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Foresti C, Orduña L, Matus JT, Vandelle E, Danzi D, Bellon O, Tornielli GB, Amato A, Zenoni S. NAC61 regulates late- and post-ripening osmotic, oxidative, and biotic stress responses in grapevine. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:2330-2350. [PMID: 38159048 PMCID: PMC11016852 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
During late- and post-ripening stages, grape berry undergoes profound biochemical and physiological changes whose molecular control is poorly understood. Here, we report the role of NAC61, a grapevine NAC transcription factor, in regulating different processes involved in berry ripening progression. NAC61 is highly expressed during post-harvest berry dehydration and its expression pattern is closely related to sugar concentration. The ectopic expression of NAC61 in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves resulted in low stomatal conductance, high leaf temperature, tissue collapse and a higher relative water content. Transcriptome analysis of grapevine leaves transiently overexpressing NAC61 and DNA affinity purification and sequencing analyses allowed us to narrow down a list of NAC61-regulated genes. Direct regulation of the stilbene synthase regulator MYB14, the osmotic stress-related gene DHN1b, the Botrytis cinerea susceptibility gene WRKY52, and NAC61 itself was validated. We also demonstrate that NAC61 interacts with NAC60, a proposed master regulator of grapevine organ maturation, in the activation of MYB14 and NAC61 expression. Overall, our findings establish NAC61 as a key player in a regulatory network that governs stilbenoid metabolism and osmotic, oxidative, and biotic stress responses that are the hallmark of late- and post-ripening grape stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Foresti
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Luis Orduña
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València-CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Tomás Matus
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València-CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Elodie Vandelle
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Davide Danzi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Oscar Bellon
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Amato
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Sara Zenoni
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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2
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Scheible N, Henning PM, McCubbin AG. Calmodulin-Domain Protein Kinase PiCDPK1 Interacts with the 14-3-3-like Protein NtGF14 to Modulate Pollen Tube Growth. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:451. [PMID: 38337984 PMCID: PMC10857193 DOI: 10.3390/plants13030451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Calcium-mediated signaling pathways are known to play important roles in the polar growth of pollen tubes. The calcium-dependent protein kinase, PiCDPK1, has been shown to be involved in regulating this process through interaction with a guanine dissociation inhibitor, PiRhoGDI1. To more fully understand the role of PiCDPK1 in pollen tube extension, we designed a pull-down study to identify additional substrates of this kinase. These experiments identified 123 putative interactors. Two of the identified proteins were predicted to directly interact with PiCDPK1, and this possibility was investigated in planta. The first, NtGF14, a 14-3-3-like protein, did not produce a noticeable phenotype when overexpressed in pollen alone but partially rescued the spherical tube phenotype caused by PiCDPK1 over-expression when co-over-expressed with the kinase. The second, NtREN1, a GTPase activating protein (GAP), severely inhibited pollen tube germination when over-expressed, and its co-over-expression with PiCDPK1 did not substantially affect this phenotype. These results suggest a novel in vivo interaction between NtGF14 and PiCDPK1 but do not support the direct interaction between PiCDPK1 and NtREN1. We demonstrate the utility of the methodology used to identify potential protein interactions while confirming the necessity of additional studies to confirm their validity. Finally, additional support was found for intersection between PiCDPK1 and RopGTPase pathways to control polar growth at the pollen tube tip.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew G. McCubbin
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (N.S.); (P.M.H.)
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3
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Mirrani HM, Noreen Z, Usman S, Shah AA, Mahmoud EA, Elansary HO, Aslam M, Waqas A, Javed T. Magnesium nanoparticles extirpate salt stress in carrots (Daucus carota L.) through metabolomics regulations. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 207:108383. [PMID: 38286092 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Underground vegetables are sensitive and vulnerable to salt stress. The vegetables are the main source of vitamins, nutrients and minerals in human diet. Also contain healthy carbohydrates, antioxidant and resistant starch which are beneficial for human health. Salinity influences water balance, morphological appearance and cellular interference of crop plants. It also caused disproportion of nutrients which usually affects the physiochemical processes in plant. Salt stress also affect biochemical attributes and hampers the growth of underground organs, due to which yield of crop decreased. The nanoparticles had been potentially used for better crop yield, in the recent. In our research study, we elaborate the positive response of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO-NPs) on the morphological and biochemical parameters as well as anti-oxidant enzymes action on two accessions of carrot (Daucus carota L.) under salt stress of 40 mM and 80 mM. In a pilot experiment, various levels (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mg/L) of MgO-NPs were tested through foliar application on carrot plants. Foliar application of MgO-NPs at concentration of 150 mg/L was most effective treatment and ameliorate the salt stress in both carrot accessions (DC-03 and DC-90). The MgO-NPs significantly enhanced the morphological and biochemical parameters. The yield was significantly increased with the exposure of MgO-NPs. Our results thus confirmed the potential of MgO-NPs to endorse the plant development and growth under salinity. However, further research study is needed to explore effectiveness of MgO-NPs in various other plants for the ameliorant of salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hurmat Mehdi Mirrani
- Department of Botany, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zahra Noreen
- Department of Botany, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Sheeraz Usman
- Department of Botany, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Anis Ali Shah
- Department of Botany, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Eman A Mahmoud
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Damietta University, Damietta, Egypt
| | - Hosam O Elansary
- Department of Plant Production, College of Food & Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Aslam
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Waqas
- Department of Botany, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Talha Javed
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
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4
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Maslennikova VS, Tsvetkova VP, Shelikhova EV, Selyuk MP, Alikina TY, Kabilov MR, Dubovskiy IM. Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Mix Suppresses Rhizoctonia Disease and Improves Rhizosphere Microbiome, Growth and Yield of Potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.). J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1142. [PMID: 38132743 PMCID: PMC10744094 DOI: 10.3390/jof9121142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Black scurf and stem canker caused by Rhizoctonia solani is a significant disease problem of potatoes. Currently, chemical methods are the primary means of controlling this pathogen. This study sought to explore an alternative approach by harnessing the biocontrol potential of a bacterial mix of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens against black scurf, and to determine their effect on rhizosphere microorganisms of soil microbiota. This study showed that these bacteria demonstrate antagonistic activity against Rhizoctonia solani. Reduced damage to potato plants during the growing season in Siberia was observed. The index of disease development decreased from 40.9% to 12.0%. The treatment of tubers with this mix of bacteria also led to a change in the composition of the rhizosphere microbiota (according to CFU, 16S and ITS sequencing). This effect was accompanied by a positive change in plant physiological parameters (spectrophotometric analysis). The concentration of chlorophyll in potatoes with the bacterial mix treatment increased by 1.3 fold (p ≤ 0.001), and of carotenoids by 1.2 fold (p ≤ 0.01) compared with the control. After bacterial mix treatment, the length of the aerial parts of plants was 1.3 fold higher (p ≤ 0.001), and the number of stems 1.4 fold higher (p ≤ 0.05). The yield of potatoes was increased by 8.2 t/ha, while the large tuber fraction was increased by 16% (p ≤ 0.05). The bacteria mix of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens suppressed the plant pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani, and simultaneously enhanced the physiological parameters of potato plants. This treatment can be used to enhance the yield/quality of potato tubers under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislava S. Maslennikova
- Laboratory of Biological Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, Dobrolubova Str. 160, 630039 Novosibirsk, Russia; (V.S.M.)
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Microorganisms and Plants, Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Vera P. Tsvetkova
- Laboratory of Biological Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, Dobrolubova Str. 160, 630039 Novosibirsk, Russia; (V.S.M.)
| | - Evgenia V. Shelikhova
- Laboratory of Biological Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, Dobrolubova Str. 160, 630039 Novosibirsk, Russia; (V.S.M.)
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Microorganisms and Plants, Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Marina P. Selyuk
- Laboratory of Biological Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, Dobrolubova Str. 160, 630039 Novosibirsk, Russia; (V.S.M.)
| | - Tatyana Y. Alikina
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Marsel R. Kabilov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ivan M. Dubovskiy
- Laboratory of Biological Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, Dobrolubova Str. 160, 630039 Novosibirsk, Russia; (V.S.M.)
