain maturation. These factors converge to form a dynamic host-microbe dialogue with significant consequences for neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD), including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and schizophrenia. Building on evolutionary perspectives, the chapter elucidates how genetic and immune mechanisms orchestrate beneficial and pathological host-microbe interactions in early brain development. It then explores therapeutic strategies, such as probiotics, prebiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and CRISPR-driven microbial engineering, targeting gut dysbiosis to mitigate or prevent neurodevelopmental dysfunctions. Furthermore, innovative organ-on-chip models reveal mechanistic insights under physiologically relevant conditions, offering a translational bridge between in vitro experiments and clinical applications. As the field continues to evolve, this work underscores the translational potential of manipulating the microbiome to optimize neurological outcomes. It enriches our understanding of the intricate evolutionary interplay between host genomes and the microbial world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India.
| | - Vaishali Saini
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
| | - Hem Chandra Jha
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India.
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4
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Agarwal V, Chaudhary R, Gupta A. Probiotics as a Treatment of Chronic Stress Associated Abnormalities. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2025:10.1007/s12602-025-10553-y. [PMID: 40285929 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-025-10553-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2025] [Indexed: 04/29/2025]
Abstract
Chronic stress is a widespread problem that significantly affects both physical and mental health, leading to numerous complications such as mood disorders, cognitive impairments, gastrointestinal issues, and chronic diseases. The dysregulation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis and the gut-brain axis underlies several stress related disorders, leading to systemic inflammation, neuroinflammation, dysbiosis, and impaired gut barrier integrity. This review emphasizes the growing significance of probiotics as a potential treatment strategy for addressing chronic stress. Probiotics are living bacteria that provide health benefits when consumed in sufficient quantities, acting via several processes including restoration of gut microbial composition, augmentation of gut barrier integrity, and synthesis bioactive compounds such as neurotransmitters and short-chain fatty acids. These effects lead to reduced systemic and neuroinflammation, enhanced neuroplasticity, and the regulation of stress responsive pathways, including the HPA axis. Moreover, probiotics enhance parasympathetic nervous system activity by modulating vagus signaling. Current review indicates the promise of probiotics in alleviating chronic stress; nonetheless, substantial gaps exist regarding strain specific benefits, appropriate doses, and long-term safety. It is essential to address these constraints by comprehensive, large scale clinical studies and tailored therapies. This review highlights the significance of probiotics as a natural, non-invasive approach to chronic stress management, providing an innovative solution for the worldwide issue of stress related health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipul Agarwal
- MIT College of Pharmacy, Ram Ganga Vihar Phase-II, Moradabad, 244001, U.P, India.
| | - Rishabh Chaudhary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, 226 025, U.P, India
| | - Anugya Gupta
- Faculty of Medical and Paramedical Sciences, Madhyanchal Professional University, Bhopal, 462044, M.P, India.
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5
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Aziz-Zadeh L, Ringold SM, Jayashankar A, Kilroy E, Butera C, Jacobs JP, Tanartkit S, Mahurkar-Joshi S, Bhatt RR, Dapretto M, Labus JS, Mayer EA. Relationships between brain activity, tryptophan-related gut metabolites, and autism symptomatology. Nat Commun 2025; 16:3465. [PMID: 40229237 PMCID: PMC11997199 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-58459-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2025] [Indexed: 04/16/2025] Open
Abstract
While it has been suggested that alterations in the composition of gut microbial metabolites may play a causative role in the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), it is not known how gut microbial metabolites are associated with ASD-specific brain alterations. In this cross-sectional, case-control observational study, (i) fecal metabolomics, (ii) task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and (iii) behavioral assessments were obtained from 43 ASD and 41 neurotypical (NT) children, aged 8-17. The fMRI tasks used socio-emotional and sensory paradigms that commonly reveal strong evoked brain differences in ASD participants. Our results show that fecal levels of specific tryptophan-related metabolites, including kynurenate, were significantly lower in ASD compared to NT, and were associated with: 1) alterations in insular and cingulate cortical activity previously implicated in ASD; and 2) ASD severity and symptoms (e.g., ADOS scores, disgust propensity, and sensory sensitivities). Moreover, activity in the mid-insula and mid-cingulate significantly mediated relationships between the microbial tryptophan metabolites (indolelactate and tryptophan betaine) and ASD severity and disgust sensitivity. Thus, we identify associations between gut microbial tryptophan metabolites, ASD symptoms, and brain activity in humans, particularly in brain regions associated with interoceptive processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Aziz-Zadeh
- Mrs. T.H. Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Brain and Creativity Institute, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Sofronia M Ringold
- Mrs. T.H. Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Brain and Creativity Institute, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aditya Jayashankar
- Mrs. T.H. Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Brain and Creativity Institute, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Emily Kilroy
- Mrs. T.H. Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Brain and Creativity Institute, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christiana Butera
- Mrs. T.H. Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Brain and Creativity Institute, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan P Jacobs
- Oppenheimer Center for the Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Goodman-Luskin Microbiome Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Skylar Tanartkit
- Oppenheimer Center for the Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Goodman-Luskin Microbiome Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Swapna Mahurkar-Joshi
- Oppenheimer Center for the Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Goodman-Luskin Microbiome Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ravi R Bhatt
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Mirella Dapretto
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer S Labus
- Oppenheimer Center for the Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Goodman-Luskin Microbiome Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Emeran A Mayer
- Oppenheimer Center for the Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Goodman-Luskin Microbiome Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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6
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Mallick K, Khodve G, Ruwatia R, Banerjee S. Gut microbes: Therapeutic Target for neuropsychiatric disorders. J Psychiatr Res 2025; 184:27-38. [PMID: 40036939 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2024] [Revised: 01/28/2025] [Accepted: 02/20/2025] [Indexed: 03/06/2025]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric diseases encompass a range of mental and neurological disorders that have a significant and far-reaching effect on an individual's quality of life. These conditions affect not only the mental status but also the physical well-being of individuals, which leads to weakened immune systems and other diseases. Emerging research underscores a significant connection between the gut microbiome and neuropsychiatric diseases, suggesting that microbial communities within the gastrointestinal tract may influence brain function and mental health. Gut dysbiosis is caused by various factors, including stress, diet, inappropriate usage of antibiotics, infections, and so on, all of which can disrupt numerous pathways, resulting in abnormal neurotransmitter signaling, inflammation, and impaired brain function. Similarly, various neuropsychiatric diseases can disrupt the specific microbiome in the gut, leading to gut dysbiosis, often impairing memory and cognitive function. The growing evidence supporting the role of gut dysbiosis in neuropsychiatric disorders has opened up new avenues for therapeutic interventions. Modulating the gut microbiome through strategies such as probiotics, prebiotics, or fecal microbiota transplantation has shown promising results in various studies of neuropsychiatric disorders. However, further research is needed to fully elucidate the mechanisms involved in gut dysbiosis-associated brain changes to develop effective and personalized treatment strategies for neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keya Mallick
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700054, India
| | - Gopal Khodve
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700054, India
| | - Ritika Ruwatia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700054, India
| | - Sugato Banerjee
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700054, India.
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7
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Saadh MJ, Ahmed HH, Kareem RA, Sanghvi G, Ganesan S, Agarwal M, Kaur P, Taher WM, Alwan M, Jawad MJ, Hamad AK. Short-chain fatty acids in Huntington's disease: Mechanisms of action and their therapeutic implications. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2025; 249:173972. [PMID: 39983928 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2025.173972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2024] [Revised: 02/10/2025] [Accepted: 02/14/2025] [Indexed: 02/23/2025]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor dysfunction, cognitive decline, and emotional instability, primarily resulting from the abnormal accumulation of mutant huntingtin protein. Growing research highlights the role of intestinal microbiota and their metabolites, particularly short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), in modulating HD progression. SCFAs, including acetate, propionate, and butyrate, are produced by gut bacteria through dietary fiber fermentation and are recognized for their neuroprotective properties. Evidence suggests that SCFAs regulate neuroinflammation, neuronal communication, and metabolic functions within the central nervous system (CNS). In HD, these compounds may support neuronal health, reduce oxidative stress, and enhance blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity. Their mechanisms of action involve binding to G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and modulating gene expression through epigenetic pathways, underscoring their therapeutic potential. This analysis examines the significance of SCFAs in HD, emphasizing the gut-brain axis and the benefits of dietary interventions aimed at modifying gut microbiota composition and promoting SCFA production. Further research into these pathways may pave the way for novel HD management strategies and improved therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed J Saadh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Middle East University, Amman 11831, Jordan.
