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Keren G, Yehezkel G, Satish L, Adamov Z, Barak Z, Ben-Shabat S, Kagan-Zur V, Sitrit Y. Root-secreted nucleosides: signaling chemoattractants of rhizosphere bacteria. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1388384. [PMID: 38799096 PMCID: PMC11120975 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1388384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The rhizosphere is a complex ecosystem, consisting of a narrow soil zone influenced by plant roots and inhabited by soil-borne microorganisms. Plants actively shape the rhizosphere microbiome through root exudates. Some metabolites are signaling molecules specifically functioning as chemoattractants rather than nutrients. These elusive signaling molecules have been sought for several decades, and yet little progress has been made. Root-secreted nucleosides and deoxynucleosides were detected in exudates of various plants by targeted ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry. Rhizobacteria were isolated from the roots of Helianthemum sessiliflorum carrying the mycorrhizal desert truffle Terfezia boudieri. Chemotaxis was determined by a glass capillary assay or plate assays on semisolid agar and through a soil plate assay. Nucleosides were identified in root exudates of plants that inhabit diverse ecological niches. Nucleosides induced positive chemotaxis in plant beneficial bacteria Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas turukhanskensis spp., Serratia marcescens, and the pathogenic rhizobacterium Xanthomonas campestris and E coli. In a soil plate assay, nucleosides diffused to substantial distances and evoked chemotaxis under conditions as close as possible to natural environments. This study implies that root-secreted nucleosides are involved in the assembly of the rhizosphere bacterial community by inducing chemotaxis toward plant roots. In animals, nucleoside secretion known as "purinergic signaling" is involved in communication between cells, physiological processes, diseases, phagocytic cell migration, and bacterial activity. The coliform bacterium E. coli that inhabits the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms also attracted to nucleosides, implying that nucleosides may serve as a common signal for bacterial species inhabiting distinct habitats. Taken together, all these may indicate that chemotaxis signaling by nucleosides is a conserved universal mechanism that encompasses living kingdoms and environments and should be given further attention in plant rhizosphere microbiome research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Keren
- The Jacob Blaustein Institute for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Galit Yehezkel
- The Jacob Blaustein Institute for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Lakkakula Satish
- The Jacob Blaustein Institute for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Zahar Adamov
- The Jacob Blaustein Institute for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ze’ev Barak
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Shimon Ben-Shabat
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Varda Kagan-Zur
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Yaron Sitrit
- The Jacob Blaustein Institute for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Katif Research Center for Research & Development, Netivot, Israel
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2
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Ľuptáková E, Vigouroux A, Končitíková R, Kopečná M, Zalabák D, Novák O, Salcedo Sarmiento S, Ćavar Zeljković S, Kopečný DJ, von Schwartzenberg K, Strnad M, Spíchal L, De Diego N, Kopečný D, Moréra S. Plant nucleoside N-ribohydrolases: riboside binding and role in nitrogen storage mobilization. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 117:1432-1452. [PMID: 38044809 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Cells save their energy during nitrogen starvation by selective autophagy of ribosomes and degradation of RNA to ribonucleotides and nucleosides. Nucleosides are hydrolyzed by nucleoside N-ribohydrolases (nucleosidases, NRHs). Subclass I of NRHs preferentially hydrolyzes the purine ribosides while subclass II is more active towards uridine and xanthosine. Here, we performed a crystallographic and kinetic study to shed light on nucleoside preferences among plant NRHs followed by in vivo metabolomic and phenotyping analyses to reveal the consequences of enhanced nucleoside breakdown. We report the crystal structure of Zea mays NRH2b (subclass II) and NRH3 (subclass I) in complexes with the substrate analog forodesine. Purine and pyrimidine catabolism are inseparable because nucleobase binding in the active site of ZmNRH is mediated via a water network and is thus unspecific. Dexamethasone-inducible ZmNRH overexpressor lines of Arabidopsis thaliana, as well as double nrh knockout lines of moss Physcomitrium patents, reveal a fine control of adenosine in contrast to other ribosides. ZmNRH overexpressor lines display an accelerated early vegetative phase including faster root and rosette growth upon nitrogen starvation or osmotic stress. Moreover, the lines enter the bolting and flowering phase much earlier. We observe changes in the pathways related to nitrogen-containing compounds such as β-alanine and several polyamines, which allow plants to reprogram their metabolism to escape stress. Taken together, crop plant breeding targeting enhanced NRH-mediated nitrogen recycling could therefore be a strategy to enhance plant growth tolerance and productivity under adverse growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ľuptáková
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Armelle Vigouroux
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, F-91198, France
| | - Radka Končitíková
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Kopečná
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - David Zalabák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Sara Salcedo Sarmiento
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Sanja Ćavar Zeljković
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Crop Research Institute, Šlechtitelů 29, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - David Jaroslav Kopečný
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Klaus von Schwartzenberg
- Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, Universität Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, 22609, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Spíchal
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Nuria De Diego
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - David Kopečný
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Solange Moréra
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, F-91198, France
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Chowdhury NB, Simons-Senftle M, Decouard B, Quillere I, Rigault M, Sajeevan KA, Acharya B, Chowdhury R, Hirel B, Dellagi A, Maranas C, Saha R. A multi-organ maize metabolic model connects temperature stress with energy production and reducing power generation. iScience 2023; 26:108400. [PMID: 38077131 PMCID: PMC10709110 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Climate change has adversely affected maize productivity. Thereby, a holistic understanding of metabolic crosstalk among its organs is important to address this issue. Thus, we reconstructed the first multi-organ maize metabolic model, iZMA6517, and contextualized it with heat and cold stress transcriptomics data using expression distributed reaction flux measurement (EXTREAM) algorithm. Furthermore, implementing metabolic bottleneck analysis on contextualized models revealed differences between these stresses. While both stresses had reducing power bottlenecks, heat stress had additional energy generation bottlenecks. We also performed thermodynamic driving force analysis, revealing thermodynamics-reducing power-energy generation axis dictating the nature of temperature stress responses. Thus, a temperature-tolerant maize ideotype can be engineered by leveraging the proposed thermodynamics-reducing power-energy generation axis. We experimentally inoculated maize root with a beneficial mycorrhizal fungus, Rhizophagus irregularis, and as a proof-of-concept demonstrated its efficacy in alleviating temperature stress. Overall, this study will guide the engineering effort of temperature stress-tolerant maize ideotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niaz Bahar Chowdhury
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | | | - Berengere Decouard
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Isabelle Quillere
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Martine Rigault
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France
| | | | - Bibek Acharya
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Ratul Chowdhury
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Bertrand Hirel
- Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, Versailles, France
| | - Alia Dellagi
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Costas Maranas
- Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Rajib Saha
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
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Sanow S, Kuang W, Schaaf G, Huesgen P, Schurr U, Roessner U, Watt M, Arsova B. Molecular Mechanisms of Pseudomonas-Assisted Plant Nitrogen Uptake: Opportunities for Modern Agriculture. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:536-548. [PMID: 36989040 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-22-0223-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas spp. make up 1.6% of the bacteria in the soil and are found throughout the world. More than 140 species of this genus have been identified, some beneficial to the plant. Several species in the family Pseudomonadaceae, including Azotobacter vinelandii AvOP, Pseudomonas stutzeri A1501, Pseudomonas stutzeri DSM4166, Pseudomonas szotifigens 6HT33bT, and Pseudomonas sp. strain K1 can fix nitrogen from the air. The genes required for these reactions are organized in a nitrogen fixation island, obtained via horizontal gene transfer from Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas stutzeri, and Azotobacter vinelandii. Today, this island is conserved in Pseudomonas spp. from different geographical locations, which, in turn, have evolved to deal with different geo-climatic conditions. Here, we summarize the molecular mechanisms behind Pseudomonas-driven plant growth promotion, with particular focus on improving plant performance at limiting nitrogen (N) and improving plant N content. We describe Pseudomonas-plant interaction strategies in the soil, noting that the mechanisms of denitrification, ammonification, and secondary metabolite signaling are only marginally explored. Plant growth promotion is dependent on the abiotic conditions and differs at sufficient and deficient N. The molecular controls behind different plant responses are not fully elucidated. We suggest that superposition of transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome data and their integration with plant phenotype development through time will help fill these gaps. The aim of this review is to summarize the knowledge behind Pseudomonas-driven nitrogen fixation and to point to possible agricultural solutions. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Sanow
- Institute for Bio- and Geosciences, Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, Germany
- School of BioSciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 Victoria, Australia
| | - Weiqi Kuang
- College of life and Environmental Sciences, Hunan University of Arts and Science, China
| | - Gabriel Schaaf
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Pitter Huesgen
- Central institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics (ZEA-3), Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schurr
- Institute for Bio- and Geosciences, Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, Germany
| | - Ute Roessner
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, 2601 Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Michelle Watt
- School of BioSciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 Victoria, Australia
| | - Borjana Arsova
- Institute for Bio- and Geosciences, Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, Germany
