1
|
Chantip D, Chooruang N, Sakuna K, Sukmak W, Bohman W. Gastrointestinal parasite infections and associated factors in fighting bulls over 7 years of monitoring in Southern Thailand. Vet World 2024; 17:895-902. [PMID: 38798285 PMCID: PMC11111727 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.895-902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Indigenous beef cattle engaged in bullfighting in Southern Thailand represent a distinctive and valuable breed. Gastrointestinal (GI) parasites, which are recognized as important pathogens, have a negative impact on the overall health and physical performance of these fighting bulls. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of GI parasitic infections and identify factors associated with these infections in a fighting bull population in Southern Thailand. Materials and Methods Fecal samples (n = 4,244) from fighting bulls were submitted to the Laboratory and Diagnostic Centre of the Teaching Animal Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Rajamangala University of Technology Srivijaya. We examined the samples using simple flotation and centrifugal sedimentation methods. Individual animal profiles and demographic data were collected. Results The overall prevalence of GI parasitic infections was 93.2%. Nine GI parasites were identified as Paramphistome spp. [PP]. being the most prevalent (93.2%), and the highest annual prevalence occurred in 2019 (97.9%). The infection rates of various parasite species were significantly related to the years of study, geographic area, season, and age group (p < 0.05). The prevalence of parasitic infection was higher on the west coast (98.6%) than on the east coast (98.0%). PP, Eurytrema spp., Strongyles spp., and Buxtonella spp. infections differed significantly among the seven provinces of Southern Thailand (p < 0.05). The prevalence of GI parasitic infections was higher during the rainy season (98.5%) than during the summer (97.7%). Bulls aged 7.0-7.9 years and 8.0-8.9 years had the highest parasite infection rate (99.2%) compared with those aged 8.0-8.9. Conclusion GI parasitic infections continue to be a significant health concern among fighting bulls in Southern Thailand. Regular epidemiological investigations are crucial for developing effective preventive programs and control strategies and providing basic knowledge for bull farmers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhiravit Chantip
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Rajamangala University of Technology, Srivijaya, Thungyai, Nakhon Si Thammmarat, Thailand
| | - Nantaporn Chooruang
- Laboratory and Diagnostic Centre of the Teaching Animal Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Rajamangala University of Technology, Srivijaya, Thungyai, Nakhon Si Thammmarat, Thailand
| | - Kitikarn Sakuna
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Rajamangala University of Technology, Srivijaya, Thungyai, Nakhon Si Thammmarat, Thailand
| | - Warawut Sukmak
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Rajamangala University of Technology, Srivijaya, Thungyai, Nakhon Si Thammmarat, Thailand
| | - Wiruntita Bohman
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Rajamangala University of Technology, Srivijaya, Thungyai, Nakhon Si Thammmarat, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Moerman TM, Albon SD, Coulson SJ, Loe LE. Climate change effects on terrestrial parasitic nematodes: Where are the knowledge gaps? J Helminthol 2023; 97:e94. [PMID: 38047417 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x23000652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is expected to affect parasitic nematodes and hence possibly parasite-host dynamics and may have far-reaching consequences for animal health, livestock production, and ecosystem functioning. However, there has been no recent overview of current knowledge to identify how studies could contribute to a better understanding of terrestrial parasitic nematodes under changing climates. Here we screened almost 1,400 papers to review 57 experimental studies on the effects of temperature and moisture on hatching, development, survival, and behaviour of the free-living stages of terrestrial parasitic nematodes with a direct life cycle in birds and terrestrial mammals. Two major knowledge gaps are apparent. First, research should study the temperature dependency curves for hatching, development, and survival under various moisture treatments to test the interactive effect of temperature and moisture. Second, we specifically advocate for more studies that investigate how temperature, and its interaction with moisture, affect both vertical and horizontal movement of parasitic nematodes to understand infection risks. Overall, we advocate for more field experiments that test environmental effects on life-history traits and behaviour of parasitic nematodes in their free-living stages under natural and realistic circumstances. We also encourage studies to expand the range of used hosts and parasitic nematodes because 66% of results described in the available studies use sheep and cattle as hosts and 32% involve just three nematode species. This new comprehension brings attention to understudied abiotic impacts on terrestrial parasitic nematodes and will have broader implications for livestock management, wildlife conservation, and ecosystem functioning in a rapidly warming climate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T M Moerman
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
- The University Centre in Svalbard, P.O. Box 156, NO-9171 Longyearbyen, Norway
| | - S D Albon
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, AberdeenAB15 8QH, Scotland
| | - S J Coulson
- The University Centre in Svalbard, P.O. Box 156, NO-9171 Longyearbyen, Norway
| | - L E Loe
