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Rinklef A, Behrmann SC, Löffler D, Erner J, Meyer MV, Lang C, Vilcinskas A, Lee KZ. Prevalence in Potato of ' Candidatus Arsenophonus Phytopathogenicus' and ' Candidatus Phytoplasma Solani' and Their Transmission via Adult Pentastiridius leporinus. INSECTS 2024; 15:275. [PMID: 38667405 PMCID: PMC11049981 DOI: 10.3390/insects15040275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The planthopper Pentastiridius leporinus (Hempiptera: Cixiidae) is the main vector of two bacterial pathogens: the γ-proteobacterium 'Candidatus Arsenophonus phytopathogenicus' and the stolbur phytoplasma 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani'. These pathogens cause the disease syndrome basses richesses (SBR) in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris), which reduces the yields and sugar content. In 2022, potato (Solanum tuberosum) fields were found to be colonized by P. leporinus, and the transmission of Arsenophonus was confirmed, resulting in symptoms like wilting, yellow leaves, and rubbery tubers. We monitored both pathogens in Southwest Germany in 2022 and 2023. This revealed their widespread presence in potato tubers, although there were differences in regional prevalence. The broad prevalence of Arsenophonus was maintained in 2023, whereas the prevalence of stolbur increased in most locations. We confirmed that P. leporinus adults can transmit both pathogens to potatoes, but neither pathogen reduced the germination rate of tubers, and no plants showed abnormal growth after germination. Arsenophonus was not detected in germinated shoots, but 5.4% contained stolbur, emphasizing the need for plant material testing to maintain phytosanitary conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Rinklef
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Ohlebergsweg 12, D-35394 Giessen, Germany; (A.R.); (S.C.B.); (J.E.); (M.V.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Sarah Christin Behrmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Ohlebergsweg 12, D-35394 Giessen, Germany; (A.R.); (S.C.B.); (J.E.); (M.V.M.); (A.V.)
| | - David Löffler
- Agrarservice Hesse Pfalz GmbH, Rathenaustrasse 10, D-67547 Worms, Germany; (D.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Jan Erner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Ohlebergsweg 12, D-35394 Giessen, Germany; (A.R.); (S.C.B.); (J.E.); (M.V.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Martin Vincent Meyer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Ohlebergsweg 12, D-35394 Giessen, Germany; (A.R.); (S.C.B.); (J.E.); (M.V.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Christian Lang
- Agrarservice Hesse Pfalz GmbH, Rathenaustrasse 10, D-67547 Worms, Germany; (D.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Ohlebergsweg 12, D-35394 Giessen, Germany; (A.R.); (S.C.B.); (J.E.); (M.V.M.); (A.V.)
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Kwang-Zin Lee
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Ohlebergsweg 12, D-35394 Giessen, Germany; (A.R.); (S.C.B.); (J.E.); (M.V.M.); (A.V.)
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Ferrandino A, Pagliarani C, Pérez-Álvarez EP. Secondary metabolites in grapevine: crosstalk of transcriptional, metabolic and hormonal signals controlling stress defence responses in berries and vegetative organs. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1124298. [PMID: 37404528 PMCID: PMC10315584 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1124298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stresses, such as temperature, heat waves, water limitation, solar radiation and the increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration, significantly influence the accumulation of secondary metabolites in grapevine berries at different developmental stages, and in vegetative organs. Transcriptional reprogramming, miRNAs, epigenetic marks and hormonal crosstalk regulate the secondary metabolism of berries, mainly the accumulation of phenylpropanoids and of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Currently, the biological mechanisms that control the plastic response of grapevine cultivars to environmental stress or that occur during berry ripening have been extensively studied in many worlds viticultural areas, in different cultivars and in vines grown under various agronomic managements. A novel frontier in the study of these mechanisms is the involvement of miRNAs whose target transcripts encode enzymes of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. Some miRNA-mediated regulatory cascades, post-transcriptionally control key MYB transcription factors, showing, for example, a role in influencing the anthocyanin accumulation in response to UV-B light during berry ripening. DNA methylation profiles partially affect the berry transcriptome plasticity of different grapevine cultivars, contributing to the modulation of berry qualitative traits. Numerous hormones (such as abscisic and jasmomic acids, strigolactones, gibberellins, auxins, cytokynins and ethylene) are involved in triggering the vine response to abiotic and biotic stress factors. Through specific signaling cascades, hormones mediate the accumulation of antioxidants that contribute to the quality of the berry and that intervene in the grapevine defense processes, highlighting that the grapevine response to stressors can be similar in different grapevine organs. The expression of genes responsible for hormone biosynthesis is largely modulated by stress conditions, thus resulting in the numeourous interactions between grapevine and the surrounding environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Ferrandino
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Chiara Pagliarani
- National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Torino, Italy
| | - Eva Pilar Pérez-Álvarez
- Grupo VIENAP. Finca La Grajera, Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (ICVV), Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
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Casarin S, Vincenzi S, Esposito A, Filippin L, Forte V, Angelini E, Bertazzon N. A successful defence strategy in grapevine cultivar 'Tocai friulano' provides compartmentation of grapevine Flavescence dorée phytoplasma. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:161. [PMID: 36964496 PMCID: PMC10039607 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04122-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flavescence dorée (FD) is a grapevine disease caused by phytoplasma and it is one of the most destructive pathologies in Europe. Nowadays, the only strategies used to control the epidemics are insecticides against vector, but more sustainable techniques are required. Completely resistant Vitis vinifera varieties have not been uncovered yet, but differences in susceptibility among cultivars and spontaneous recovery from FD symptoms have been observed. The grapevine cultivar 'Tocai friulano' shows very low susceptibility to FD but its defence strategy to counteract the phytoplasma spread has not been deciphered yet. In this work, the mechanisms occurring within 'Tocai friulano' FD-infected plants were examined in depth to identify the phytoplasma distribution and the defence pathways involved. RESULTS In 'Tocai friulano' symptoms of FD-infection remained confined near the area where they appeared during all the vegetative season. Analyses of secondary phloem showed a total absence of FD phytoplasma (FDp) in the trunk and its disappearance in 2-year-old arms from July to November, which was different from 'Pinot gris', a highly susceptible variety. Diverse modulations of defence genes and accumulation of metabolites were revealed in 1-year-old canes of 'Tocai friulano' FD-infected plants, depending on the sanitary status. Symptomatic portions showed high activation of both jasmonate- and salicylate-mediated responses, together with a great accumulation of resveratrol. Whereas activation of jasmonate-mediated response and high content of ε-viniferin were identified in asymptomatic 1-year-old cane portions close to the symptomatic ones. CONCLUSION Successful defence mechanisms activated near the symptomatic areas allowed the compartmentation of FD symptoms and phytoplasmas within the infected 'Tocai friulano' plants. These results could suggest specific agronomical practices to be adopted during FD management of this variety, and drive research of resistance genes against FD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Casarin
- Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology (CREA), Via XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015, Conegliano, TV, Italy
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze, 206, 33100, Udine, UD, Italy
| | - Simone Vincenzi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animal and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Antonella Esposito
- Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology (CREA), Via XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015, Conegliano, TV, Italy
| | - Luisa Filippin
- Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology (CREA), Via XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015, Conegliano, TV, Italy
| | - Vally Forte
- Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology (CREA), Via XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015, Conegliano, TV, Italy
| | - Elisa Angelini
- Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology (CREA), Via XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015, Conegliano, TV, Italy
| | - Nadia Bertazzon
- Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology (CREA), Via XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015, Conegliano, TV, Italy.