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Brouckaert M, Peng M, Höfer R, El Houari I, Darrah C, Storme V, Saeys Y, Vanholme R, Goeminne G, Timokhin VI, Ralph J, Morreel K, Boerjan W. QT-GWAS: A novel method for unveiling biosynthetic loci affecting qualitative metabolic traits. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:1212-1227. [PMID: 37349988 PMCID: PMC7614782 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Although the plant kingdom provides an enormous diversity of metabolites with potentially beneficial applications for humankind, a large fraction of these metabolites and their biosynthetic pathways remain unknown. Resolving metabolite structures and their biosynthetic pathways is key to gaining biological understanding and to allow metabolic engineering. In order to retrieve novel biosynthetic genes involved in specialized metabolism, we developed a novel untargeted method designated as qualitative trait GWAS (QT-GWAS) that subjects qualitative metabolic traits to a genome-wide association study, while the conventional metabolite GWAS (mGWAS) mainly considers the quantitative variation of metabolites. As a proof of the validity of QT-GWAS, 23 and 15 of the retrieved associations identified in Arabidopsis thaliana by QT-GWAS and mGWAS, respectively, were supported by previous research. Furthermore, seven gene-metabolite associations retrieved by QT-GWAS were confirmed in this study through reverse genetics combined with metabolomics and/or in vitro enzyme assays. As such, we established that CYTOCHROME P450 706A5 (CYP706A5) is involved in the biosynthesis of chroman derivatives, UDP-GLYCOSYLTRANSFERASE 76C3 (UGT76C3) is able to hexosylate guanine in vitro and in planta, and SULFOTRANSFERASE 202B1 (SULT202B1) catalyzes the sulfation of neolignans in vitro. Collectively, our study demonstrates that the untargeted QT-GWAS method can retrieve valid gene-metabolite associations at the level of enzyme-encoding genes, even new associations that cannot be found by the conventional mGWAS, providing a new approach for dissecting qualitative metabolic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies Brouckaert
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Meng Peng
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - René Höfer
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ilias El Houari
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Chiarina Darrah
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Véronique Storme
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yvan Saeys
- Ghent University, Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ruben Vanholme
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert Goeminne
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Metabolomics Core, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vitaliy I Timokhin
- Department of Biochemistry, and US Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - John Ralph
- Department of Biochemistry, and US Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Kris Morreel
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
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Banasiak J, Jamruszka T, Murray JD, Jasiński M. A roadmap of plant membrane transporters in arbuscular mycorrhizal and legume-rhizobium symbioses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:2071-2091. [PMID: 34618047 PMCID: PMC8644718 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Most land plants live in close contact with beneficial soil microbes: the majority of land plant species establish symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, while most legumes, the third largest plant family, can form a symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing rhizobia. These microbes contribute to plant nutrition via endosymbiotic processes that require modulating the expression and function of plant transporter systems. The efficient contribution of these symbionts involves precisely controlled integration of transport, which is enabled by the adaptability and plasticity of their transporters. Advances in our understanding of these systems, driven by functional genomics research, are rapidly filling the gap in knowledge about plant membrane transport involved in these plant-microbe interactions. In this review, we synthesize recent findings associated with different stages of these symbioses, from the pre-symbiotic stage to nutrient exchange, and describe the role of host transport systems in both mycorrhizal and legume-rhizobia symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Banasiak
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań 61-704, Poland
| | - Tomasz Jamruszka
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań 61-704, Poland
| | - Jeremy D Murray
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science (CEPAMS), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular and Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Michał Jasiński
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań 61-704, Poland
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznań 60-632, Poland
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7
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Diallinas G. Transporter Specificity: A Tale of Loosened Elevator-Sliding. Trends Biochem Sci 2021; 46:708-717. [PMID: 33903007 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Elevator-type transporters are a group of proteins translocating nutrients and metabolites across cell membranes. Despite structural and functional differences, elevator-type transporters use a common mechanism of substrate translocation via reversible movements of a mobile core domain (the elevator), which includes the substrate binding site, along a rigid scaffold domain, stably anchored in the plasma membrane. How substrate specificity is determined in elevator transporters remains elusive. Here, I discuss how a recent report on the sliding elevator mechanism, seen under the context of genetic analysis of a prototype fungal transporter, sheds light on how specificity might be genetically modified. I propose that flexible specificity alterations might occur by 'loosening' of the sliding mechanism from tight coupling to substrate binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Diallinas
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, 15784, Athens, Greece; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, Heraklion, Greece.
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8
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Wu W, Du K, Kang X, Wei H. The diverse roles of cytokinins in regulating leaf development. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:118. [PMID: 34059666 PMCID: PMC8167137 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00558-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Leaves provide energy for plants, and consequently for animals, through photosynthesis. Despite their important functions, plant leaf developmental processes and their underlying mechanisms have not been well characterized. Here, we provide a holistic description of leaf developmental processes that is centered on cytokinins and their signaling functions. Cytokinins maintain the growth potential (pluripotency) of shoot apical meristems, which provide stem cells for the generation of leaf primordia during the initial stage of leaf formation; cytokinins and auxins, as well as their interaction, determine the phyllotaxis pattern. The activities of cytokinins in various regions of the leaf, especially at the margins, collectively determine the final leaf morphology (e.g., simple or compound). The area of a leaf is generally determined by the number and size of the cells in the leaf. Cytokinins promote cell division and increase cell expansion during the proliferation and expansion stages of leaf cell development, respectively. During leaf senescence, cytokinins reduce sugar accumulation, increase chlorophyll synthesis, and prolong the leaf photosynthetic period. We also briefly describe the roles of other hormones, including auxin and ethylene, during the whole leaf developmental process. In this study, we review the regulatory roles of cytokinins in various leaf developmental stages, with a focus on cytokinin metabolism and signal transduction processes, in order to shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying leaf development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Wu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Kang Du
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, PR China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyang Kang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, PR China.
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
- Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
| | - Hairong Wei
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.
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9
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Döll S, Djalali Farahani-Kofoet R, Zrenner R, Henze A, Witzel K. Tissue-specific signatures of metabolites and proteins in asparagus roots and exudates. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:86. [PMID: 33795633 PMCID: PMC8016990 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00510-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive untargeted and targeted analysis of root exudate composition has advanced our understanding of rhizosphere processes. However, little is known about exudate spatial distribution and regulation. We studied the specific metabolite signatures of asparagus root exudates, root outer (epidermis and exodermis), and root inner tissues (cortex and vasculature). The greatest differences were found between exudates and root tissues. In total, 263 non-redundant metabolites were identified as significantly differentially abundant between the three root fractions, with the majority being enriched in the root exudate and/or outer tissue and annotated as 'lipids and lipid-like molecules' or 'phenylpropanoids and polyketides'. Spatial distribution was verified for three selected compounds using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry imaging. Tissue-specific proteome analysis related root tissue-specific metabolite distributions and rhizodeposition with underlying biosynthetic pathways and transport mechanisms. The proteomes of root outer and inner tissues were spatially very distinct, in agreement with the fundamental differences between their functions and structures. According to KEGG pathway analysis, the outer tissue proteome was characterized by a high abundance of proteins related to 'lipid metabolism', 'biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites' and 'transport and catabolism', reflecting its main functions of providing a hydrophobic barrier, secreting secondary metabolites, and mediating water and nutrient uptake. Proteins more abundant in the inner tissue related to 'transcription', 'translation' and 'folding, sorting and degradation', in accord with the high activity of cortical and vasculature cell layers in growth- and development-related processes. In summary, asparagus root fractions accumulate specific metabolites. This expands our knowledge of tissue-specific plant cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Döll
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Rita Zrenner
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979, Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Andrea Henze
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Nutritional Science, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Katja Witzel
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979, Großbeeren, Germany.
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Nedvěd D, Hošek P, Klíma P, Hoyerová K. Differential Subcellular Distribution of Cytokinins: How Does Membrane Transport Fit into the Big Picture? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3428. [PMID: 33810428 PMCID: PMC8037549 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinins are a class of phytohormones, signalling molecules specific to plants. They act as regulators of diverse physiological processes in complex signalling pathways. It is necessary for plants to continuously regulate cytokinin distribution among different organs, tissues, cells, and compartments. Such regulatory mechanisms include cytokinin biosynthesis, metabolic conversions and degradation, as well as cytokinin membrane transport. In our review, we aim to provide a thorough picture of the latter. We begin by summarizing cytokinin structures and physicochemical properties. Then, we revise the elementary thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of cytokinin membrane transport. Next, we review which membrane-bound carrier proteins and protein families recognize cytokinins as their substrates. Namely, we discuss the families of "equilibrative nucleoside transporters" and "purine permeases", which translocate diverse purine-related compounds, and proteins AtPUP14, AtABCG14, AtAZG1, and AtAZG2, which are specific to cytokinins. We also address long-distance cytokinin transport. Putting all these pieces together, we finally discuss cytokinin distribution as a net result of these processes, diverse in their physicochemical nature but acting together to promote plant fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Nedvěd
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic; (D.N.); (P.H.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Hošek
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic; (D.N.); (P.H.)
| | - Petr Klíma
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic; (D.N.); (P.H.)
| | - Klára Hoyerová
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic; (D.N.); (P.H.)