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Microorganisms and Plants, Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
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Su T, Wang W, Wang Z, Li P, Xin X, Yu Y, Zhang D, Zhao X, Wang J, Sun L, Jin G, Zhang F, Yu S. BrMYB108 confers resistance to Verticillium wilt by activating ROS generation in Brassica rapa. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112938. [PMID: 37552600 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing plant resistance to Verticillium wilt (VW), which causes massive losses of Brassica rapa crops, is a challenge worldwide. However, few causal genes for VW resistance have been identified by forward genetic approaches, resulting in limited application in breeding. We combine a genome-wide association study in a natural population and quantitative trait locus mapping in an F2 population and identify that the MYB transcription factor BrMYB108 regulates plant resistance to VW. A 179 bp insertion in the BrMYB108 promoter alters its expression pattern during Verticillium longisporum (VL) infection. High BrMYB108 expression leads to high VL resistance, which is confirmed by disease resistance tests using BrMYB108 overexpression and loss-of-function mutants. Furthermore, we verify that BrMYB108 confers VL resistance by regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation through binding to the promoters of respiratory burst oxidase genes (Rboh). A loss-of-function mutant of AtRbohF in Arabidopsis shows significant susceptibility to VL. Thus, BrMYB108 and its target ROS genes could be used as targets for genetic engineering for VL resistance of B. rapa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongbing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, China; National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasms Improvement, Beijing 100097, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing 100097, China
| | - Weihong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, China; National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasms Improvement, Beijing 100097, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing 100097, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, China; National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasms Improvement, Beijing 100097, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing 100097, China
| | - Peirong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, China; National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasms Improvement, Beijing 100097, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing 100097, China
| | - Xiaoyun Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, China; National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasms Improvement, Beijing 100097, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing 100097, China
| | - Yangjun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, China; National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasms Improvement, Beijing 100097, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing 100097, China
| | - Deshuang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, China; National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasms Improvement, Beijing 100097, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing 100097, China
| | - Xiuyun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, China; National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasms Improvement, Beijing 100097, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing 100097, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Liling Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Guihua Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Fenglan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, China; National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasms Improvement, Beijing 100097, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing 100097, China.
| | - Shuancang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, China; National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasms Improvement, Beijing 100097, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing 100097, China.
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6
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New J, Barsky D, Uhde-Stone C. ROS Consumers or Producers? Interpreting Transcriptomic Data by AlphaFold Modeling Provides Insights into Class III Peroxidase Functions in Response to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098297. [PMID: 37176003 PMCID: PMC10179425 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Participating in both biotic and abiotic stress responses, plant-specific class III peroxidases (PERs) show promise as candidates for crop improvement. The multigenic PER family is known to take part in diverse functions, such as lignin formation and defense against pathogens. Traditionally linked to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) consumption, PERs can also produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), essential in tissue development, pathogen defense and stress signaling. The amino acid sequences of both orthologues and paralogues of PERs are highly conserved, but discovering correlations between sequence differences and their functional diversity has proven difficult. By combining meta-analysis of transcriptomic data and sequence alignments, we discovered a correlation between three key amino acid positions and gene expression in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Phylogenetic analysis revealed evolutionary pressure on these amino acids toward stress responsiveness. Using AlphaFold modeling, we found unique interdomain and protein-heme interactions involving those key amino acids in stress-induced PERs. Plausibly, these structural interactions may act as "gate keepers" by preventing larger substrates from accessing the heme and thereby shifting PER function from consumption to the production of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- James New
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, East Bay, Hayward, CA 94542, USA
| | - Daniel Barsky
- Department of Physics, California State University, East Bay, Hayward, CA 94542, USA
| | - Claudia Uhde-Stone
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, East Bay, Hayward, CA 94542, USA
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7
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Spanò R, Fortunato S, Linsalata V, D’Antuono I, Cardinali A, de Pinto MC, Mascia T. Comparative Analysis of Bioactive Compounds in Two Globe Artichoke Ecotypes Sanitized and Non-Sanitized from Viral Infections. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1600. [PMID: 37111825 PMCID: PMC10145195 DOI: 10.3390/plants12081600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Globe artichoke ecotypes sanitized from plant pathogen infections are characterized by high vegetative vigor, productivity, and quality of capitula. The recent availability on the market of these plants has renewed the interest of farmers and pharmaceutical industries in the crop. Globe artichoke exhibits interesting nutraceutical properties due to the high content of health-promoting bioactive compounds (BACs), such as polyphenols, that could be extracted from waste biomass. The production of BACs depends on several factors including the plant portion considered, the globe artichoke variety/ecotype, and the physiological status of the plants, linked to biotic and abiotic stresses. We investigated the influence of viral infections on polyphenol accumulation in two Apulian late-flowering ecotypes "Locale di Mola tardivo" and "Troianella", comparing sanitized virus-free material (S) vs. naturally virus-infected (non-sanitized, NS) plants. Transcriptome analysis of the two ecotypes highlighted that differentially expressed genes (DEGs), in the two tested conditions, were mainly involved in primary metabolism and processing of genetic/environmental information. The up-regulation of the genes related to the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and the analysis of peroxidase activity suggested that their modulation is influenced by the phytosanitary status of the plant and is ecotype-dependent. Conversely, the phytochemical analysis showed a remarkable decrease in polyphenols and lignin accumulation in S artichokes compared to NS plants. This unique study analyzes the potential of growing vigorous, sanitized plants, in order to have high amounts of 'soft and clean' biomass, finalized for BAC extraction for nutraceutical purposes. This, in turn, opens new perspectives for a circular economy of sanitized artichokes, in line with the current phytosanitary standards and sustainable development goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Spanò
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Stefania Fortunato
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Linsalata
- Institute of Science of Foods Production (ISPA), CNR Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Isabella D’Antuono
- Institute of Science of Foods Production (ISPA), CNR Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Angela Cardinali
- Institute of Science of Foods Production (ISPA), CNR Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Concetta de Pinto
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Tiziana Mascia
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
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8
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Host plant physiological transformation and microbial population heterogeneity as important determinants of the Soft Rot Pectobacteriaceae-plant interactions. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 148-149:33-41. [PMID: 36621443 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Pectobacterium and Dickeya species belonging to the Soft Rot Pectobacteriaceae (SRP) are one of the most devastating phytopathogens. They degrade plant tissues by producing an arsenal of plant cell wall degrading enzymes. However, SRP-plant interactions are not restricted to the production of these "brute force" weapons. Additionally, these bacteria apply stealth behavior related to (1) manipulation of the host plant via induction of susceptible responses and (2) formation of heterogeneous populations with functionally specialized cells. Our review aims to summarize current knowledge on SRP-induced plant susceptible responses and on the heterogeneity of SRP populations. The review shows that SRP are capable of adjusting the host's hormonal balance, inducing host-mediated plant cell wall modification, promoting iron assimilation by the host, stimulating the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and host cell death, and activating the synthesis of secondary metabolites that are ineffective in limiting disease progression. By this means, SRP facilitate host plant susceptibility. During host colonization, SRP populations produce various functionally specialized cells adapted for enhanced virulence, increased resistance, motility, vegetative growth, or colonization of the vascular system. This enables SRP to perform self-contradictory tasks, which benefits a population's overall fitness in various environments, including host plants. Such stealthy tactical actions facilitate plant-SRP interactions and disease progression.