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Strydom T, Lavan RP, Torres S, Heaney K. The Economic Impact of Parasitism from Nematodes, Trematodes and Ticks on Beef Cattle Production. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1599. [PMID: 37238028 PMCID: PMC10215612 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Global human population growth requires the consumption of more meat such as beef to meet human needs for protein intake. Cattle parasites are a constant and serious threat to the development of the beef cattle industry. Studies have shown that parasites not only reduce the performance of beef cattle, but also negatively affect the profitability of beef agriculture and have many other impacts, including contributing to the production of greenhouse gases. In addition, some zoonotic parasitic diseases may also threaten human health. Therefore, ongoing cattle parasite research is crucial for continual parasite control and the development of the beef cattle industry. Parasitism challenges profitable beef production by reducing feed efficiency, immune function, reproductive efficiency, liveweight, milk yield, calf yield and carcass weight, and leads to liver condemnations and disease transmission. Globally, beef cattle producers incur billions (US$) in losses due to parasitism annually, with gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) and cattle ticks causing the greatest economic impact. The enormity of losses justifies parasitic control measures to protect profits and improve animal welfare. Geographical differences in production environment, management practices, climate, cattle age and genotype, parasite epidemiology and susceptibility to chemotherapies necessitate control methods customized for each farm. Appropriate use of anthelmintics, endectocides and acaricides have widely been shown to result in net positive return on investment. Implementing strategic parasite control measures, with thorough knowledge of parasite risk, prevalence, parasiticide resistance profiles and prices can result in positive economic returns for beef cattle farmers in all sectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Strydom
- MSD Animal Health, 20 Spartan Road, Isando, Kempton Park 1619, South Africa;
| | - Robert P. Lavan
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Siddhartha Torres
- Merck Animal Health, 2 Giralda Farms, Madison, NJ 07940, USA; (S.T.); (K.H.)
| | - Kathleen Heaney
- Merck Animal Health, 2 Giralda Farms, Madison, NJ 07940, USA; (S.T.); (K.H.)
- Heaney Veterinary Consulting, 303 Fletcher Lake Avenue, Bradley Beach, NJ 07720, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Biswas H, Roy BC, Hasan MM, Ahmed N, Dutta PK, Begum N, Talukder MH. Efficacy of clinically used anthelmintics against toxocariasis of buffalo calves in Bangladesh. J Parasit Dis 2022; 46:988-997. [PMID: 36457785 PMCID: PMC9606160 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-022-01522-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxocariasis is a paramount parasitic disease having > 50% prevalence among newborn buffalo calves in Bangladesh. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of clinically used anthelmintics and their subsequent effect on the haematological parameters and body weight in buffalo calves in commercial buffalo farms in coastal region. Thirty-two buffalo calves below 3 months of age with clinical Toxocara infection had been selected and treated with albendazole (ABZ), levamisole (LVM) and ivermectin (IVM). The EPG counts, hematological parameters and initial body weight of buffalo calves were recorded on the day of anthelmintic treatment (day 0). Fecal samples were collected on day 14 and 28 including hematological parameters and body weight were recorded on day 28 post-treatment. The efficacy (%) of anthelmintics were estimated by fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT). The parameters like Hb, PCV, ESR, TEC, TLC were analyzed from the blood samples. The FECRT revealed 96.83% efficacy for IVM followed by 94.23% and 85.84% for LVM and ABZ, respectively. Anthelmintic treated calves showed significant (p < 0.01) increase in Hb, PCV, TEC and body weight, and decrease in ESR and TLC as a result of worm expulsion from buffalo calves after 28 days of post-treatment. Among the tested anthelmintics, IVM was found to be more effective against toxocariasis in buffalo calves. This is a novel information on anthelmintics efficacy in buffalo calves in Bangladesh. Details study is recommended on the efficacy of anthelmintics in different buffalo management systems by in vitro egg hatch assay (EHA) test.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiranmoy Biswas
- Department of Parasitology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202 Bangladesh
- Department of Livestock Services, Krishi Khamar Sarak, Dhaka, 1215 Bangladesh
| | - Babul Chandra Roy
- Department of Parasitology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202 Bangladesh
| | | | - Nurnabi Ahmed
- Department of Parasitology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202 Bangladesh
| | - Pallab Kumar Dutta
- Department of Livestock Services, Krishi Khamar Sarak, Dhaka, 1215 Bangladesh
| | - Nurjahan Begum
- Department of Parasitology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202 Bangladesh
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Essential Oils as Novel Anthelmintic Drug Candidates. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238327. [PMID: 36500419 PMCID: PMC9735941 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Helminths, with an estimated 1.5 billion annual global infections, are one of the major health challenges worldwide. The current strategy of the World Health Organization to prevent helminth infection includes increasing hygienic awareness, providing better sanitation and preventative anthelmintic drug therapy in vulnerable populations. Nowadays, anthelmintic drugs are used heavily in livestock, both in case of infection and as a preventative measure. However, this has led to the development of resistance against several of the most common drugs, such as levamisole, ivermectin and thiabendazole. As many as 70% of the livestock in developed countries now has helminths that are drug resistant, and multiple resistance is common. Because of this, novel anthelmintics are urgently needed to help combat large-scale production losses. Prior to this review, no comprehensive review of the anthelmintic effects of essential oils and their components existed. Multiple review articles have been published on the uses of a single plant and its extracts that only briefly touch upon their anthelmintic activity. This review aims to provide a detailed overview of essential oils and their components as anthelmintic treatment against a wider variety of helminths.