| | | | | | - Gaurav Sanghvi
- Marwadi University Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Marwadi University, Rajkot 360003, Gujarat, India
| | - Subbulakshmi Ganesan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Sciences, JAIN (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Mohit Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University, Rajasthan, Jaipur,302131, India
| | - Parjinder Kaur
- Chandigarh Pharmacy College, Chandigarh Group of Colleges-Jhanjeri, Mohali 140307, Punjab, India
| | - Waam Mohammed Taher
- College of Nursing, National University of Science and Technology, Dhi Qar, Iraq
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8
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Li J, Wang Y, Wu S, Zhou Z, Jia W, Shen X, Li Y, He F, Cheng R. Postbiotics Made From Selected Lactic Acid Bacteria Improves Chronic Restraint Stress-Induced Anhedonia and Sleep Disorders. Mol Nutr Food Res 2025; 69:e70005. [PMID: 40045653 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.70005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2024] [Revised: 12/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2025] [Indexed: 04/25/2025]
Abstract
Sleep disorders have become one of the most prevalent neuropsychiatric disorders in recent years. This study aimed to investigate the effects of postbiotics derived from selected lactic acid bacteria on anhedonia and sleep disorders in chronic restraint stress (CRS)-induced mice, as well as their potential mechanisms. Mice were orally administered normal saline, low, medium, or high doses of postbiotics for 30 days, with CRS applied from days 1 to 21. The medium dose of postbiotics significantly increased the sucrose preference index, and the high dose of postbiotics significantly increased sleep duration. Postbiotic treatment effectively restored the diversity and composition of the gut microbiota to levels comparable to those observed in the vehicle (Veh) group. Furthermore, low and medium doses of postbiotics significantly reduced serum corticosterone levels, and medium and high doses significantly reduced serum IL-1β levels. Additionally, postbiotics administration significantly increased glutamate and GABA levels in both the prefrontal cortex and hypothalamus, as well as GABA levels in the feces. These results indicate that postbiotics alleviate CRS-induced anhedonia and sleep disorders in a dose-dependent manner. This effect may be mediated through the restoration of homeostasis in the MGB axis, HPA axis, inflammation pathways, and neurotransmitter balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxing Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yimei Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Simou Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Zhimo Zhou
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Wen Jia
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xi Shen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Fang He
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Ruyue Cheng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
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9
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Vitetta L, Bambling M, Strodl E. Persister Intestinal Bacteria, Epigenetics and Major Depression. FRONT BIOSCI-LANDMRK 2025; 30:26837. [PMID: 40302324 DOI: 10.31083/fbl26837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2024] [Revised: 12/02/2024] [Accepted: 12/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2025]
Abstract
The microbiota-gut-brain axis has been proposed as a potential modulator of mood disorders such as major depression. Complex bidirectional biochemical activities in this axis have been posited to participate in adverse mood disorders. Environmental and genetic factors have dominated recent discussions on depression. The prescription of antibiotics, antidepressants, adverse negative DNA methylation reactions and a dysbiotic gut microbiome have been cited as causal for the development and progression of depression. While research continues to investigate the microbiome-gut-brain axis, this review will explore the state of persistence of gut bacteria that underpins bacterial dormancy, possibly due to adverse environmental conditions and/or pharmaceutical prescriptions. Bacterial dormancy persistence in the intestinal microbial cohort could affect the role of bacterial epigenomes and DNA methylations. DNA methylations are highly motif driven exerting significant control on bacterial phenotypes that can disrupt bacterial metabolism and neurotransmitter formation in the gut, outcomes that can support adverse mood dispositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Vitetta
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2005, Australia
| | - Matthew Bambling
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Esben Strodl
- Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4058, Australia
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10
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Naspolini NF, Natividade AP, Asmus CIF, Moreira JC, Dominguez-Bello MG, Meyer A. Early-life gut microbiome is associated with behavioral disorders in the Rio birth cohort. Sci Rep 2025; 15:8674. [PMID: 40082490 PMCID: PMC11906608 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-81774-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 11/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/16/2025] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence has been linking changes in the early-life gut microbiome and neurodevelopmental outcomes. The founder bacteria that first colonize the infant's gut determine the microbial succession that signals host tissues and impact development including the brain. Here we investigated the association between the meconium microbiome and neurobehavior. To this end, we surveyed the 16S rRNA gene on meconium samples and assessed behavioral outcomes at six-months of age by the Denver Developmental Screening Test II (DDST-II). Among the four behavioral domains investigated, the personal-social domain was associated with significant differences in meconium bacterial beta diversity (unweighted UniFrac; R2 0.078, p = 0.021) and reduced alpha diversity (β = -2.290, 95% CI = -4.212; CI = -0.368), after adjustment for gestational antibiotics, preterm delivery, and delivery mode. Besides, this altered neurobehavior (failing to meet the milestone) was associated with overrepresented Ruminococcaceae, Christensenellaceae, and Eubacterium, Treponema, Senegalimassilia, Ruminiclostridium, Roseburia, Romboutsia, Prevotella, and Veillonella seminalis. Predicted functional genes showed reduced abundance in association with altered neurobehavior (all q < 0.15). Fine and gross motor skills presented no associations with the microbiome. This pilot study shows associations between the first gut microbiome and behavioral outcomes that deserve further studies in different neonate populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Ferrazzo Naspolini
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, National School of Public Health Sergio Arouca, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- School of Arts, Sciences and Humanity, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 03828-000, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula Natividade
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, National School of Public Health Sergio Arouca, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Josino Costa Moreira
- Public Health Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Gloria Dominguez-Bello
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Humans and the Microbiome Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Armando Meyer
- Public Health Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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11
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Schumacher SM, Doyle WJ, Hill K, Ochoa-Repáraz J. Gut microbiota in multiple sclerosis and animal models. FEBS J 2025; 292:1330-1356. [PMID: 38817090 PMCID: PMC11607183 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic central nervous system (CNS) neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disease marked by a host immune reaction that targets and destroys the neuronal myelin sheath. MS and correlating animal disease models show comorbidities, including intestinal barrier disruption and alterations of the commensal microbiome. It is accepted that diet plays a crucial role in shaping the microbiota composition and overall gastrointestinal (GI) tract health, suggesting an interplay between nutrition and neuroinflammation via the gut-brain axis. Unfortunately, poor host health and diet lead to microbiota modifications that could lead to significant responses in the host, including inflammation and neurobehavioral changes. Beneficial microbial metabolites are essential for host homeostasis and inflammation control. This review will highlight the importance of the gut microbiota in the context of host inflammatory responses in MS and MS animal models. Additionally, microbial community restoration and how it affects MS and GI barrier integrity will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kristina Hill
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725
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12
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Zhou X, Ganz AB, Rayner A, Cheng TY, Oba H, Rolnik B, Lancaster S, Lu X, Li Y, Johnson JS, Hoyd R, Spakowicz DJ, Slavich GM, Snyder MP. Dynamic human gut microbiome and immune shifts during an immersive psychosocial intervention program. Brain Behav Immun 2025; 125:428-443. [PMID: 39701328 PMCID: PMC11903166 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 10/24/2024] [Accepted: 12/16/2024] [Indexed: 12/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although depression is a leading cause of disability worldwide, the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this disorder-particularly those involving the gut microbiome-are poorly understood. METHOD To investigate, we conducted a community-based observational study to explore complex associations between changes in the gut microbiome, cytokine levels, and depression symptoms in 51 participants (Mage = 49.56, SD = 13.31) receiving an immersive psychosocial intervention. A total of 142 multi-omics samples were collected from participants before, during, and three months after the nine-day inquiry-based stress reduction program. RESULTS Results revealed that depression was associated with both an increased presence of putatively pathogenic bacteria and reduced microbial beta-diversity. Following the intervention, we observed reductions in neuroinflammatory cytokines and improvements in several mental health indicators. Interestingly, participants with a Prevotella-dominant microbiome showed milder symptoms when depressed, along with a more resilient microbiome and more favorable inflammatory cytokine profile, including reduced levels of CXCL-1. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal a potentially protective link between the Prevotella-dominant microbiome and depression, as evidenced by a reduced pro-inflammatory environment and fewer depressive symptoms. These insights, coupled with observed improvements in neuroinflammatory markers and mental health from the intervention, may highlight potential avenues for microbiome-targeted therapies for managing depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA; Stanford Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - Ariel B Ganz
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA; Stanford Healthcare Innovation Lab, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Andre Rayner
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - Tess Yan Cheng
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA; Department of Microbiology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Washington, WA, USA
| | - Haley Oba
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin Rolnik
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA; Stanford Healthcare Innovation Lab, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Samuel Lancaster
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - Xinrui Lu
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Yizhou Li
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Jethro S Johnson
- Oxford Centre for Microbiome Studies, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rebecca Hoyd
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, OH, USA
| | | | - George M Slavich
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael P Snyder
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA; Stanford Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA; Stanford Healthcare Innovation Lab, Stanford University, CA, USA.
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13
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Mafe AN, Büsselberg D. Modulation of the Neuro-Cancer Connection by Metabolites of Gut Microbiota. Biomolecules 2025; 15:270. [PMID: 40001573 PMCID: PMC11853082 DOI: 10.3390/biom15020270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2025] [Revised: 02/10/2025] [Accepted: 02/10/2025] [Indexed: 02/27/2025] Open
Abstract
The gut-brain-cancer axis represents a novel and intricate connection between the gut microbiota, neurobiology, and cancer progression. Recent advances have accentuated the significant role of gut microbiota metabolites in modulating systemic processes that influence both brain health and tumorigenesis. This paper explores the emerging concept of metabolite-mediated modulation within the gut-brain-cancer connection, focusing on key metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), tryptophan derivatives, secondary bile acids, and lipopolysaccharides (LPS). While the gut microbiota's impact on immune regulation, neuroinflammation, and tumor development is well established, gaps remain in grasping how specific metabolites contribute to neuro-cancer interactions. We discuss novel metabolites with potential implications for neurobiology and cancer, such as indoles and polyamines, which have yet to be extensively studied. Furthermore, we review preclinical and clinical evidence linking gut dysbiosis, altered metabolite profiles, and brain tumors, showcasing limitations and research gaps, particularly in human longitudinal studies. Case studies investigating microbiota-based interventions, including dietary changes, fecal microbiota transplantation, and probiotics, demonstrate promise but also indicate hurdles in translating these findings to clinical cancer therapies. This paper concludes with a call for standardized multi-omics approaches and bi-directional research frameworks integrating microbiome, neuroscience, and oncology to develop personalized therapeutic strategies for neuro-cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice N. Mafe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Taraba State University, Main Campus, Jalingo 660101, Taraba State, Nigeria;
| | - Dietrich Büsselberg
- Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha Metropolitan Area, Doha P.O. Box 22104, Qatar
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14
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Abavisani M, Faraji N, Ebadpour N, Kesharwani P, Sahebkar A. Beyond digestion: Exploring how the gut microbiota modulates human social behaviors. Neuroscience 2025; 565:52-62. [PMID: 39615647 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.11.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2024] [Revised: 11/23/2024] [Accepted: 11/25/2024] [Indexed: 01/07/2025]
Abstract
For a long time, traditional medicine has acknowledged the gut's impact on general health. Contemporary science substantiates this association through investigations of the gut microbiota, the extensive community of microorganisms inhabiting our gastrointestinal system. These microscopic residents considerably improve digestive processes, nutritional absorption, immunological function, and pathogen defense. Nevertheless, a variety of gastrointestinal and extra-intestinal disorders can result from dysbiosis, an imbalance of the microbial composition of the gut microbiota. A groundbreaking discovery is the gut-brain axis, a complex communication network that links the enteric and central nervous system (CNS). This bidirectional communication allows the brain to influence gut activities and vice versa, impacting mental health and mood disorders like anxiety and depression. The gut microbiota can influence this communication by creating neurotransmitters and short-chain fatty acids, among other biochemical processes. These factors may affect our mental state, our ability to regulate our emotions, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This study aimed to explore the complex interrelationships between the brain and the gut microbiota. We also conducted a thorough examination of the existing understanding in the area of how microbiota affects social behaviors, including emotions, stress responses, and cognitive functions. We also explored the potential of interventions that focus on the connection between the gut and the brain, such as using probiotics to treat diseases of the CNS. This research opens up new possibilities for addressing mental health and neurological conditions in an innovative manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abavisani
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Navid Faraji
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Negar Ebadpour
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran.