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9
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Guo Q, Wei R, Xu M, Yao W, Jiang J, Ma X, Qu G, Jiang T. Genome-wide analysis of HSF family and overexpression of PsnHSF21 confers salt tolerance in Populus simonii × P. nigra. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1160102. [PMID: 37200984 PMCID: PMC10187788 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1160102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock transcription factor (HSF) is an important TF that performs a dominant role in plant growth, development, and stress response network. In this study, we identified a total of 30 HSF members from poplar, which are unevenly distributed on 17 chromosomes. The poplar HSF family can be divided into three subfamilies, and the members of the same subfamily share relatively conserved domains and motifs. HSF family members are acidic and hydrophilic proteins that are located in the nucleus and mainly carry out gene expansion through segmental replication. In addition, they have rich collinearity across plant species. Based on RNA-Seq analysis, we explored the expression pattern of PtHSFs under salt stress. Subsequently, we cloned the significantly upregulated PtHSF21 gene and transformed it into Populus simonii × P. nigra. Under salt stress, the transgenic poplar overexpressing PtHSF21 had a better growth state and higher reactive oxygen scavenging ability. A yeast one-hybrid experiment indicated PtHSF21 could improve salt tolerance by specifically binding to the anti-stress cis-acting element HSE. This study comprehensively profiled the fundamental information of poplar HSF family members and their responses to salt stress and specifically verified the biological function of PtHSF21, which provides clues for understanding the molecular mechanism of poplar HSF members in response to salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineer, Heilongjiang University of Science and Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Ran Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Min Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenjing Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China/Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiahui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Xujun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Guanzheng Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Guanzheng Qu, ; Tingbo Jiang,
| | - Tingbo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Guanzheng Qu, ; Tingbo Jiang,
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Chavan SN, De Kesel J, Desmedt W, Degroote E, Singh RR, Nguyen GT, Demeestere K, De Meyer T, Kyndt T. Dehydroascorbate induces plant resistance in rice against root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:1303-1319. [PMID: 35587614 PMCID: PMC9366072 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (AsA) is an important antioxidant in plants and regulates various physiological processes. In this study, we show that exogenous treatments with the oxidized form of AsA, that is, dehydroascorbate (DHA), activates induced systemic resistance in rice against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola, and investigate the molecular and biochemical mechanisms underlying this phenotype. Detailed transcriptome analysis on roots of rice plants showed an early and robust transcriptional response on foliar DHA treatment, with induction of several genes related to plant stress responses, immunity, antioxidant activity, and secondary metabolism already at 1 day after treatment. Quantitative and qualitative evaluation of H2 O2 levels confirmed the appearance of a reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst on DHA treatment, both at the site of treatment and systemically. Experiments using chemical ROS inhibitors or scavengers confirmed that H2 O2 accumulation contributes to DHA-based induced resistance. Furthermore, hormone measurements in DHA-treated plants showed a significant systemic accumulation of the defence hormone salicylic acid (SA). The role of the SA pathway in DHA-based induced resistance was confirmed by nematode infection experiments using an SA-signalling deficient WRKY45-RNAi line and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR on SA marker genes. Our results collectively reveal that DHA activates induced systemic resistance in rice against the root-knot nematode M. graminicola, mediated through the production of ROS and activation of the SA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Namdeo Chavan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- ICAR – Indian Institute of Rice ResearchHyderabadIndia
| | - Jonas De Kesel
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Willem Desmedt
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Eva Degroote
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Richard Raj Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Department Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Giang Thu Nguyen
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Kristof Demeestere
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Tim De Meyer
- Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical ModellingGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Tina Kyndt
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
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11
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Oburger E, Schmidt H, Staudinger C. Harnessing belowground processes for sustainable intensification of agricultural systems. PLANT AND SOIL 2022; 478:177-209. [PMID: 36277079 PMCID: PMC9579094 DOI: 10.1007/s11104-022-05508-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Increasing food demand coupled with climate change pose a great challenge to agricultural systems. In this review we summarize recent advances in our knowledge of how plants, together with their associated microbiota, shape rhizosphere processes. We address (molecular) mechanisms operating at the plant-microbe-soil interface and aim to link this knowledge with actual and potential avenues for intensifying agricultural systems, while at the same time reducing irrigation water, fertilizer inputs and pesticide use. Combining in-depth knowledge about above and belowground plant traits will not only significantly advance our mechanistic understanding of involved processes but also allow for more informed decisions regarding agricultural practices and plant breeding. Including belowground plant-soil-microbe interactions in our breeding efforts will help to select crops resilient to abiotic and biotic environmental stresses and ultimately enable us to produce sufficient food in a more sustainable agriculture in the upcoming decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Oburger
- Department of Forest and Soil Science, Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenzstrasse 24, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Hannes Schmidt
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christiana Staudinger
- Department of Forest and Soil Science, Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenzstrasse 24, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama 1-7-1, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
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12
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Dora S, Terrett OM, Sánchez-Rodríguez C. Plant-microbe interactions in the apoplast: Communication at the plant cell wall. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1532-1550. [PMID: 35157079 PMCID: PMC9048882 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The apoplast is a continuous plant compartment that connects cells between tissues and organs and is one of the first sites of interaction between plants and microbes. The plant cell wall occupies most of the apoplast and is composed of polysaccharides and associated proteins and ions. This dynamic part of the cell constitutes an essential physical barrier and a source of nutrients for the microbe. At the same time, the plant cell wall serves important functions in the interkingdom detection, recognition, and response to other organisms. Thus, both plant and microbe modify the plant cell wall and its environment in versatile ways to benefit from the interaction. We discuss here crucial processes occurring at the plant cell wall during the contact and communication between microbe and plant. Finally, we argue that these local and dynamic changes need to be considered to fully understand plant-microbe interactions.
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13
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Eljebbawi A, Savelli B, Libourel C, Estevez JM, Dunand C. Class III Peroxidases in Response to Multiple Abiotic Stresses in Arabidopsis thaliana Pyrenean Populations. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073960. [PMID: 35409333 PMCID: PMC8999671 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Class III peroxidases constitute a plant-specific multigene family, where 73 genes have been identified in Arabidopsis thaliana. These genes are members of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulatory network in the whole plant, but more importantly, at the root level. In response to abiotic stresses such as cold, heat, and salinity, their expression is significantly modified. To learn more about their transcriptional regulation, an integrative phenotypic, genomic, and transcriptomic study was executed on the roots of A. thaliana Pyrenean populations. Initially, the root phenotyping highlighted 3 Pyrenean populations to be tolerant to cold (Eaux), heat (Herr), and salt (Grip) stresses. Then, the RNA-seq analyses on these three populations, in addition to Col-0, displayed variations in CIII Prxs expression under stressful treatments and between different genotypes. Consequently, several CIII Prxs were particularly upregulated in the tolerant populations, suggesting novel and specific roles of these genes in plant tolerance against abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Eljebbawi
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, INP, 31326 Toulouse, France; (A.E.); (B.S.); (C.L.)
| | - Bruno Savelli
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, INP, 31326 Toulouse, France; (A.E.); (B.S.); (C.L.)
| | - Cyril Libourel
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, INP, 31326 Toulouse, France; (A.E.); (B.S.); (C.L.)
| | - José Manuel Estevez
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina;
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago CP 8370146, Chile
- ANID—Millennium Science Initiative Program—Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio) Millennium Nucleus for the Development of Super Adaptable Plants (MN-SAP), Santiago CP 8370146, Chile
| | - Christophe Dunand
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, INP, 31326 Toulouse, France; (A.E.); (B.S.); (C.L.)
- Correspondence:
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14
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Song H, Chen F, Wu X, Hu M, Geng Q, Ye M, Zhang C, Jiang L, Cao S. MNB1 gene is involved in regulating the iron-deficiency stress response in Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:151. [PMID: 35346040 PMCID: PMC8961904 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03553-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron (Fe) is an essential mineral element that involves in many biological processes important for most plants growth and development. Fe-deficiency induces a complex series of responses in plants, involving physiological and developmental changes, to increase Fe uptake from soil. However, the molecular mechanism involved in plant Fe-deficiency is not well understood. RESULTS Here, we found that the MNB1 (mannose-binding-lectin 1) gene is involved in the regulation of Fe-deficiency stress response in Arabidopsis thaliana. The expression abundance of MNB1 was inhibited by Fe-deficiency stress. Knockout of MNB1 led to enhanced Fe accumulation and tolerance, whereas the MNB1-overexpressing plants were sensitive to Fe-deficiency stress. Under conditions of normal and Fe-deficiency, lower H2O2 concentrations were detected in mnb1 mutant plants compared to wild type. On the contrary, higher H2O2 concentrations were found in MNB1-overexpressing plants, which was negatively correlated with malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Furthermore, in mnb1 mutants, the transcription level of the Fe uptake- and translocation-related genes, FIT, IRT1, FRO2, ZIF, FRD3, NAS4, PYE and MYB72, were considerably elevated during Fe-deficiency stress, resulting in enhanced Fe uptake and translocation, thereby increasing Fe accumulation. CONCLUSIONS Together, our findings show that the MNB1 gene negatively controls the Fe-deficiency response in Arabidopsis via modulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and the ROS-mediated signaling pathway, thereby affecting the expression of Fe uptake- and translocation-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Song
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Feng Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Xi Wu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Min Hu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Qingliu Geng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Min Ye
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Li Jiang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.
| | - Shuqing Cao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.
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15
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Endophytic Bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa PM389 Subsists Host’s (Triticum aestivum) Immune Response for Gaining Entry Inside the Host. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.15.4.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to compare the defense response of the host plant towards endophytic bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa PM389 and pathogenic bacteria Erwinia carotovora and to correlate the level of defense enzymes vis-a-vis bacterial colonization in the host. Wheat seedlings were treated with 107-108 cells ml-1 endophytic and pathogenic bacteria in the separate experimental set-up, and the level of plant defense enzyme was measured at various time intervals. Comparatively reduced level of most defense enzymes was produced in endophytic bacteria treated plants. While the endophytic bacterial population was almost constant after 24 HAI (hour after inoculation), the population of pathogenic bacteria kept fluctuating during the study period from 24 HAI. Unlike pathogenic bacteria, we observed attenuated defense response in challenged host plants towards endophytic bacteria, which helps endophytes establish inside plant. This study would be useful for understanding the mechanism of colonization and strategies of endophytes to fight against the host defense response.