Collapse
|
6
|
Influence of natural and climatic conditions on the distribution and forms of contagious agalactia in sheep in Bessarabia, Ukraine. J Vet Res 2022; 66:345-351. [PMID: 36349124 PMCID: PMC9597942 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2022-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Contagious agalactia of ruminants is an endemic disease caused by Mycoplasma agalactiae in flicting significant losses on farms in deaths and forced slaughter of sick animals, abortions, births of sick young animals, and reduced milk and wool production. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of hydrometeorological conditions on the distribution and forms of contagious agalactia in sheep in Bessarabia, Ukraine.
Material and Methods
The epizootic situation regarding contagious agalactia was studied during 2011–2021 on sheep farms in the south of the Odesa region in Bessarabia. Over two million blood samples from sheep aged 1–6 years were serologically investigated and the prevalence of agalactia was correlated with Selyaninov’s hydrothermal coefficient for each sampling year.
Results
High rates of infection of sheep with contagious agalactia (from 13.1% to 14.4%) were registered in 2012, 2016 and 2021, years which according to the hydrothermal coefficient of 1.0 were sufficiently moist. The lowest incidence rates, from 6.5% to 7.4%, were registered in the very dry 2013, 2014 and 2019 with hydrothermal coefficients of 0.5‒0.6. In sufficiently moist years, contagious agalactia of sheep manifested itself in the mastitic form, while in the dry period the mastitic form was half as prevalent, and the mixed, articular and ocular forms of the disease proliferated.
Conclusion
The results indicate the circulation of Mycoplasma agalactiae among small ruminants in Bessarabia, and that the prevalence and the course of the associated disease depend on the humidity of the climate, i.e. the value of the hydrothermal coefficient.
Collapse
|
7
|
Thapa B, Parajuli RP, Dhakal P. Prevalence and burden of gastrointestinal parasites in stray cattle of the Kathmandu Valley. J Parasit Dis 2022; 46:845-853. [PMID: 36091270 PMCID: PMC9458840 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-022-01499-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal parasites (GIPs) are common among cattle resulting severe infection. Prevalence of GIPs in stray street cattle may pose risk of dissemination of parasites of zoonotic importance. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of GIPs in stray cattle of the Kathmandu valley. One hundred (n = 100) freshly voided dung samples were collected from eight sites. The samples were processed using the concentration method for microscopic examination, and modified McMaster technique for quantification of mean eggs/oocysts per gram of feces (EPG/OPG). Results revealed that 72% of the cattle were found positive for one or more species of GIPs and nine genera of GIPs were recorded (Eimeria, Ostertagia, Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Capillaria, Trichuris, Toxocara, Fasciola and Paramphistomum). The prevalence of parasitic infection was higher in males (73.68%) than in females (69.76%). The prevalence was found to be highest in adults (63.89%) followed by heifers or steers (27.78%) and calves (8.33%). Approximately, 76% of the cross breed and 65% of the local breed of cattle were positive for parasitic infection. The parasites differed both in prevalence and intensity. Eimeria sp. was the most prevalent (27%) species and had the highest intensity (858.02 OPG ± 63.46 SD). To our knowledge, this is the first research of its kind in relation to stray cattle in Nepal. Our findings reveal that there is a burden of helminth infections of zoonotic and socioeconomic importance in straycattle. Therefore, we recommend regular inspection of stray cattle and relevant preventive measures be put in place.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bigyan Thapa
- Central Department of Zoology (CDZ), Institute of Science and Technology (IoST), Tribhuvan University (TU), Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Rajendra Prasad Parajuli
- Central Department of Zoology (CDZ), Institute of Science and Technology (IoST), Tribhuvan University (TU), Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Pitambar Dhakal
- Central Department of Zoology (CDZ), Institute of Science and Technology (IoST), Tribhuvan University (TU), Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Blanco-Penedo I, Wonfor R, Kipling RP. Do animal health models meet the needs of organic and conventional dairy farmers in Spain and the UK on disease prevention? Vet Anim Sci 2022; 15:100226. [PMID: 35005295 PMCID: PMC8718892 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2021.100226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Modelling plays an important role in assessing disease risks and the efficacy of preventative actions. However, the extent to which existing models meet the needs of different groups of dairy farmers around disease prevention is unclear. A questionnaire gathered information on disease prevention actions undertaken by organic and conventional dairy farmers in Spain and the UK, and on their information preferences and needs in relation to such actions. A systematic review of animal health modelling articles was undertaken to compare the expressed needs of dairy farmers for information on disease prevention, with the focus and outputs of existing models. Farmer groups differed in needs when planning disease prevention interventions. Most farmers sourced animal health information from veterinarians. Farmers preferred to use practical experience to judge the efficacy of change. To fulfil the expressed needs of dairy farmers, models need to address specific farming contexts and non-economic impacts of change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Blanco-Penedo