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11
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Kazibwe Z, Soto-Burgos J, MacIntosh GC, Bassham DC. TOR mediates the autophagy response to altered nucleotide homeostasis in an RNase mutant. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:6907-6920. [PMID: 32905584 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis thaliana T2 family endoribonuclease RNS2 localizes to the vacuole and functions in rRNA degradation. Loss of RNS2 activity impairs rRNA turnover and leads to constitutive autophagy, a process for degradation of cellular components. Autophagy is normally activated during environmental stress and is important for stress tolerance and homeostasis. Here we show that restoration of cytosolic purine nucleotide levels rescues the constitutive autophagy phenotype of rns2-2 seedlings, whereas inhibition of purine synthesis induces autophagy in wild-type seedlings. rns2-2 seedlings have reduced activity of the target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase complex, a negative regulator of autophagy, and this phenotype is rescued by addition of inosine to increase purine levels. Activation of TOR in rns2-2 by exogenous auxin blocks the enhanced autophagy, indicating a possible involvement of the TOR signaling pathway in the activation of autophagy in the rns2-2 mutant. Our data suggest a model in which loss of rRNA degradation in rns2-2 leads to a reduction in cytoplasmic nucleotide concentrations, which in turn inhibits TOR activity, leading to activation of autophagy to restore homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakayo Kazibwe
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Junmarie Soto-Burgos
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Gustavo C MacIntosh
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Diane C Bassham
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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12
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Wang L, Xue J, Yan J, Liu M, Tang Y, Wang Y, Zhang C. Expression and functional analysis of VviABCG14 from Vitis vinifera suggest the role in cytokinin transport and the interaction with VviABCG7. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 153:1-10. [PMID: 32460212 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins are important hormones involved in many aspects of plant growth and development. However, there remain many knowledge gaps with regard to their metabolism and transport mechanisms. Here, we characterise a half-size ATP binding cassette G (ABCG) transporter gene, also called white-brown complex transporter, VviABCG14, from grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Pinot noir). Quantitative real-time PCR analysis shows the expression of VviABCG14 gene is significantly increased after grape berries are treated with exogenous N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N'-phenylurea (CPPU) and trans-zeatin (tZ). Significant differences in phenotype were observed between overexpressing VviABCG14 transgenic and wild-type Arabidopsis lines grown for 12 days. The fresh weight of transgenic Arabidopsis was greater than of wild-type plants, and root lengths were greater. After growing in soil for 26 days, the vegetative growth of transgenic lines significantly greater than the wild-type and the bolting rate was lower. Hormone content analysis indicates the levels of tZ in the shoots of overexpressing transgenes are higher than in wild-types. Using the split-ubiquitin yeast membrane system and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay we show VviABCG14 and VviABCG7 transporter can form a heterodimer. Meanwhile, VviABCG7 is also significantly induced by exogenous CPPU and tZ in grape berries. Altogether, our results suggest VviABCG14 may affect the phenotype of Arabidopsis by transporting cytokinins and VviABCG14 interacts with VviABCG7 to form a heterodimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northwest Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jingyi Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northwest Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northwest Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Meng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northwest Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yujing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northwest Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuejin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northwest Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chaohong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northwest Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
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13
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Nájera-Martínez M, Pedroza-García JA, Suzuri-Hernández LJ, Mazubert C, Drouin-Wahbi J, Vázquez-Ramos J, Raynaud C, Plasencia J. Maize Thymidine Kinase Activity Is Present throughout Plant Development and Its Heterologous Expression Confers Tolerance to an Organellar DNA-Damaging Agent. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9080930. [PMID: 32717805 PMCID: PMC7463494 DOI: 10.3390/plants9080930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) phosphorylates thymidine nucleosides to generate thymidine monophosphate. This reaction belongs to the pyrimidine salvage route that is phylogenetically conserved. In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, TK activity contributes to maintain nuclear and organellar genome integrity by providing deoxythymidine-triphosphate (dTTP) for DNA synthesis. Arabidopsis has two TK1 genes (TK1a and TK1b) and double mutants show an albino phenotype and develop poorly. In contrast, maize (Zea mays L.) has a single TK1 (ZmTK1) gene and mutant plants are albino and display reduced genome copy number in chloroplasts. We studied the role of ZmTK1 during development and genotoxic stress response by assessing its activity at different developmental stages and by complementing Arabidopsis tk1 mutants. We found that ZmTK1 transcripts and activity are present during germination and throughout maize development. We show that ZmTK1 translocation to chloroplasts depends on a 72-amino-acid N-signal and its plastid localization is consistent with its ability to complement Arabidopsis tk1b mutants which are hypersensitive to ciprofloxacin (CIP), a genotoxic agent to organellar DNA. Also, ZmTK1 partly complemented the Arabidopsis double mutant plants during development. Our results contribute to the understanding of TK1 function in monocot species as an organellar enzyme for genome replication and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Nájera-Martínez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (M.N.-M.); (J.A.P.-G.); (L.J.S.-H.); (J.V.-R.)
| | - José Antonio Pedroza-García
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (M.N.-M.); (J.A.P.-G.); (L.J.S.-H.); (J.V.-R.)
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, University Paris-Sud, University of Evry, Paris University, Sorbonne Paris-Cite, University of Paris-Saclay, Batiment 630, 91405 Orsay, France; (C.M.); (J.D.-W.); (C.R.)
| | - Luis Jiro Suzuri-Hernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (M.N.-M.); (J.A.P.-G.); (L.J.S.-H.); (J.V.-R.)
- Licenciatura en Ciencia Forense, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Christelle Mazubert
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, University Paris-Sud, University of Evry, Paris University, Sorbonne Paris-Cite, University of Paris-Saclay, Batiment 630, 91405 Orsay, France; (C.M.); (J.D.-W.); (C.R.)
| | - Jeannine Drouin-Wahbi
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, University Paris-Sud, University of Evry, Paris University, Sorbonne Paris-Cite, University of Paris-Saclay, Batiment 630, 91405 Orsay, France; (C.M.); (J.D.-W.); (C.R.)
| | - Jorge Vázquez-Ramos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (M.N.-M.); (J.A.P.-G.); (L.J.S.-H.); (J.V.-R.)
| | - Cécile Raynaud
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, University Paris-Sud, University of Evry, Paris University, Sorbonne Paris-Cite, University of Paris-Saclay, Batiment 630, 91405 Orsay, France; (C.M.); (J.D.-W.); (C.R.)
| | - Javier Plasencia
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (M.N.-M.); (J.A.P.-G.); (L.J.S.-H.); (J.V.-R.)
- Correspondence:
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14
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Khalivulla SI, Mohammed A, Sirajudeen KNS, Shaik MI, Ye W, Korivi M. Novel Phytochemical Constituents and Anticancer Activities of the Genus, Typhonium. Curr Drug Metab 2020; 20:946-957. [PMID: 31744445 DOI: 10.2174/1389200220666191118102616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Typhonium is the largest genus in the Araceae family (~70 species), distributed in South Asia, Southeast Asia and Australia. Typhonium is well-known for its ethnopharmacological uses, and Southeast Asians consider it as an alternative medicine to treat cancer. This review elucidated the confirmed chemical structures of the isolated compounds of Typhonium and emphasized on their anticancer activities against various human cancer cells. METHODS Among several species, Typhonium blumei, T. flagelliforme, T. divaricatum and T. giganteum were extensively studied due to the presence of a class of secondary metabolites. All the available reports on Typhonium were included and discussed in this article. RESULTS Until now several groups of compounds, namely amino acids (1, 2), cinnamic acid (3), fatty acids (4-14), glycerol derivatives (15-18) and cerebrosides (19-34), flavonoids (35), hydantoins (36-38), lignin monomers (39-44), nucleobases (45-48), pheophorbides (49-52), phthalate (53), terpene and steroids (54-59) and vitamins (60, 61) were isolated and characterized from Typhonium. These phytochemicals were investigated for their anticancer properties, and results confirmed the promising growth inhibitory effect and anticancer activities against human lung, breast, prostate and colon cancer cells. The anticancer activity of these compounds appears to be mediated through the induction of apoptotic cell death. These phytochemicals further reported to exhibit other pharmacological efficacies, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, anti-allergic, neuroprotective and hepato-protective properties. CONCLUSION This is the first review to summarize the anticancer properties of all isolated compounds of Typhonium genus with confirmed chemical structures. Further advanced studies are necessary to establish the detailed signaling pathways that are involved in the anticancer property of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaik I Khalivulla
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Arifullah Mohammed
- Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli 17600, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Institute of Food Security and Sustainable Agriculture (IFSSA), Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli 17600, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Kuttulebbai N S Sirajudeen
- Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mannur I Shaik
- School of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu 21030, Malaysia
| | - Weibing Ye
- Exercise and Metabolism Research Center, College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua City 321004, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mallikarjuna Korivi
- Exercise and Metabolism Research Center, College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua City 321004, Zhejiang, China
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15
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Botou M, Yalelis V, Lazou P, Zantza I, Papakostas K, Charalambous V, Mikros E, Flemetakis E, Frillingos S. Specificity profile of NAT/NCS2 purine transporters in
Sinorhizobium
(
Ensifer
)
meliloti. Mol Microbiol 2020; 114:151-171. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Botou
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry Department of Medicine School of Health Sciences University of Ioannina Ioannina Greece
| | - Vassilis Yalelis
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry Department of Medicine School of Health Sciences University of Ioannina Ioannina Greece
| | - Panayiota Lazou
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry Department of Medicine School of Health Sciences University of Ioannina Ioannina Greece
| | - Iliana Zantza
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department of Pharmacy School of Health Sciences National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
| | - Konstantinos Papakostas
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry Department of Medicine School of Health Sciences University of Ioannina Ioannina Greece
| | - Vassiliki Charalambous