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16
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Gorshkov V, Tsers I. Plant susceptible responses: the underestimated side of plant-pathogen interactions. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 97:45-66. [PMID: 34435443 PMCID: PMC9291929 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Plant susceptibility to pathogens is usually considered from the perspective of the loss of resistance. However, susceptibility cannot be equated with plant passivity since active host cooperation may be required for the pathogen to propagate and cause disease. This cooperation consists of the induction of reactions called susceptible responses that transform a plant from an autonomous biological unit into a component of a pathosystem. Induced susceptibility is scarcely discussed in the literature (at least compared to induced resistance) although this phenomenon has a fundamental impact on plant-pathogen interactions and disease progression. This review aims to summarize current knowledge on plant susceptible responses and their regulation. We highlight two main categories of susceptible responses according to their consequences and indicate the relevance of susceptible response-related studies to agricultural practice. We hope that this review will generate interest in this underestimated aspect of plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Gorshkov
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, 420111, Russia.,Laboratory of Plant Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, 420111, Russia
| | - Ivan Tsers
- Laboratory of Plant Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, 420111, Russia
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17
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Bleau JR, Spoel SH. Selective redox signaling shapes plant-pathogen interactions. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:53-65. [PMID: 33793940 PMCID: PMC8154045 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A review of recent progress in understanding the mechanisms whereby plants utilize selective and reversible redox signaling to establish immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade R Bleau
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Steven H Spoel
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
- Author for communication:
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18
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Singh Y, Nair AM, Verma PK. Surviving the odds: From perception to survival of fungal phytopathogens under host-generated oxidative burst. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 2:100142. [PMID: 34027389 PMCID: PMC8132124 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Fungal phytopathogens pose a serious threat to global crop production. Only a handful of strategies are available to combat these fungal infections, and the increasing incidence of fungicide resistance is making the situation worse. Hence, the molecular understanding of plant-fungus interactions remains a primary focus of plant pathology. One of the hallmarks of host-pathogen interactions is the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a plant defense mechanism, collectively termed the oxidative burst. In general, high accumulation of ROS restricts the growth of pathogenic organisms by causing localized cell death around the site of infection. To survive the oxidative burst and achieve successful host colonization, fungal phytopathogens employ intricate mechanisms for ROS perception, ROS neutralization, and protection from ROS-mediated damage. Together, these countermeasures maintain the physiological redox homeostasis that is essential for cell viability. In addition to intracellular antioxidant systems, phytopathogenic fungi also deploy interesting effector-mediated mechanisms for extracellular ROS modulation. This aspect of plant-pathogen interactions is significantly under-studied and provides enormous scope for future research. These adaptive responses, broadly categorized into "escape" and "exploitation" mechanisms, are poorly understood. In this review, we discuss the oxidative stress response of filamentous fungi, their perception signaling, and recent insights that provide a comprehensive understanding of the distinct survival mechanisms of fungal pathogens in response to the host-generated oxidative burst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeshveer Singh
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Athira Mohandas Nair
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Praveen Kumar Verma
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
- Corresponding author
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19
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Arya M, Prakash S, Sougrakpam Y, Deswal R. Brassica juncea leaf cuticle proteome analysis shows myrosinase protein, antifreeze activity, and post-translationally modified secretory proteins. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 161:234-247. [PMID: 33647583 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant cuticle, the site of perception of stress signals, is an extracellular hydrophobic barrier that covers the epidermis of the above-ground parts. This lipidic layer has been explored for its cutin and wax composition. However, reports on the cuticle proteins are scanty. Therefore, leaf cuticle proteins of Brassica juncea isolated using organic solvents (chloroform-methanol, 2:1(v/v)) were analyzed using gel based and quantitative shotgun proteomics. Out of 615 proteins identified, 27% (169) had signal peptides supporting extracellular localization. Bioinformatics tool, QuickGO predicted the involvement of these proteins in catabolism (21%), peptidase activity (13%), oxidoreductase (12%), defense response (9%), fatty acid binding (9%), nutrient reservoir activity (8%), chitin binding (7%) and lipid transport (2%). Myrosinase-catalyzed glucosinolate hydrolysis releases bioactive compounds, which contribute to plant defense. This system is termed as "mustard oil bomb". Myrosinase and its associating protein, GDSL esterase/lipase ESM1 (involved in cuticle structuring and defense) were detected in the cuticle. GDSL-esterase/lipase ESM1 and β-glucanase (an antifreeze protein) showed in vitro activity. Analysis of cuticle extract by nanoliter osmometer-phase contrast microscopy detected antifreeze activity due to non-protein component. Post-translational modification analysis using PTM viewer predicted N-glycosylation (66%), N-terminal proteolysis (40%), and phosphorylation (32%) to be the dominant modification in the classical secretory proteins. N-glycosylation of myrosinase and GDSL esterase/lipase, ESM1 was confirmed by Con A affinoblotting. This study not only identified leaf cuticle proteins, but also laid the foundation for exploring the extracellular glucosinolate-myrosinase system, PTM crosstalk, and antifreeze activity as stress adaptive strategies in B. juncea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Arya
- Molecular Physiology and Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
| | - Satya Prakash
- Molecular Physiology and Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
| | - Yaiphabi Sougrakpam
- Molecular Physiology and Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
| | - Renu Deswal
- Molecular Physiology and Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
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20
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Dong BZ, Zhu XQ, Fan J, Guo LY. The Cutinase Bdo_10846 Play an Important Role in the Virulence of Botryosphaeria dothidea and in Inducing the Wart Symptom on Apple Plant. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041910. [PMID: 33673023 PMCID: PMC7918748 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Botryosphaeria dothidea is a pathogen with worldwide distribution, infecting hundreds of species of economically important woody plants. It infects and causes various symptoms on apple plants, including wart and canker on branches, twigs, and stems. However, the mechanism of warts formation is unclear. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of wart formation by observing the transection ultrastructure of the inoculated cortical tissues at various time points of the infection process and detecting the expression of genes related to the pathogen pathogenicity and plant defense response. Results revealed that wart induced by B. dothidea consisted of proliferous of phelloderm cells, the newly formed secondary phellem, and the suberized phelloderm cells surrounding the invading mycelia. The qRT-PCR analysis revealed the significant upregulation of apple pathogenesis-related and suberification-related genes and a pathogen cutinase gene Bdo_10846. The Bdo_10846 knockout transformants showed reduced cutinase activity and decreased virulence. Transient expression of Bdo_10846 in Nicotiana benthamiana induced ROS burst, callose formation, the resistance of N. benthamiana to Botrytis cinerea, and significant upregulation of the plant pathogenesis-related and suberification-related genes. Additionally, the enzyme activity is essential for the induction. Virus-induced gene silencing demonstrated that the NbBAK1 and NbSOBIR1 expression were required for the Bdo_10846 induced defense response in N. benthamiana. These results revealed the mechanism of wart formation induced by B. dothidea invasion and the important roles of the cutinase Bdo_10846 in pathogen virulence and in inducing plant immunity.