- Animal Welfare Subprogram, IRTA, Veinat de Sies s/n, Monells, Girona 17121, Spain
- Dept. of Clinical Sciences, Unit of Veterinary Epidemiology, SLU, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ruth Wonfor
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3DA, United Kingdom
| | - Richard P. Kipling
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3DA, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bautista-Garfias CR, Castañeda-Ramírez GS, Estrada-Reyes ZM, Soares FEDF, Ventura-Cordero J, González-Pech PG, Morgan ER, Soria-Ruiz J, López-Guillén G, Aguilar-Marcelino L. A Review of the Impact of Climate Change on the Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematode Infections in Small Ruminants and Wildlife in Tropical Conditions. Pathogens 2022; 11:148. [PMID: 35215092 PMCID: PMC8875231 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change is causing detrimental changes in living organisms, including pathogens. This review aimed to determine how climate change has impacted livestock system management, and consequently, what factors influenced the gastrointestinal nematodes epidemiology in small ruminants under tropical conditions. The latter is orientated to find out the possible solutions responding to climate change adverse effects. Climate factors that affect the patterns of transmission of gastrointestinal parasites of domesticated ruminants are reviewed. Climate change has modified the behavior of several animal species, including parasites. For this reason, new control methods are required for controlling parasitic infections in livestock animals. After a pertinent literature analysis, conclusions and perspectives of control are given.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Ramón Bautista-Garfias
- National Center for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Safety (INIFAP), Km 11 Federal Road Cuernavaca-Cuautla, Jiutepec 62550, MR, Mexico; (C.R.B.-G.); (G.S.C.-R.)
| | - Gloria Sarahi Castañeda-Ramírez
- National Center for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Safety (INIFAP), Km 11 Federal Road Cuernavaca-Cuautla, Jiutepec 62550, MR, Mexico; (C.R.B.-G.); (G.S.C.-R.)
- National Institute of Research for Forestry Agricultural and Livestock (INIFAP), Experimental Station Rosario Izapa, Tuxtla Chico 30780, CS, Mexico;
| | - Zaira Magdalena Estrada-Reyes
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA;
| | | | - Javier Ventura-Cordero
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5BL, UK; (J.V.-C.); (E.R.M.)
| | - Pedro Geraldo González-Pech
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Yucatán, Km 15.5 Road Mérida-Xmatkuil, Mérida 97100, YU, Mexico;
| | - Erick R. Morgan
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5BL, UK; (J.V.-C.); (E.R.M.)
| | - Jesús Soria-Ruiz
- Geomatics Lab, National Institute of Research for Forestry Agricultural and Livestock (INIFAP), Zinacantepec 52107, MX, Mexico;
| | - Guillermo López-Guillén
- National Institute of Research for Forestry Agricultural and Livestock (INIFAP), Experimental Station Rosario Izapa, Tuxtla Chico 30780, CS, Mexico;
| | - Liliana Aguilar-Marcelino
- National Center for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Safety (INIFAP), Km 11 Federal Road Cuernavaca-Cuautla, Jiutepec 62550, MR, Mexico; (C.R.B.-G.); (G.S.C.-R.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sanabria R. Nanotechnological Improvement of Veterinary Anthelmintics. Pharm Nanotechnol 2021; 9:5-14. [PMID: 32448112 DOI: 10.2174/2211738508666200524233724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Helminths infections are among the most important problems in animal health and husbandry. Moreover, zoonotic helminths endanger rural communities, particularly in developing countries. Helminthiasis are not only important in relation to the harmful effects of parasites; additional issues like anthelmintic resistance spread became more important over time. As new anthelmintic development takes many years and millions of dollars of investment, some strategies are currently focused on the modification of already available drugs, in order to improve their efficacy and overcome their limitations. In this field, nanotechnology has brought a novel approach, showing advantages like the regulation of the drug's delivery and kinetics, reaching of specific targets, and possibilities to avoid the systemic spread and side effects. Taking this into account, the present review aims to introduce some of the current knowledge in anthelmintic improvement based on nanotechnology, and how researchers could benefit from this technology in order to overcome the drugs limitations. Finally, some insights into potential field applications are discussed, based on the most important concerns of current anthelmintic therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Sanabria