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Bernardini C, Santi S, Mian G, Levy A, Buoso S, Suh JH, Wang Y, Vincent C, van Bel AJE, Musetti R. Increased susceptibility to Chrysanthemum Yellows phytoplasma infection in Atcals7ko plants is accompanied by enhanced expression of carbohydrate transporters. PLANTA 2022; 256:43. [PMID: 35842878 PMCID: PMC9288947 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03954-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Loss of CALS7 appears to confer increased susceptibility to phytoplasma infection in Arabidopsis, altering expression of genes involved in sugar metabolism and membrane transport. Callose deposition around sieve pores, under control of callose synthase 7 (CALS7), has been interpreted as a mechanical response to limit pathogen spread in phytoplasma-infected plants. Wild-type and Atcals7ko mutants were, therefore, employed to unveil the mode of involvement of CALS7 in the plant's response to phytoplasma infection. The fresh weights of healthy and CY-(Chrysanthemum Yellows) phytoplasma-infected Arabidopsis wild type and mutant plants indicated two superimposed effects of the absence of CALS7: a partial impairment of photo-assimilate transport and a stimulated phytoplasma proliferation as illustrated by a significantly increased phytoplasma titre in Atcal7ko mutants. Further studies solely dealt with the effects of CALS7 absence on phytoplasma growth. Phytoplasma infection affected sieve-element substructure to a larger extent in mutants than in wild-type plants, which was also true for the levels of some free carbohydrates. Moreover, infection induced a similar upregulation of gene expression of enzymes involved in sucrose cleavage (AtSUS5, AtSUS6) and transmembrane transport (AtSWEET11) in mutants and wild-type plants, but an increased gene expression of carbohydrate transmembrane transporters (AtSWEET12, AtSTP13, AtSUC3) in infected mutants only. It remains still unclear how the absence of AtCALS7 leads to gene upregulation and how an increased intercellular mobility of carbohydrates and possibly effectors contributes to a higher susceptibility. It is also unclear if modified sieve-pore structures in mutants allow a better spread of phytoplasmas giving rise to higher titre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Bernardini
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, via delle Scienze, 206, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Simonetta Santi
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, via delle Scienze, 206, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Giovanni Mian
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, via delle Scienze, 206, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Amit Levy
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA
| | - Sara Buoso
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, via delle Scienze, 206, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Joon Hyuk Suh
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA
| | - Christopher Vincent
- Horticultural Sciences Department, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA
| | - Aart J E van Bel
- Institute of Phytopathology, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rita Musetti
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (TESAF), Università di Padova, via dell' Università, 16, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy.
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Buoso S, Musetti R, Marroni F, Calderan A, Schmidt W, Santi S. Infection by phloem-limited phytoplasma affects mineral nutrient homeostasis in tomato leaf tissues. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 271:153659. [PMID: 35299031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are sieve-elements restricted wall-less, pleomorphic pathogenic microorganisms causing devastating damage to over 700 plant species worldwide. The invasion of sieve elements by phytoplasmas has several consequences on nutrient transport and metabolism, anyway studies about changes of the mineral-nutrient profile following phytoplasma infections are scarce and offer contrasting results. Here, we examined changes in macro- and micronutrient concentration in tomato plant upon 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' infection. To investigate possible effects of 'Ca. P. solani' infection on mineral element allocation, the mineral elements were separately analysed in leaf midrib, leaf lamina and root. Moreover, we focused our analysis on the transcriptional regulation of genes encoding trans-membrane transporters of mineral nutrients. To this aim, a manually curated inventory of differentially expressed genes encoding transporters in tomato leaf midribs was mined from the transcriptional profile of healthy and infected tomato leaf midribs. Results highlighted changes in ion homeostasis in the host plant, and significant modulations at transcriptional level of genes encoding ion transporters and channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Buoso
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, Via delle Scienze 206, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy.
| | - Rita Musetti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, Via delle Scienze 206, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy.
| | - Fabio Marroni
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, Via delle Scienze 206, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy.
| | - Alberto Calderan
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, Via delle Scienze 206, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy; Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri, 5, 34127, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Wolfgang Schmidt
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 11529, Taipei, Taiwan; Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, 40227, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Simonetta Santi
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, Via delle Scienze 206, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy.
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Ahmed EA, Farrag AA, Kheder AA, Shaaban A. Effect of Phytoplasma Associated with Sesame Phyllody on Ultrastructural Modification, Physio-Biochemical Traits, Productivity and Oil Quality. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11040477. [PMID: 35214810 PMCID: PMC8879811 DOI: 10.3390/plants11040477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are obligate cell-wall-less plant pathogenic bacteria that infect many economically important crops, causing considerable yield losses worldwide. Very little information is known about phytoplasma–host plant interaction mechanisms and their influence on sesame yield and oil quality. Therefore, our aim was to explore the ultrastructural and agro-physio-biochemical responses of sesame plants and their effects on sesame productivity and oil quality in response to phytoplasma infection. Sesame leaf samples exhibiting phyllody symptoms were collected from three experimental fields during the 2021 growing season. Phytoplasma was successfully detected by nested- polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays using the universal primer pairs P1/P7 and R16F2n/R16R2, and the product of approximately 1200 bp was amplified. The amplified product of 16S rRNA was sequenced and compared with other available phytoplasma’s 16S rRNA in the GenBank database. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that our Egyptian isolate under accession number MW945416 is closely related to the 16SrII group and showed close (99.7%) identity with MH011394 and L33765.1, which were isolated from Egypt and the USA, respectively. The microscopic examination of phytoplasma-infected plants revealed an observable deterioration in tissue and cell ultrastructure. The primary and secondary metabolites considerably increased in infected plants compared with healthy ones. Moreover, phytoplasma-infected plants showed drastically reduced water content, chlorophyll content, growth, and yield components, resulting in 37.9% and 42.5% reductions in seed and oil yield, respectively. The peroxide value of the infected plant’s oil was 43.2% higher than that of healthy ones, suggesting a short shelf-life. Our findings will provide a better understanding of the phyllody disease pathosystem, helping us to develop effective strategies for overcoming such diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman A. Ahmed
- Virus and Phytoplasma Research Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12619, Egypt; (E.A.A.); (A.A.F.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Amro A. Farrag
- Virus and Phytoplasma Research Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12619, Egypt; (E.A.A.); (A.A.F.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Ahmed A. Kheder
- Virus and Phytoplasma Research Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12619, Egypt; (E.A.A.); (A.A.F.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Ahmed Shaaban
- Agronomy Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt
- Correspondence:
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Ultrastructure of phytoplasma-infected jujube leaves with witches' broom disease. Micron 2021; 148:103108. [PMID: 34237476 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2021.103108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The subcellular characteristics of phytoplasma-infected jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) leaves were investigated using transmission electron microscopy. Midrib fragments of witches' broom-diseased jujube leaves were collected from abnormally small leaves at an early stage of branch clustering. The diseased jujube leaves showed multivesicular bodies (MVBs) with vesicles and tubules in the phloem parenchyma cells and sieve elements. The MVBs were connected to the plasma membrane appressed to the cell wall. There were increased callose collars at the pore-plasmodesma unit ends of the sieve elements in the diseased leaves than in control leaves. The proliferation of MVBs in the diseased jujube leaves could be associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress-dependent exosome release. The phytoplasma produced pleomorphic cells in sieve elements. Several types of putative extracellular structures were observed on the phytoplasma cells: (i) fimbriae-like threads, (ii) pili-like projections, (iii) flagella-like appendages, and (iv) tube-like structures. This study provides novel insights into intracellular obligate cell wall-less prokaryotes and host phloem structures.