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21
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Adeel Zafar S, Uzair M, Ramzan Khan M, Patil SB, Fang J, Zhao J, Lata Singla‐Pareek S, Pareek A, Li X. DPS1
regulates cuticle development and leaf senescence in rice. Food Energy Secur 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Syed Adeel Zafar
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement Institute of Crop Sciences Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing China
| | - Muhammad Uzair
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement Institute of Crop Sciences Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing China
| | - Muhammad Ramzan Khan
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology National Agricultural Research Centre Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Suyash B. Patil
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement Institute of Crop Sciences Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing China
| | - Jingjing Fang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement Institute of Crop Sciences Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing China
| | - Jinfeng Zhao
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement Institute of Crop Sciences Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing China
| | - Sneh Lata Singla‐Pareek
- Plant Stress BiologyInternational Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology New Delhi India
| | - Ashwani Pareek
- Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory School of Life Sciences Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi India
| | - Xueyong Li
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement Institute of Crop Sciences Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing China
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22
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Vuorinen K, Zamora O, Vaahtera L, Overmyer K, Brosché M. Dissecting Contrasts in Cell Death, Hormone, and Defense Signaling in Response to Botrytis cinerea and Reactive Oxygen Species. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:75-87. [PMID: 33006531 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-20-0202-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants require interaction between signaling pathways to differentiate and integrate stress responses and deploy appropriate defenses. The hormones ethylene, salicylic acid (SA), and jasmonic acid (JA) are important regulators of plant defenses. Numerous interactions between these signaling pathways are the cornerstone of robust plant immunity. Additionally, during the early response to pathogens, reactive oxygen species (ROS) act as signaling molecules. Here, we examined the extent of signal interaction in the early stages of Botrytis cinerea infection. To enable a comparison between B. cinerea infection with ROS signaling, we subjected plants to ozone treatment, which stimulates an apoplastic ROS burst. We used a collection of single, double, and triple signaling mutants defective in hormone signaling and biosynthesis and subjected them to B. cinerea infection and ozone treatment at different timepoints. We examined lesion size, cell death, and gene expression (both quantitatively and spatially). The two treatments shared many similarities, especially in JA-insensitive mutants, which were sensitive to both treatments. Unexpectedly, a B. cinerea-susceptible JA-insensitive mutant (coi1), became tolerant when both SA biosynthesis and signaling was impaired (coi1 npr1 sid2), demonstrating that JA responses may be under the control of SA. Extensive marker gene analysis indicated JA as the main regulator of both B. cinerea and ozone defenses. In addition, we identified the transcription factor SR1 as a crucial regulator of PLANT DEFENSIN expression and cell-death regulation, which contributes to resistance to B. cinerea. Overall, our work further defines the context of ROS in plant defense signaling.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katariina Vuorinen
- Viikki Plant Science Centre and Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00013 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olena Zamora
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Lauri Vaahtera
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kirk Overmyer
- Viikki Plant Science Centre and Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00013 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikael Brosché
- Viikki Plant Science Centre and Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00013 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
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23
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Lorrai R, Francocci F, Gully K, Martens HJ, De Lorenzo G, Nawrath C, Ferrari S. Impaired Cuticle Functionality and Robust Resistance to Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis thaliana Plants With Altered Homogalacturonan Integrity Are Dependent on the Class III Peroxidase AtPRX71. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:696955. [PMID: 34484262 PMCID: PMC8415794 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.696955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Pectin is a major cell wall component that plays important roles in plant development and response to environmental stresses. Arabidopsis thaliana plants expressing a fungal polygalacturonase (PG plants) that degrades homogalacturonan (HG), a major pectin component, as well as loss-of-function mutants for QUASIMODO2 (QUA2), encoding a putative pectin methyltransferase important for HG biosynthesis, show accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reduced growth and almost complete resistance to the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Both PG and qua2 plants show increased expression of the class III peroxidase AtPRX71 that contributes to their elevated ROS levels and reduced growth. In this work, we show that leaves of PG and qua2 plants display greatly increased cuticle permeability. Both increased cuticle permeability and resistance to B. cinerea in qua2 are suppressed by loss of AtPRX71. Increased cuticle permeability in qua2, rather than on defects in cuticle ultrastructure or cutin composition, appears to be dependent on reduced epidermal cell adhesion, which is exacerbated by AtPRX71, and is suppressed by the esmeralda1 mutation, which also reverts the adhesion defect and the resistant phenotype. Increased cuticle permeability, accumulation of ROS, and resistance to B. cinerea are also observed in mutants lacking a functional FERONIA, a receptor-like kinase thought to monitor pectin integrity. In contrast, mutants with defects in other structural components of primary cell wall do not have a defective cuticle and are normally susceptible to the fungus. Our results suggest that disrupted cuticle integrity, mediated by peroxidase-dependent ROS accumulation, plays a major role in the robust resistance to B. cinerea of plants with altered HG integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Lorrai
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Fedra Francocci
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Kay Gully
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Helle J. Martens
- Section for Forest, Nature and Biomass, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Giulia De Lorenzo
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Christiane Nawrath
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Simone Ferrari
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Simone Ferrari,
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Wei X, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Xie Z, Hossain MR, Yang S, Shi G, Lv Y, Wang Z, Tian B, Su H, Wei F, Zhang X, Yuan Y. Root Transcriptome and Metabolome Profiling Reveal Key Phytohormone-Related Genes and Pathways Involved Clubroot Resistance in Brassica rapa L. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:759623. [PMID: 34975941 PMCID: PMC8715091 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.759623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodiophora brassicae, an obligate biotrophic pathogen-causing clubroot disease, can seriously affect Brassica crops worldwide, especially Chinese cabbage. Understanding the transcriptome and metabolome profiling changes during the infection of P. brassicae will provide key insights in understanding the defense mechanism in Brassica crops. In this study, we estimated the phytohormones using targeted metabolome assays and transcriptomic changes using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) in the roots of resistant (BrT24) and susceptible (Y510-9) plants at 0, 3, 9, and 20 days after inoculation (DAI) with P. brassicae. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in resistant vs. susceptible lines across different time points were identified. The weighted gene co-expression network analysis of the DEGs revealed six pathways including "Plant-pathogen interaction" and "Plant hormone signal transduction" and 15 hub genes including pathogenic type III effector avirulence factor gene (RIN4) and auxin-responsive protein (IAA16) to be involved in plants immune response. Inhibition of Indoleacetic acid, cytokinin, jasmonate acid, and salicylic acid contents and changes in related gene expression in R-line may play important roles in regulation of clubroot resistance (CR). Based on the combined metabolome profiling and hormone-related transcriptomic responses, we propose a general model of hormone-mediated defense mechanism. This study definitely enhances our current understanding and paves the way for improving CR in Brassica rapa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Wei
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Graduate T&R Base of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Improvement, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Graduate T&R Base of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Improvement, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Graduate T&R Base of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhengqing Xie
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Improvement, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mohammad Rashed Hossain
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Shuangjuan Yang
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Graduate T&R Base of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gongyao Shi
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Improvement, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanyan Lv
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Graduate T&R Base of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Improvement, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Graduate T&R Base of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Baoming Tian
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Improvement, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Henan Su
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Graduate T&R Base of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fang Wei
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Graduate T&R Base of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Improvement, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Fang Wei,
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Graduate T&R Base of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Xiaowei Zhang,
| | - Yuxiang Yuan
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Graduate T&R Base of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Yuxiang Yuan,
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25
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Akbar S, Wei Y, Yuan Y, Khan MT, Qin L, Powell CA, Chen B, Zhang M. Gene expression profiling of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defense system following Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) infection. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:532. [PMID: 33228528 PMCID: PMC7685628 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02737-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viruses are infectious pathogens, and plant virus epidemics can have devastating consequences to crop yield and quality. Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV, belonging to family Potyviridae) is one of the leading pathogens that affect the sugarcane crop every year. To combat the pathogens' attack, plants generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) as the first line of defense whose sophisticated balance is achieved through well-organized antioxidant scavenging pathways. RESULTS In this study, we investigated the changes occurring at the transcriptomic level of ROS associated and ROS detoxification pathways of SCMV resistant (B-48) and susceptible (Badila) sugarcane genotypes, using Saccharum spontaneum L. genome assembly as a reference genome. Transcriptomic data highlighted the significant upregulation of ROS producing genes such as NADH oxidase, malate dehydrogenase and flavin-binding monooxygenase, in Badila genotype after SCMV pathogenicity. To scavenge the ROS, the Badila genotype illustrated a substantial enhancement of antioxidants i.e. glutathione s-transferase (GST), as compared to its resistant counterpart. GST is supposed to be a key indicator of pathogen attacks on the plant. A remarkably lower GST expression in B-48, as compared to Badila, indicated the development of resistance in this genotype. Additionally, we characterized the critical transcription factors (TFs) involved in endowing resistance to B-48. Among these, WRKY, AP2, NAC, bZIP, and bHLH showed enhanced expression in the B-48 genotype. Our results also confirmed the linkage of transcriptomic data with the enzymatic and qPCR data. The estimation of enzymatic activities for superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase supported the transcriptomic data and evinced higher resistance in B-48 genotype. CONCLUSION The current study supported the efficiency of the B-48 genotype under SCMV infection. Moreover, comparative transcriptomic data has been presented to highlight the role of significant transcription factors conferring resistance to this genotype. This study provides an in-depth knowledge of the expression profiling of defense mechanisms in sugarcane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehrish Akbar
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Agro Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Yao Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Agro Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Agro Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | | | - Lifang Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Agro Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | | | - Baoshan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Agro Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Muqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Agro Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China.
- IRREC-IFAS, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL, 34945, USA.