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15
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Wankhede NL, Kale MB, Kyada A, M RM, Chaudhary K, Naidu KS, Rahangdale S, Shende PV, Taksande BG, Khalid M, Gulati M, Umekar MJ, Fareed M, Kopalli SR, Koppula S. Sleep deprivation-induced shifts in gut microbiota: Implications for neurological disorders. Neuroscience 2025; 565:99-116. [PMID: 39622383 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.11.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2024] [Revised: 11/26/2024] [Accepted: 11/27/2024] [Indexed: 12/07/2024]
Abstract
Sleep deprivation is a prevalent issue in contemporary society, with significant ramifications for both physical and mental well-being. Emerging scientific evidence illuminates its intricate interplay with the gut-brain axis, a vital determinant of neurological function. Disruptions in sleep patterns disturb the delicate equilibrium of the gut microbiota, resulting in dysbiosis characterized by alterations in microbial composition and function. This dysbiosis contributes to the exacerbation of neurological disorders such as depression, anxiety, and cognitive decline through multifaceted mechanisms, including heightened neuroinflammation, disturbances in neurotransmitter signalling, and compromised integrity of the gut barrier. In response to these challenges, there is a burgeoning interest in therapeutic interventions aimed at restoring gut microbial balance and alleviating neurological symptoms precipitated by sleep deprivation. Probiotics, dietary modifications, and behavioural strategies represent promising avenues for modulating the gut microbiota and mitigating the adverse effects of sleep disturbances on neurological health. Moreover, the advent of personalized interventions guided by advanced omics technologies holds considerable potential for tailoring treatments to individualized needs and optimizing therapeutic outcomes. Interdisciplinary collaboration and concerted research efforts are imperative for elucidating the underlying mechanisms linking sleep, gut microbiota, and neurological function. Longitudinal studies, translational research endeavours, and advancements in technology are pivotal for unravelling the complex interplay between these intricate systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitu L Wankhede
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra 441002, India
| | - Mayur B Kale
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra 441002, India
| | - Ashishkumar Kyada
- Marwadi University Research Center, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences Marwadi University, Rajkot 360003, Gujarat, India
| | - Rekha M M
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Sciences, JAIN (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Kamlesh Chaudhary
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Medical Sciences, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - K Satyam Naidu
- Department of Chemistry, Raghu Engineering College, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Sandip Rahangdale
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra 441002, India
| | - Prajwali V Shende
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra 441002, India
| | - Brijesh G Taksande
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra 441002, India
| | - Mohammad Khalid
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Monica Gulati
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 1444411, India; ARCCIM, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 20227, Australia
| | - Milind J Umekar
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra 441002, India
| | - Mohammad Fareed
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, AlMaarefa University, P.O. Box 71666, Riyadh 11597, Saudi Arabia
| | - Spandana Rajendra Kopalli
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Sushruta Koppula
- College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Konkuk University, Chungju-Si, Chungcheongbuk Do 27478, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Sharma SA, Oladejo SO, Kuang Z. Chemical interplay between gut microbiota and epigenetics: Implications in circadian biology. Cell Chem Biol 2025; 32:61-82. [PMID: 38776923 PMCID: PMC11569273 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2024.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are intrinsic molecular mechanisms that synchronize biological functions with the day/night cycle. The mammalian gut is colonized by a myriad of microbes, collectively named the gut microbiota. The microbiota impacts host physiology via metabolites and structural components. A key mechanism is the modulation of host epigenetic pathways, especially histone modifications. An increasing number of studies indicate the role of the microbiota in regulating host circadian rhythms. However, the mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we summarize studies on microbial regulation of host circadian rhythms and epigenetic pathways, highlight recent findings on how the microbiota employs host epigenetic machinery to regulate circadian rhythms, and discuss its impacts on host physiology, particularly immune and metabolic functions. We further describe current challenges and resources that could facilitate research on microbiota-epigenetic-circadian rhythm interactions to advance our knowledge of circadian disorders and possible therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samskrathi Aravinda Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Sarah Olanrewaju Oladejo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Zheng Kuang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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17
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Franciosa I, Buzzanca D, Cocolin L, De Filippis F, Ferrocino I. Genome sequence of potential psychobiotic Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus A20T1A using long-read ONT technology. Microbiol Resour Announc 2025; 14:e0068524. [PMID: 39589119 PMCID: PMC11737158 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00685-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 11/04/2024] [Indexed: 11/27/2024] Open
Abstract
We present the genome sequence of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus isolated from human gut using Oxford Nanopore technology sequencing. The annotated draft genome of L. rhamnosus A20T1A showed the presence of probiotics and psychobiotics genomic traits relevant for gut colonization and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Franciosa
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Davide Buzzanca
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Luca Cocolin
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Francesca De Filippis
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Ilario Ferrocino
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
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18
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Valitutti F, Mennini M, Monacelli G, Fagiolari G, Piccirillo M, Di Nardo G, Di Cara G. Intestinal permeability, food antigens and the microbiome: a multifaceted perspective. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2025; 5:1505834. [PMID: 39850945 PMCID: PMC11754301 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2024.1505834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2024] [Accepted: 12/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2025] Open
Abstract
The gut barrier encompasses several interactive, physical, and functional components, such as the gut microbiota, the mucus layer, the epithelial layer and the gut mucosal immunity. All these contribute to homeostasis in a well-regulated manner. Nevertheless, this frail balance might be disrupted for instance by westernized dietary habits, infections, pollution or exposure to antibiotics, thus diminishing protective immunity and leading to the onset of chronic diseases. Several gaps of knowledge still exist as regards this multi-level interaction. In this review we aim to summarize current evidence linking food antigens, microbiota and gut permeability interference in diverse disease conditions such as celiac disease (CeD), non-celiac wheat sensitivity (NCWS), food allergies (FA), eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorder (EOGID) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Specific food elimination diets are recommended for CeD, NCWS, FA and in some cases for EOGID. Undoubtfully, each of these conditions is very different and quite unique, albeit food antigens/compounds, intestinal permeability and specific microbiota signatures orchestrate immune response and decide clinical outcomes for all of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Valitutti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Pediatric Unit, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- European Biomedical Research Institute of Salerno (EBRIS), Salerno, Italy
| | - Maurizio Mennini
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Pediatric Unit, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Monacelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Pediatric Unit, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giulia Fagiolari
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Pediatric Unit, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marisa Piccirillo
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Pediatric Unit, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Nardo
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Pediatric Unit, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Cara
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Pediatric Unit, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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19
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Grant ET, De Franco H, Desai MS. Non-SCFA microbial metabolites associated with fiber fermentation and host health. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2025; 36:70-82. [PMID: 38991905 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2024.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Dietary fiber is degraded by commensal gut microbes to yield host-beneficial short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), but personalized responses to fiber supplementation highlight a role for other microbial metabolites in shaping host health. In this review we summarize recent findings from dietary fiber intervention studies describing health impacts attributed to microbial metabolites other than SCFAs, particularly secondary bile acids (2°BAs), aromatic amino acid derivatives, neurotransmitters, and B vitamins. We also discuss shifts in microbial metabolism occurring through altered maternal dietary fiber intake and agricultural practices, which warrant further investigation. To optimize the health benefits of dietary fibers, it is essential to survey a range of metabolites and adapt recommendations on a personalized basis, according to the different functional aspects of the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica T Grant
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Hélène De Franco
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; Faculty of Science, Technology, and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Mahesh S Desai
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
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20
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Kaur Sardarni U, Ambikan AT, Acharya A, Johnson SD, Avedissian SN, Végvári Á, Neogi U, Byrareddy SN. SARS-CoV-2 variants mediated tissue-specific metabolic reprogramming determines the disease pathophysiology in a hamster model. Brain Behav Immun 2025; 123:914-927. [PMID: 39481495 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 09/28/2024] [Accepted: 10/26/2024] [Indexed: 11/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite significant effort, a clear understanding of host tissue-specific responses and their implications for immunopathogenicity against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus2 (SARS-CoV-2) variant infection has remained poorly defined. To shed light on the interaction between tissues and SARS-CoV-2 variants, we sought to characterize the complex relationship among acute multisystem manifestations, dysbiosis of the gut microbiota, and the resulting implications for SARS-CoV-2 variant-specific immunopathogenesis in the Golden Syrian Hamster (GSH) model using multi-omics approaches. Our investigation revealed the presence of increased SARS-CoV-2 genomic RNA in diverse tissues of delta-infected GSH compared to the omicron variant. Multi-omics analyses uncovered distinctive metabolic responses between the delta and omicron variants, with the former demonstrating dysregulation in synaptic transmission proteins associated with neurocognitive disorders. Additionally, delta-infected GSH exhibited an altered fecal microbiota composition, marked by increased inflammation-associated taxa and reduced commensal bacteria compared to the omicron variant. These findings underscore the SARS-CoV-2-mediated tissue insult, characterized by modified host metabolites, neurological protein dysregulation, and gut dysbiosis, highlighting the compromised gut-lung-brain axis during acute infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urvinder Kaur Sardarni
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Anoop T Ambikan
- The Systems Virology Laboratory, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arpan Acharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Samuel D Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Sean N Avedissian
- Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Ákos Végvári
- Division of Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry & Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ujjwal Neogi
- The Systems Virology Laboratory, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Siddappa N Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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21
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Patel RA, Panche AN, Harke SN. Gut microbiome-gut brain axis-depression: interconnection. World J Biol Psychiatry 2025; 26:1-36. [PMID: 39713871 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2024.2436854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2024] [Revised: 11/26/2024] [Accepted: 11/28/2024] [Indexed: 12/24/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The relationship between the gut microbiome and mental health, particularly depression, has gained significant attention. This review explores the connection between microbial metabolites, dysbiosis, and depression. The gut microbiome, comprising diverse microorganisms, maintains physiological balance and influences health through the gut-brain axis, a communication pathway between the gut and the central nervous system. METHODS Dysbiosis, an imbalance in the gut microbiome, disrupts this axis and worsens depressive symptoms. Factors like diet, antibiotics, and lifestyle can cause this imbalance, leading to changes in microbial composition, metabolism, and immune responses. This imbalance can induce inflammation, disrupt neurotransmitter regulation, and affect hormonal and epigenetic processes, all linked to depression. RESULTS Microbial metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids and neurotransmitters, are key to gut-brain communication, influencing immune regulation and mood. The altered production of these metabolites is associated with depression. While progress has been made in understanding the gut-brain axis, more research is needed to clarify causative relationships and develop new treatments. The emerging field of psychobiotics and microbiome-targeted therapies shows promise for innovative depression treatments by harnessing the gut microbiome's potential. CONCLUSIONS Epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation and histone modifications, are crucial in how the gut microbiota impacts mental health. Understanding these mechanisms offers new prospects for preventing and treating depression through the gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruhina Afroz Patel
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, MGM University, Aurangabad, India
| | - Archana N Panche
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, MGM University, Aurangabad, India
| | - Sanjay N Harke
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, MGM University, Aurangabad, India
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22
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Zhang Q, Zhu L, Li H, Chen Q, Li N, Li J, Zhao Z, Xiao D, Tang T, Bi C, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Zhang G, Li M, Zhu Y, Zhang J, Kong J. Insights and progress on the biosynthesis, metabolism, and physiological functions of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA): a review. PeerJ 2024; 12:e18712. [PMID: 39703920 PMCID: PMC11657192 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 11/24/2024] [Indexed: 12/21/2024] Open
Abstract
GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) is a non-protein amino acid that occurs naturally in the human brain, animals, plants and microorganisms. It is primarily produced by the irreversible action of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) on the α-decarboxylation of L-glutamic acid. As a major neurotransmitter in the brain, GABA plays a crucial role in behavior, cognition, and the body's stress response. GABA is mainly synthesized through the GABA shunt and the polyamine degradation pathways. It works through three receptors (GABAA, GABAB, and GABAC), each exhibiting different pharmacological and physiological characteristics. GABA has a variety of physiological roles and applications. In plants, it regulates growth, development and stress responses. In mammals, it influences physiological functions such as nervous system regulation, blood pressure equilibrium, liver and kidneys enhancement, hormone secretion regulation, immunity enhancement, cancer prevention, as well as anti-aging effects. As a biologically active ingredient, GABA possesses unique physiological effects and medicinal value, leading to its widespread application and substantially increased market demand in the food and pharmaceutical industries. GABA is primarily produced through chemical synthesis, plant enrichment and microbial fermentation. In this review, we first make an overview of GABA, focusing on its synthesis, metabolism, GABA receptors and physiological functions. Next, we describe the industrial production methods of GABA. Finally, we discuss the development of ligands for the GABA receptor binding site, the prospects of GABA production and application, as well as its clinical trials in potential drugs or compounds targeting GABA for the treatment of epilepsy. The purpose of this review is to attract researchers from various fields to focus on GABA research, promote multidisciplinary communications and collaborations, break down disciplinary barriers, stimulate innovative research ideas and methods, and advance the development and application of GABA in medicine, agriculture, food and other fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingli Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Qingdao Binhai University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Qingdao Binhai University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Hailong Li
- Department of Medicine, Qingdao Binhai University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Qu Chen
- Department of Medicine, Qingdao Binhai University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, Qingdao Binhai College Affiliated Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiansheng Li
- Department of Nephrology, Gansu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Zichu Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Qingdao Binhai University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Di Xiao
- Department of Medicine, Qingdao Binhai University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Tingting Tang
- Department of Medicine, Qingdao Binhai University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Chunhua Bi
- Department of Medicine, Qingdao Binhai University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Qingdao Binhai University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Haili Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Qingdao Binhai University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Guizhen Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Qingdao Binhai University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Mingyang Li
- Department of Medicine, Qingdao Binhai University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yanli Zhu
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Qingdao Binhai University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jingjing Kong
- Department of Medicine, Qingdao Binhai University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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Fahrbach SE. Gamma-aminobutyric acid in the honey bee mushroom bodies - is inhibition the wellspring of plasticity? CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 66:101278. [PMID: 39369905 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2024.101278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2024] [Revised: 09/20/2024] [Accepted: 09/25/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
Structural plasticity is the hallmark of the protocerebral mushroom bodies of adult insects. This plasticity is especially well studied in social hymenopterans. In adult worker honey bees, phenomena such as increased neuropil volume, increased dendritic branching, and changes in the details of synaptic microcircuitry are associated with both the onset of foraging and the accumulation of foraging experience. Prior models of the drivers of these changes have focused on differences between the sensory environment of the hive and the world outside the hive, leading to enhanced excitatory (cholinergic) inputs to the intrinsic neurons of the mushroom bodies (Kenyon cells). This article proposes experimental and bioinformatics-based approaches for the exploration of a role for changes in the inhibitory (GABAergic) innervation of the mushroom bodies as a driver of sensitive periods for structural plasticity in the honey bee brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Fahrbach
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA.