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Breia R, Conde A, Badim H, Fortes AM, Gerós H, Granell A. Plant SWEETs: from sugar transport to plant-pathogen interaction and more unexpected physiological roles. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:836-852. [PMID: 33724398 PMCID: PMC8195505 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporters (SWEETs) have important roles in numerous physiological mechanisms where sugar efflux is critical, including phloem loading, nectar secretion, seed nutrient filling, among other less expected functions. They mediate low affinity and high capacity transport, and in angiosperms this family is composed by 20 paralogs on average. As SWEETs facilitate the efflux of sugars, they are highly susceptible to hijacking by pathogens, making them central players in plant-pathogen interaction. For instance, several species from the Xanthomonas genus are able to upregulate the transcription of SWEET transporters in rice (Oryza sativa), upon the secretion of transcription-activator-like effectors. Other pathogens, such as Botrytis cinerea or Erysiphe necator, are also capable of increasing SWEET expression. However, the opposite behavior has been observed in some cases, as overexpression of the tonoplast AtSWEET2 during Pythium irregulare infection restricted sugar availability to the pathogen, rendering plants more resistant. Therefore, a clear-cut role for SWEET transporters during plant-pathogen interactions has so far been difficult to define, as the metabolic signatures and their regulatory nodes, which decide the susceptibility or resistance responses, remain poorly understood. This fuels the still ongoing scientific question: what roles can SWEETs play during plant-pathogen interaction? Likewise, the roles of SWEET transporters in response to abiotic stresses are little understood. Here, in addition to their relevance in biotic stress, we also provide a small glimpse of SWEETs importance during plant abiotic stress, and briefly debate their importance in the particular case of grapevine (Vitis vinifera) due to its socioeconomic impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Breia
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real 5001-801, Portugal
| | - Artur Conde
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real 5001-801, Portugal
- Author for communication:
| | - Hélder Badim
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Ana Margarida Fortes
- Lisbon Science Faculty, BioISI, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, Lisbon 1749-016, Portugal
| | - Hernâni Gerós
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real 5001-801, Portugal
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), Department of Engineering, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Antonio Granell
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Plants, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Polytechnic University of Valencia, Valencia 46022, Spain
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Differential Response of Grapevine to Infection with ' Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' in Early and Late Growing Season through Complex Regulation of mRNA and Small RNA Transcriptomes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073531. [PMID: 33805429 PMCID: PMC8037961 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bois noir is the most widespread phytoplasma grapevine disease in Europe. It is associated with ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’, but molecular interactions between the causal pathogen and its host plant are not well understood. In this work, we combined the analysis of high-throughput RNA-Seq and sRNA-Seq data with interaction network analysis for finding new cross-talks among pathways involved in infection of grapevine cv. Zweigelt with ‘Ca. P. solani’ in early and late growing seasons. While the early growing season was very dynamic at the transcriptional level in asymptomatic grapevines, the regulation at the level of small RNAs was more pronounced later in the season when symptoms developed in infected grapevines. Most differentially expressed small RNAs were associated with biotic stress. Our study also exposes the less-studied role of hormones in disease development and shows that hormonal balance was already perturbed before symptoms development in infected grapevines. Analysis at the level of communities of genes and mRNA-microRNA interaction networks revealed several new genes (e.g., expansins and cryptdin) that have not been associated with phytoplasma pathogenicity previously. These novel actors may present a new reference framework for research and diagnostics of phytoplasma diseases of grapevine.
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Lee SM, Ryu CM. Algae as New Kids in the Beneficial Plant Microbiome. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:599742. [PMID: 33613596 PMCID: PMC7889962 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.599742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Previously, algae were recognized as small prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms found only in aquatic habitats. However, according to a recent paradigm shift, algae are considered ubiquitous organisms, occurring in plant tissues as well as in soil. Accumulating evidence suggests that algae represent a member of the plant microbiome. New results indicate that plants respond to algae and activate related downstream signaling pathways. Application of algae has beneficial effects on plant health, such as plant growth promotion and disease control. Although accumulating evidence suggests that secreted compounds and cell wall components of algae induce physiological and structural changes in plants that protect against biotic and abiotic stresses, knowledge of the underlying mechanisms and algal determinants is limited. In this review, we discuss recent studies on this topic, and highlight the bioprotectant and biostimulant roles of algae as a new member of the plant beneficial microbiome for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Moo Lee
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Infectious Disease Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Choong-Min Ryu
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Infectious Disease Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
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Su T, Zhou B, Cao D, Pan Y, Hu M, Zhang M, Wei H, Han M. Transcriptomic Profiling of Populus Roots Challenged with Fusarium Reveals Differential Responsive Patterns of Invertase and Invertase Inhibitor-Like Families within Carbohydrate Metabolism. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7020089. [PMID: 33513923 PMCID: PMC7911864 DOI: 10.3390/jof7020089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium solani (Fs) is one of the notorious necrotrophic fungal pathogens that cause root rot and vascular wilt, accounting for the severe loss of Populus production worldwide. The plant-pathogen interactions have a strong molecular basis. As yet, the genomic information and transcriptomic profiling on the attempted infection of Fs remain unavailable in a woody model species, Populus trichocarpa. We used a full RNA-seq transcriptome to investigate the molecular interactions in the roots with a time-course infection at 0, 24, 48, and 72 h post-inoculation (hpi) of Fs. Concomitantly, the invertase and invertase inhibitor-like gene families were further analyzed, followed by the experimental evaluation of their expression patterns using quantitative PCR (qPCR) and enzyme assay. The magnitude profiles of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were observed at 72 hpi inoculation. Approximately 839 genes evidenced a reception and transduction of pathogen signals, a large transcriptional reprogramming, induction of hormone signaling, activation of pathogenesis-related genes, and secondary and carbohydrate metabolism changes. Among these, a total of 63 critical genes that consistently appear during the entire interactions of plant-pathogen had substantially altered transcript abundance and potentially constituted suitable candidates as resistant genes in genetic engineering. These data provide essential clues in the developing new strategies of broadening resistance to Fs through transcriptional or translational modifications of the critical responsive genes within various analyzed categories (e.g., carbohydrate metabolism) in Populus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Su
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (T.S.); (B.Z.); (D.C.); (M.H.); (M.Z.); (H.W.)
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Conservation, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Biyao Zhou
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (T.S.); (B.Z.); (D.C.); (M.H.); (M.Z.); (H.W.)
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Conservation, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Dan Cao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (T.S.); (B.Z.); (D.C.); (M.H.); (M.Z.); (H.W.)
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Conservation, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yuting Pan
- College of Forest, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China;
| | - Mei Hu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (T.S.); (B.Z.); (D.C.); (M.H.); (M.Z.); (H.W.)
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Conservation, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Mengru Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (T.S.); (B.Z.); (D.C.); (M.H.); (M.Z.); (H.W.)
