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OJEKA-JOHN RACHAELOLUWAFEMI, SANUSI BENICEO, ADELABU OMOWALET, TALABI FELIXA, OYEKOLA ISAACA, AJAKAIYE OLANREWAJUOP, EJEM EJEMAGWU. Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, awareness creation and risk communication of Covid-19 pandemic amongst non-literate population in South-West Nigeria: Lessons for future health campaign. J Public Health Afr 2023; 14:2673. [PMID: 38204812 PMCID: PMC10774851 DOI: 10.4081/jphia.2023.2673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Risk communication of Covid-19 pandemic in Nigeria appeared to be urban-centered with the dominant use of social media, print communication and other controlled media. In such times of public health emergencies, non-literate population could be vulnerable as a result of their limited understanding of the nature of such health risk. Therefore, the study seeks to investigate the extent to which Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) communicated the risk of Covid-19 disease to non-literate population in its public health campaign during the pandemic in South-West Nigeria. The study adopts risk communication theory which advances the approach communication should take during public health emergencies. Using descriptive cross-sectional mixed methods research design, a sample of 420 respondents were purposively selected from 6 towns in the rural areas of Lagos, Oyo and Osun states to examine the level of awareness on Covid-19 pandemic among non-literates. In addition, NCDC risk communication on Covid-19 for non-literate population were analyzed from 3 Jingles in Yoruba language as well as 9 flyers designed for Covid-19 disease from NCDC websites. Results showed that NCDC awareness creation on Covid-19 disease for non-literates in Southwest achieved significant success as a result of the medium used in creating awareness. Specifically, radio was highly rated among majority of the respondents (60.4%) followed by health workers (19.8%) as channels that created understandable message on Covid-19 safety protocols. Further findings on Jingles content revealed that all Covid-19 safety protocols were communicated in Yoruba language for Southwest populace. However, NCDC fall short in communicating Covid-19 risk effectively for non-literates in Southwest as jingles only buttressed the Covid-19 safety protocols and symptoms as well as the need to comply, without educating the masses on the dreadful nature of the disease and its dynamics. Though flyers designed by the NCDC communicated risk to an extent, nevertheless, graphics and symbols on Covid-19 disease were complimented by words in English language only, which could be difficult for non-literates to decipher. Based on the findings, the study recommends that public health agencies need to educate non-literate population about the nature of a disease more than creating awareness about the outbreak of a disease, and such education should be strategic, context-specific, and evidence-based.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - BENICE O. SANUSI
- Department of Mass Communication, Redeemers University Ede, Osun State
| | | | - FELIX A. TALABI
- Department of Mass Communication, Redeemers University Ede, Osun State
| | - ISAAC A. OYEKOLA
- Department of Sociology, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | | | - EJEM AGWU EJEM
- Department of Mass Communication, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State
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Ha Y. Exploiting the Potential of Magnetic Nanoparticles for Rapid Diagnosis Tests (RDTs): Nanoparticle-Antibody Conjugates and Color Development Strategies. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3033. [PMID: 37835776 PMCID: PMC10572869 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13193033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have emerged as a promising material in disease diagnostics due to their potential to enhance detection sensitivity, facilitate concentration and purification of target substances in diverse samples, and enable favorable color-based detection. In this study, antibody-conjugated MNPs were successfully synthesized and validated through two appropriate methods: the measurement of MNPs' size and the use of phosphatase methods. Additionally, three methods were suggested and implemented for developing color in MNPs-based immunoassay, including the formation of MNP aggregations, utilization of MNPs' peroxidase-like activity, and synthesis of dually-conjugated MNPs with both enzyme and antibody. In particular, color development utilizing nanoparticle aggregations was demonstrated to result in a more yellowish color as virus concentration increased, while the peroxidase activity of MNPs exhibited a proportional increase in color intensity as the MNP concentration increased. This observation suggests the potential applicability of quantitative analysis using these methods. Furthermore, effective concentration and purification of target substances were demonstrated through the collection of MNPs using an external magnetic field, irrespective of factors such as antibody conjugation, dispersion medium, or virus binding. Finally, based on the key findings of this study, a design proposal for MNPs-based immunoassay is presented. Overall, MNPs-based immunoassays hold significant potential for advancing disease diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonjeong Ha