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry Department of Medicine School of Health Sciences University of Ioannina Ioannina Greece
| | - Emmanuel Mikros
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department of Pharmacy School of Health Sciences National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
| | - Emmanouil Flemetakis
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology Department of Biotechnology Agricultural University of Athens Athens Greece
| | - Stathis Frillingos
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry Department of Medicine School of Health Sciences University of Ioannina Ioannina Greece
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16
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Bhilare S, Shet H, Sanghvi YS, Kapdi AR. Discovery, Synthesis, and Scale-up of Efficient Palladium Catalysts Useful for the Modification of Nucleosides and Heteroarenes. Molecules 2020; 25:E1645. [PMID: 32260100 PMCID: PMC7181029 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid derivatives are imperative biomolecules and are involved in life governing processes. The chemical modification of nucleic acid is a fascinating area for researchers due to the potential activity exhibited as antiviral and antitumor agents. In addition, these molecules are also of interest toward conducting useful biochemical, pharmaceutical, and mutagenic study. For accessing such synthetically useful structures and features, transition-metal catalyzed processes have been proven over the years to be an excellent tool for carrying out the various transformations with ease and under mild reaction conditions. Amidst various transition-metal catalyzed processes available for nucleoside modification, Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions have proven to be perhaps the most efficient, successful, and broadly applicable reactions in both academia and industry. Pd-catalyzed C-C and C-heteroatom bond forming reactions have been widely used for the modification of the heterocyclic moiety in the nucleosides, although a single catalyst system that could address all the different requirements for nucleoside modifications isvery rare or non-existent. With this in mind, we present herein a review showcasing the recent developments and improvements from our research groups toward the development of Pd-catalyzed strategies including drug synthesis using a single efficient catalyst system for the modification of nucleosides and other heterocycles. The review also highlights the improvement in conditions or the yield of various bio-active nucleosides or commercial drugs possessing the nucleoside structural core. Scale ups wherever performed (up to 100 g) of molecules of commercial importance have also been disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shatrughn Bhilare
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Road, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India;
| | - Harshita Shet
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology-Indian Oil Odisha Campus, IIT Kharagpur Extension Centre, MouzaSamantpuri, Bhubaneswar 751013, Odisha, India;
| | - Yogesh S. Sanghvi
- Rasayan Inc., 2802, Crystal Ridge Road, Encinitas, CA 92024-6615, USA;
| | - Anant R. Kapdi
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Road, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India;
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology-Indian Oil Odisha Campus, IIT Kharagpur Extension Centre, MouzaSamantpuri, Bhubaneswar 751013, Odisha, India;
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17
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Campagnaro GD, de Koning HP. Purine and pyrimidine transporters of pathogenic protozoa - conduits for therapeutic agents. Med Res Rev 2020; 40:1679-1714. [PMID: 32144812 DOI: 10.1002/med.21667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Purines and pyrimidines are essential nutrients for any cell. Most organisms are able to synthesize their own purines and pyrimidines, but this ability was lost in protozoans that adapted to parasitism, leading to a great diversification in transporter activities in these organisms, especially for the acquisition of amino acids and nucleosides from their hosts throughout their life cycles. Many of these transporters have been shown to have sufficiently different substrate affinities from mammalian transporters, making them good carriers for therapeutic agents. In this review, we summarize the knowledge obtained on purine and pyrimidine activities identified in protozoan parasites to date and discuss their importance for the survival of these parasites and as drug carriers, as well as the perspectives of developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo D Campagnaro
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, UK
| | - Harry P de Koning
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, UK
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18
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Witte CP, Herde M. Nucleotide Metabolism in Plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 182:63-78. [PMID: 31641078 PMCID: PMC6945853 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide metabolism is an essential function in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus-Peter Witte
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Department of Molecular Nutrition and Biochemistry of Plants, Herrenhäuser Strasse 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Marco Herde
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Department of Molecular Nutrition and Biochemistry of Plants, Herrenhäuser Strasse 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
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19
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Niño-González M, Novo-Uzal E, Richardson DN, Barros PM, Duque P. More Transporters, More Substrates: The Arabidopsis Major Facilitator Superfamily Revisited. MOLECULAR PLANT 2019; 12:1182-1202. [PMID: 31330327 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS) is ubiquitous in living organisms and represents the largest group of secondary active membrane transporters. In plants, significant research efforts have focused on the role of specific families within the MFS, particularly those transporting macronutrients (C, N, and P) that constitute the vast majority of the members of this superfamily. Other MFS families remain less explored, although a plethora of additional substrates and physiological functions have been uncovered. Nevertheless, the lack of a systematic approach to analyzing the MFS as a whole has obscured the high diversity and versatility of these transporters. Here, we present a phylogenetic analysis of all annotated MFS domain-containing proteins encoded in the Arabidopsis thaliana genome and propose that this superfamily of transporters consists of 218 members, clustered in 22 families. In reviewing the available information regarding the diversity in biological functions and substrates of Arabidopsis MFS members, we provide arguments for intensified research on these membrane transporters to unveil the breadth of their physiological relevance, disclose the molecular mechanisms underlying their mode of action, and explore their biotechnological potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pedro M Barros
- Genomics of Plant Stress Unit, ITQB NOVA - Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Paula Duque
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal.
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20
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Lee ZH, Hirakawa T, Yamaguchi N, Ito T. The Roles of Plant Hormones and Their Interactions with Regulatory Genes in Determining Meristem Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20164065. [PMID: 31434317 PMCID: PMC6720427 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20164065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants, unlike animals, have developed a unique system in which they continue to form organs throughout their entire life cycle, even after embryonic development. This is possible because plants possess a small group of pluripotent stem cells in their meristems. The shoot apical meristem (SAM) plays a key role in forming all of the aerial structures of plants, including floral meristems (FMs). The FMs subsequently give rise to the floral organs containing reproductive structures. Studies in the past few decades have revealed the importance of transcription factors and secreted peptides in meristem activity using the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Recent advances in genomic, transcriptomic, imaging, and modeling technologies have allowed us to explore the interplay between transcription factors, secreted peptides, and plant hormones. Two different classes of plant hormones, cytokinins and auxins, and their interaction are particularly important for controlling SAM and FM development. This review focuses on the current issues surrounding the crosstalk between the hormonal and genetic regulatory network during meristem self-renewal and organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Hong Lee
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hirakawa
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Nobutoshi Yamaguchi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi-shi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Toshiro Ito
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan.
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21
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Doukas A, Karena E, Botou M, Papakostas K, Papadaki A, Tziouvara O, Xingi E, Frillingos S, Boleti H. Heterologous expression of the mammalian sodium-nucleobase transporter rSNBT1 in Leishmania tarentolae. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1861:1546-1557. [PMID: 31283918 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant expression systems for mammalian membrane transport proteins are often limited by insufficient yields to support structural studies, inadequate post-translational processing and problems related with improper membrane targeting or cytotoxicity. Use of alternative expression systems and optimization of expression/purification protocols are constantly needed. In this work, we explore the applicability of the laboratory strain LEXSY of the ancient eukaryotic microorganism Leishmania tarentolae as a new expression system for mammalian nucleobase permeases of the NAT/NCS2 (Nucleobase-Ascorbate Transporter/Nucleobase-Cation Symporter-2) family. We achieved the heterologous expression of the purine-pyrimidine permease rSNBT1 from Rattus norvegicus (tagged at C-terminus with a red fluorescent protein), as confirmed by confocal microscopy and biochemical analysis of the subcellular fractions enriched in membrane proteins. The cDNA of rSNBT1 has been subcloned in a pLEXSY-sat-mrfp1vector and used to generate transgenic L. tarentolae-rsnbt1-mrfp1 strains carrying the pLEXSY-sat-rsnbt1-mrfp1 plasmid either episomally or integrated in the chromosomal DNA. The chimeric transporter rSNBT1-mRFP1 is targeted to the ER and the plasma membrane of the L. tarentolae promastigotes. The transgenic strains are capable of transporting nucleobases that are substrates of rSNBT1 but also of the endogenous L. tarentolae nucleoside/nucleobase transporters. A dipyridamole-resistant Na+-dependent fraction of uptake is attributed to the exogenously expressed rSNBT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anargyros Doukas
- Intracellular Parasitism Group, Microbiology Department, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Vas. Sofias 127, Athens 11521, Greece
| | - Ekaterini Karena
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Department of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Greece
| | - Maria Botou
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Department of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Greece
| | | | - Amalia Papadaki
- Intracellular Parasitism Group, Microbiology Department, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Vas. Sofias 127, Athens 11521, Greece
| | - Olympia Tziouvara
- Intracellular Parasitism Group, Microbiology Department, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Vas. Sofias 127, Athens 11521, Greece
| | - Evaggelia Xingi
- Light Microscopy Unit, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Vas. Sofias 127, Athens 11521, Greece
| | - Stathis Frillingos
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Department of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Haralabia Boleti
- Intracellular Parasitism Group, Microbiology Department, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Vas. Sofias 127, Athens 11521, Greece; Light Microscopy Unit, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Vas. Sofias 127, Athens 11521, Greece.