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Conservation, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Haikun Wei
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (T.S.); (B.Z.); (D.C.); (M.H.); (M.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Mei Han
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (T.S.); (B.Z.); (D.C.); (M.H.); (M.Z.); (H.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-158-9598-9551
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12
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Pagliarani C, Gambino G, Ferrandino A, Chitarra W, Vrhovsek U, Cantu D, Palmano S, Marzachì C, Schubert A. Molecular memory of Flavescence dorée phytoplasma in recovering grapevines. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:126. [PMID: 32821409 PMCID: PMC7395728 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-00348-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Flavescence dorée (FD) is a destructive phytoplasma disease of European grapevines. Spontaneous and cultivar-dependent recovery (REC) may occur in the field in FD-infected vines starting the year following the first symptoms. However, the biological underpinnings of this process are still largely unexplored. In this study, transcriptome sequencing (RNAseq), whole-genome bisulphite sequencing (WGBS) and metabolite analysis were combined to dissect molecular and metabolic changes associated to FD and REC in leaf veins collected in the field from healthy (H), FD and REC plants of the highly susceptible Vitis vinifera 'Barbera'. Genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism and stress responses were overexpressed in FD conditions, whereas transcripts linked to hormone and stilbene metabolisms were upregulated in REC vines. Accumulation patterns of abscisic acid and stilbenoid compounds analysed in the same samples confirmed the RNAseq data. In recovery conditions, we also observed the persistence of some FD-induced expression changes concerning inhibition of photosynthetic processes and stress responses. Several differentially expressed genes tied to those pathways also underwent post-transcriptional regulation by microRNAs, as outlined by merging our transcriptomic data set with a previously conducted smallRNAseq analysis. Investigations by WGBS analysis also revealed different DNA methylation marks between REC and H leaves, occurring within the promoters of genes tied to photosynthesis and secondary metabolism. The results allowed us to advance the existence of a "molecular memory" of FDp infection, involving alterations in the DNA methylation status of REC plants potentially related to transcriptional reprogramming events, in turn triggering changes in hormonal and secondary metabolite profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Pagliarani
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (IPSP-CNR), Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Turin, Italy
- PlantStressLab, Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO Italy
| | - Giorgio Gambino
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (IPSP-CNR), Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ferrandino
- PlantStressLab, Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO Italy
| | - Walter Chitarra
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (IPSP-CNR), Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Turin, Italy
- Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA-VE), Via XXVIII Aprile 26, 31015 Conegliano, TV Italy
| | - Urska Vrhovsek
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Edmund Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, TN Italy
| | - Dario Cantu
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Sabrina Palmano
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (IPSP-CNR), Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Turin, Italy
| | - Cristina Marzachì
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (IPSP-CNR), Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Schubert
- PlantStressLab, Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO Italy
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13
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Murolo S, Garbarino M, Mancini V, Romanazzi G. Spatial pattern of Bois noir: case study of a delicate balance between disease progression and recovery. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9801. [PMID: 32555207 PMCID: PMC7300118 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66210-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Bois noir (BN) is the most important phytoplasma disease of Euro-Mediterranean area and induces severe loss of production and even the death of vines. Understanding the delicate balance between disease progression and recovery of BN infected plants over space and time is crucial to set up management tools. The data collected and analysed allowed to provide insights into dispersal pattern of the disease, caused by’Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’. Point pattern analysis (PPA) was applied to assess the spatial arrangement of symptomatic plants and the spatial correlation of disease levels in four vineyards. For spatio-temporal patterns of BN, a mark-correlation function was applied. Space-time PPA over multiple years (2011–2015) provided graphical visualisation of grapevines more severely affected by BN along the borders of the vineyards, mainly in 2011 when disease incidence was high. PPA across the symptomatic plants in the four vineyards confirmed this visual trend: an overall aggregated pattern at small (<10 m) spatial scales (2013) that were more evident later at all spatial scales (0–15 m). Application of this innovative spatial approach based on point and surface pattern analyses allowed the spread and severity of BN to be monitored, to define the dispersal routes of the pathogen. Such data will contribute to better understand the distribution of symptomatic plants over space and time and to define a model for preventive strategies to reduce future infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Murolo
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Science, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Matteo Garbarino
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Valeria Mancini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Science, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Romanazzi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Science, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy.
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14
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Negro C, Sabella E, Nicolì F, Pierro R, Materazzi A, Panattoni A, Aprile A, Nutricati E, Vergine M, Miceli A, De Bellis L, Luvisi A. Biochemical Changes in Leaves of Vitis vinifera cv. Sangiovese Infected by Bois Noir Phytoplasma. Pathogens 2020; 9:E269. [PMID: 32272699 PMCID: PMC7238227 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bois noir is a disease associated with the presence of phytoplasma 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' belonging to the Stolbur group (subgroup 16SrXII-A), which has a heavy economic impact on grapevines. This study focused on the changes induced by phytoplasma in terms of the profile and amount of secondary metabolites synthesized in the phenylpropanoid pathway in leaves of Vitis vinifera L. red-berried cultivar Sangiovese. Metabolic alterations were assessed according to the disease progression through measurements of soluble sugars, chlorophyll, and phenolic compounds produced by plant hosts, in response to disease on symptomatic and asymptomatic Bois noir-positive plants. Significant differences were revealed in the amount of soluble sugars, chlorophyll, and accumulation/reduction of some compounds synthesized in the phenylpropanoid pathway of Bois noir-positive and negative grapevine leaves. Our results showed a marked increase in phenolic and flavonoid production and a parallel decrease in lignin content in Bois noir-positive compared to negative leaves. Interestingly, some parameters (chlorophyll a, soluble sugars, total phenolic or flavonoids content, proanthocyanidins, quercetin) differed between Bois noir-positive and negative leaves regardless of symptoms, indicating measurable biochemical changes in asymptomatic leaves. Our grapevine cultivar Sangiovese results highlighted an extensive modulation of the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway as a defense mechanism activated by the host plant in response to Bois noir disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Negro
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (C.N.); (E.S.); (A.A.); (E.N.); (M.V.); (A.M.); (L.D.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Erika Sabella
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (C.N.); (E.S.); (A.A.); (E.N.); (M.V.); (A.M.); (L.D.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Francesca Nicolì
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (C.N.); (E.S.); (A.A.); (E.N.); (M.V.); (A.M.); (L.D.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Roberto Pierro
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy; (R.P.); (A.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Alberto Materazzi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy; (R.P.); (A.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Alessandra Panattoni
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy; (R.P.); (A.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Alessio Aprile
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (C.N.); (E.S.); (A.A.); (E.N.); (M.V.); (A.M.); (L.D.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Eliana Nutricati
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (C.N.); (E.S.); (A.A.); (E.N.); (M.V.); (A.M.); (L.D.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Marzia Vergine
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (C.N.); (E.S.); (A.A.); (E.N.); (M.V.); (A.M.); (L.D.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Antonio Miceli
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (C.N.); (E.S.); (A.A.); (E.N.); (M.V.); (A.M.); (L.D.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Luigi De Bellis
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (C.N.); (E.S.); (A.A.); (E.N.); (M.V.); (A.M.); (L.D.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Andrea Luvisi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (C.N.); (E.S.); (A.A.); (E.N.); (M.V.); (A.M.); (L.D.B.); (A.L.)
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15
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Frioni T, Tombesi S, Quaglia M, Calderini O, Moretti C, Poni S, Gatti M, Moncalvo A, Sabbatini P, Berrìos JG, Palliotti A. Metabolic and transcriptional changes associated with the use of Ascophyllum nodosum extracts as tools to improve the quality of wine grapes (Vitis vinifera cv. Sangiovese) and their tolerance to biotic stress. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:6350-6363. [PMID: 31273796 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies report that Ascophyllum nodosum extracts, once applied on the canopy of different crops, deliver positive effects, increasing yield, inducing tolerance to biotic stress, and improving the quality of products. However, the mechanisms of action are still unclear. In this research, vines subjected to multiple foliar applications of an A. nodosum extract (ANE) at label doses were compared with untreated vines (NTV) in accordance with a comparative approach. The investigation coupled a field experiment with a second trial conducted under semi-controlled conditions, to clarify the mechanisms of action involved. RESULTS The biostimulant did not affect soluble solids or the acidity of grapes; instead, it improved their anthocyanin and phenolic concentrations and the respective profiles. At the time of harvest, anthocyanin, and phenolic concentration were increased by 10.4% and 14.5%, respectively, when compared to the NTV. These effects correlated with a specific modulation of genes involved in the flavonoid metabolic pathways. Moreover, grapes from ANE vines witnessed a significant reduction in the spreading of gray mold when they were either assessed in field conditions or in vitro, compared to the grapes of NTV vines. This was related to a significant upregulation of the defense-related genes of the plant. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the results showed that A. nodosum extracts can be valuable tools in viticulture considering the emergence of challenging environmental conditions; hence, the regulation of specific metabolic pathways is the mechanism of action that leads to an increased tolerance of biotic stress and of changes in the content of grape metabolites. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Frioni
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production (DI.PRO.VE.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences (DSA3), Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Sergio Tombesi
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production (DI.PRO.VE.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Mara Quaglia
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences (DSA3), Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ornella Calderini
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (IBBR), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Perugia, Italy
| | - Chiaraluce Moretti
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences (DSA3), Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefano Poni
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production (DI.PRO.VE.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Matteo Gatti
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production (DI.PRO.VE.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Alessandro Moncalvo
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production (DI.PRO.VE.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Paolo Sabbatini
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Julian Garcìa Berrìos
- Departamento de Produccion Vexetal, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Escola Politecnica Superior, Lugo, Spain
| | - Alberto Palliotti
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences (DSA3), Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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16
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Buoso S, Pagliari L, Musetti R, Martini M, Marroni F, Schmidt W, Santi S. 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' interferes with the distribution and uptake of iron in tomato. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:703. [PMID: 31500568 PMCID: PMC6734453 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6062-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ is endemic in Europe and infects a wide range of weeds and cultivated plants. Phytoplasmas are prokaryotic plant pathogens that colonize the sieve elements of their host plant, causing severe alterations in phloem function and impairment of assimilate translocation. Typical symptoms of infected plants include yellowing of leaves or shoots, leaf curling, and general stunting, but the molecular mechanisms underlying most of the reported changes remain largely enigmatic. To infer a possible involvement of Fe in the host-phytoplasma interaction, we investigated the effects of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ infection on tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Micro-Tom) grown under different Fe regimes. Results Both phytoplasma infection and Fe starvation led to the development of chlorotic leaves and altered thylakoid organization. In infected plants, Fe accumulated in phloem tissue, altering the local distribution of Fe. In infected plants, Fe starvation had additive effects on chlorophyll content and leaf chlorosis, suggesting that the two conditions affected the phenotypic readout via separate routes. To gain insights into the transcriptional response to phytoplasma infection, or Fe deficiency, transcriptome profiling was performed on midrib-enriched leaves. RNA-seq analysis revealed that both stress conditions altered the expression of a large (> 800) subset of common genes involved in photosynthetic light reactions, porphyrin / chlorophyll metabolism, and in flowering control. In Fe-deficient plants, phytoplasma infection perturbed the Fe deficiency response in roots, possibly by interference with the synthesis or transport of a promotive signal transmitted from the leaves to the roots. Conclusions ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ infection changes the Fe distribution in tomato leaves, affects the photosynthetic machinery and perturbs the orchestration of root-mediated transport processes by compromising shoot-to-root communication. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-6062-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Buoso
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Laura Pagliari
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Rita Musetti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Marta Martini
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Fabio Marroni
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100, Udine, Italy.,IGA Technology Services, Via Jacopo Linussio, 51, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Wolfgang Schmidt
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 11529, Taipei, Taiwan.,Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, 40227, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Simonetta Santi
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100, Udine, Italy.