- ICT Environment Convergence, Department of ICT Convergence, College of IT Engineering, Pyeongtaek University, 3825 Seodong-daero, Pyeongtaek-si 17869, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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3
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Han Q, Bragazzi N, Asgary A, Orbinski J, Wu J, Kong JD. Estimation of epidemiological parameters and ascertainment rate from early transmission of COVID-19 across Africa. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:230316. [PMID: 37736525 PMCID: PMC10509578 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Country reported case counts suggested a slow spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa. Owing to inadequate public awareness, unestablished monitoring practices, limited testing and stigmas, there might exist extensive under-ascertainment of the true number of cases, especially at the beginning of the novel epidemic. We developed a compartmentalized epidemiological model to track the early epidemics in 54 African countries. Data on the reported cumulative number of cases and daily confirmed cases were used to fit the model for the time period with no or little massive national interventions yet in each country. We estimated that the mean basic reproduction number is 2.02 (s.d. 0.7), with a range between 1.12 (Zambia) and 3.64 (Nigeria). The mean overall report rate was estimated to be 5.37% (s.d. 5.71%), with the highest 30.41% in Libya and the lowest 0.02% in São Tomé and Príncipe. An average of 5.46% (s.d. 6.4%) of all infected cases were severe cases and 66.74% (s.d. 17.28%) were asymptomatic ones. The estimated low reporting rates in Africa suggested a clear need for improved reporting and surveillance systems in these countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Han
- Africa-Canada Artificial Intelligence and Data Innovation Consortium (ACADIC), York University, Keele Campus, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), York University, Keele Campus, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Nicola Bragazzi
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), York University, Keele Campus, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Ali Asgary
- Disaster and Emergency Management, School of Administrative Studies, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Professional Studies, York University, Keele Campus, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - James Orbinski
- Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University, Keele Campus, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Jianhong Wu
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), York University, Keele Campus, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Jude Dzevela Kong
- Africa-Canada Artificial Intelligence and Data Innovation Consortium (ACADIC), York University, Keele Campus, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), York University, Keele Campus, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
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Sakpere W, Sakpere AB, Olanipekun I, Simon YO. Impact analysis of COVID-19 on Nigerian workers' productivity using multiple correspondence analysis. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2023; 21:e01780. [PMID: 38620132 PMCID: PMC10291860 DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e01780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
As the COVID-19 pandemic became a global health concern, many business activities have had to adjust to the protocols required to keep people safe, thereby altering the work structures of many professionals. With data gathered from 466 respondents in Nigeria, of which approximately 70% are from the South-West, this study shows how the factors associated with the health crisis have affected work productivity during this period. The snowball survey research design techniques with the two-way interaction model were employed. Multiple Correspondence Analysis was used to analyse and understand multiple and pairwise qualitative factors that influence productivity. The first part of the analysis identified boredom, remuneration, internet availability, fear of COVID-19 and depressing news of COVID-19 as the factors that had significant impacts on workers' productivity. The second part of the analysis shows how the categories of the five significant factors were either associated or not with productivity. An analysis of each of these factors showed that fear of the disease was associated with slight productivity but access to internet facilities and remuneration were strongly associated with improved work productivity, while boredom and depressing news about COVID-19 were associated with non-productivity during this period. Further evidence also showed that training and new skills acquisition might improve workers' productivity much more. We, therefore, recommend dynamic skills acquisition, training, and investment in tools and services that will enhance flexibility with the changing work structure that comes because of global crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Sakpere
- Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria. (Contribution: Study design, Data collection, Statistical analysis, Data interpretation, Manuscript preparation, Literature search)
| | - Aderonke Busayo Sakpere
- University of Ibadan, Nigeria. (Contribution: Study design, Data collection, Statistical analysis, Data interpretation)
| | - Ifedolapo Olanipekun
- Adeyemi College of Education, Nigeria. (Contribution: Study design, Data collection, Literature search)
| | - Yaya OlaOluwa Simon