- Instituto Tecnologico Chascomus (INTECH)-CONICET-UNSAM. Av. Marino KM 8.2, (7130), Chascomús, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Shadman M, Meshgi B, Fathi S, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Majidi-Rad M, Modabbernia G. Mapping habitat suitability for gastrointestinal nematodiasis of ruminants in southern Caspian Sea littoral: a predicted risk pattern model based on the MaxEnt. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 52:3843-3854. [PMID: 33047225 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02423-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we provide the ecological niches of gastrointestinal nematode infections in Guilan, Mazandaran, and Golestan provinces. For this purpose, 2688 fecal specimens of sheep and cattle were subjected to the flotation method. For modeling procedure, the results were analyzed by considering 23 bioclimatic and environmental variables as well as 96 points/locations. Maximum entropy (model MaxEnt) was used to visualize the spatial distribution of gastrointestinal nematodes. The relative importance of all variables was also assessed by using jackknife analysis. The highest proportion of sheep infection with strongyle-type egg was observed in Golestan province (57.8%) and the lowest in Guilan province (49.5%), and eggs per gram (EPG) was around 21-29. The parasites with the highest proportion of infection in both domestic animals included strongyle-type eggs. Among the different bioclimatic and environmental variables, the biggest contributor to habitat suitability of the gastrointestinal nematode presence was found to be minimum temperature of the coldest month (Bio6), precipitation of driest quarter (Bio17), precipitation of coldest quarter (Bio19), and altitude. The MaxEnt model was able to provide a suitable guidance for predicting the probability distribution of gastrointestinal nematodes under bioclimatic and environmental variables, and the findings pave way for integrated gastrointestinal nematode surveillance and control strategies in the southern strip of Caspian Sea. In addition, the low intensity of gastrointestinal nematodiasis in ruminants may be associated with the frequent administration of anthelmintic drugs, where actions are needed to investigate drug resistance in the areas concerned and to provide anthelmintic drugs administration in a targeted manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Shadman
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, P.O.Box 14155-6453, Tehran, Iran
| | - B Meshgi
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, P.O.Box 14155-6453, Tehran, Iran.
| | - S Fathi
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, P.O.Box 14155-6453, Tehran, Iran
| | - A A Hanafi-Bojd
- Department of Medical Entomology & Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Majidi-Rad
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, P.O.Box 14155-6453, Tehran, Iran
| | - G Modabbernia
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, P.O.Box 14155-6453, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bogach MV, Paliy AP, Perotsʼka LV, Pyvovarova ІV, Stoyanova VY, Palii AP. The influence of hydro-meteorological conditions on the spread of chicken cestodiasis. REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN BIOSYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.15421/022063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Today one of the important problems in poultry farming and bird keeping both in homesteads and on farms is the spread of endoparasites, which cause a significant decrease in productivity and significant economic damage. Raillietinosis and daveniosis are natural focal tape helminthiases that parasitize in the small intestine of poultry. The research on chicken cestodiasis was carried out on poultry farms in the south of Odessa Region of Ukraine during 2017 and 2019. 4219 chickens of different age groups were examined, which used walking areas, with 1965 chickens – in 2017 and 2254 – in 2019. To assess the wet and dry periods with daily average temperatures above 10 °C, that is the period of active vegetation, the Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient (SHC) was used (1937), according to which the spread of chicken cestodiasis was determined. In the south of Odessa Region, the moderate and severe period increased from four to seven months, at which the hydrothermal coefficient amounted to 0.4–0.8. The period of sufficient moisture at a hydrothermal coefficient of 1.0–1.5 decreased from three months of 2017 to two months of 2019 and the hydrothermal coefficient was not calculated for five and three months, respectively. In 2017, the hatching of cestode eggs with bird manure was recorded for nine months: from March (10.1%) to November (5.8%) with high rates in June (27.2%) and September (37.1%), while in 2019, cestode eggs were recorded in February (12.7%) and up to December (2.4%), that is, for 11 months, with the highest rates in May (41.8%) and September (43.9%). The species composition of chicken cestodes is represented by four species: Raillietina echinobothrida (74.2%), which dominates due to a longer low hydrothermal coefficient, as well as R. tetragona (9.8%), R. cesticillus (10.8%) and Davainea proglottina (5.2%). The invasion of ants with cysticercoid R. echinobothrida in 2017 amounted to 19.6%, and in 2019 – 25.9% with an intensity of 1 to 4 specimens.