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17
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Landi L, Murolo S, Romanazzi G. Detection of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' in roots from Bois noir symptomatic and recovered grapevines. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2013. [PMID: 30765733 PMCID: PMC6375969 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38135-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' is the causal agent of Bois noir (BN) in grapevine (Vitis vinifera). It is usually detected in leaves, where typical disease symptoms are seen. However, little information is available on the presence of this phytoplasma in grapevine roots. Here, we investigated 'Ca. P. solani' in roots collected from 28 symptomatic, 27 recovered and eight asymptomatic grapevine plants. Protocols based on high-resolution melting (HRM) combined with real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR-HRM) and nested-qPCR-HRM were developed to identify 'Ca. P. solani' tuf-type variants with single nucleotide polymorphisms. In all, 21.4% of roots from symptomatic plants were positive to 'Ca. P. solani' using qPCR-HRM, and 60.7% with nested-qPCR HRM. Also, 7.4% of roots from recovered plants were positive using qPCR-HRM, which reached 44.4% using nested-qPCR HRM. These analyses identified tuf-type b1 on 88.2% of the positive samples from symptomatic grapevines, and 66.6% from recovered grapevines, with all other samples identified as tuf-type a. This study reports the presence of 'Ca. P. solani' in the roots of both symptomatic and recovered grapevines. These qPCR-HRM and nested-qPCR-HRM protocols can be applied to increase the sensitivity of detection of, and to simplify and speed up the screening for, 'Ca. P. solani' tuf-types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Landi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche, I-60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Sergio Murolo
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche, I-60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Romanazzi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche, I-60131, Ancona, Italy.
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18
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Santi S. Laser Microdissection of Phytoplasma-Infected Grapevine Leaf Phloem Tissue for Gene Expression Study. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1875:279-290. [PMID: 30362010 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8837-2_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplasmas have been found confined mainly in leaf phloem sieve elements. In spite of this, few researches have been focused on the infected phloem tissue, whereas the plant response at the infection site could be quite different compared to distal parts and almost completely masked when whole organs are considered. Herein, we provide a protocol for the isolation of leaf phloem from paraffin-embedded samples by Laser Microdissection, followed by RNA purification and RNA amplification to generate cDNA libraries. Our protocol, which has been set up for phytoplasma-infected field-grown grapevine and successfully used for gene expression profiling, can be modified according to different plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonetta Santi
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.
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19
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Differential gene expression in two grapevine cultivars recovered from "flavescence dorée". Microbiol Res 2018; 220:72-82. [PMID: 30744821 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The biological bases of recovery of two grapevine cultivars, Nebbiolo and Barbera, showing different susceptibility and recovery ability to "flavescence dorée" (FD) phytoplasma infection were investigated. The expression over one vegetative season, in FD-recovered and healthy grapevines, of 18 genes involved in defence, hydrogen peroxide and hormone production was verified at two time points. Difference (Δ) between the relative expressions of August and July were calculated for each target gene of both cultivars. The significance of differences among groups assessed by univariate and multivariate statistical methods, and sPLS-DA analyses of the Δ gene expression values, showed that control and recovered grapevines of both cultivars were clearly separated. The Barbera-specific deregulation of defence genes supports a stronger response of this variety, within a general frame of interactions among H2O2, jasmonate and ethylene metabolisms, common to both varieties. This may strengthen the hypothesis that FD-recovered Barbera grapevines modulate transcription of their genes to cope with potential damages associated to the alteration of their oxidative status. Nebbiolo variety would fit into this picture, although with a less intense response, in line with its lower degree of susceptibility and recovery incidence to FD, compared to Barbera. The results evidenced a scenario where plant response to phytoplasma infection is highly affected by climatic and edaphic conditions. Nevertheless, even after several years from the original FD infection, it was still possible to distinguish, at molecular level, control and recovered grapevines of both cultivars by analyzing their overall-season response, rather than that of a single time point.