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Yang Y, Wang X, Chen P, Zhou K, Xue W, Abid K, Chen S. Redox Status, JA and ET Signaling Pathway Regulating Responses to Botrytis cinerea Infection Between the Resistant Cucumber Genotype and Its Susceptible Mutant. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:559070. [PMID: 33101327 PMCID: PMC7546314 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.559070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is an important necrotrophic fungal pathogen with a broad host range and the ability to causing great economic losses in cucumber. However, the resistance mechanism against this pathogen in cucumber was not well understood. In this study, the microscopic observation of the spore growth, redox status measurements and transcriptome analysis were carried out after Botrytis cinerea infection in the resistant genotype No.26 and its susceptible mutant 26M. Results revealed shorter hypha, lower rate of spore germination, less acceleration of H2O2, O2 -, and lower total glutathione content (GSH+GSSG) in No.26 than that in 26M, which were identified by the staining result of DAB and NBT. Transcriptome data showed that after pathogen infection, a total of 3901 and 789 different expression genes (DEGs) were identified in No.26 and 26M respectively. These DEGs were highly enriched in redox regulation pathway, hormone signaling pathway and plant-pathogen interaction pathway. The glutathione S-transferase genes, putative peroxidase gene, and NADPH oxidase were up-regulated in No.26 whereas these genes changed little in 26M after Botrytis cinerea infection. Jasmonic acid and ethylene biosynthesis and signaling pathways were distinctively activated in No.26 comparing with 26M upon infection. Much more plant defense related genes including mitogen-activated protein kinases, calmodulin, calmodulin-like protein, calcium-dependent protein kinase, and WRKY transcription factor were induced in No.26 than 26M after pathogen infection. Finally, a model was established which elucidated the resistance difference between resistant cucumber genotype and susceptible mutant after B. cinerea infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Yang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, China
| | - Xuewei Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, China
| | - Panpan Chen
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, China
| | - Keke Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, China
| | - Wanyu Xue
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, China
| | - Kan Abid
- Department of Horticulture, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Shuxia Chen
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling, China
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Farvardin A, González-Hernández AI, Llorens E, García-Agustín P, Scalschi L, Vicedo B. The Apoplast: A Key Player in Plant Survival. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E604. [PMID: 32664231 PMCID: PMC7402137 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9070604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The apoplast comprises the intercellular space, the cell walls, and the xylem. Important functions for the plant, such as nutrient and water transport, cellulose synthesis, and the synthesis of molecules involved in plant defense against both biotic and abiotic stresses, take place in it. The most important molecules are ROS, antioxidants, proteins, and hormones. Even though only a small quantity of ROS is localized within the apoplast, apoplastic ROS have an important role in plant development and plant responses to various stress conditions. In the apoplast, like in the intracellular cell compartments, a specific set of antioxidants can be found that can detoxify the different types of ROS produced in it. These scavenging ROS components confer stress tolerance and avoid cellular damage. Moreover, the production and accumulation of proteins and peptides in the apoplast take place in response to various stresses. Hormones are also present in the apoplast where they perform important functions. In addition, the apoplast is also the space where microbe-associated molecular Patterns (MAMPs) are secreted by pathogens. In summary, the diversity of molecules found in the apoplast highlights its importance in the survival of plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Farvardin
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I de Castellón, Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071 Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Ana Isabel González-Hernández
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I de Castellón, Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071 Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Eugenio Llorens
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I de Castellón, Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071 Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Pilar García-Agustín
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I de Castellón, Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071 Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Loredana Scalschi
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I de Castellón, Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071 Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Begonya Vicedo
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I de Castellón, Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071 Castellón de la Plana, Spain
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28
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Bauer S, Mekonnen DW, Geist B, Lange B, Ghirardo A, Zhang W, Schäffner AR. The isoleucic acid triad: distinct impacts on plant defense, root growth, and formation of reactive oxygen species. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:4258-4270. [PMID: 32227083 PMCID: PMC7448199 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Isoleucic acid (ILA), a branched-chain amino acid-related 2-hydroxycarboxylic acid, occurs ubiquitously in plants. It enhances pathogen resistance and inhibits root growth of Arabidopsis. The salicylic acid (SA) glucosyltransferase UGT76B1 is able to conjugate ILA. Here, we investigate the role of ILA in planta in Arabidopsis and reveal a triad of distinct responses to this small molecule. ILA synergistically co-operates with SA to activate SA-responsive gene expression and resistance in a UGT76B1-dependent manner in agreement with the observed competitive ILA-dependent repression of SA glucosylation by UGT76B1. However, ILA also shows an SA-independent stress response. Nitroblue tetrazolium staining and pharmacological experiments indicate that ILA induces superoxide formation of the wild type and of an SA-deficient (NahG sid2) line. In contrast, the inhibitory effect of ILA on root growth is independent of both SA and superoxide induction. These effects of ILA are specific and distinct from its isomeric compound leucic acid and from the amino acid isoleucine. Leucic acid and isoleucine do not induce expression of defense marker genes or superoxide production, whereas both compounds inhibit root growth. All three responses to ILA are also observed in Brassica napus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibylle Bauer
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
| | - Dereje W Mekonnen
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
| | - Birgit Geist
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
| | - Birgit Lange
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
| | - Andrea Ghirardo
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Environmental Simulation Unit, Department of Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
| | - Anton R Schäffner
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
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29
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Zafar SA, Patil SB, Uzair M, Fang J, Zhao J, Guo T, Yuan S, Uzair M, Luo Q, Shi J, Schreiber L, Li X. DEGENERATED PANICLE AND PARTIAL STERILITY 1 (DPS1) encodes a cystathionine β-synthase domain containing protein required for anther cuticle and panicle development in rice. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:356-375. [PMID: 31433495 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Degeneration of apical spikelets and reduced panicle fertility are common reasons for low seed-setting rate in rice (Oryza sativa). However, little is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms. Here, we report a novel degenerated panicle and partial sterility 1 (dps1) mutant that showed panicle apical degeneration and reduced fertility in middle spikelets. dps1 plants were characterized by small whitish anthers with altered cuticle morphology and absence of pollen grains. Amounts of cuticular wax and cutin were significantly reduced in dps1 anthers. Panicles of dps1 plants showed an accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lower antioxidant activity, and increased programmed cell death. Map-based cloning revealed that DPS1 encodes a mitochondrial-localized protein containing a cystathionine β-synthase domain that showed the highest expression in panicles and anthers. DPS1 physically interacted with mitochondrial thioredoxin proteins Trx1 and Trx20, and it participated in ROS scavenging. Global gene expression analysis in dps1 revealed that biological processes related to fatty acid metabolism and ROS homeostasis were significantly affected, and the expression of key genes involved in wax and cutin biosynthesis were downregulated. These results suggest that DPS1 plays a vital role in regulating ROS homeostasis, anther cuticle formation, and panicle development in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Adeel Zafar
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Suyash B Patil
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Muhammad Uzair
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jingjing Fang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jinfeng Zhao
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Tingting Guo
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | | | - Muhammad Uzair
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Qian Luo
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jianxin Shi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Lukas Schreiber
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Bonn, D-53115, Germany
| | - Xueyong Li
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
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30
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Geng G, Lv C, Stevanato P, Li R, Liu H, Yu L, Wang Y. Transcriptome Analysis of Salt-Sensitive and Tolerant Genotypes Reveals Salt-Tolerance Metabolic Pathways in Sugar Beet. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235910. [PMID: 31775274 PMCID: PMC6928841 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil salinization is a common environmental problem that seriously affects the yield and quality of crops. Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), one of the main sugar crops in the world, shows a strong tolerance to salt stress. To decipher the molecular mechanism of sugar beet under salt stress, we conducted transcriptomic analyses of two contrasting sugar beet genotypes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comparison of salt-response transcriptomes in sugar beet with contrasting genotypes. Compared to the salt-sensitive cultivar (S710), the salt-tolerant one (T710MU) showed better growth and exhibited a higher chlorophyll content, higher antioxidant enzyme activity, and increased levels of osmotic adjustment molecules. Based on a high-throughput experimental system, 1714 differentially expressed genes were identified in the leaves of the salt-sensitive genotype, and 2912 in the salt-tolerant one. Many of the differentially expressed genes were involved in stress and defense responses, metabolic processes, signal transduction, transport processes, and cell wall synthesis. Moreover, expression patterns of several genes differed between the two cultivars in response to salt stress, and several key pathways involved in determining the salt tolerance of sugar beet, were identified. Our results revealed the mechanism of salt tolerance in sugar beet and provided potential metabolic pathways and gene markers for growing salt-tolerant cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui Geng
- Key Laboratory of Sugar Beet Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, Crop Academy of Heilongjiang University, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China; (G.G.); (L.Y.)