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Liu CJ, Zhao Y, Zhang K. Cytokinin Transporters: Multisite Players in Cytokinin Homeostasis and Signal Distribution. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:693. [PMID: 31214217 PMCID: PMC6555093 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins (CKs) are a group of mobile adenine derivatives that act as chemical signals regulating a variety of biological processes implicated in plant development and stress responses. Their synthesis, homeostasis, and signaling perception evoke complicated intracellular traffic, intercellular movement, and in short- and long-distance translocation. Over nearly two decades, subsets of membrane transporters have been recognized and implicated in the transport of CKs as well as the related adenylates. In this review, we aim to recapitulate the key progresses in exploration of the transporter proteins involved in cytokinin traffic and translocation, discuss their functional implications in the cytokinin-mediated paracrine and long-distance communication, and highlight some knowledge gaps and open issues toward comprehensively understanding the molecular mechanism of membrane transporters in controlling spatiotemporal distribution of cytokinin species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Jun Liu
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, United States
| | - Yunjun Zhao
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, United States
| | - Kewei Zhang
- Department of Biology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
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23
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Xiao Y, Liu D, Zhang G, Gao S, Liu L, Xu F, Che R, Wang Y, Tong H, Chu C. Big Grain3, encoding a purine permease, regulates grain size via modulating cytokinin transport in rice. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 61:581-597. [PMID: 30267474 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Grain size is an important agronomic trait affecting grain yield, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Here, we isolated a dominant mutant, big grain3 (bg3-D), which exhibits a remarkable increase of grain size caused by activation of the PURINE PERMEASE gene, OsPUP4. BG3/OsPUP4 is predominantly expressed in vascular tissues and is specifically suppressed by exogenous cytokinin application. Hormone profiling revealed that the distribution of different cytokinin forms, in roots and shoots of the bg3-D mutant, is altered. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis indicated that expression of rice cytokinin type-A RESPONSE REGULATOR (OsRR) genes is enhanced in the roots of the bg3-D mutant. These results suggest that OsPUP4 might contribute to the long-distance transport of cytokinin, by reinforcing cytokinin loading into vascular bundle cells. Furthermore, plants overexpressing OsPUP7, the closest homolog of OsPUP4, also exhibited a similar phenotype to the bg3-D mutant. Interestingly, subcellular localization demonstrated that OsPUP4 was localized on the plasma membrane, whereas OsPUP7 was localized to the endoplasmic reticulum. Based on these findings, we propose that OsPUP4 and OsPUP7 function in a linear pathway to direct cytokinin cell-to-cell transport, affecting both its long-distance movement and local allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhua Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Dapu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guoxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shaopei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Linchuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Fan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ronghui Che
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yiqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hongning Tong
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chengcai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Kakegawa H, Shitan N, Kusano H, Ogita S, Yazaki K, Sugiyama A. Uptake of adenine by purine permeases of Coffea canephora. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2019; 83:1300-1305. [PMID: 30999827 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2019.1606698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Purine permeases (PUPs) mediate the proton-coupled uptake of nucleotide bases and their derivatives into cytosol. PUPs facilitate uptake of adenine, cytokinins and nicotine. Caffeine, a purine alkaloid derived from xanthosine, occurs in only a few eudicot species, including coffee, cacao, and tea. Although caffeine is not an endogenous metabolite in Arabidopsis and rice, AtPUP1 and OsPUP7 were suggested to transport caffeine. In this study, we identified 15 PUPs in the genome of Coffea canephora. Direct uptake measurements in yeast demonstrated that CcPUP1 and CcPUP5 facilitate adenine - but not caffeine - transport. Adenine uptake was pH-dependent, with increased activity at pH 3 and 4, and inhibited by nigericin, a potassium-proton ionophore, suggesting that CcPUP1 and CcPUP5 function as proton-symporters. Furthermore, adenine uptake was not competitively inhibited by an excess amount of caffeine, which implies that PUPs of C. canephora have evolved to become caffeine-insensitive to promote efficient uptake of adenine into cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Kakegawa
- a Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University , Uji , Japan
| | - Nobukazu Shitan
- b Laboratory of Medicinal Cell Biology , Kobe Pharmaceutical University , Kobe , Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kusano
- a Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University , Uji , Japan
| | - Shinjiro Ogita
- c Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences , Prefectural University of Hiroshima , Shobara, Hiroshima , Japan
| | - Kazufumi Yazaki
- a Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University , Uji , Japan
| | - Akifumi Sugiyama
- a Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University , Uji , Japan
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Scheerer U, Trube N, Netzer F, Rennenberg H, Herschbach C. ATP as Phosphorus and Nitrogen Source for Nutrient Uptake by Fagus sylvatica and Populus x canescens Roots. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:378. [PMID: 31019519 PMCID: PMC6458296 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study elucidated whether roots of temperate forest trees can take up organic phosphorus in the form of ATP. Detached non-mycorrhizal roots of beech (Fagus sylvatica) and gray poplar (Populus x canescens) were exposed under controlled conditions to 33P-ATP and/or 13C/15N labeled ATP in the presence and absence of the acid phosphatase inhibitor MoO4 2-. Accumulation of the respective label in the roots was used to calculate 33P, 13C and 15N uptake rates in ATP equivalents for comparison reason. The present data shown that a significant part of ATP was cleaved outside the roots before phosphate (Pi) was taken up. Furthermore, nucleotide uptake seems more reasonable after cleavage of at least one Pi unit as ADP, AMP and/or as the nucleoside adenosine. Similar results were obtained when still attached mycorrhizal roots of adult beech trees and their natural regeneration of two forest stands were exposed to ATP in the presence or absence of MoO4 2-. Cleavage of Pi from ATP by enzymes commonly present in the rhizosphere, such as extracellular acid phosphatases, ecto-apyrase and/or nucleotidases, prior ADP/AMP/adenosine uptake is highly probable but depended on the soil type and the pH of the soil solution. Although uptake of ATP/ADP/AMP cannot be excluded, uptake of the nucleoside adenosine without breakdown into its constituents ribose and adenine is highly evident. Based on the 33P, 13C, and 15N uptake rates calculated as equivalents of ATP the 'pro and contra' for the uptake of nucleotides and nucleosides is discussed. Short Summary Roots take up phosphorus from ATP as Pi after cleavage but might also take up ADP and/or AMP by yet unknown nucleotide transporter(s) because at least the nucleoside adenosine as N source is taken up without cleavage into its constituents ribose and adenine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Scheerer
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Niclas Trube
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Netzer
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Chair of Ecosystem Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Herschbach
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Chair of Ecosystem Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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26
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Pedroza-García JA, Nájera-Martínez M, Mazubert C, Aguilera-Alvarado P, Drouin-Wahbi J, Sánchez-Nieto S, Gualberto JM, Raynaud C, Plasencia J. Role of pyrimidine salvage pathway in the maintenance of organellar and nuclear genome integrity. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 97:430-446. [PMID: 30317699 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide biosynthesis proceeds through a de novo pathway and a salvage route. In the salvage route, free bases and/or nucleosides are recycled to generate the corresponding nucleotides. Thymidine kinase (TK) is the first enzyme in the salvage pathway to recycle thymidine nucleosides as it phosphorylates thymidine to yield thymidine monophosphate. The Arabidopsis genome contains two TK genes -TK1a and TK1b- that show similar expression patterns during development. In this work, we studied the respective roles of the two genes during early development and in response to genotoxic agents targeting the organellar or the nuclear genome. We found that the pyrimidine salvage pathway is crucial for chloroplast development and genome replication, as well as for the maintenance of its integrity, and is thus likely to play a crucial role during the transition from heterotrophy to autotrophy after germination. Interestingly, defects in TK activity could be partially compensated by supplementation of the medium with sugar, and this effect resulted from both the availability of a carbon source and the activation of the nucleotide de novo synthesis pathway, providing evidence for a compensation mechanism between two routes of nucleotide biosynthesis that depend on nutrient availability. Finally, we found differential roles of the TK1a and TK1b genes during the plant response to genotoxic stress, suggesting that different pools of nucleotides exist within the cells and are required to respond to different types of DNA damage. Altogether, our results highlight the importance of the pyrimidine salvage pathway, both during plant development and in response to genotoxic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- José-Antonio Pedroza-García
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510 CD, Mexico
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Évry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, Paris, France
| | - Manuela Nájera-Martínez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510 CD, Mexico
| | - Christelle Mazubert
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Évry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, Paris, France
| | - Paulina Aguilera-Alvarado
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510 CD, Mexico
| | - Jeannine Drouin-Wahbi
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Évry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, Paris, France
| | - Sobeida Sánchez-Nieto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510 CD, Mexico
| | - José M Gualberto
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS-UPR2357, Université de Strasbourg, 67084, Strasbourg, France
| | - Cécile Raynaud
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Évry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, Paris, France
| | - Javier Plasencia
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510 CD, Mexico