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Xue C, Liu Z, Dai L, Bu J, Liu M, Zhao Z, Jiang Z, Gao W, Zhao J. Changing Host Photosynthetic, Carbohydrate, and Energy Metabolisms Play Important Roles in Phytoplasma Infection. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 108:1067-1077. [PMID: 29648946 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-02-18-0058-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplasmas parasitize plant phloem tissue and cause many economically important plant diseases. Jujube witches'-broom disease is a destructive phytoplasma disease of Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba). To elucidate the influence of phytoplasma on host photosynthetic, carbohydrate and energy metabolisms, four types of jujube tissues showing disease symptoms with different severity were investigated at the structural, physiological, and molecular levels. Quantitative real-time PCR and high-performance liquid chromatography results showed that the down-regulation of genes related to photosynthesis and the lower contents of chlorophyll in diseased leaves. This clearly inhibited the light-harvesting and photosystem II activity of photosynthesis; however, overexpression of genes related to starch, sucrose and glucose synthesis led to higher contents of these carbohydrates. Meanwhile, transmission electron microscopy images revealed that dense amounts of phytoplasmas accumulated in the sieve elements of diseased petiole phloem, and the structure of the grana and stroma lamellae of chloroplasts in the diseased leaves was destroyed. Phytoplasma infection inhibited photosynthesis and led to abnormal carbohydrate accumulation in the diseased leaves. Furthermore, comparative metabolite analysis indicated that phytoplasma infection also stimulated amino acids and energy metabolisms of the diseased leaves. Continually inhibiting the photosynthetic process and stimulating carbohydrate and energy metabolisms of diseased trees may exhaust their nutrients. Our results highlight the importance of changing host metabolisms during the pathogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoling Xue
- First, fourth, seventh, eighth, and ninth: College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071001, China; first, fourth, and ninth authors: Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071001, China; and second, third, fifth, and sixth authors: Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071001, China
| | - Zhiguo Liu
- First, fourth, seventh, eighth, and ninth: College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071001, China; first, fourth, and ninth authors: Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071001, China; and second, third, fifth, and sixth authors: Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071001, China
| | - Li Dai
- First, fourth, seventh, eighth, and ninth: College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071001, China; first, fourth, and ninth authors: Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071001, China; and second, third, fifth, and sixth authors: Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071001, China
| | - Jiaodi Bu
- First, fourth, seventh, eighth, and ninth: College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071001, China; first, fourth, and ninth authors: Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071001, China; and second, third, fifth, and sixth authors: Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071001, China
| | - Mengjun Liu
- First, fourth, seventh, eighth, and ninth: College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071001, China; first, fourth, and ninth authors: Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071001, China; and second, third, fifth, and sixth authors: Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071001, China
| | - Zhihui Zhao
- First, fourth, seventh, eighth, and ninth: College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071001, China; first, fourth, and ninth authors: Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071001, China; and second, third, fifth, and sixth authors: Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071001, China
| | - Zihui Jiang
- First, fourth, seventh, eighth, and ninth: College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071001, China; first, fourth, and ninth authors: Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071001, China; and second, third, fifth, and sixth authors: Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071001, China
| | - Weilin Gao
- First, fourth, seventh, eighth, and ninth: College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071001, China; first, fourth, and ninth authors: Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071001, China; and second, third, fifth, and sixth authors: Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071001, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- First, fourth, seventh, eighth, and ninth: College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071001, China; first, fourth, and ninth authors: Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071001, China; and second, third, fifth, and sixth authors: Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071001, China
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Bendix C, Lewis JD. The enemy within: phloem-limited pathogens. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:238-254. [PMID: 27997761 PMCID: PMC6638166 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The growing impact of phloem-limited pathogens on high-value crops has led to a renewed interest in understanding how they cause disease. Although these pathogens cause substantial crop losses, many are poorly characterized. In this review, we present examples of phloem-limited pathogens that include intracellular bacteria with and without cell walls, and viruses. Phloem-limited pathogens have small genomes and lack many genes required for core metabolic processes, which is, in part, an adaptation to the unique phloem environment. For each pathogen class, we present multiple case studies to highlight aspects of disease caused by phloem-limited pathogens. The pathogens presented include Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (citrus greening), Arsenophonus bacteria, Serratia marcescens (cucurbit yellow vine disease), Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris (Aster Yellows Witches' Broom), Spiroplasma kunkelii, Potato leafroll virus and Citrus tristeza virus. We focus on commonalities in the virulence strategies of these pathogens, and aim to stimulate new discussions in the hope that widely applicable disease management strategies can be found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Bendix
- United States Department of AgriculturePlant Gene Expression CenterAlbanyCA94710USA
| | - Jennifer D. Lewis
- United States Department of AgriculturePlant Gene Expression CenterAlbanyCA94710USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyCA94720USA
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22
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Paolacci AR, Catarcione G, Ederli L, Zadra C, Pasqualini S, Badiani M, Musetti R, Santi S, Ciaffi M. Jasmonate-mediated defence responses, unlike salicylate-mediated responses, are involved in the recovery of grapevine from bois noir disease. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:118. [PMID: 28693415 PMCID: PMC5504844 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1069-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bois noir is an important disease of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.), caused by phytoplasmas. An interesting, yet elusive aspect of the bois noir disease is "recovery", i.e., the spontaneous and unpredictable remission of symptoms and damage. Because conventional pest management is ineffective against bois noir, deciphering the molecular bases of recovery is beneficial. The present study aimed to understand whether salicylate- and jasmonate-defence pathways might have a role in the recovery from the bois noir disease of grapevine. RESULTS Leaves from healthy, bois noir-diseased and bois noir-recovered plants were compared, both in the presence (late summer) and absence (late spring) of bois noir symptoms on the diseased plants. Analyses of salicylate and jasmonate contents, as well as the expression of genes involved in their biosynthesis, signalling and action, were evaluated. In symptomatic diseased plants (late summer), unlike symptomless plants (late spring), salicylate biosynthesis was increased and salicylate-responsive genes were activated. In contrast, jasmonate biosynthesis and signalling genes were up-regulated both in recovered and diseased plants at all sampling dates. The activation of salicylate signalling in symptomatic plants might have antagonised the jasmonate-mediated defence response by suppressing the expression of jasmonate-responsive genes. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that grapevine reacts to phytoplasma infection through salicylate-mediated signalling, although the resultant full activation of a salicylate-mediated response is apparently ineffective in conferring resistance against bois noir disease. Activation of the salicylate signalling pathway that is associated with the presence of bois noir phytoplasma seems to antagonise the jasmonate defence response, by failing to activate or suppressing both the expression of some jasmonate responsive genes that act downstream of the jasmonate biosynthetic pathway, as well as the first events of the jasmonate signalling pathway. On the other hand, activation of the entire jasmonate signalling pathway in recovered plants suggests the potential importance of jasmonate-regulated defences in preventing bois noir phytoplasma infections and the subsequent development of bois noir disease. Thus, on one hand, recovery could be achieved and maintained over time by preventing the activation of defence genes associated with salicylate signalling, and on the other hand, by activating jasmonate signalling and other defence responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rita Paolacci
- Dipartimento per la Innovazione nei Sistemi Biologici, Agroalimentari e Forestali, Università della Tuscia, Via S. Camillo De Lellis, s.n.c, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Giulio Catarcione
- Dipartimento per la Innovazione nei Sistemi Biologici, Agroalimentari e Forestali, Università della Tuscia, Via S. Camillo De Lellis, s.n.c, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Luisa Ederli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, I-06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudia Zadra
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, I-06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefania Pasqualini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, I-06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Badiani
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Loc. Feo di Vito, I-89129 Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Rita Musetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università di Udine, Via delle Scienze, 206, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Simonetta Santi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università di Udine, Via delle Scienze, 206, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Mario Ciaffi