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24
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Dezfouli MA, Rashidi SK, Yazdanfar N, Khalili H, Goudarzi M, Saadi A, Kiani Deh Kiani A. The emerging roles of neuroactive components produced by gut microbiota. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 52:1. [PMID: 39570444 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-10097-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 11/06/2024] [Indexed: 11/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a multifunctional ecosystem, the human digestive system contains a complex network of microorganisms, collectively known as gut microbiota. This consortium composed of more than 1013 microorganisms and Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes are the dominant microbes. Gut microbiota is increasingly recognized for its critical role in physiological processes beyond digestion. Gut microbiota participates in a symbiotic relationship with the host and takes advantage of intestinal nutrients and mutually participates in the digestion of complex carbohydrates and maintaining intestinal functions. METHOD AND RESULT We reviewed the neuroactive components produced by gut microbiota. Interestingly, microbiota plays a crucial role in regulating the activity of the intestinal lymphatic system, regulation of the intestinal epithelial barrier, and maintaining the tolerance to food immunostimulating molecules. The gut-brain axis is a two-way communication pathway that links the gut microbiota to the central nervous system (CNS) and importantly is involved in neurodevelopment, cognition, emotion and synaptic transmissions. The connections between gut microbiota and CNS are via endocrine system, immune system and vagus nerve. CONCLUSION The gut microbiota produces common neurotransmitters and neuromodulators of the nervous system. These compounds play a role in neuronal functions, immune system regulation, gastrointestinal homeostasis, permeability of the blood brain barrier and other physiological processes. This review investigates the essential aspects of the neurotransmitters and neuromodulators produced by gut microbiota and their implications in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Ansari Dezfouli
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Seyed Khalil Rashidi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Nada Yazdanfar
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Khalili
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Goudarzi
- Medicinal Plant Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Saadi
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Kiani Deh Kiani
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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25
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Bano N, Khan S, Ahamad S, Kanshana JS, Dar NJ, Khan S, Nazir A, Bhat SA. Microglia and gut microbiota: A double-edged sword in Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 101:102515. [PMID: 39321881 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 09/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
The strong association between gut microbiota (GM) and brain functions such as mood, behaviour, and cognition has been well documented. Gut-brain axis is a unique bidirectional communication system between the gut and brain, in which gut microbes play essential role in maintaining various molecular and cellular processes. GM interacts with the brain through various pathways and processes including, metabolites, vagus nerve, HPA axis, endocrine system, and immune system to maintain brain homeostasis. GM dysbiosis, or an imbalance in GM, is associated with several neurological disorders, including anxiety, depression, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Conversely, AD is sustained by microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Further, GM and their products also affect microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Despite the evidence connecting GM dysbiosis and AD progression, the involvement of GM in modulating microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in AD remains elusive. Importantly, deciphering the mechanism/s by which GM regulates microglia-dependent neuroinflammation may be helpful in devising potential therapeutic strategies to mitigate AD. Herein, we review the current evidence regarding the involvement of GM dysbiosis in microglia activation and neuroinflammation in AD. We also discuss the possible mechanisms through which GM influences the functioning of microglia and its implications for therapeutic intervention. Further, we explore the potential of microbiota-targeted interventions, such as prebiotics, probiotics, faecal microbiota transplantation, etc., as a novel therapeutic strategy to mitigate neuroinflammation and AD progression. By understanding and exploring the gut-brain axis, we aspire to revolutionize the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, many of which share a common theme of microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nargis Bano
- Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Sameera Khan
- Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Shakir Ahamad
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India.
| | - Jitendra Singh Kanshana
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburg, PA, USA.
| | - Nawab John Dar
- CNB, SALK Institute of Biological Sciences, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Sumbul Khan
- Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Aamir Nazir
- Division of Neuroscience and Ageing Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India.
| | - Shahnawaz Ali Bhat
- Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India.
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26
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Akbar M, Toppo P, Nazir A. Ageing, proteostasis, and the gut: Insights into neurological health and disease. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 101:102504. [PMID: 39284418 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Revised: 08/28/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Recent research has illuminated the profound bidirectional communication between the gastrointestinal tract and the brain, furthering our understanding of neurological ailments facilitating possible therapeutic strategies. Technological advancements in high-throughput sequencing and multi-omics have unveiled significant alterations in gut microbiota and their metabolites in various neurological disorders. This review provides a thorough analysis of the role of microbiome-gut-brain axis in neurodegenerative disease pathology, linking it to reduced age-associated proteostasis. We discuss evidences that substantiate the existence of a gut-brain cross talk ranging from early clinical accounts of James Parkinson to Braak's hypothesis. In addition to understanding of microbes, the review particularly entails specific metabolites which are altered in neurodegenerative diseases. The regulatory effects of microbial metabolites on protein clearance mechanisms, proposing their potential therapeutic implications, are also discussed. By integrating this information, we advocate for a combinatory therapeutic strategy that targets early intervention, aiming to restore proteostasis and ameliorate disease progression. This approach not only provides a new perspective on the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases but also highlights innovative strategies to combat the increasing burden of these age-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Akbar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Pranoy Toppo
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Aamir Nazir
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India.
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27
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Nuncio-Mora L, Nicolini H, Lanzagorta N, García-Jaimes C, Sosa-Hernández F, González-Covarrubias V, Cabello-Rangel H, Sarmiento E, Glahn DC, Genis-Mendoza A. Comparative Analysis of Fecal Microbiota Between Adolescents with Early-Onset Psychosis and Adults with Schizophrenia. Microorganisms 2024; 12:2071. [PMID: 39458380 PMCID: PMC11510430 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12102071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2024] [Revised: 10/09/2024] [Accepted: 10/14/2024] [Indexed: 10/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Studies of the composition of the gut microbiome have consistently shown that psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia are associated with gut dysbiosis. However, research focusing on adolescents with early-onset psychosis remains limited. This study aimed to characterize the microbial communities and their potential metabolic functions in these populations. We identified that genera Desulfovibrionaceae_Incertae_Sedis, Paraprevotella, and several genera from the Oscillospiraceae family were significantly more abundant in patients with schizophrenia compared to non-psychotic individuals, while Dorea showed decreased levels in schizophrenia patients. Furthermore, patients with early-onset psychosis demonstrated a significant reduction in Staphylococcus abundance. Additionally, we observed an increase in Prevotellaceae Leyella and Prevotellaceae Incertae Sedis in patients receiving atypical antipsychotic treatment, along with a rise in the genus Weissella among those treated with sertraline. Conversely, patients on valproate treatment exhibited decreased levels of Desulfovibrionaceae Incertae Sedis, while showing increased levels of Kandleria and Howardella. Functional prediction analysis using PICRUSt2 revealed significant differences in the expression of key enzymes associated with fatty acid metabolism. Gene orthology analysis identified 10 differentially expressed genes in the early-onset psychosis and schizophrenia groups. Our findings underscore the importance of considering dietary factors, pharmacological treatments, and microbial composition in understanding the gut-brain axis in psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucero Nuncio-Mora
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Unidad de Posgrado, Edificio D, 1° Piso, Circuito de Posgrados, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico;
- Laboratorio de Genómica de las Enfermedades Psiquiátricas y Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México 14610, Mexico;
| | - Humberto Nicolini
- Laboratorio de Genómica de las Enfermedades Psiquiátricas y Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México 14610, Mexico;
- Grupo Médico Carracci, Departamento de Investigación Clínica, Ciudad de México 03740, Mexico; (N.L.); (C.G.-J.); (F.S.-H.)
| | - Nuria Lanzagorta
- Grupo Médico Carracci, Departamento de Investigación Clínica, Ciudad de México 03740, Mexico; (N.L.); (C.G.-J.); (F.S.-H.)
| | - Cynthia García-Jaimes
- Grupo Médico Carracci, Departamento de Investigación Clínica, Ciudad de México 03740, Mexico; (N.L.); (C.G.-J.); (F.S.-H.)
| | - Fernanda Sosa-Hernández
- Grupo Médico Carracci, Departamento de Investigación Clínica, Ciudad de México 03740, Mexico; (N.L.); (C.G.-J.); (F.S.-H.)
| | - Vanessa González-Covarrubias
- Laboratorio de Farmacogenómica, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México 14610, Mexico;
| | - Héctor Cabello-Rangel
- Hospital Psiquiátrico Fray Bernardino Álvarez, Servicios de Atención Psiquiátrica, Secretaria de Salud, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico;
| | - Emmanuel Sarmiento
- Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Juan Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Secretaría de Saludos, Ciudad de México 14370, Mexico;
| | - David C. Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford, CT 06106, USA
| | - Alma Genis-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Genómica de las Enfermedades Psiquiátricas y Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México 14610, Mexico;
- Hospital Psiquiátrico Infantil Dr. Juan N. Navarro, Servicios de Atención Psiquiátrica, Secretaria de Salud, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico
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28
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Pareek A, Singhal R, Pareek A, Ghazi T, Kapoor DU, Ratan Y, Singh AK, Jain V, Chuturgoon AA. Retinoic acid in Parkinson's disease: Molecular insights, therapeutic advances, and future prospects. Life Sci 2024; 355:123010. [PMID: 39181315 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.123010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 08/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common and progressively worsening neurodegenerative disorder characterized by abnormal protein homeostasis and the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, particularly in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The prevalence of PD has doubled in the past 25 years, now affecting over 8.5 million individuals worldwide, underscoring the need for effective management strategies. While current pharmacological therapies provide symptom relief, they face challenges in treating advanced PD stages. Recent research highlights the therapeutic benefits of retinoic acid (RA) in PD, demonstrating its potential to mitigate neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, regulate brain aging, promote neuronal plasticity, and influence circadian rhythm gene expression and retinoid X receptor heterodimerization. Additionally, RA helps maintain intestinal homeostasis and modulates the enteric nervous system, presenting significant therapeutic potential for managing PD. This review explores RA as a promising alternative to conventional therapies by summarizing the molecular mechanisms underlying its role in PD pathophysiology and presenting up-to-date insights into both preclinical and clinical studies of RA in PD treatment. It also delves into cutting-edge formulations incorporating RA, highlighting ongoing efforts to refine therapeutic strategies by integrating RA into novel treatments. This comprehensive overview aims to advance progress in the field, contribute to the development of effective, targeted treatments for PD, and enhance patient well-being. Further research is essential to fully explore RA's therapeutic potential and validate its efficacy in PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Pareek
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, India.
| | - Runjhun Singhal
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, India
| | - Aaushi Pareek
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, India
| | - Terisha Ghazi
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | | | - Yashumati Ratan
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, India
| | - Arun Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmacy, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur 303012, India
| | - Vivek Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur 313001, India
| | - Anil A Chuturgoon
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa.