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Chaliotis A, Vlastaridis P, Ntountoumi C, Botou M, Yalelis V, Lazou P, Tatsaki E, Mossialos D, Frillingos S, Amoutzias GD. NAT/NCS2-hound: a webserver for the detection and evolutionary classification of prokaryotic and eukaryotic nucleobase-cation symporters of the NAT/NCS2 family. Gigascience 2018; 7:5168872. [PMID: 30418564 PMCID: PMC6308229 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giy133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleobase transporters are important for supplying the cell with purines and/or pyrimidines, for controlling the intracellular pool of nucleotides, and for obtaining exogenous nitrogen/carbon sources for metabolism. Nucleobase transporters are also evaluated as potential targets for antimicrobial therapies, since several pathogenic microorganisms rely on purine/pyrimidine salvage from their hosts. The majority of known nucleobase transporters belong to the evolutionarily conserved and ubiquitous nucleobase-ascorbate transporter/nucleobase-cation symporter-2 (NAT/NCS2) protein family. Based on a large-scale phylogenetic analysis that we performed on thousands of prokaryotic proteomes, we developed a webserver that can detect and distinguish this family of transporters from other homologous families that recognize different substrates. We can further categorize these transporters to certain evolutionary groups with distinct substrate preferences. The webserver scans whole proteomes and graphically displays which proteins are identified as NAT/NCS2, to which evolutionary groups and subgroups they belong to, and which conserved motifs they have. For key subgroups and motifs, the server displays annotated information from published crystal-structures and mutational studies pointing to key functional amino acids that may help experts assess the transport capability of the target sequences. The server is 100% accurate in detecting NAT/NCS2 family members. We also used the server to analyze 9,109 prokaryotic proteomes and identified Clostridia, Bacilli, β- and γ-Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Fusobacteria as the taxa with the largest number of NAT/NCS2 transporters per proteome. An analysis of 120 representative eukaryotic proteomes also demonstrates the server's capability of correctly analyzing this major lineage, with plants emerging as the group with the highest number of NAT/NCS2 members per proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chaliotis
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larisa, 41500, Greece
| | - P Vlastaridis
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larisa, 41500, Greece
| | - C Ntountoumi
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larisa, 41500, Greece
| | - M Botou
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Department of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, 45110, Greece
| | - V Yalelis
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Department of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, 45110, Greece
| | - P Lazou
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Department of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, 45110, Greece
| | - E Tatsaki
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Department of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, 45110, Greece
| | - D Mossialos
- Molecular Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larisa, 41500, Greece
| | - S Frillingos
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Department of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, 45110, Greece
| | - G D Amoutzias
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larisa, 41500, Greece
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Takagi H, Watanabe S, Tanaka S, Matsuura T, Mori IC, Hirayama T, Shimada H, Sakamoto A. Disruption of ureide degradation affects plant growth and development during and after transition from vegetative to reproductive stages. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:287. [PMID: 30458716 PMCID: PMC6245725 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1491-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ureides allantoin and allantoate are major metabolic intermediates of purine catabolism with high nitrogen-to-carbon ratios. Ureides play a key role in nitrogen utilization in ureide-type legumes, but their effects on growth and development in non-legume plants are poorly understood. Here, we examined the effects of knocking out genes encoding ureide-degrading enzymes, allantoinase (ALN) and allantoate amidohydrolase (AAH), on the vegetative-to-reproductive transition and subsequent growth of Arabidopsis plants. RESULTS The ureide-degradation mutants (aln and aah) showed symptoms similar to those of nitrogen deficiency: early flowering, reduced size at maturity, and decreased fertility. Consistent with these phenotypes, carbon-to-nitrogen ratios and nitrogen-use efficiencies were significantly decreased in ureide-degradation mutants; however, adding nitrogen to irrigation water did not alleviate the reduced growth of these mutants. In addition to nitrogen status, levels of indole-3-acetic acid and gibberellin in five-week-old plants were also affected by the aln mutations. To test the possibility that ureides are remobilized from source to sink organs, we measured ureide levels in various organs. In wild-type plants, allantoate accumulated predominantly in inflorescence stems and siliques; this accumulation was augmented by disruption of its catabolism. Mutants lacking ureide transporters, ureide permeases 1 and 2 (UPS1 and UPS2), exhibited phenotypes similar to those of the ureide-degradation mutants, but had decreased allantoate levels in the reproductive organs. Transcript analysis in wild-type plants suggested that genes involved in allantoate synthesis and ureide transport were coordinately upregulated in senescing leaves. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that ureide degradation plays an important role in supporting healthy growth and development in non-legume Arabidopsis during and after transition from vegetative to reproductive stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Takagi
- Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526 Japan
- Present Address: Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108 USA
| | - Shunsuke Watanabe
- Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526 Japan
- Present Address: Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Shoma Tanaka
- Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526 Japan
| | - Takakazu Matsuura
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, 710-0046 Japan
| | - Izumi C. Mori
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, 710-0046 Japan
| | - Takashi Hirayama
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, 710-0046 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimada
- Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526 Japan
| | - Atsushi Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526 Japan
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Melino VJ, Casartelli A, George J, Rupasinghe T, Roessner U, Okamoto M, Heuer S. RNA Catabolites Contribute to the Nitrogen Pool and Support Growth Recovery of Wheat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1539. [PMID: 30455708 PMCID: PMC6230992 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Turn-over of RNA and catabolism of nucleotides releases one to four ammonia molecules; the released nutrients being reassimilated into primary metabolism. Preliminary evidence indicates that monocots store high levels of free nucleotides and nucleosides but their potential as a source of internal organic nitrogen for use and remobilization is uncharted. Early tillering wheat plants were therefore starved of N over a 5-day time-course with examination of nucleic acid yields in whole shoots, young and old leaves and roots. Nucleic acids constituted ∼4% of the total N pool of N starved wheat plants, which was comparable with the N available from nitrate (NO3 -) and greater than that available from the sum of 20 proteinogenic amino acids. Methods were optimized to detect nucleotide (purine and pyrimidine) metabolites, and wheat orthologs of RNA degradation (TaRNS), nucleoside transport (TaENT1, TaENT3) and salvage (TaADK) were identified. It was found that N starved wheat roots actively catabolised RNA and specific purines but accumulated pyrimidines. Reduced levels of RNA corresponded with induction of TaRNS2, TaENT1, TaENT3, and TaADK in the roots. Reduced levels of GMP, guanine, xanthine, allantoin, allantoate and glyoxylate in N starved roots correlated with accumulation of allantoate and glyoxylate in the oldest leaf, suggesting translocation of allantoin. Furthermore, N starved wheat plants exogenously supplied with N in the form of purine catabolites grew and photosynthesized as well as those plants re-supplied with NO3 -. These results support the hypothesis that the nitrogen and carbon recovered from purine metabolism can support wheat growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Jane Melino
- Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
- School of Agriculture and Food, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Alberto Casartelli
- Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Jessey George
- Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Thusitha Rupasinghe
- Metabolomics Australia, School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ute Roessner
- Metabolomics Australia, School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Mamoru Okamoto
- Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Sigrid Heuer
- Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
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30
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Wang C, Cai H, Zhao H, Yan Y, Shi J, Chen S, Tan M, Chen J, Zou L, Chen C, Liu Z, Xu C, Liu X. Distribution patterns for metabolites in medicinal parts of wild and cultivated licorice. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 161:464-473. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Gu J, Li Z, Mao Y, Struik PC, Zhang H, Liu L, Wang Z, Yang J. Roles of nitrogen and cytokinin signals in root and shoot communications in maximizing of plant productivity and their agronomic applications. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 274:320-331. [PMID: 30080619 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen is an essential, often limiting, factor in plant growth and development. To regulate growth under limited nitrogen supply, plants sense the internal and external nitrogen status, and coordinate various metabolic processes and developmental programs accordingly. This coordination requires the transmission of various signaling molecules that move across the entire plant. Cytokinins, phytohormones derived from adenine and synthesized in various parts of the plant, are considered major local and long-distance messengers. Cytokinin metabolism and signaling are closely associated with nitrogen availability. They are systemically transported via the vasculature from plant roots to shoots, and vice versa, thereby coordinating shoot and root development. Tight linkage exists between the nitrogen signaling network and cytokinins during diverse developmental and physiological processes. However, the cytokinin-nitrogen interactions and the communication systems involved in sensing rhizospheric nitrogen status and in regulating canopy development remain obscure. We review current knowledge on cytokinin biosynthesis, transport and signaling, nitrogen acquisition, metabolism and signaling, and their interactive roles in regulating root-shoot morphological and physiological characteristics. We also discuss the role of spatio-temporal regulation of cytokinins in enhancing beneficial crop traits of yield and nitrogen use efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfei Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology / Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhikang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology / Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yiqi Mao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology / Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Paul C Struik
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Science, Wageningen University, PO Box 430, Wageningen, 6700 AK, The Netherlands