- Dipartimento per la Innovazione nei Sistemi Biologici, Agroalimentari e Forestali, Università della Tuscia, Via S. Camillo De Lellis, s.n.c, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy
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23
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Maggi F, Bosco D, Galetto L, Palmano S, Marzachì C. Space-Time Point Pattern Analysis of Flavescence Dorée Epidemic in a Grapevine Field: Disease Progression and Recovery. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 7:1987. [PMID: 28111581 PMCID: PMC5216681 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Analyses of space-time statistical features of a flavescence dorée (FD) epidemic in Vitis vinifera plants are presented. FD spread was surveyed from 2011 to 2015 in a vineyard of 17,500 m2 surface area in the Piemonte region, Italy; count and position of symptomatic plants were used to test the hypothesis of epidemic Complete Spatial Randomness and isotropicity in the space-time static (year-by-year) point pattern measure. Space-time dynamic (year-to-year) point pattern analyses were applied to newly infected and recovered plants to highlight statistics of FD progression and regression over time. Results highlighted point patterns ranging from disperse (at small scales) to aggregated (at large scales) over the years, suggesting that the FD epidemic is characterized by multiscale properties that may depend on infection incidence, vector population, and flight behavior. Dynamic analyses showed moderate preferential progression and regression along rows. Nearly uniform distributions of direction and negative exponential distributions of distance of newly symptomatic and recovered plants relative to existing symptomatic plants highlighted features of vector mobility similar to Brownian motion. These evidences indicate that space-time epidemics modeling should include environmental setting (e.g., vineyard geometry and topography) to capture anisotropicity as well as statistical features of vector flight behavior, plant recovery and susceptibility, and plant mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Maggi
- School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney, SydneyNSW, Australia
| | - Domenico Bosco
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheTurin, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Entomologia, Università degli Studi di TorinoTurin, Italy
| | - Luciana Galetto
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheTurin, Italy
| | - Sabrina Palmano
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheTurin, Italy
| | - Cristina Marzachì
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheTurin, Italy
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24
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Prezelj N, Covington E, Roitsch T, Gruden K, Fragner L, Weckwerth W, Chersicola M, Vodopivec M, Dermastia M. Metabolic Consequences of Infection of Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cv. "Modra frankinja" with Flavescence Dorée Phytoplasma. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:711. [PMID: 27242887 PMCID: PMC4876132 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Flavescence dorée, caused by the quarantine phytoplasma FDp, represents the most devastating of the grapevine yellows diseases in Europe. In an integrated study we have explored the FDp-grapevine interaction in infected grapevines of cv. "Modra frankinja" under natural conditions in the vineyard. In FDp-infected leaf vein-enriched tissues, the seasonal transcriptional profiles of 14 genes selected from various metabolic pathways showed an FDp-specific plant response compared to other grapevine yellows and uncovered a new association of the SWEET17a vacuolar transporter of fructose with pathogens. Non-targeted metabolome analysis from leaf vein-enriched tissues identified 22 significantly changed compounds with increased levels during infection. Several metabolites corroborated the gene expression study. Detailed investigation of the dynamics of carbohydrate metabolism revealed significant accumulation of sucrose and starch in the mesophyll of FDp-infected leaves, as well as significant up-regulation of genes involved in their biosynthesis. In addition, infected leaves had high activities of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase and, more significantly, sucrose synthase. The data support the conclusion that FDp infection inhibits phloem transport, resulting in accumulation of carbohydrates and secondary metabolites that provoke a source-sink transition and defense response status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Prezelj
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of BiologyLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Elizabeth Covington
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of BiologyLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Thomas Roitsch
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of CopenhagenTaastrup, Denmark
- Global Change Research Centre, Czech Globe AS CR, v.v.i.Drásov, Czech Republic
| | - Kristina Gruden
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of BiologyLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lena Fragner
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Wolfram Weckwerth
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of ViennaVienna, Austria
- Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Marko Chersicola
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of BiologyLjubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate SchoolLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Vodopivec
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of BiologyLjubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marina Dermastia
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of BiologyLjubljana, Slovenia
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25
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De Marco F, Pagliari L, Degola F, Buxa SV, Loschi A, Dinant S, Le Hir R, Morin H, Santi S, Musetti R. Combined microscopy and molecular analyses show phloem occlusions and cell wall modifications in tomato leaves in response to 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani'. J Microsc 2016; 263:212-25. [PMID: 27197728 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Callose deposition, phloem-protein conformational changes and cell wall thickening are calcium-mediated occlusions occurring in the plant sieve elements in response to different biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the significance of these structures in plant-phytoplasma interactions requires in-depth investigations. We adopted a novel integrated approach, based on the combined use of microscopic and molecular analyses, to investigate the structural modifications induced in tomato leaf tissues in presence of phytoplasmas, focusing on vascular bundles and on the occlusion structures. Phloem hyperplasia and string-like arrangement of xylem vessels were found in infected vascular tissue. The diverse occlusion structures were differentially modulated in the phloem in response to phytoplasma infection. Callose amount was higher in midribs from infected plants than in healthy ones. Callose was observed at sieve plates but not at pore-plasmodesma units. A putative callose synthase gene encoding a protein with high similarity to Arabidopsis CalS7, responsible for callose deposition at sieve plates, was upregulated in symptomatic leaves, indicating a modulation in the response to stolbur infection. P-proteins showed configuration changes in infected sieve elements, exhibiting condensation of the filaments. The transcripts for a putative P-protein 2 and a sieve element occlusion-related protein were localized in the phloem but only the first one was modulated in the infected tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- F De Marco
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.,INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Versailles, France
| | - L Pagliari
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - F Degola
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - S V Buxa
- Department of Phytopathology and Applied Zoology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - A Loschi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - S Dinant
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Versailles, France
| | - R Le Hir
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Versailles, France
| | - H Morin
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Versailles, France
| | - S Santi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - R Musetti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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26
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Lanubile A, Muppirala UK, Severin AJ, Marocco A, Munkvold GP. Transcriptome profiling of soybean (Glycine max) roots challenged with pathogenic and non-pathogenic isolates of Fusarium oxysporum. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:1089. [PMID: 26689712 PMCID: PMC4687377 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2318-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fusarium oxysporum is one of the most common fungal pathogens causing soybean root rot and seedling blight in U.S.A. In a recent study, significant variation in aggressiveness was observed among isolates of F. oxysporum collected from roots in Iowa, ranging from highly pathogenic to weakly or non-pathogenic isolates. RESULTS We used RNA-seq analysis to investigate the molecular aspects of the interactions of a partially resistant soybean genotype with non-pathogenic/pathogenic isolates of F. oxysporum at 72 and 96 h post inoculation (hpi). Markedly different gene expression profiles were observed in response to the two isolates. A peak of highly differentially expressed genes (HDEGs) was triggered at 72 hpi in soybean roots and the number of HDEGs was about eight times higher in response to the pathogenic isolate compared to the non-pathogenic one (1,659 vs. 203 HDEGs, respectively). Furthermore, the magnitude of induction was much greater in response to the pathogenic isolate. This response included a stronger activation of defense-related genes, transcription factors, and genes involved in ethylene biosynthesis, secondary and sugar metabolism. CONCLUSIONS The obtained data provide an important insight into the transcriptional responses of soybean-F. oxysporum interactions and illustrate the more drastic changes in the host transcriptome in response to the pathogenic isolate. These results may be useful in the developing new methods of broadening resistance of soybean to F. oxysporum, including the over-expression of key soybean genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Lanubile
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122, Piacenza, Italy.
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, 50011, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - Usha K Muppirala
- Genome Informatics Facility, Office of Biotechnology, Iowa State University, 50011, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - Andrew J Severin
- Genome Informatics Facility, Office of Biotechnology, Iowa State University, 50011, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - Adriano Marocco
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122, Piacenza, Italy.
| | - Gary P Munkvold
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, 50011, Ames, IA, USA.