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29
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Trouki C, Campanella B, Onor M, Vornoli A, Pozzo L, Longo V, Bramanti E. Probing the alterations in mice cecal content due to high-fat diet. Food Chem 2024; 455:139856. [PMID: 38823144 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
The global prevalence of obesity more than doubled between 1990 and 2022. By 2022, 2.5 billion adults aged 18 and older were overweight, with over 890 million of them living with obesity. The urgent need for understanding the impact of high-fat diet, together with the demanding of analytical methods with low energy/chemicals consumption, can be fulfilled by rapid, high-throughput spectroscopic techniques. To understand the impact of high-fat diet on the metabolic signatures of mouse cecal contents, we characterized metabolite variations in two diet-groups (standard vs high-fat diet) using FTIR spectroscopy and multivariate analysis. Their cecal content showed distinct spectral features corresponding to high- and low-molecular-weight metabolites. Further quantification of 13 low-molecular-weight metabolites using liquid chromatography showed significant reduction in the production of short chain fatty acids and amino acids associated with high-fat diet samples. These findings demonstrated the potential of spectroscopy to follow changes in gut metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheherazade Trouki
- CNR-IPCF, Institute of Chemical and Physical Processes, National Research Council, via Moruzzi 1, Pisa 56124, Italy; Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Beatrice Campanella
- CNR-ICCOM, Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds, National Research Council, via Moruzzi 1, Pisa 56124, Italy.
| | - Massimo Onor
- CNR-ICCOM, Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds, National Research Council, via Moruzzi 1, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Andrea Vornoli
- CNR-IBBA, Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Via Moruzzi 1, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Luisa Pozzo
- CNR-IBBA, Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Via Moruzzi 1, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Longo
- CNR-IBBA, Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Via Moruzzi 1, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Emilia Bramanti
- CNR-ICCOM, Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds, National Research Council, via Moruzzi 1, Pisa 56124, Italy
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30
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Li R, Miao Z, Liu Y, Chen X, Wang H, Su J, Chen J. The Brain-Gut-Bone Axis in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Insights, Challenges, and Future Prospects. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307971. [PMID: 39120490 PMCID: PMC11481201 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are global health challenges characterized by the progressive degeneration of nerve cells, leading to cognitive and motor impairments. The brain-gut-bone axis, a complex network that modulates multiple physiological systems, has gained increasing attention owing to its profound effects on the occurrence and development of neurodegenerative diseases. No comprehensive review has been conducted to clarify the triangular relationship involving the brain-gut-bone axis and its potential for innovative therapies for neurodegenerative disorders. In light of this, a new perspective is aimed to propose on the interplay between the brain, gut, and bone systems, highlighting the potential of their dynamic communication in neurodegenerative diseases, as they modulate multiple physiological systems, including the nervous, immune, endocrine, and metabolic systems. Therapeutic strategies for maintaining the balance of the axis, including brain health regulation, intestinal microbiota regulation, and improving skeletal health, are also explored. The intricate physiological interactions within the brain-gut-bone axis pose a challenge in the development of effective treatments that can comprehensively target this system. Furthermore, the safety of these treatments requires further evaluation. This review offers a novel insights and strategies for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, which have important implications for clinical practice and patient well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Li
- Department of NeurosurgeryShanghai Changhai HospitalNaval Medical UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Zong Miao
- Department of NeurosurgeryShanghai Changhai HospitalNaval Medical UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Yu'e Liu
- Tongji University Cancer CenterShanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji UniversitySchool of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghai200092China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of OrthopedicsXinhua HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200092China
- Institute of Translational MedicineShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
- Organoid Research CenterShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
| | - Hongxiang Wang
- Department of NeurosurgeryShanghai Changhai HospitalNaval Medical UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Jiacan Su
- Department of OrthopedicsXinhua HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200092China
- Institute of Translational MedicineShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
- Organoid Research CenterShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
| | - Juxiang Chen
- Department of NeurosurgeryShanghai Changhai HospitalNaval Medical UniversityShanghai200433China
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31
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Borges A, Bento L. Organ crosstalk and dysfunction in sepsis. Ann Intensive Care 2024; 14:147. [PMID: 39298039 DOI: 10.1186/s13613-024-01377-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a dysregulated immune response to an infection that leads to organ dysfunction. Sepsis-associated organ dysfunction involves multiple inflammatory mechanisms and complex metabolic reprogramming of cellular function. These mechanisms cooperate through multiple organs and systems according to a complex set of long-distance communications mediated by cellular pathways, solutes, and neurohormonal actions. In sepsis, the concept of organ crosstalk involves the dysregulation of one system, which triggers compensatory mechanisms in other systems that can induce further damage. Despite the abundance of studies published on organ crosstalk in the last decade, there is a need to formulate a more comprehensive framework involving all organs to create a more detailed picture of sepsis. In this paper, we review the literature published on organ crosstalk in the last 10 years and explore how these relationships affect the progression of organ failure in patients with septic shock. We explored these relationships in terms of the heart-kidney-lung, gut-microbiome-liver-brain, and adipose tissue-muscle-bone crosstalk in sepsis patients. A deep connection exists among these organs based on crosstalk. We also review how multiple therapeutic interventions administered in intensive care units, such as mechanical ventilation, antibiotics, anesthesia, nutrition, and proton pump inhibitors, affect these systems and must be carefully considered when managing septic patients. The progression to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in sepsis patients is still one of the most frequent causes of death in critically ill patients. A better understanding and monitoring of the mechanics of organ crosstalk will enable the anticipation of organ damage and the development of individualized therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Borges
- Intensive Care Unit of Hospital de São José, Unidade de Urgência Médica, Rua José António Serrano, Lisbon, 1150-199, Portugal.
- NOVA Medical School, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria 130, Lisbon, 1169-056, Portugal.
| | - Luís Bento
- Intensive Care Unit of Hospital de São José, Unidade de Urgência Médica, Rua José António Serrano, Lisbon, 1150-199, Portugal
- NOVA Medical School, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria 130, Lisbon, 1169-056, Portugal
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32
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Zhang S, Lu J, Jin Z, Xu H, Zhang D, Chen J, Wang J. Gut microbiota metabolites: potential therapeutic targets for Alzheimer's disease? Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1459655. [PMID: 39355779 PMCID: PMC11442227 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1459655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 10/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive decline in cognitive function, which significantly increases pain and social burden. However, few therapeutic interventions are effective in preventing or mitigating the progression of AD. An increasing number of recent studies support the hypothesis that the gut microbiome and its metabolites may be associated with upstream regulators of AD pathology. Methods In this review, we comprehensively explore the potential mechanisms and currently available interventions targeting the microbiome for the improvement of AD. Our discussion is structured around modern research advancements in AD, the bidirectional communication between the gut and brain, the multi-target regulatory effects of microbial metabolites on AD, and therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating gut microbiota to manage AD. Results The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of AD through continuous bidirectional communication via the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Among these, microbial metabolites such as lipids, amino acids, bile acids and neurotransmitters, especially sphingolipids and phospholipids, may serve as central components of the gut-brain axis, regulating AD-related pathogenic mechanisms including β-amyloid metabolism, Tau protein phosphorylation, and neuroinflammation. Additionally, interventions such as probiotic administration, fecal microbiota transplantation, and antibiotic use have also provided evidence supporting the association between gut microbiota and AD. At the same time, we propose an innovative strategy for treating AD: a healthy lifestyle combined with targeted probiotics and other potential therapeutic interventions, aiming to restore intestinal ecology and microbiota balance. Conclusion Despite previous efforts, the molecular mechanisms by which gut microbes act on AD have yet to be fully described. However, intestinal microorganisms may become an essential target for connecting the gut-brain axis and improving the symptoms of AD. At the same time, it requires joint exploration by multiple centers and multiple disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhang
- The School to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Ziqi Jin
- The School to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Hanying Xu
- Department of Encephalopathy, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Jianan Chen
- The School to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Encephalopathy, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
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Phomvisith O, Muroya S, Otomaru K, Oshima K, Oshima I, Nishino D, Haginouchi T, Gotoh T. Maternal Undernutrition Affects Fetal Thymus DNA Methylation, Gene Expression, and, Thereby, Metabolism and Immunopoiesis in Wagyu (Japanese Black) Cattle. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9242. [PMID: 39273192 PMCID: PMC11395129 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
We aimed to determine the effects of maternal nutrient restriction (MNR) on the DNA methylation and gene expression patterns associated with metabolism and immunopoiesis in the thymuses of fetal Wagyu cattle. Pregnant cows were allocated to two groups: a low-nutrition (LN; 60% nutritional requirement; n = 5) and a high-nutrition (HN; 120% nutritional requirement, n = 6) group, until 8.5 months of gestation. Whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) and RNA sequencing were used to analyze DNA methylation and gene expression, while capillary electrophoresis-Fourier transform mass spectrometry assessed the metabolome. WGBS identified 4566 hypomethylated and 4303 hypermethylated genes in the LN group, with the intergenic regions most frequently being methylated. Pathway analysis linked hypoDMGs to Ras signaling, while hyperDMGs were associated with Hippo signaling. RNA sequencing found 94 differentially expressed genes (66 upregulated, 28 downregulated) in the LN group. The upregulated genes were tied to metabolic pathways and oxidative phosphorylation; the downregulated genes were linked to natural killer cell cytotoxicity. Key overlapping genes (GRIA1, CACNA1D, SCL25A4) were involved in cAMP signaling. The metabolomic analysis indicated an altered amino acid metabolism in the MNR fetuses. These findings suggest that MNR affects DNA methylation, gene expression, and the amino acid metabolism, impacting immune system regulation during fetal thymus development in Wagyu cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouanh Phomvisith
- Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, N11W10, Kita, Sapporo 060-0811, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Susumu Muroya
- Department of Animal Science, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Korimoto 1-21-24, Kagoshima 890-8580, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Konosuke Otomaru
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Korimoto 1-21-24, Kagoshima 890-8580, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kazunaga Oshima
- Division of Year-Round Grazing Research, NARO Western Region Agricultural Research Center, 60 Yoshinaga, Ohda 694-0013, Shimane, Japan
| | - Ichiro Oshima
- Department of Animal Science, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Korimoto 1-21-24, Kagoshima 890-8580, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Daichi Nishino
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Taketo Haginouchi
- Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, N11W10, Kita, Sapporo 060-0811, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takafumi Gotoh
- Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, N11W10, Kita, Sapporo 060-0811, Hokkaido, Japan
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Lim L. Modifying Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology with photobiomodulation: model, evidence, and future with EEG-guided intervention. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1407785. [PMID: 39246604 PMCID: PMC11377238 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1407785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
This manuscript outlines a model of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) pathophysiology in progressive layers, from its genesis to the development of biomarkers and then to symptom expression. Genetic predispositions are the major factor that leads to mitochondrial dysfunction and subsequent amyloid and tau protein accumulation, which have been identified as hallmarks of AD. Extending beyond these accumulations, we explore a broader spectrum of pathophysiological aspects, including the blood-brain barrier, blood flow, vascular health, gut-brain microbiodata, glymphatic flow, metabolic syndrome, energy deficit, oxidative stress, calcium overload, inflammation, neuronal and synaptic loss, brain matter atrophy, and reduced growth factors. Photobiomodulation (PBM), which delivers near-infrared light to selected brain regions using portable devices, is introduced as a therapeutic approach. PBM has the potential to address each of these pathophysiological aspects, with data provided by various studies. They provide mechanistic support for largely small published clinical studies that demonstrate improvements in memory and cognition. They inform of PBM's potential to treat AD pending validation by large randomized controlled studies. The presentation of brain network and waveform changes on electroencephalography (EEG) provide the opportunity to use these data as a guide for the application of various PBM parameters to improve outcomes. These parameters include wavelength, power density, treatment duration, LED positioning, and pulse frequency. Pulsing at specific frequencies has been found to influence the expression of waveforms and modifications of brain networks. The expression stems from the modulation of cellular and protein structures as revealed in recent studies. These findings provide an EEG-based guide for the use of artificial intelligence to personalize AD treatment through EEG data feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lew Lim
- Vielight Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada
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35