| | - Hao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology / Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Lijun Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology / Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhiqin Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology / Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jianchang Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology / Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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Chai W, Peng X, Liu B, Wang J, Zhu Z, Liu Y, Zhao K, Cheng B, Si W, Jiang H. Comparative Genomics, Whole-Genome Re-sequencing and Expression Profile Analysis of Nucleobase:Cation Symporter 2 ( NCS2) Genes in Maize. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:856. [PMID: 30002663 PMCID: PMC6031955 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nucleobase:cation symporter 2 (NCS2) proteins are important for the transport of free nucleobases, participating in diverse plant growth and developmental processes, as well as response to abiotic stress. To date, a comprehensive analysis of the NCS2 gene family has not been performed in maize. In this study, we conducted a comparative genomics analysis of NCS2 genes in 28 plant species, ranging from aquatic algae to land plants, concentrating mainly on maize. Gene duplication events contributed to the expansion of NCS2 genes from lower aquatic plants to higher angiosperms, and whole-genome/segmental and single-gene duplication events were responsible for the expansion of the maize NCS2 gene family. Phylogenetic construction showed three NCS2 subfamilies, I, II, and III. According to homology-based relationships, members of subfamily I are NCS2/AzgA-like genes, whereas those in subfamilies II and III are NCS2/NATs. Moreover, subfamily I exhibited ancient origins. A motif compositional analysis showed that one symbolic motif (motif 4) of the NCS2/NAT genes was absent in subfamily I. In maize, three NCS2/AzgA-like and 21 NCS2/NAT genes were identified, and purifying selection influenced the duplication of maize NCS2 genes. Additionally, a population genetic analysis of NCS2 genes revealed that ZmNCS2-21 showed the greatest diversity between the 78 inbred and 22 wild surveyed maize populations. An expression profile analysis using transcriptome data and quantitative real-time PCR revealed that NCS2 genes in maize are involved in diverse developmental processes and responses to abiotic stresses, including abscisic acid, salt (NaCl), polyethylene glycol, and low (4°C) and high (42°C) temperatures. ZmNCS2 genes with relatively close relationships had similar expression patterns, strongly indicating functional redundancy. Finally, ZmNCS2-16 and ZmNCS2-23 localize in the plasma membrane, which confirmed their predicted membrane structures. These results provide a foundation for future studies regarding the functions of ZmNCS2 proteins, particularly those with potentially important roles in plant responses to abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Weina Si
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Haiyang Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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Botou M, Lazou P, Papakostas K, Lambrinidis G, Evangelidis T, Mikros E, Frillingos S. Insight on specificity of uracil permeases of the NAT/NCS2 family from analysis of the transporter encoded in the pyrimidine utilization operon ofEscherichia coli. Mol Microbiol 2018; 108:204-219. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Botou
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry Department of Medicine School of Health Sciences; University of Ioannina; Ioannina Greece
| | - Panayiota Lazou
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry Department of Medicine School of Health Sciences; University of Ioannina; Ioannina Greece
| | - Konstantinos Papakostas
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry Department of Medicine School of Health Sciences; University of Ioannina; Ioannina Greece
| | - George Lambrinidis
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department of Pharmacy School of Health Sciences; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; Athens Greece
| | - Thomas Evangelidis
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department of Pharmacy School of Health Sciences; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; Athens Greece
| | - Emmanuel Mikros
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department of Pharmacy School of Health Sciences; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; Athens Greece
| | - Stathis Frillingos
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry Department of Medicine School of Health Sciences; University of Ioannina; Ioannina Greece
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Ashihara H, Stasolla C, Fujimura T, Crozier A. Purine salvage in plants. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018; 147:89-124. [PMID: 29306799 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Purine bases and nucleosides are produced by turnover of nucleotides and nucleic acids as well as from some cellular metabolic pathways. Adenosine released from the S-adenosyl-L-methionine cycle is linked to many methyltransferase reactions, such as the biosynthesis of caffeine and glycine betaine. Adenine is produced by the methionine cycles, which is related to other biosynthesis pathways, such those for the production of ethylene, nicotianamine and polyamines. These purine compounds are recycled for nucleotide biosynthesis by so-called "salvage pathways". However, the salvage pathways are not merely supplementary routes for nucleotide biosynthesis, but have essential functions in many plant processes. In plants, the major salvage enzymes are adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.7) and adenosine kinase (EC 2.7.1.20). AMP produced by these enzymes is converted to ATP and utilised as an energy source as well as for nucleic acid synthesis. Hypoxanthine, guanine, inosine and guanosine are salvaged to IMP and GMP by hypoxanthine/guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.8) and inosine/guanosine kinase (EC 2.7.1.73). In contrast to de novo purine nucleotide biosynthesis, synthesis by the salvage pathways is extremely favourable, energetically, for cells. In addition, operation of the salvage pathway reduces the intracellular levels of purine bases and nucleosides which inhibit other metabolic reactions. The purine salvage enzymes also catalyse the respective formation of cytokinin ribotides, from cytokinin bases, and cytokinin ribosides. Since cytokinin bases are the active form of cytokinin hormones, these enzymes act to maintain homeostasis of cellular cytokinin bioactivity. This article summarises current knowledge of purine salvage pathways and their possible function in plants and purine salvage activities associated with various physiological phenomena are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ashihara
- Department of Biology, Ochanomizu University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8610, Japan.
| | - Claudio Stasolla
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Tatsuhito Fujimura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Alan Crozier
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616-5270, USA
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Morriss SC, Liu X, Floyd BE, Bassham DC, MacIntosh GC. Cell growth and homeostasis are disrupted in arabidopsis rns2-2 mutants missing the main vacuolar RNase activity. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 120:911-922. [PMID: 28961890 PMCID: PMC5710523 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Enzymes belonging to the RNase T2 family are essential for normal rRNA turnover in eukaryotes. In Arabidopsis thaliana, this function is performed by RNS2. The null mutant rns2-2 has increased rRNA half-life and constitutive autophagy. The aim of this work was to determine the molecular changes that take place in the rns2-2 mutant that may lead to altered cellular homeostasis, manifested by the observed cellular phenotype. METHODS To determine the effect of defective rRNA turnover on cellular homeostasis, comparative transcriptome and metabolome analyses of 10-day-old wild-type and rns2-2 seedlings were used to identify molecular processes affected in the mutant. Bioinformatics analyses suggested additional phenotypes that were confirmed through direct plant size measurements and microscopy. KEY RESULTS Few genes were differentially expressed in the rns2-2 mutant, indicating that control of autophagy in this genotype is mainly achieved at the post-transcriptional level. Among differentially expressed genes, transcripts related to carbon flux processes, particularly the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), were identified. Metabolite analyses confirmed changes in the levels of PPP intermediates. Genes related to cell wall loosening were also differentially expressed in the mutant, and a decrease in monosaccharide components of cell wall hemicellulose were found. As a potential effect of weaker cell walls, rns2-2 plants are larger than wild-type controls, due to larger cells and increased water content. Elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were also measured in rns2-2, and the constitutive autophagy phenotype was blocked by preventing ROS production via NADPH oxidase. CONCLUSIONS Lack of rRNA recycling in rns2-2 cells triggers a change in carbon flux, which is redirected through the PPP to produce ribose-5-phosphate for de novo nucleoside synthesis. rRNA or ribosome turnover is thus essential for cellular homeostasis, probably through maintenance of nucleoside levels as part of the salvage pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Morriss
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Xiaoyi Liu
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Brice E Floyd
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Diane C Bassham
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Gustavo C MacIntosh
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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Boswell-Casteel RC, Johnson JM, Roe-Žurž Z, Duggan KD, Schmitz H, Hays FA. Expression and purification of human and Saccharomyces cerevisiae equilibrative nucleoside transporters. Protein Expr Purif 2017; 142:68-74. [PMID: 28918196 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nucleosides play an essential role in the physiology of eukaryotes by acting as metabolic precursors in de novo nucleic acid synthesis and energy metabolism. Nucleosides also act as ligands for purinergic receptors. Equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs) are polytopic integral membrane proteins that aid in regulating plasmalemmal flux of purine and pyrimidine nucleosides and nucleobases. ENTs exhibit broad substrate selectivity across different isoforms and utilize diverse mechanisms to drive substrate flux across membranes. However, the molecular mechanisms and chemical determinants of ENT-mediated substrate recognition, binding, inhibition, and transport are poorly understood. To determine how ENT-mediated transport occurs at the molecular level, greater chemical insight and assays employing purified protein are essential. This article focuses on the expression and purification of human ENT1, human ENT2, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae ScENT1 using novel expression and purification strategies to isolate recombinant ENTs. ScENT1, hENT1, and hENT2 were expressed in W303 Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells and detergent solubilized from the membrane. After detergent extraction, these ENTs were further purified using immobilized metal affinity chromatography and size exclusion chromatography. This effort resulted in obtaining quantities of purified protein sufficient for future biophysical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebba C Boswell-Casteel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Jennifer M Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Zygy Roe-Žurž
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kelli D Duggan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Hannah Schmitz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Franklin A Hays
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Stephenson Oklahoma Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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37
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Bassham DC, MacIntosh GC. Degradation of cytosolic ribosomes by autophagy-related pathways. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 262:169-174. [PMID: 28716412 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Ribosomes are essential molecular machines that require a large cellular investment, yet the mechanisms of their turnover are not well understood in any eukaryotic organism. Recent advances in Arabidopsis suggest that plants utilize selective mechanisms to transport rRNA or ribosomes to the vacuole, where rRNA is degraded and the breakdown products recycled to maintain cellular homeostasis. This review focuses on known mechanisms of rRNA turnover and explores unanswered questions on the specificity and pathways of ribosome turnover and the role of this process in maintenance of cellular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane C Bassham
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Gustavo C MacIntosh
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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38
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Durán-Medina Y, Díaz-Ramírez D, Marsch-Martínez N. Cytokinins on the Move. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:146. [PMID: 28228770 PMCID: PMC5296302 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins are important signals that participate in different plant processes, and are well known for their strong influence in plant development. With the years, knowledge has been built about their effects, chemical nature, metabolism, and signaling mechanisms. However, one aspect about cytokinins that has been lagging behind is cytokinin transport. Recent reports are providing more information about how cytokinins are transported and how their transport is connected to their effects in development. This review provides a general overview of what is known about cytokinin transport, with a focus on the latest reports.