Collapse
|
13
|
Ali MZ, Carlile G, Giasuddin M. Impact of global climate change on livestock health: Bangladesh perspective. Open Vet J 2020; 10:178-188. [PMID: 32821662 PMCID: PMC7419064 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v10i2.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The global carbon emission rate, due to energy-driven consumption of fossil fuels and anthropogenic activities, is higher at any point in mankind history, disrupting the global carbon cycle and contributing to a major cause of warming of the planet with air and ocean temperatures, which is rising dangerously over the past century. Climate change presents challenges both direct and indirect for livestock production and health. With more frequent extreme weather events including increased temperatures, livestock health is greatly affected by resulting heat stress, metabolic disorder, oxidative stress, and immune suppression, resulting in an increased propensity for disease incidence and death. The indirect health effects relate to the multiplication and distribution of parasites, reproduction, virulence, and transmission of infectious pathogens and/or their vectors. Managing the growing crossbreeding livestock industry in Bangladesh is also at the coalface for the emerging impacts of climate change, with unknown consequences for the incidence of emerging and re-emerging diseases. Bangladesh is now one of the most vulnerable nations to global climate change. The livestock sector is considered as a major part of food security for Bangladesh, alongside agriculture, and with one of the world’s largest growing economies, the impacts are exaggerated with this disaster. There has been no direct study conducted on the impact of climate change on livestock health and the diseases in Bangladesh. This review looks to explore the linkage between climate change and livestock health and provide some guidelines to combat the impact on livestock from the Bangladesh perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Zulfekar Ali
- Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Bangladesh
| | - Gemma Carlile
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia
| | - Mohammad Giasuddin
- Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gastrointestinal parasites as a possible threat to an endangered autochthonous Portuguese sheep breed. J Helminthol 2019; 94:e103. [PMID: 31679528 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x19000968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Helminth and protozoan infections are responsible for important diseases in grazing sheep, which can be especially threatening in an autochthonous breed at risk of extinction like the Churra Galega Mirandesa Portuguese sheep breed. The aim of the present study was to determine the diversity, prevalence and burden of gastrointestinal parasites in these sheep and to assess the effects of deworming practices, cohabiting animals on the farm and feed management. Coprological qualitative and quantitative analysis (flotation, natural sedimentation and McMaster method) were used to identify and quantify gastrointestinal parasites and a questionnaire was designed and applied. A total of 512 faecal samples were collected from 49 flocks, and 49 replies to the questionnaire were received. Parasites were identified in 100% of the flocks, and in 97% of the samples. The genera or species that have been morphologically identified were: strongyle-type, Nematodirus spp., Skrjabinema spp., Moniezia expansa, Moniezia benedeni, Trichuris spp., Capillaria spp., Eimeria spp., Dicrocoelium spp. and Fasciola hepatica. This is the first report in Portugal of Skrjabinema spp. The burden of parasites' oocysts and eggs per gram in faecal samples ranged, respectively, from 50 to 17,550 for Eimeria spp., and from 50 to 6250 for strongyle-type eggs. Factors affecting parasitic infections were evaluated using a multivariate logistic regression. Grazing time and a lack of anthelmintic treatment were positively associated with Nematodirus spp. infection. This study showed that there is a high prevalence and diversity of gastrointestinal parasites in the Churra Galega Mirandesa sheep breed.
Collapse
|
15
|
Beltrame L, Dunne T, Vineer HR, Walker JG, Morgan ER, Vickerman P, McCann CM, Williams DJL, Wagener T. A mechanistic hydro-epidemiological model of liver fluke risk. J R Soc Interface 2019; 15:rsif.2018.0072. [PMID: 30158179 PMCID: PMC6127180 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2018.0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of existing models for predicting disease risk in response to climate change are empirical. These models exploit correlations between historical data, rather than explicitly describing relationships between cause and response variables. Therefore, they are unsuitable for capturing impacts beyond historically observed variability and have limited ability to guide interventions. In this study, we integrate environmental and epidemiological processes into a new mechanistic model, taking the widespread parasitic disease of fasciolosis as an example. The model simulates environmental suitability for disease transmission at a daily time step and 25 m resolution, explicitly linking the parasite life cycle to key weather–water–environment conditions. Using epidemiological data, we show that the model can reproduce observed infection levels in time and space for two case studies in the UK. To overcome data limitations, we propose a calibration approach combining Monte Carlo sampling and expert opinion, which allows constraint of the model in a process-based way, including a quantification of uncertainty. The simulated disease dynamics agree with information from the literature, and comparison with a widely used empirical risk index shows that the new model provides better insight into the time–space patterns of infection, which will be valuable for decision support.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Toby Dunne
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Hannah Rose Vineer
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Cabot Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Josephine G Walker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Cabot Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Eric R Morgan
- Cabot Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | | | | | - Diana J L Williams
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Thorsten Wagener
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Cabot Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ubiquitous parasites drive a 33% increase in methane yield from livestock. Int J Parasitol 2018; 48:1017-1021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
17
|
Fractal measures in activity patterns: Do gastrointestinal parasites affect the complexity of sheep behaviour? Appl Anim Behav Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
18
|