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Momen YS, Mishra J, Kumar N. Brain-Gut and Microbiota-Gut-Brain Communication in Type-2 Diabetes Linked Alzheimer's Disease. Nutrients 2024; 16:2558. [PMID: 39125436 PMCID: PMC11313915 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract, home to the largest microbial population in the human body, plays a crucial role in overall health through various mechanisms. Recent advancements in research have revealed the potential implications of gut-brain and vice-versa communication mediated by gut-microbiota and their microbial products in various diseases including type-2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD is the most common type of dementia where most of cases are sporadic with no clearly identified cause. However, multiple factors are implicated in the progression of sporadic AD which can be classified as non-modifiable (e.g., genetic) and modifiable (e.g. Type-2 diabetes, diet etc.). Present review focusses on key players particularly the modifiable factors such as Type-2 diabetes (T2D) and diet and their implications in microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) and brain-gut (BG) communication and cognitive functions of healthy brain and their dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease. Special emphasis has been given on elucidation of the mechanistic aspects of the impact of diet on gut-microbiota and the implications of some of the gut-microbial products in T2D and AD pathology. For example, mechanistically, HFD induces gut dysbiosis with driven metabolites that in turn cause loss of integrity of intestinal barrier with concomitant colonic and systemic chronic low-grade inflammation, associated with obesity and T2D. HFD-induced obesity and T2D parallel neuroinflammation, deposition of Amyloid β (Aβ), and ultimately cognitive impairment. The review also provides a new perspective of the impact of diet on brain-gut and microbiota-gut-brain communication in terms of transcription factors as a commonly spoken language that may facilitates the interaction between gut and brain of obese diabetic patients who are at a higher risk of developing cognitive impairment and AD. Other commonality such as tyrosine kinase expression and functions maintaining intestinal integrity on one hand and the phagocytic clarence by migratory microglial functions in brain are also discussed. Lastly, the characterization of the key players future research that might shed lights on novel potential pharmacological target to impede AD progression are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Narendra Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ILR College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
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Aziz-Zadeh L, Mayer E, Labus J, Ringold S, Jayashankar A, Kilroy E, Butera C, Jacobs J, Tanartkit S, Joshi S, Dapretto M. Relationships between tryptophan-related gut metabolites, brain activity, and autism symptomatology. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4559624. [PMID: 39108481 PMCID: PMC11302680 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4559624/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2024]
Abstract
Gut microbial metabolites have been theorized to play a causative role in the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This hypothesis is based on results from mechanistic preclinical studies and several correlational studies showing differences in gut microbial composition between ASD subjects and neurotypical (NT) controls. However, alterations in how the human brain interacts with the gut microbiome in ASD have not been examined. In this cross-sectional, case-control observational study, fecal metabolomics, task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and behavioral assessments were obtained from 43 ASD and 41 NT children aged 8-17. The fMRI tasks were based on socio-emotional and sensory paradigms that commonly show strong evoked brain differences in ASD participants. General linear models and mediational modeling were applied to examine the links between tryptophan metabolism and evoked brain activity and behavior. Results indicated that fecal levels of specific tryptophan-related metabolites were associated with: 1) brain activity atypicalities in regions previously implicated in ASD (i.e., insula and cingulate); and 2) ASD severity and symptomatology (i.e., ADOS scores, disgust propensity, and sensory sensitivities). Importantly, activity in the mid-insula and mid-cingulate significantly mediated relationships between the microbial tryptophan metabolites, indolelactate and tryptophan betaine, and ASD severity and disgust sensitivity. To our knowledge, this is the first study to elucidate how interactions between gut metabolites and brain activity may impact autism symptomatology, particularly in functional brain pathways associated with vagal and interoceptive/emotion processing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emeran Mayer
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience at UCLA; Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California, Irvine
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Logan AC, Prescott SL, LaFata EM, Nicholson JJ, Lowry CA. Beyond Auto-Brewery: Why Dysbiosis and the Legalome Matter to Forensic and Legal Psychology. LAWS 2024; 13:46. [DOI: 10.3390/laws13040046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2025]
Abstract
International studies have linked the consumption of ultra-processed foods with a variety of non-communicable diseases. Included in this growing body of research is evidence linking ultra-processed foods to mental disorders, aggression, and antisocial behavior. Although the idea that dietary patterns and various nutrients or additives can influence brain and behavior has a long history in criminology, in the absence of plausible mechanisms and convincing intervention trials, the topic was mostly excluded from mainstream discourse. The emergence of research across nutritional neuroscience and nutritional psychology/psychiatry, combined with mechanistic bench science, and human intervention trials, has provided support to epidemiological findings, and legitimacy to the concept of nutritional criminology. Among the emergent research, microbiome sciences have illuminated mechanistic pathways linking various socioeconomic and environmental factors, including the consumption of ultra-processed foods, with aggression and antisocial behavior. Here in this review, we examine this burgeoning research, including that related to ultra-processed food addiction, and explore its relevance across the criminal justice spectrum—from prevention to intervention—and in courtroom considerations of diminished capacity. We use auto-brewery syndrome as an example of intersecting diet and gut microbiome science that has been used to refute mens rea in criminal charges. The legalome—microbiome and omics science applied in forensic and legal psychology—appears set to emerge as an important consideration in matters of criminology, law, and justice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan L. Prescott
- Nova Institute for Health, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Erica M. LaFata
- Center for Weight, Eating, and Lifestyle Science, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Christopher A. Lowry
- Departments of Integrative Physiology and Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience and Center for Microbial Exploration, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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Panpetch J, Kiatrungrit K, Tuntipopipat S, Tangphatsornruang S, Mhuantong W, Chongviriyaphan N. Gut Microbiota and Clinical Manifestations in Thai Pediatric Patients with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. J Pers Med 2024; 14:739. [PMID: 39063993 PMCID: PMC11277806 DOI: 10.3390/jpm14070739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder potentially linked to gut dysbiosis. This comparative cross-sectional study profiled the gut microbiota in 24 treatment-naïve Thai children diagnosed with ADHD and 24 healthy ones matched by age and gender (median age: 7 years). Fecal microbial compositions were genetically analyzed using 16s rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The study findings indicated no statistically significant differences in microbial diversity between groups, although Firmicutes and Actinobacteria appeared dominant in both groups. Moreover, ADHD patients exhibited enrichment in Alloprevotella, CAG-352, Succinivibrio, and Acidaminococcus genera, while healthy controls had higher levels of Megamonas, Enterobacter, Eubacterium hallii, and Negativibacillus genera. Spearman correlation analysis demonstrated a significant positive association between CAG-352 and inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity scores, whereas the Eubacterium hallii group and Megamonas exhibited negative correlations with these symptomatology domains. Beta-carotene intake was associated with the Eubacterium hallii group and Succinivibrio: likewise, vitamin B2 intake was associated with Alloprevotella. Additional research should aim to elucidate the underlying mechanisms influencing clinical biomarkers that signify alterations in specific gut microbiome profiles linked to ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jittraporn Panpetch
- Doctoral Program in Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital and Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Komsan Kiatrungrit
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | | | - Sithichoke Tangphatsornruang
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Rd., Klong Nueng, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (S.T.); (W.M.)
| | - Wuttichai Mhuantong
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Rd., Klong Nueng, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (S.T.); (W.M.)
| | - Nalinee Chongviriyaphan
- Division of Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Bucher ML, Dicent J, Duarte Hospital C, Miller GW. Neurotoxicology of dopamine: Victim or assailant? Neurotoxicology 2024; 103:175-188. [PMID: 38857676 PMCID: PMC11694735 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2024.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Since the identification of dopamine as a neurotransmitter in the mid-20th century, investigators have examined the regulation of dopamine homeostasis at a basic biological level and in human disorders. Genetic animal models that manipulate the expression of proteins involved in dopamine homeostasis have provided key insight into the consequences of dysregulated dopamine. As a result, we have come to understand the potential of dopamine to act as an endogenous neurotoxin through the generation of reactive oxygen species and reactive metabolites that can damage cellular macromolecules. Endogenous factors, such as genetic variation and subcellular processes, and exogenous factors, such as environmental exposures, have been identified as contributors to the dysregulation of dopamine homeostasis. Given the variety of dysregulating factors that impact dopamine homeostasis and the potential for dopamine itself to contribute to further cellular dysfunction, dopamine can be viewed as both the victim and an assailant of neurotoxicity. Parkinson's disease has emerged as the exemplar case study of dopamine dysregulation due to the genetic and environmental factors known to contribute to disease risk, and due to the evidence of dysregulated dopamine as a pathologic and pathogenic feature of the disease. This review, inspired by the talk, "Dopamine in Durham: location, location, location" presented by Dr. Miller for the Jacob Hooisma Memorial Lecture at the International Neurotoxicology Association meeting in 2023, offers a primer on dopamine toxicity covering endogenous and exogenous factors that disrupt dopamine homeostasis and the actions of dopamine as an endogenous neurotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan L Bucher
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jocelyn Dicent
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Carolina Duarte Hospital
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Gary W Miller
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Zhou X, Ganz AB, Rayner A, Cheng TY, Oba H, Rolnik B, Lancaster S, Lu X, Li Y, Johnson JS, Hoyd R, Spakowicz DJ, Slavich GM, Snyder MP. Dynamic Human Gut Microbiome and Immune Shifts During an Immersive Psychosocial Therapeutic Program. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.26.600881. [PMID: 38979211 PMCID: PMC11230355 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.26.600881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Background Depression is a leading cause of disability worldwide yet its underlying factors, particularly microbial associations, are poorly understood. Methods We examined the longitudinal interplay between the microbiome and immune system in the context of depression during an immersive psychosocial intervention. 142 multi-omics samples were collected from 52 well-characterized participants before, during, and three months after a nine-day inquiry-based stress reduction program. Results We found that depression was associated with both an increased presence of putatively pathogenic bacteria and reduced microbial beta-diversity. Following the intervention, we observed reductions in neuroinflammatory cytokines and improvements in several mental health indicators. Interestingly, participants with a Prevotella-dominant microbiome showed milder symptoms when depressed, along with a more resilient microbiome and more favorable inflammatory cytokine profile, including reduced levels of CXCL-1. Conclusions Our findings reveal a protective link between the Prevotella-dominant microbiome and depression, associated with a less inflammatory environment and moderated symptoms. These insights, coupled with observed improvements in neuroinflammatory markers and mental health from the intervention, highlight potential avenues for microbiome-targeted therapies in depression management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
- Stanford Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Stanford university School of Medicine, CA, USA
- These authors contributed equally to the work
| | - Ariel B. Ganz
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
- Stanford Healthcare Innovation Lab, Stanford University, CA, USA
- These authors contributed equally to the work
| | - Andre Rayner
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - Tess Yan Cheng
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Washington, WA, USA
| | - Haley Oba
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin Rolnik
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
- Stanford Healthcare Innovation Lab, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Samuel Lancaster
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - Xinrui Lu
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Yizhou Li
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Jethro S. Johnson
- Oxford Centre for Microbiome Studies, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rebecca Hoyd
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, OH, USA
| | | | - George M. Slavich
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael P. Snyder
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
- Stanford Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Stanford university School of Medicine, CA, USA
- Stanford Healthcare Innovation Lab, Stanford University, CA, USA
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Krothapalli M, Buddendorff L, Yadav H, Schilaty ND, Jain S. From Gut Microbiota to Brain Waves: The Potential of the Microbiome and EEG as Biomarkers for Cognitive Impairment. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6678. [PMID: 38928383 PMCID: PMC11203453 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder and a leading cause of dementia. Aging is a significant risk factor for AD, emphasizing the importance of early detection since symptoms cannot be reversed once the advanced stage is reached. Currently, there is no established method for early AD diagnosis. However, emerging evidence suggests that the microbiome has an impact on cognitive function. The gut microbiome and the brain communicate bidirectionally through the gut-brain axis, with systemic inflammation identified as a key connection that may contribute to AD. Gut dysbiosis is more prevalent in individuals with AD compared to their cognitively healthy counterparts, leading to increased gut permeability and subsequent systemic inflammation, potentially causing neuroinflammation. Detecting brain activity traditionally involves invasive and expensive methods, but electroencephalography (EEG) poses as a non-invasive alternative. EEG measures brain activity and multiple studies indicate distinct patterns in individuals with AD. Furthermore, EEG patterns in individuals with mild cognitive impairment differ from those in the advanced stage of AD, suggesting its potential as a method for early indication of AD. This review aims to consolidate existing knowledge on the microbiome and EEG as potential biomarkers for early-stage AD, highlighting the current state of research and suggesting avenues for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahathi Krothapalli
- USF Center for Microbiome Research, Microbiomes Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (M.K.); (L.B.); (H.Y.)