- Heilongjiang Sugar beet Center of Technology Innovation, Crop Academy of Heilongjiang University, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region, College of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China; (C.L.); (R.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Chunhua Lv
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region, College of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China; (C.L.); (R.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Piergiorgio Stevanato
- DAFNAE, Dipartimento di Agronomia, Animali, Alimenti, Risorse Naturali e Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, Legnaro, 35020 Padova, Italy;
| | - Renren Li
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region, College of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China; (C.L.); (R.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Hui Liu
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region, College of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China; (C.L.); (R.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Lihua Yu
- Key Laboratory of Sugar Beet Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, Crop Academy of Heilongjiang University, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China; (G.G.); (L.Y.)
- Heilongjiang Sugar beet Center of Technology Innovation, Crop Academy of Heilongjiang University, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Yuguang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sugar Beet Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, Crop Academy of Heilongjiang University, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China; (G.G.); (L.Y.)
- Heilongjiang Sugar beet Center of Technology Innovation, Crop Academy of Heilongjiang University, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0451-8660-9753
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31
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On the Origin and Fate of Reactive Oxygen Species in Plant Cell Compartments. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8040105. [PMID: 30999668 PMCID: PMC6523537 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8040105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been recognized as important signaling compounds of major importance in a number of developmental and physiological processes in plants. The existence of cellular compartments enables efficient redox compartmentalization and ensures proper functioning of ROS-dependent signaling pathways. Similar to other organisms, the production of individual ROS in plant cells is highly localized and regulated by compartment-specific enzyme pathways on transcriptional and post-translational level. ROS metabolism and signaling in specific compartments are greatly affected by their chemical interactions with other reactive radical species, ROS scavengers and antioxidant enzymes. A dysregulation of the redox status, as a consequence of induced ROS generation or decreased capacity of their removal, occurs in plants exposed to diverse stress conditions. During stress condition, strong induction of ROS-generating systems or attenuated ROS scavenging can lead to oxidative or nitrosative stress conditions, associated with potential damaging modifications of cell biomolecules. Here, we present an overview of compartment-specific pathways of ROS production and degradation and mechanisms of ROS homeostasis control within plant cell compartments.
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Deep Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Network Evolution, Response to Abiotic Stress, and Regulation of Fiber Development in Cotton. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081863. [PMID: 30991750 PMCID: PMC6514600 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important molecules in the plant, which are involved in many biological processes, including fiber development and adaptation to abiotic stress in cotton. We carried out transcription analysis to determine the evolution of the ROS genes and analyzed their expression levels in various tissues of cotton plant under abiotic stress conditions. There were 515, 260, and 261 genes of ROS network that were identified in Gossypium hirsutum (AD1 genome), G. arboreum (A genome), and G. raimondii (D genome), respectively. The ROS network genes were found to be distributed in all the cotton chromosomes, but with a tendency of aggregating on either the lower or upper arms of the chromosomes. Moreover, all the cotton ROS network genes were grouped into 17 families as per the phylogenetic tress analysis. A total of 243 gene pairs were orthologous in G. arboreum and G. raimondii. There were 240 gene pairs that were orthologous in G. arboreum, G. raimondii, and G. hirsutum. The synonymous substitution value (Ks) peaks of orthologous gene pairs between the At subgenome and the A progenitor genome (G. arboreum), D subgenome and D progenitor genome (G. raimondii) were 0.004 and 0.015, respectively. The Ks peaks of ROS network orthologous gene pairs between the two progenitor genomes (A and D genomes) and two subgenomes (At and Dt subgenome) were 0.045. The majority of Ka/Ks value of orthologous gene pairs between the A, D genomes and two subgenomes of TM-1 were lower than 1.0. RNA seq. analysis and RT-qPCR validation, showed that, CSD1,2,3,5,6; FSD1,2; MSD1,2; APX3,11; FRO5.6; and RBOH6 played a major role in fiber development while CSD1, APX1, APX2, MDAR1, GPX4-6-7, FER2, RBOH6, RBOH11, and FRO5 were integral for enhancing salt stress in cotton. ROS network-mediated signal pathway enhances the mechanism of fiber development and regulation of abiotic stress in Gossypium. This study will enhance the understanding of ROS network and form the basic foundation in exploring the mechanism of ROS network-involving the fiber development and regulation of abiotic stress in cotton.
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Yu Y, Shi J, Li X, Liu J, Geng Q, Shi H, Ke Y, Sun Q. Transcriptome analysis reveals the molecular mechanisms of the defense response to gray leaf spot disease in maize. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:742. [PMID: 30305015 PMCID: PMC6180411 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5072-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gray leaf spot (GLS), which is caused by the necrotrophic fungi Cercospora zeae-maydis and Cercospora zeina, is one of the most impactful diseases in maize worldwide. The aim of the present study is to identify the resistance genes and understand the molecular mechanisms for GLS resistance. RESULTS Two cultivars, 'Yayu889' and 'Zhenghong532,' which are distinguished as resistant and susceptible cultivars, respectively, were challenged with the GLS disease and a RNA-seq experiment was conducted on infected plants at 81, 89, 91, and 93 days post planting (dap). Compared with the beginning stage at 81 dap, 4666, 1733, and 1166 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified at 89, 91, and 93 dap, respectively, in 'Yayu889,' while relatively fewer, i.e., 4713, 881, and 722 DEGs, were identified in 'Zhenghong532.' Multiple pathways involved in the response of maize to GLS, including 'response to salicylic acid,' 'protein phosphorylation,' 'oxidation-reduction process,' and 'carotenoid biosynthetic process,' were enriched by combining differential expression analysis and Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA). The expression of 12 candidate resistance proteins in these pathways were quantified by the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) method. This approach identified two candidate resistance proteins, a calmodulin-like protein and a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase with SNPs that were located in QTL regions for GLS resistance. Metabolic analysis showed that, compared with 'Zhenghong532,' the amount of salicylic acid (SA) and total carotenoids in 'Yayu889' increased, while peroxidase activity decreased during the early infection stages, suggesting that increased levels of SA, carotenoids, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) may enhance the defense response of 'Yayu889' to GLS. CONCLUSION By combining transcriptome and proteome analyses with comparisons of resistance QTL regions, calmodulin-like protein and leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase were identified as candidate GLS resistance proteins. Moreover, we found that the metabolic pathways for ROS, SA, and carotenoids are especially active in the resistant cultivar. These findings could lead to a better understanding of the GLS resistance mechanisms and facilitate the breeding of GLS-resistant maize cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianyang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Geng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haichun Shi
- Agronomy College, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu, Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongpei Ke
- Agronomy College, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu, Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Qun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
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Blanc C, Coluccia F, L'Haridon F, Torres M, Ortiz-Berrocal M, Stahl E, Reymond P, Schreiber L, Nawrath C, Métraux JP, Serrano M. The Cuticle Mutant eca2 Modifies Plant Defense Responses to Biotrophic and Necrotrophic Pathogens and Herbivory Insects. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:344-355. [PMID: 29130376 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-17-0181-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We isolated previously several Arabidopsis thaliana mutants with constitutive expression of the early microbe-associated molecular pattern-induced gene ATL2, named eca (expresión constitutiva de ATL2). Here, we further explored the interaction of eca mutants with pest and pathogens. Of all eca mutants, eca2 was more resistant to a fungal pathogen (Botrytis cinerea) and a bacterial pathogen (Pseudomonas syringae) as well as to a generalist herbivorous insect (Spodoptera littoralis). Permeability of the cuticle is increased in eca2; chemical characterization shows that eca2 has a significant reduction of both cuticular wax and cutin. Additionally, we determined that eca2 did not display a similar compensatory transcriptional response, compared with a previously characterized cuticular mutant, and that resistance to B. cinerea is mediated by the priming of the early and late induced defense responses, including salicylic acid- and jasmonic acid-induced genes. These results suggest that ECA2-dependent responses are involved in the nonhost defense mechanism against biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens and against a generalist insect by modulation and priming of innate immunity and late defense responses. Making eca2 an interesting model to characterize the molecular basis for plant defenses against different biotic interactions and to study the initial events that take place in the cuticle surface of the aerial organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Blanc
- 1 Department of Biology, University of Fribourg. Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Fania Coluccia
- 1 Department of Biology, University of Fribourg. Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Floriane L'Haridon
- 1 Department of Biology, University of Fribourg. Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Martha Torres
- 2 Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Marlene Ortiz-Berrocal
- 2 Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
- 3 Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elia Stahl
- 3 Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Reymond
- 3 Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Schreiber
- 4 Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, Department of Ecophysiology, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christiane Nawrath
- 3 Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Pierre Métraux