Ogden NH. Climate change and vector-borne diseases of public health significance. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2018; 364:4107775. [PMID: 28957457 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnx186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been much debate as to whether or not climate change will have, or has had, any significant effect on risk from vector-borne diseases. The debate on the former has focused on the degree to which occurrence and levels of risk of vector-borne diseases are determined by climate-dependent or independent factors, while the debate on the latter has focused on whether changes in disease incidence are due to climate at all, and/or are attributable to recent climate change. Here I review possible effects of climate change on vector-borne diseases, methods used to predict these effects and the evidence to date of changes in vector-borne disease risks that can be attributed to recent climate change. Predictions have both over- and underestimated the effects of climate change. Mostly under-estimations of effects are due to a focus only on direct effects of climate on disease ecology while more distal effects on society's capacity to control and prevent vector-borne disease are ignored. There is increasing evidence for possible impacts of recent climate change on some vector-borne diseases but for the most part, observed data series are too short (or non-existent), and impacts of climate-independent factors too great, to confidently attribute changing risk to climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas H Ogden
- Public Health Risk Science Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gastro-intestinal parasite infections of Ankole cattle in an unhealthy landscape: An assessment of ecological predictors. Vet Parasitol 2018; 252:107-116. [PMID: 29559130 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of gastro-intestinal (GI) parasites across landscapes is closely related to the spatial distribution of hosts. In GI parasites with environmental life stages, the vitality of parasites is also affected by ecological and landscape-related components of the environment. This is particularly relevant for domestic livestock species that are often kept across habitats with varying degrees of degradation, exposing them to a wide range of environmentally robust parasite species. In our study, we examined the effect of environmental and anthropogenic factors on the prevalence and intensity of GI parasites across a free-ranging stock of Ankole cattle in the Mutara rangelands of northeastern Rwanda. Prevalence and intensity of each parasite type (i.e., strongyle-type nematodes, Strongyloides spp., Moniezia spp., and Eimeria spp.) were used as dependent variables. Two fixed factors related to season and conservation-political history, together with three principal components (condensed from nine ecological variables) were used as independent covariates in a univariate General Linear Model (GLM). Major effects on the prevalence and intensity of strongyle-type nematodes and on the intensity of Eimeria spp. were found in that vegetation-related effects such as above-ground grass biomass in conjunction with a high degree of soil compaction had a negative relationship with these parasite types. These unexpected findings suggest that strongyle-type and coccidian infections increase with increasing rangeland degradation. Strongyle-type nematode prevalence and intensity were also negatively related to goat/sheep density, indicating a 'dilution effect' of GI infections between domestic livestock species.
Collapse
|
20
|
Tuffa S, Treydte AC. Modeling Boran cattle populations under climate change and varying carrying capacity. Ecol Modell 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
21
|
Charlier J, Ghebretinsae AH, Levecke B, Ducheyne E, Claerebout E, Vercruysse J. Climate-driven longitudinal trends in pasture-borne helminth infections of dairy cattle. Int J Parasitol 2016; 46:881-888. [PMID: 27771256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Helminth parasites of grazing ruminants are highly prevalent globally and impact negatively on animal productivity and food security. There is a growing concern that climate change increases helminth disease frequency and intensity. In Europe, these concerns stem from case reports and theoretical life cycle models assessing the effects of climate change scenarios on helminth epidemiology. We believe this study is the first to investigate climate-driven trends in helminth infections of cattle on a cohort of randomly selected farms. One thousand, six hundred and eighty dairy farms were monitored over an 8year period for the two major helminth infections in temperate climate regions and climate-driven trends were investigated by multivariable linear mixed models. The general levels of exposure to Fasciola hepatica decreased over the study period while those to Ostertagia ostertagi increased, and this could at least be partially explained by meteorological factors (i.e. the number of rainy (precipitation >1mm) and warm days (average daily temperature >10°C) in a year). The longitudinal trends varied according to the altitude and the agricultural region of the farm. This study shows that longitudinal epidemiological data from sentinel farms combined with meteorological datasets can significantly contribute to understanding the effects of climate on infectious disease dynamics. When local environmental conditions are taken into account, the effects of climate change on disease dynamics can also be understood at more local scales. We recommend setting up a longitudinal sampling strategy across Europe in order to monitor climate-driven changes in helminth disease risk to inform adaptation strategies to promote animal health and productivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aklilu H Ghebretinsae
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bruno Levecke
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | - Edwin Claerebout
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jozef Vercruysse
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Molento MB, Buzatti A, Sprenger LK. Pasture larval count as a supporting method for parasite epidemiology, population dynamic and control in ruminants. Livest Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
23
|
Verschave SH, Charlier J, Rose H, Claerebout E, Morgan ER. Cattle and Nematodes Under Global Change: Transmission Models as an Ally. Trends Parasitol 2016; 32:724-738. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2016.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
24
|
Cadavid Restrepo AM, Yang YR, McManus DP, Gray DJ, Giraudoux P, Barnes TS, Williams GM, Soares Magalhães RJ, Hamm NAS, Clements ACA. The landscape epidemiology of echinococcoses. Infect Dis Poverty 2016; 5:13. [PMID: 26895758 PMCID: PMC4759770 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-016-0109-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinococcoses are parasitic diseases of major public health importance globally. Human infection results in chronic disease with poor prognosis and serious medical, social and economic consequences for vulnerable populations. According to recent estimates, the geographical distribution of Echinococcus spp. infections is expanding and becoming an emerging and re-emerging problem in several regions of the world. Echinococcosis endemicity is geographically heterogeneous and over time it may be affected by global environmental change. Therefore, landscape epidemiology offers a unique opportunity to quantify and predict the ecological risk of infection at multiple spatial and temporal scales. Here, we review the most relevant environmental sources of spatial variation in human echinococcosis risk, and describe the potential applications of landscape epidemiological studies to characterise the current patterns of parasite transmission across natural and human-altered landscapes. We advocate future work promoting the use of this approach as a support tool for decision-making that facilitates the design, implementation and monitoring of spatially targeted interventions to reduce the burden of human echinococcoses in disease-endemic areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Cadavid Restrepo
- Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Yu Rong Yang
- Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, P. R. China.