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Lauren Buddendorff
- USF Center for Microbiome Research, Microbiomes Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (M.K.); (L.B.); (H.Y.)
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Hariom Yadav
- USF Center for Microbiome Research, Microbiomes Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (M.K.); (L.B.); (H.Y.)
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Nathan D. Schilaty
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
- Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Shalini Jain
- USF Center for Microbiome Research, Microbiomes Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (M.K.); (L.B.); (H.Y.)
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
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Baske MM, Timmerman KC, Garmo LG, Freitas MN, McCollum KA, Ren TY. Fecal microbiota transplant on Escherichia-Shigella gut composition and its potential role in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: A systematic review. J Affect Disord 2024; 354:309-317. [PMID: 38499070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.03.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut-brain-axis has a role in mental health disorders. In people with generalized anxiety disorder, GAD,1 normal flora Escherichia-Shigella, are significantly elevated. Fecal microbiota transplant, FMT,2 has been used to alter the gut composition in unhealthy individuals. There may be a role for FMT in the treatment of GAD to improve the gut-brain-axis. METHODS A systematic review of literature was conducted on articles published in PubMed, CINAHL Plus, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Wed of Science from 2000 to 2022 that analyzed FMT as a modality to alter the gut microbiome in which Escherichia-Shigella levels were quantified and reported. RESULTS Of 1916 studies identified, 14 fit criteria and were included. Recipients undergoing FMT procedures had at least one enteric diagnosis and increased percentages of Escherichia-Shigella pre-FMT. Five studies on recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection, three irritable bowel syndrome, two ulcerative colitis, one ulcerative colitis and recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection, one acute intestinal and chronic graft-vs-host disease, one pouchitis, and one slow transit constipation. 10 articles (71.4 %) showed decreased levels of Escherichia-Shigella post-FMT compared to pre-FMT. Four studies claimed the results were significant (40 %). LIMITATIONS Limitations include potential bias in study selection, study methods of analysis, and generalization of results. CONCLUSIONS The gut-brain-axis has a role in GAD. Those with GAD have significantly higher Escherichia-Shigella compared to those without GAD. FMT has the potential to decrease Escherichia-Shigella in patients with GAD to positively alter the gut-brain-axis as a potential for future GAD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan M Baske
- Central Michigan University College of Medicine, 1200 S. Franklin St., Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, United States of America.
| | - Kiara C Timmerman
- Central Michigan University College of Medicine, 1200 S. Franklin St., Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, United States of America.
| | - Lucas G Garmo
- Central Michigan University College of Medicine, 1200 S. Franklin St., Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, United States of America.
| | - Megan N Freitas
- Central Michigan University College of Medicine, 1200 S. Franklin St., Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, United States of America.
| | - Katherine A McCollum
- Central Michigan University College of Medicine, 1200 S. Franklin St., Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, United States of America.
| | - Tom Y Ren
- Central Michigan University College of Medicine, 1200 S. Franklin St., Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, United States of America.
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Palacios N, Gordon S, Wang T, Burk R, Qi Q, Huttenhower C, Gonzalez HM, Knight R, De Carli C, Daviglus M, Lamar M, Telavera G, Tarraf W, Kosciolek T, Cai J, Kaplan RC. Gut Microbiome Multi-Omics and Cognitive Function in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos- Investigation of Neurocognitive Aging. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.05.17.24307533. [PMID: 38798527 PMCID: PMC11118626 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.17.24307533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We conducted a study within the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos- Investigation of Neurocognitive Aging (HCHS/SOL-INCA) cohort to examine the association between gut microbiome and cognitive function. METHODS We analyzed the fecal metagenomes of 2,471 HCHS/SOL-INCA participants to, cross-sectionally, identify microbial taxonomic and functional features associated with global cognitive function. Omnibus (PERMANOVA) and feature-wise analyses (MaAsLin2) were conducted to identify microbiome-cognition associations, and specific microbial species and pathways (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG modules) associated with cognition. RESULTS Eubacterium species( E. siraeum and E. eligens ), were associated with better cognition. Several KEGG modules, most strongly Ornithine, Serine biosynthesis and Urea Cycle, were associated with worse cognition. DISCUSSION In a large Hispanic/Latino cohort, we identified several microbial taxa and KEGG pathways associated with cognition.
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Caldarelli M, Rio P, Marrone A, Ocarino F, Chiantore M, Candelli M, Gasbarrini A, Gambassi G, Cianci R. Gut-Brain Axis: Focus on Sex Differences in Neuroinflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5377. [PMID: 38791415 PMCID: PMC11120930 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the concept of the "gut-brain axis". In addition to well-studied diseases associated with an imbalance in gut microbiota, such as cancer, chronic inflammation, and cardiovascular diseases, research is now exploring the potential role of gut microbial dysbiosis in the onset and development of brain-related diseases. When the function of the intestinal barrier is altered by dysbiosis, the aberrant immune system response interacts with the nervous system, leading to a state of "neuroinflammation". The gut microbiota-brain axis is mediated by inflammatory and immunological mechanisms, neurotransmitters, and neuroendocrine pathways. This narrative review aims to illustrate the molecular basis of neuroinflammation and elaborate on the concept of the gut-brain axis by virtue of analyzing the various metabolites produced by the gut microbiome and how they might impact the nervous system. Additionally, the current review will highlight how sex influences these molecular mechanisms. In fact, sex hormones impact the brain-gut microbiota axis at different levels, such as the central nervous system, the enteric nervous one, and enteroendocrine cells. A deeper understanding of the gut-brain axis in human health and disease is crucial to guide diagnoses, treatments, and preventive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Caldarelli
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of Rome, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Rio
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of Rome, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Marrone
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of Rome, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Ocarino
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of Rome, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Chiantore
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of Rome, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Candelli
- Department of Emergency, Anesthesiological and Reanimation Sciences, Catholic University of Rome, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of Rome, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Gambassi
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of Rome, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Cianci
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of Rome, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
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Bosch TCG, Wigley M, Colomina B, Bohannan B, Meggers F, Amato KR, Azad MB, Blaser MJ, Brown K, Dominguez-Bello MG, Ehrlich SD, Elinav E, Finlay BB, Geddie K, Geva-Zatorsky N, Giles-Vernick T, Gros P, Guillemin K, Haraoui LP, Johnson E, Keck F, Lorimer J, McFall-Ngai MJ, Nichter M, Pettersson S, Poinar H, Rees T, Tropini C, Undurraga EA, Zhao L, Melby MK. The potential importance of the built-environment microbiome and its impact on human health. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2313971121. [PMID: 38662573 PMCID: PMC11098107 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2313971121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that interactions between microbes and their hosts not only play a role in determining health and disease but also in emotions, thought, and behavior. Built environments greatly influence microbiome exposures because of their built-in highly specific microbiomes coproduced with myriad metaorganisms including humans, pets, plants, rodents, and insects. Seemingly static built structures host complex ecologies of microorganisms that are only starting to be mapped. These microbial ecologies of built environments are directly and interdependently affected by social, spatial, and technological norms. Advances in technology have made these organisms visible and forced the scientific community and architects to rethink gene-environment and microbe interactions respectively. Thus, built environment design must consider the microbiome, and research involving host-microbiome interaction must consider the built-environment. This paradigm shift becomes increasingly important as evidence grows that contemporary built environments are steadily reducing the microbial diversity essential for human health, well-being, and resilience while accelerating the symptoms of human chronic diseases including environmental allergies, and other more life-altering diseases. New models of design are required to balance maximizing exposure to microbial diversity while minimizing exposure to human-associated diseases. Sustained trans-disciplinary research across time (evolutionary, historical, and generational) and space (cultural and geographical) is needed to develop experimental design protocols that address multigenerational multispecies health and health equity in built environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C. G. Bosch
- Zoological Institute, University of Kiel, Kiel24118, Germany
- Humans and the Microbiome Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ONM5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Mark Wigley
- Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation, Columbia University, New York, NY10027
| | - Beatriz Colomina
- School of Architecture, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08544
| | - Brendan Bohannan
- The Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR97403-5289
| | - Forrest Meggers
- Princeton University School of Architecture & Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, Princeton, NJ08540
| | - Katherine R. Amato
- Humans and the Microbiome Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ONM5G 1M1, Canada
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208
| | - Meghan B. Azad
- Humans and the Microbiome Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ONM5G 1M1, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0Z3, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5, Canada
| | - Martin J. Blaser
- Humans and the Microbiome Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ONM5G 1M1, Canada
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MBR3E 3P4, Canada
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine at Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ08854-8021
| | - Kate Brown
- Humans and the Microbiome Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ONM5G 1M1, Canada
- Program in Science, Technology and Society, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Maria Gloria Dominguez-Bello
- Humans and the Microbiome Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ONM5G 1M1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ08901
- Department of Anthropology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ08901
| | - Stanislav Dusko Ehrlich
- Humans and the Microbiome Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ONM5G 1M1, Canada
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, LondonWC1N 3RX, United Kingdom
| | - Eran Elinav
- Humans and the Microbiome Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ONM5G 1M1, Canada
- Systems Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot761000, Israel
- Division of Microbiome & Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, 69120Heidelberg, Germany
| | - B. Brett Finlay
- Humans and the Microbiome Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ONM5G 1M1, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BCV6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Kate Geddie
- Humans and the Microbiome Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ONM5G 1M1, Canada
- Medical and Related Sciences Centre, The Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ONM5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Naama Geva-Zatorsky
- Humans and the Microbiome Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ONM5G 1M1, Canada
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa3525433, Israel
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Science, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa3525433, Israel
| | - Tamara Giles-Vernick
- Humans and the Microbiome Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ONM5G 1M1, Canada
- Anthropology & Ecology of Disease Emergence, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris75015, France
| | - Philippe Gros
- Humans and the Microbiome Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ONM5G 1M1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QCH3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Karen Guillemin
- Humans and the Microbiome Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ONM5G 1M1, Canada
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR97403
| | - Louis-Patrick Haraoui
- Humans and the Microbiome Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ONM5G 1M1, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Université de Sherbrooke, CanadaJ1E 4K8
| | - Elizabeth Johnson
- Humans and the Microbiome Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ONM5G 1M1, Canada
- College of Human Ecology, Cornell University, IthakaNY14853
| | - Frédéric Keck
- Humans and the Microbiome Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ONM5G 1M1, Canada
- Laboratoire d’Anthropologie Sociale, Collège de France, Paris75005, France
| | - Jamie Lorimer
- Humans and the Microbiome Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ONM5G 1M1, Canada
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, OX1 3QY, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret J. McFall-Ngai
- Humans and the Microbiome Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ONM5G 1M1, Canada
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, Caltech, Pasadena, CA91125