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27
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Shu X, Livingston DP, Franks RG, Boston RS, Woloshuk CP, Payne GA. Tissue-specific gene expression in maize seeds during colonization by Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium verticillioides. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2015; 16:662-74. [PMID: 25469958 PMCID: PMC6638326 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium verticillioides are fungal pathogens that colonize maize kernels and produce the harmful mycotoxins aflatoxin and fumonisin, respectively. Management practice based on potential host resistance to reduce contamination by these mycotoxins has proven difficult, resulting in the need for a better understanding of the infection process by these fungi and the response of maize seeds to infection. In this study, we followed the colonization of seeds by histological methods and the transcriptional changes of two maize defence-related genes in specific seed tissues by RNA in situ hybridization. Maize kernels were inoculated with either A. flavus or F. verticillioides 21-22 days after pollination, and harvested at 4, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h post-inoculation. The fungi colonized all tissues of maize seed, but differed in their interactions with aleurone and germ tissues. RNA in situ hybridization showed the induction of the maize pathogenesis-related protein, maize seed (PRms) gene in the aleurone and scutellum on infection by either fungus. Transcripts of the maize sucrose synthase-encoding gene, shrunken-1 (Sh1), were observed in the embryo of non-infected kernels, but were induced on infection by each fungus in the aleurone and scutellum. By comparing histological and RNA in situ hybridization results from adjacent serial sections, we found that the transcripts of these two genes accumulated in tissue prior to the arrival of the advancing pathogens in the seeds. A knowledge of the patterns of colonization and tissue-specific gene expression in response to these fungi will be helpful in the development of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Shu
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7567, USA
| | - David P Livingston
- Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Robert G Franks
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Rebecca S Boston
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Charles P Woloshuk
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Gary A Payne
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7567, USA
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28
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Yan Y, Takáč T, Li X, Chen H, Wang Y, Xu E, Xie L, Su Z, Šamaj J, Xu C. Variable content and distribution of arabinogalactan proteins in banana (Musa spp.) under low temperature stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:353. [PMID: 26074928 PMCID: PMC4444754 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Information on the spatial distribution of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) in plant organs and tissues during plant reactions to low temperature (LT) is limited. In this study, the extracellular distribution of AGPs in banana leaves and roots, and their changes under LT stress were investigated in two genotypes differing in chilling tolerance, by immuno-techniques using 17 monoclonal antibodies against different AGP epitopes. Changes in total classical AGPs in banana leaves were also tested. The results showed that AGP epitopes recognized by JIM4, JIM14, JIM16, and CCRC-M32 antibodies were primarily distributed in leaf veins, while those recognized by JIM8, JIM13, JIM15, and PN16.4B4 antibodies exhibited predominant sclerenchymal localization. Epitopes recognized by LM2, LM14, and MAC207 antibodies were distributed in both epidermal and mesophyll cells. Both genotypes accumulated classical AGPs in leaves under LT treatment, and the chilling tolerant genotype contained higher classical AGPs at each temperature treatment. The abundance of JIM4 and JIM16 epitopes in the chilling-sensitive genotype decreased slightly after LT treatment, and this trend was opposite for the tolerant one. LT induced accumulation of LM2- and LM14-immunoreactive AGPs in the tolerant genotype compared to the sensitive one, especially in phloem and mesophyll cells. These epitopes thus might play important roles in banana LT tolerance. Different AGP components also showed differential distribution patterns in banana roots. In general, banana roots started to accumulate AGPs under LT treatment earlier than leaves. The levels of AGPs recognized by MAC207 and JIM13 antibodies in the control roots of the tolerant genotype were higher than in the chilling sensitive one. Furthermore, the chilling tolerant genotype showed high immuno-reactivity against JIM13 antibody. These results indicate that several AGPs are likely involved in banana tolerance to chilling injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglian Yan
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Tomáš Takáč
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký UniversityOlomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Xiaoquan Li
- Department of Healthy Seeds, Institute of Biotechnology, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanning, China
| | - Houbin Chen
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Enfeng Xu
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Ling Xie
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Zhaohua Su
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký UniversityOlomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Chunxiang Xu
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
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29
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Buxa SV, Degola F, Polizzotto R, De Marco F, Loschi A, Kogel KH, di Toppi LS, van Bel AJE, Musetti R. Phytoplasma infection in tomato is associated with re-organization of plasma membrane, ER stacks, and actin filaments in sieve elements. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:650. [PMID: 26347766 PMCID: PMC4541602 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplasmas, biotrophic wall-less prokaryotes, only reside in sieve elements of their host plants. The essentials of the intimate interaction between phytoplasmas and their hosts are poorly understood, which calls for research on potential ultrastructural modifications. We investigated modifications of the sieve-element ultrastructure induced in tomato plants by 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani,' the pathogen associated with the stolbur disease. Phytoplasma infection induces a drastic re-organization of sieve-element substructures including changes in plasma membrane surface and distortion of the sieve-element reticulum. Observations of healthy and stolbur-diseased plants provided evidence for the emergence of structural links between sieve-element plasma membrane and phytoplasmas. One-sided actin aggregates on the phytoplasma surface also inferred a connection between phytoplasma and sieve-element cytoskeleton. Actin filaments displaced from the sieve-element mictoplasm to the surface of the phytoplasmas in infected sieve elements. Western blot analysis revealed a decrease of actin and an increase of ER-resident chaperone luminal binding protein (BiP) in midribs of phytoplasma-infected plants. Collectively, the studies provided novel insights into ultrastructural responses of host sieve elements to phloem-restricted prokaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie V. Buxa
- Department of Phytopathology and Applied Zoology, Justus Liebig UniversityGiessen, Germany
| | | | - Rachele Polizzotto
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of UdineUdine, Italy
| | - Federica De Marco
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of UdineUdine, Italy
| | - Alberto Loschi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of UdineUdine, Italy
| | - Karl-Heinz Kogel
- Department of Phytopathology and Applied Zoology, Justus Liebig UniversityGiessen, Germany
| | | | - Aart J. E. van Bel
- Department of Phytopathology and Applied Zoology, Justus Liebig UniversityGiessen, Germany
| | - Rita Musetti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of UdineUdine, Italy
- *Correspondence: Rita Musetti, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze, 206, I-33100 Udine, Italy,
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30
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Liu CT, Huang HM, Hong SF, Kuo-Huang LL, Yang CY, Lin YY, Lin CP, Lin SS. Peanut witches' broom (PnWB) phytoplasma-mediated leafy flower symptoms and abnormal vascular bundles development. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2015; 10:e1107690. [PMID: 26492318 PMCID: PMC4854342 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2015.1107690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The peanut witches' broom (PnWB) phytoplasma causes virescence symptoms such as phyllody (leafy flower) in infected peanuts. However, the obligate nature of phytoplasma limits the study of host-pathogen interactions, and the detailed anatomy of PnWB-infected plants has yet to be reported. Here, we demonstrate that 4',6'-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining can be used to track PnWB infection. The DAPI-stained phytoplasma cells were observed in phloem/internal phloem tissues, and changes in vascular bundle morphology, including increasing pith rays and thinner cell walls in the xylem, were found. We also discerned the cell types comprising PnWB in infected sieve tube members. These results suggest that the presence of PnWB in phloem tissue facilitates the transmission of phytoplasma via sap-feeding insect vectors. In addition, PnWB in sieve tube members and changes in vascular bundle morphology might strongly promote the ability of phytoplasmas to assimilate nutrients. These data will help further an understanding of the obligate life cycle and host-pathogen interactions of phytoplasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Te Liu
- Institue of Biotechnology; National Taiwan University; Taipei, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center; Academia Sinica; Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Mei Huang
- Institue of Biotechnology; National Taiwan University; Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Syuan-Fei Hong
- Institue of Biotechnology; National Taiwan University; Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Chiao-Yin Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology; National Taiwan University; Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Yu Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology; National Taiwan University; Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chan-Pin Lin
- Institue of Biotechnology; National Taiwan University; Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology; National Taiwan University; Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Shun Lin
- Institue of Biotechnology; National Taiwan University; Taipei, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center; Academia Sinica; Taipei, Taiwan
- Center of Biotechnology; National Taiwan University; Taipei, Taiwan
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31
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Tauzin AS, Giardina T. Sucrose and invertases, a part of the plant defense response to the biotic stresses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:293. [PMID: 25002866 PMCID: PMC4066202 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose is the main form of assimilated carbon which is produced during photosynthesis and then transported from source to sink tissues via the phloem. This disaccharide is known to have important roles as signaling molecule and it is involved in many metabolic processes in plants. Essential for plant growth and development, sucrose is engaged in plant defense by activating plant immune responses against pathogens. During infection, pathogens reallocate the plant sugars for their own needs forcing the plants to modify their sugar content and triggering their defense responses. Among enzymes that hydrolyze sucrose and alter carbohydrate partitioning, invertases have been reported to be affected during plant-pathogen interactions. Recent highlights on the role of invertases in the establishment of plant defense responses suggest a more complex regulation of sugar signaling in plant-pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thierry Giardina
- *Correspondence: Thierry Giardina, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2 UMR 7313, Aix Marseille Université, Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille, France e-mail:
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32
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van Bel AJE, Helariutta Y, Thompson GA, Ton J, Dinant S, Ding B, Patrick JW. Phloem: the integrative avenue for resource distribution, signaling, and defense. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:471. [PMID: 24324476 PMCID: PMC3838965 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aart J. E. van Bel
- Department of Biology, Institute of General Botany, Justus-Liebig-UniversityGiessen, Germany
| | - Ykä Helariutta
- Plant Molecular Biology Lab, Institute of Biotechnology, University of HelsinkiHelsinki, Finland
| | - Gary A. Thompson
- Department of Plant Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University ParkPA, USA
| | - Jurriaan Ton
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of SheffieldSheffield, UK
| | - Sylvie Dinant
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueVersailles, France
| | - Biao Ding
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA
| | - John W. Patrick
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of NewcastleCallaghan, NSW, Australia
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