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Donald P McManus
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Darren J Gray
- Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, New South Wales, Australia.
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Patrick Giraudoux
- Chrono-environment lab, UMR6249, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté/CNRS, Besançon, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France.
| | - Tamsin S Barnes
- The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, Queensland, Australia.
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Gatton, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Gail M Williams
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Ricardo J Soares Magalhães
- The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, Queensland, Australia.
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Nicholas A S Hamm
- Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Archie C A Clements
- Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, New South Wales, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Fox NJ, Marion G, Davidson RS, White PCL, Hutchings MR. Climate-driven tipping-points could lead to sudden, high-intensity parasite outbreaks. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2015; 2:140296. [PMID: 26064647 PMCID: PMC4453250 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.140296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic nematodes represent one of the most pervasive and significant challenges to grazing livestock, and their intensity and distribution are strongly influenced by climate. Parasite levels and species composition have already shifted under climate change, with nematode parasite intensity frequently low in newly colonized areas, but sudden large-scale outbreaks are becoming increasingly common. These outbreaks compromise both food security and animal welfare, yet there is a paucity of predictions on how climate change will influence livestock parasites. This study aims to assess how climate change can affect parasite risk. Using a process-based approach, we determine how changes in temperature-sensitive elements of outbreaks influence parasite dynamics, to explore the potential for climate change to influence livestock helminth infections. We show that changes in temperate-sensitive parameters can result in nonlinear responses in outbreak dynamics, leading to distinct 'tipping-points' in nematode parasite burdens. Through applying two mechanistic models, of varying complexity, our approach demonstrates that these nonlinear responses are robust to the inclusion of a number of realistic processes that are present in livestock systems. Our study demonstrates that small changes in climatic conditions around critical thresholds may result in dramatic changes in parasite burdens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi J. Fox
- Disease Systems Team, SRUC, King's Building, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, UK
- Department of Environment, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Glenn Marion
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, UK
| | - Ross S. Davidson
- Disease Systems Team, SRUC, King's Building, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
| | - Piran C. L. White
- Department of Environment, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Michael R. Hutchings
- Disease Systems Team, SRUC, King's Building, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Seo SN. Adapting to extreme climates: raising animals in hot and arid ecosystems in Australia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2015; 59:541-550. [PMID: 25022609 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-014-0867-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper provides an analysis of adaptation to extreme climate changes using the Australian animal husbandry data. The paper finds that farmers have adapted to a hot and arid climate regime through animal husbandry. The number of sheep vastly increases into arid ecosystems while the number of beef cattle does not decline in high temperatures. In the future climate system in which Australia becomes hotter and more arid, we predict that farmers will increase by large percentages the numbers of beef cattle and/or sheep owned in order to adapt to a highly unfavorable climate condition, especially into the arid ecosystems. This paper shows how humanity has adapted to climate extremes taking into account changing ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Niggol Seo
- School of Economics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia,
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Animal health aspects of adaptation to climate change: beating the heat and parasites in a warming Europe. Animal 2013; 7 Suppl 2:333-45. [PMID: 23739475 DOI: 10.1017/s175173111300075x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Weather patterns in northern European regions have changed noticeably over the past several decades, featuring warmer, wetter weather with more extreme events. The climate is projected to continue on this trajectory for the foreseeable future, even under the most modest warming scenarios. Such changes will have a significant impact on livestock farming, both directly through effects on the animals themselves, and indirectly through changing exposure to pests and pathogens. Adaptation options aimed at taking advantage of new opportunities and/or minimising the risks of negative impacts will, in themselves, have implications for animal health and welfare. In this review, we consider the potential consequences of future intensification of animal production, challenges associated with indoor and outdoor rearing of animals and aspects of animal transportation as key examples. We investigate the direct and indirect effects of climate change on the epidemiology of important livestock pathogens, with a particular focus on parasitic infections, and the likely animal health consequences associated with selected adaptation options. Finally, we attempt to identify key gaps in our knowledge and suggest future research priorities.
Collapse
|