| | - Mark Nichter
- Humans and the Microbiome Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ONM5G 1M1, Canada
- School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ85721
| | - Sven Pettersson
- Humans and the Microbiome Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ONM5G 1M1, Canada
- Nanyang Technological University, Singapore637715, Singapore
| | - Hendrik Poinar
- Humans and the Microbiome Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ONM5G 1M1, Canada
- Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ONL8S 4M4, Canada
| | - Tobias Rees
- Humans and the Microbiome Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ONM5G 1M1, Canada
- LIMN, Berkeley, CA94708
| | - Carolina Tropini
- Humans and the Microbiome Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ONM5G 1M1, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BCV6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Eduardo A. Undurraga
- Humans and the Microbiome Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ONM5G 1M1, Canada
- Escuela de Gobierno, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago7820436, Chile
| | - Liping Zhao
- Humans and the Microbiome Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ONM5G 1M1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ08901
| | - Melissa K. Melby
- Humans and the Microbiome Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ONM5G 1M1, Canada
- Department of Anthropology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE19716
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Stasiłowicz-Krzemień A, Szymanowska D, Szulc P, Cielecka-Piontek J. Antimicrobial, Probiotic, and Immunomodulatory Potential of Cannabis sativa Extract and Delivery Systems. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:369. [PMID: 38667045 PMCID: PMC11047504 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13040369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The compounds present in hemp show multidirectional biological activity. It is related to the presence of secondary metabolites, mainly cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids, and the synergy of their biological activity. The aim of this study was to assess the activity of the Henola Cannabis sativae extract and its combinations with selected carriers (polyvinyl caprolactam-polyvinyl acetate-polyethylene glycol graft copolymer, magnesium aluminometasilicate, and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin) in terms of antimicrobial, probiotic, and immunobiological effects. As a result of the conducted research, the antimicrobial activity of the extract was confirmed in relation to the following microorganisms: Clostridium difficile, Listeria monocytogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus pyrogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aereuginosa, and Candida albicans (microorganism count was reduced from ~102 CFU mL-1 to <10 CFU mL-1 in most cases). Additionally, for the system with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, a significant probiotic potential against bacterial strains was established for strains Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus reuteri, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Lactococcus lactis, Lactobacillus fermentum, and Streptococcus thermophilus (microorganism count was increased from ~102 to 104-107). In terms of immunomodulatory properties, it was determined that the tested extract and the systems caused changes in IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stasiłowicz-Krzemień
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Biomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Daria Szymanowska
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Biomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland;
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 48 Wojska Polskiego Street, 60-627 Poznan, Poland
| | - Piotr Szulc
- Department of Agronomy, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Judyta Cielecka-Piontek
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Biomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland;
- Department of Pharmacology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants, Wojska Polskiego 71b, 60-630 Poznan, Poland
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Voicu SN, Scărlătescu AI(A, Apetroaei MM, Nedea MI(I, Blejan IE, Udeanu DI, Velescu BȘ, Ghica M, Nedea OA, Cobelschi CP, Arsene AL. Evaluation of Neuro-Hormonal Dynamics after the Administration of Probiotic Microbial Strains in a Murine Model of Hyperthyroidism. Nutrients 2024; 16:1077. [PMID: 38613110 PMCID: PMC11013872 DOI: 10.3390/nu16071077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The microbiota-gut-brain axis has received increasing attention in recent years through its bidirectional communication system, governed by the ability of gut microorganisms to generate and regulate a wide range of neurotransmitters in the host body. In this research, we delve into the intricate area of microbial endocrinology by exploring the dynamic oscillations in neurotransmitter levels within plasma and brain samples. Our experimental model involved inducing hyperthyroidism in mice after a "probiotic load" timeframe using two strains of probiotics (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Saccharomyces boulardii, and their combination). These probiotic interventions continued throughout the experiment and were intended to uncover potential modulatory effects on neurotransmitter levels and discern if certain probiotic strains exhibit any protection from hyperthyroidism. Moreover, we aimed to outline the eventual connections between the gut microbiota and the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis. As our study reveals, there are significant fluctuations in crucial neurotransmitters within the hyperthyroidism model, related to the specific probiotic strain or combination. These findings could support future therapeutic approaches, help healthcare professionals choose between different probiotic therapies, and also allow us proceed with caution when administering such treatments, depending on the health status of hyperthyroid patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorina Nicoleta Voicu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independenței 91–95, 050095 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Anca Ioana (Amzăr) Scărlătescu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (A.I.S.); (M.I.N.); (D.I.U.); (B.Ș.V.); (M.G.); (A.L.A.)
| | - Miruna-Maria Apetroaei
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (A.I.S.); (M.I.N.); (D.I.U.); (B.Ș.V.); (M.G.); (A.L.A.)
| | - Marina Ionela (Ilie) Nedea
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (A.I.S.); (M.I.N.); (D.I.U.); (B.Ș.V.); (M.G.); (A.L.A.)
| | - Ionuț Emilian Blejan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (A.I.S.); (M.I.N.); (D.I.U.); (B.Ș.V.); (M.G.); (A.L.A.)
| | - Denisa Ioana Udeanu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (A.I.S.); (M.I.N.); (D.I.U.); (B.Ș.V.); (M.G.); (A.L.A.)
| | - Bruno Ștefan Velescu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (A.I.S.); (M.I.N.); (D.I.U.); (B.Ș.V.); (M.G.); (A.L.A.)
| | - Manuela Ghica
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (A.I.S.); (M.I.N.); (D.I.U.); (B.Ș.V.); (M.G.); (A.L.A.)
| | - Octavian Alexandru Nedea
- Faculty of Biotechnical Systems Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Călin Pavel Cobelschi
- Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University, Bulevardul Eroilor 29, 500036 Brașov, Romania
| | - Andreea Letiția Arsene
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (A.I.S.); (M.I.N.); (D.I.U.); (B.Ș.V.); (M.G.); (A.L.A.)
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Bali P, Lal P, Sivapuram MS, Kutikuppala LVS, Avti P, Chanana A, Kumar S, Anand A. Mind over Microbes: Investigating the Interplay between Lifestyle Factors, Gut Microbiota, and Brain Health. Neuroepidemiology 2024; 58:426-448. [PMID: 38531341 DOI: 10.1159/000538416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut microbiota (GM) of the human body comprises several species of microorganisms. This microorganism plays a significant role in the physiological and pathophysiological processes of various human diseases. METHODS The literature review includes studies that describe causative factors that influence GM. The GM is sensitive to various factors like circadian rhythms, environmental agents, physical activity, nutrition, and hygiene that together impact the functioning and composition of the gut microbiome. This affects the health of the host, including the psycho-neural aspects, due to the interconnectivity between the brain and the gut. Hence, this paper examines the relationship of GM with neurodegenerative disorders in the context of these aforesaid factors. CONCLUSION Future studies that identify the regulatory pathways associated with gut microbes can provide a causal link between brain degeneration and the gut at a molecular level. Together, this review could be helpful in designing preventive and treatment strategies aimed at GM, so that neurodegenerative diseases can be treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Bali
- Department of Biophysics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Parth Lal
- Advance Pediatric Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Madhava Sai Sivapuram
- Department of General Medicine, Dr. Pinnamaneni Siddhartha Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Foundation, Peda Avutapalli, India
| | | | - Pramod Avti
- Department of Biophysics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Saurabh Kumar
- CCRYN-Collaborative Centre for Mind Body Intervention through Yoga, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Akshay Anand
- CCRYN-Collaborative Centre for Mind Body Intervention through Yoga, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
- Centre for Cognitive Science and Phenomenology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Kouba BR, de Araujo Borba L, Borges de Souza P, Gil-Mohapel J, Rodrigues ALS. Role of Inflammatory Mechanisms in Major Depressive Disorder: From Etiology to Potential Pharmacological Targets. Cells 2024; 13:423. [PMID: 38474387 PMCID: PMC10931285 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The involvement of central and peripheral inflammation in the pathogenesis and prognosis of major depressive disorder (MDD) has been demonstrated. The increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-18, and TNF-α) in individuals with depression may elicit neuroinflammatory processes and peripheral inflammation, mechanisms that, in turn, can contribute to gut microbiota dysbiosis. Together, neuroinflammation and gut dysbiosis induce alterations in tryptophan metabolism, culminating in decreased serotonin synthesis, impairments in neuroplasticity-related mechanisms, and glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity. This review aims to highlight the inflammatory mechanisms (neuroinflammation, peripheral inflammation, and gut dysbiosis) involved in the pathophysiology of MDD and to explore novel anti-inflammatory therapeutic approaches for this psychiatric disturbance. Several lines of evidence have indicated that in addition to antidepressants, physical exercise, probiotics, and nutraceuticals (agmatine, ascorbic acid, and vitamin D) possess anti-inflammatory effects that may contribute to their antidepressant properties. Further studies are necessary to explore the therapeutic benefits of these alternative therapies for MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna R. Kouba
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil; (B.R.K.); (L.d.A.B.); (P.B.d.S.)
| | - Laura de Araujo Borba
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil; (B.R.K.); (L.d.A.B.); (P.B.d.S.)
| | - Pedro Borges de Souza
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil; (B.R.K.); (L.d.A.B.); (P.B.d.S.)
| | - Joana Gil-Mohapel
- Island Medical Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Ana Lúcia S. Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil; (B.R.K.); (L.d.A.B.); (P.B.d.S.)
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Mahbub NU, Islam MM, Hong ST, Chung HJ. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota and its effect on α-synuclein and prion protein misfolding: consequences for neurodegeneration. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1348279. [PMID: 38435303 PMCID: PMC10904658 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1348279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Abnormal behavior of α-synuclein and prion proteins is the hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD) and prion illnesses, respectively, being complex neurological disorders. A primary cause of protein aggregation, brain injury, and cognitive loss in prion illnesses is the misfolding of normal cellular prion proteins (PrPC) into an infectious form (PrPSc). Aggregation of α-synuclein causes disruptions in cellular processes in Parkinson's disease (PD), leading to loss of dopamine-producing neurons and motor symptoms. Alteration in the composition or activity of gut microbes may weaken the intestinal barrier and make it possible for prions to go from the gut to the brain. The gut-brain axis is linked to neuroinflammation; the metabolites produced by the gut microbiota affect the aggregation of α-synuclein, regulate inflammation and immunological responses, and may influence the course of the disease and neurotoxicity of proteins, even if their primary targets are distinct proteins. This thorough analysis explores the complex interactions that exist between the gut microbiota and neurodegenerative illnesses, particularly Parkinson's disease (PD) and prion disorders. The involvement of the gut microbiota, a complex collection of bacteria, archaea, fungi, viruses etc., in various neurological illnesses is becoming increasingly recognized. The gut microbiome influences neuroinflammation, neurotransmitter synthesis, mitochondrial function, and intestinal barrier integrity through the gut-brain axis, which contributes to the development and progression of disease. The review delves into the molecular mechanisms that underlie these relationships, emphasizing the effects of microbial metabolites such as bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in regulating brain functioning. Additionally, it looks at how environmental influences and dietary decisions affect the gut microbiome and whether they could be risk factors for neurodegenerative illnesses. This study concludes by highlighting the critical role that the gut microbiota plays in the development of Parkinson's disease (PD) and prion disease. It also provides a promising direction for future research and possible treatment approaches. People afflicted by these difficult ailments may find hope in new preventive and therapeutic approaches if the role of the gut microbiota in these diseases is better understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasir Uddin Mahbub
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute for Medical Science, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Minarul Islam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute for Medical Science, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Tshool Hong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute for Medical Science, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hea-Jong Chung
- Gwangju Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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