- 1 Department of Biology, University of Fribourg. Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Mario Serrano
- 2 Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
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Overmyer K, Vuorinen K, Brosché M. Interaction points in plant stress signaling pathways. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2018; 162:191-204. [PMID: 28857168 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Plants live in a world where they are challenged by abiotic and biotic stresses. In response to unfavorable conditions or an acute challenge like a pathogen attack, plants use various signaling pathways that regulate expression of defense genes and other mechanisms to provide resistance or stress adaptation. Identification of the regulatory steps in defense signaling has seen much progress in recent years. Many of the identified signaling pathways show interactions with each other, exemplified by the modulation of the jasmonic acid response by salicylic acid. Accordingly, defense regulation is more appropriately thought of as a web of interactions, rather than linear pathways. Here we describe various regulatory components and how they interact to provide an appropriate defense response. One of the common assays to monitor the output of defense signaling, as well as interaction between signaling pathways, is the measurement of altered gene expression. We illustrate that, while this is a suitable assay to monitor defense regulation, it can also inadvertently provide overstated conclusions about interaction among signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk Overmyer
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katariina Vuorinen
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikael Brosché
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
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Ziv C, Zhao Z, Gao YG, Xia Y. Multifunctional Roles of Plant Cuticle During Plant-Pathogen Interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1088. [PMID: 30090108 PMCID: PMC6068277 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In land plants the cuticle is the outermost layer interacting with the environment. This lipophilic layer comprises the polyester cutin embedded in cuticular wax; and it forms a physical barrier to protect plants from desiccation as well as from diverse biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the cuticle is not merely a passive, mechanical shield. The increasing research on plant leaves has addressed the active roles of the plant cuticle in both local and systemic resistance against a variety of plant pathogens. Moreover, the fruit cuticle also serves as an important determinant of fruit defense and quality. It shares features with those of vegetative organs, but also exhibits specific characteristics, the functions of which gain increasing attention in recent years. This review describes multiple roles of plant cuticle during plant-pathogen interactions and its responses to both leaf and fruit pathogens. These include the dynamic changes of plant cuticle during pathogen infection; the crosstalk of cuticle with plant cell wall and diverse hormone signaling pathways for plant disease resistance; and the major biochemical, molecular, and cellular mechanisms that underlie the roles of cuticle during plant-pathogen interactions. Although research developments in the field have greatly advanced our understanding of the roles of plant cuticle in plant defense, there still remain large gaps in our knowledge. Therefore, the challenges thus presented, and future directions of research also are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmit Ziv
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization – the Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Zhenzhen Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Yu G. Gao
- The Ohio State University South Centers, Piketon, OH, United States
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ye Xia
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Ye Xia,
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Li J, Zhong R, Palva ET. WRKY70 and its homolog WRKY54 negatively modulate the cell wall-associated defenses to necrotrophic pathogens in Arabidopsis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183731. [PMID: 28837631 PMCID: PMC5570282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have identified the Arabidopsis thaliana transcription factor WRKY70 as a node of convergence for salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA)-mediated defense signal pathways and, together with its closest homolog WRKY54, as a negative regulator of SA biosynthesis. Here, we demonstrate that WRKY70 together with WRKY54 negatively affect the response of Arabidopsis to the necrotrophic pathogens Pectobacterium carotovorum and Botrytis cinerea, but not to the hemibiotroph Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato (Pst) DC3000, as revealed by mutants studies. Unstressed wrky54wrky70 double mutants exhibited increased levels of SA, accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and up-regulated expression of both SA and JA/ethylene (ET) responsive defense related genes. Additionally, protein cross-linking in cell wall was promoted by endogenous SA, suggesting involvement of wall-associated defenses against necrotrophs. This response to necrotrophs was compromised by introducing the sid2-1 allele impairing SA biosynthesis and leading to reduction of H2O2 content and of defense gene expression. The data suggest that the elevated SA level in the wrky54wrky70 double mutant results in moderate accumulation of H2O2, in promoting cell wall fortification and consequently enhanced resistance to necrotrophs but is not sufficient to trigger hypersensitive reaction (HR)-like cell death and resistance to biotrophs/hemibiotrophs like Pst DC3000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rusen Zhong
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - E Tapio Palva
- Viikki Biocenter, Department of Biosciences, Division of Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Van Gijsegem F, Pédron J, Patrit O, Simond-Côte E, Maia-Grondard A, Pétriacq P, Gonzalez R, Blottière L, Kraepiel Y. Manipulation of ABA Content in Arabidopsis thaliana Modifies Sensitivity and Oxidative Stress Response to Dickeya dadantii and Influences Peroxidase Activity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:456. [PMID: 28421092 PMCID: PMC5376553 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is one of the first defense reactions induced in Arabidopsis in response to infection by the pectinolytic enterobacterium Dickeya dadantii. Previous results also suggest that abscisic acid (ABA) favors D. dadantii multiplication and spread into its hosts. Here, we confirm this hypothesis using ABA-deficient and ABA-overproducer Arabidopsis plants. We investigated the relationships between ABA status and ROS production in Arabidopsis after D. dadantii infection and showed that ABA status modulates the capacity of the plant to produce ROS in response to infection by decreasing the production of class III peroxidases. This mechanism takes place independently of the well-described oxidative stress related to the RBOHD NADPH oxidase. In addition to this weakening of plant defense, ABA content in the plant correlates positively with the production of some bacterial virulence factors during the first stages of infection. Both processes should enhance disease progression in presence of high ABA content. Given that infection increases transcript abundance for the ABA biosynthesis genes AAO3 and ABA3 and triggers ABA accumulation in leaves, we propose that D. dadantii manipulates ABA homeostasis as part of its virulence strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique Van Gijsegem
- Interactions Plantes-Pathogènes, AgroParisTech, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie – Université Paris 06Paris, France
- Institut d’Ecologie et des Sciences de l’Environnement de Paris, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie – Université Paris 06, Diderot Université Paris 07, Université Paris-Est Créteil – Université Paris 12, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut de Recherche pour le DéveloppementParis, France
| | - Jacques Pédron
- Interactions Plantes-Pathogènes, AgroParisTech, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie – Université Paris 06Paris, France
- Institut d’Ecologie et des Sciences de l’Environnement de Paris, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie – Université Paris 06, Diderot Université Paris 07, Université Paris-Est Créteil – Université Paris 12, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut de Recherche pour le DéveloppementParis, France
| | - Oriane Patrit
- Interactions Plantes-Pathogènes, AgroParisTech, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie – Université Paris 06Paris, France
| | - Elizabeth Simond-Côte
- Interactions Plantes-Pathogènes, AgroParisTech, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie – Université Paris 06Paris, France
| | - Alessandra Maia-Grondard
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, AgroParisTech, Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueVersailles, France
| | - Pierre Pétriacq
- Interactions Plantes-Pathogènes, AgroParisTech, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie – Université Paris 06Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Gonzalez
- Interactions Plantes-Pathogènes, AgroParisTech, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie – Université Paris 06Paris, France
| | - Lydie Blottière
- Institut d’Ecologie et des Sciences de l’Environnement de Paris, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie – Université Paris 06, Diderot Université Paris 07, Université Paris-Est Créteil – Université Paris 12, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut de Recherche pour le DéveloppementParis, France
| | - Yvan Kraepiel
- Interactions Plantes-Pathogènes, AgroParisTech, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie – Université Paris 06Paris, France
- Institut d’Ecologie et des Sciences de l’Environnement de Paris, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie – Université Paris 06, Diderot Université Paris 07, Université Paris-Est Créteil – Université Paris 12, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut de Recherche pour le DéveloppementParis, France
- *Correspondence: Yvan Kraepiel,
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Podgórska A, Burian M, Szal B. Extra-Cellular But Extra-Ordinarily Important for Cells: Apoplastic Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1353. [PMID: 28878783 PMCID: PMC5572287 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), by their very nature, are highly reactive, and it is no surprise that they can cause damage to organic molecules. In cells, ROS are produced as byproducts of many metabolic reactions, but plants are prepared for this ROS output. Even though extracellular ROS generation constitutes only a minor part of a cell's total ROS level, this fraction is of extraordinary importance. In an active apoplastic ROS burst, it is mainly the respiratory burst oxidases and peroxidases that are engaged, and defects of these enzymes can affect plant development and stress responses. It must be highlighted that there are also other less well-known enzymatic or non-enzymatic ROS sources. There is a need for ROS detoxification in the apoplast, and almost all cellular antioxidants are present in this space, but the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the concentration of low-mass antioxidants is very low. The low antioxidant efficiency in the apoplast allows ROS to accumulate easily, which is a condition for ROS signaling. Therefore, the apoplastic ROS/antioxidant homeostasis is actively engaged in the reception and reaction to many biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bożena Szal
- *Correspondence: Bożena Szal, Anna Podgórska,
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