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Sioupouli G, Lambrinidis G, Mikros E, Amillis S, Diallinas G. Cryptic purine transporters inAspergillus nidulansreveal the role of specific residues in the evolution of specificity in the NCS1 family. Mol Microbiol 2016; 103:319-332. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Sioupouli
- Department of Biology; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis; Athens 15784 Greece
| | - George Lambrinidis
- Department of Pharmacy; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis; Athens 15771 Greece
| | - Emmanuel Mikros
- Department of Pharmacy; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis; Athens 15771 Greece
| | - Sotiris Amillis
- Department of Biology; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis; Athens 15784 Greece
| | - George Diallinas
- Department of Biology; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis; Athens 15784 Greece
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Boswell-Casteel RC, Hays FA. Equilibrative nucleoside transporters-A review. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2016; 36:7-30. [PMID: 27759477 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2016.1210805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs) are polytopic integral membrane proteins that mediate the transport of nucleosides, nucleobases, and therapeutic analogs. The best-characterized ENTs are the human transporters hENT1 and hENT2. However, non-mammalian eukaryotic ENTs have also been studied (e.g., yeast, parasitic protozoa). ENTs are major pharmaceutical targets responsible for modulating the efficacy of more than 30 approved drugs. However, the molecular mechanisms and chemical determinants of ENT-mediated substrate recognition, binding, inhibition, and transport are poorly understood. This review highlights findings on the characterization of ENTs by surveying studies on genetics, permeant and inhibitor interactions, mutagenesis, and structural models of ENT function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebba C Boswell-Casteel
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City , OK , USA
| | - Franklin A Hays
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City , OK , USA.,b Stephenson Cancer Center , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City , OK , USA.,c Harold Hamm Diabetes Center , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City , OK , USA
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Daumann M, Golfier P, Knüppel N, Hahn M, Möhlmann T. Botrytis cinerea can import and utilize nucleosides in salvage and catabolism and BcENT functions as high affinity nucleoside transporter. Fungal Biol 2016; 120:904-916. [PMID: 27521624 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide de novo synthesis is an essential pathway in nearly all organisms. Transport processes as well as salvage and catabolism of nucleotides and pathway intermediates are required to balance nucleotide pools. We have analysed the genome of the fungal plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea for genes involved in nucleotide metabolism and found a complete set of genes necessary for purine and pyrimidine uptake and salvage based on homology of the gene products to corresponding proteins from Aspergillus nidulans. Candidate genes required for a complete purine catabolic sequence were identified in addition. These analyses were complemented by growth tests showing functional transport and salvage activity for pyrimidines. Growth of B. cinerea mycelium in nitrogen free medium could be restored by addition of purines, indicating the presence of a functional purine catabolism, whereas pyrimidines did not support growth. Bcin07g05490 (BcENT) was identified as sole member of the equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT) family. The protein synthesized in Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed high affinity transport of adenosine (KM = 6.81 μM) and uridine (KM=9.04 μM). Furthermore, a BcENT knockout mutant was generated and tested in a range of growth and infection assays. These results provide detailed insight in the use of externally supplied nucleobases and nucleosides by B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Daumann
- Pflanzenphysiologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Philippe Golfier
- Pflanzenphysiologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Nathalie Knüppel
- Phytopathologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Matthias Hahn
- Phytopathologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Torsten Möhlmann
- Pflanzenphysiologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
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Baral B, Teixeira da Silva JA, Izaguirre-Mayoral ML. Early signaling, synthesis, transport and metabolism of ureides. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 193:97-109. [PMID: 26967003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The symbiosis between α nitrogen (N2)-fixing Proteobacteria (family Rhizobiaceae) and legumes belonging to the Fabaceae (a single phylogenetic group comprising three subfamilies: Caesalpinioideae, Mimosoideae and Papilionoideae) results in the formation of a novel root structure called a nodule, where atmospheric N2 is fixed into NH3(+). In the determinate type of nodules harbored by Rhizobium-nodulated Fabaceae species, newly synthesized NH3(+) is finally converted into allantoin (C4H6N4O3) and allantoic acid (C4H8N4O4) (ureides) through complex pathways involving at least 20 different enzymes that act synchronously in two types of nodule cells with contrasting ultrastructure, including the tree nodule cell organelles. Newly synthesized ureides are loaded into the network of nodule-root xylem vessels and transported to aerial organs by the transpirational water current. Once inside the leaves, ureides undergo an enzymatically driven reverse process to yield NH4(+) that is used for growth. This supports the role of ureides as key nitrogen (N)-compounds for the growth and yield of legumes nodulated by Rhizobium that grow in soils with a low N content. Thus, a concrete understanding of the mechanisms underlying ureide biogenesis and catabolism in legumes may help agrobiologists to achieve greater agricultural discoveries. In this review we focus on the transmembranal and transorganellar symplastic and apoplastic movement of N-precursors within the nodules, as well as on the occurrence, localization and properties of enzymes and genes involved in the biogenesis and catabolism of ureides. The synthesis and transport of ureides are not unique events in Rhizobium-nodulated N2-fixing legumes. Thus, a brief description of the synthesis and catabolism of ureides in non-legumes was included for comparison. The establishment of the symbiosis, nodule organogenesis and the plant's control of nodule number, synthesis and translocation of ureides via feed-back inhibition mechanisms are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Baral
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, Latokartanonkaari 7, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | - Maria Luisa Izaguirre-Mayoral
- Biological Nitrogen Fixation Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
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High yield expression and purification of equilibrative nucleoside transporter 7 (ENT7) from Arabidopsis thaliana. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:1921-9. [PMID: 26080001 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs) facilitate the import of nucleosides and their analogs into cells in a bidirectional, non-concentrative manner. However, in contrast to their name, most characterized plant ENTs act in a concentrative manner. A direct characterization of any ENT protein has been hindered due to difficulties in overexpression and obtaining pure recombinant protein. METHODS The equilibrative nucleoside transporter 7 from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtENT7) was expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes to assess mechanism of substrate uptake. Recombinant protein fused to enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) was expressed in Pichia pastoris to characterize its oligomeric state by gel filtration and substrate binding by microscale thermophoresis (MST). RESULTS AtENT7 expressed in X. laevis oocytes works as a classic equilibrative transporter. The expression of AtENT7-eGFP in the P. pastoris system yielded milligram amounts of pure protein that exists as stable homodimers. The concentration dependent binding of purine and pyrimidine nucleosides to the purified recombinant protein, assessed by MST, confirmed that AtENT7-eGFP is properly folded. For the first time the binding of nucleobases was observed for AtENT7. SIGNIFICANCE The availability of pure recombinant AtENT7 will permit detailed kinetic and structural studies of this unique member of the ENT family and, given the functional similarity to mammalian ENTs, will serve as a good model for understanding the structural basis of translocation mechanism for the family.
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44
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Krypotou E, Evangelidis T, Bobonis J, Pittis AA, Gabaldón T, Scazzocchio C, Mikros E, Diallinas G. Origin, diversification and substrate specificity in the family of NCS1/FUR transporters. Mol Microbiol 2015; 96:927-50. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Krypotou
- Faculty of Biology; University of Athens; Panepistimioupolis Athens 15784 Greece
| | - Thomas Evangelidis
- Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Athens; Panepistimioupolis Athens 15771 Greece
| | - Jacob Bobonis
- Faculty of Biology; University of Athens; Panepistimioupolis Athens 15784 Greece
| | - Alexandros A. Pittis
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme; Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG); Dr. Aiguader, 88 Barcelona 08003 Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF); Barcelona 08003 Spain
| | - Toni Gabaldón
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme; Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG); Dr. Aiguader, 88 Barcelona 08003 Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF); Barcelona 08003 Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA); Pg. Lluís Companys 23 Barcelona 08010 Spain
| | - Claudio Scazzocchio
- Department of Microbiology; Imperial College; London SW7 2AZ UK
- Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie; Université Paris-Sud; France
| | - Emmanuel Mikros
- Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Athens; Panepistimioupolis Athens 15771 Greece
| | - George Diallinas
- Faculty of Biology; University of Athens; Panepistimioupolis Athens 15784 Greece
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Daumann M, Fischer M, Niopek-Witz S, Girke C, Möhlmann T. Apoplastic Nucleoside Accumulation in Arabidopsis Leads to Reduced Photosynthetic Performance and Increased Susceptibility Against Botrytis cinerea. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1158. [PMID: 26779190 PMCID: PMC4688390 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between plant and pathogen often occur in the extracellular space and especially nucleotides like ATP and NAD have been identified as key players in this scenario. Arabidopsis mutants accumulating nucleosides in the extracellular space were generated and studied with respect to susceptibility against Botrytis cinerea infection and general plant fitness determined as photosynthetic performance. The mutants used are deficient in the main nucleoside uptake system ENT3 and the extracellular nucleoside hydrolase NSH3. When grown on soil but not in hydroponic culture, these plants markedly accumulate adenosine and uridine in leaves. This nucleoside accumulation was accompanied by reduced photosystem II efficiency and altered expression of photosynthesis related genes. Moreover, a higher susceptibility toward Botrytis cinerea infection and a reduced induction of pathogen related genes PR1 and WRKY33 was observed. All these effects did not occur in hydroponically grown plants substantiating a contribution of extracellular nucleosides to these effects. Whether reduced general plant fitness, altered pathogen response capability or more direct interactions with the pathogen are responsible for these observations is discussed.
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