- University of Ibadan, Nigeria. (Contribution: Statistical analysis, Data interpretation)
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Ibrahim YF, Abd El-Bar SE, Khader MM, Adel M. Studying and Simulating the Fractional COVID-19 Model Using an Efficient Spectral Collocation Approach. FRACTAL AND FRACTIONAL 2023; 7:307. [DOI: 10.3390/fractalfract7040307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
We give a theoretical and numerical analysis of a coronavirus (COVID-19) infection model in this research. A mathematical model of this system is provided, based on a collection of fractional differential equations (in the Caputo sense). Initially, a rough approximation formula was created for the fractional derivative of tp. Here, the third-kind Chebyshev approximations of the spectral collocation method (SCM) were used. To identify the unknown coefficients of the approximate solution, the proposed problem was transformed into a system of algebraic equations, which was then transformed into a restricted optimization problem. To evaluate the effectiveness and accuracy of the suggested scheme, the residual error function was computed. The objective of this research was to halt the global spread of a disease. A susceptible person may be moved immediately into the confined class after being initially quarantined or an exposed person may be transferred to one of the infected classes. The researchers adopted this strategy and considered both asymptomatic and symptomatic infected patients. Results acquired with the achieved results were contrasted with those obtained using the generalized Runge-Kutta method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser F. Ibrahim
- Department of Mathematics, College of Science, Taibah University, Medina 41411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sobhi E. Abd El-Bar
- Department of Mathematics, College of Science, Taibah University, Medina 41411, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31111, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M. Khader
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11566, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Adel
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Islamic University of Madinah, Medina 42210, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
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Risk Factors for COVID-19 Infection among Healthcare Workers in North-East Nigeria. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10101919. [PMID: 36292365 PMCID: PMC9601610 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10101919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthcare workers (HCWs) face an unprecedented higher risk of COVID-19 infection due to their work and exposure. In this study, we aim to examine the associated risk factors for COVID-19 infection among HCWs in North-East Nigeria. We used data collected retrospectively among a cohort of clinical and non-clinical HCWs in six healthcare facilities in Adamawa State, Nigeria. We estimated the marginal probability of COVID-19 infection among HWCs using alternating logistic regression via the generalized estimating equations (GEE) approach. Among the 318 HCWs, 178 (55.97%) were males, mean (±SD) age was 36.81 (±8.98), 237 (74.76%) were clinical, and 80 (25.24) were non-clinical staff. The overall prevalence of COVID-19 was 16.67% among HCWs. After adjusting for other variables in the model, our results showed that clinical staff had a 5-fold higher risk of COVID-19 infection than non-clinical staff (aOR = 5.07, 95% CI: 1.32–19.52). Moreover, significant exposure risk factors for COVID-19 infection for HCWs increase with age, time spent attending to patients, caring for COVID-19 patients, and having worked with COVID-19 samples, while the risk decreases with the use of an N95 mask. Our findings suggested that the burden of COVID-19 infection is higher for clinical staff than non-clinical staff, and increasing age contributed to the increased risk.
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What We Can Learn from the Exported Cases in Detecting Disease Outbreaks - A Case Study of the COVID-19 Epidemic. Ann Epidemiol 2022; 75:67-72. [PMID: 36167242 PMCID: PMC9509016 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Early warning in the travel origins is crucial to prevent disease spreading. When travel origins have delays in reporting disease outbreaks, the exported cases could be used to estimate the epidemic. Methods We developed a Bayesian model to jointly estimate the epidemic prevalence and detection delay using the exported cases and their arrival and detection dates. We used simulation studies to discuss potential biases generated by the exported cases. We proposed a hypothesis testing framework to determine the epidemic severity. Results We applied the method to the early phase of the COVID-19 epidemic of Wuhan, United States, Italy, and Iran and found that the indicators estimated from the exported cases were consistent with the domestic data under certain scenarios. The exported cases could generate various biases if not modeled properly. We presented the required number of exported cases for determining different severity levels of the outbreak. Conclusions The exported case data is a good addition to the domestic data but also has its drawbacks. Utilizing the diagnosis resources from all countries, we advocate that countries work collaboratively to strengthen the global infectious disease surveillance system.
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Diarra M, Barry A, Dia N, Diop M, Sonko I, Sagne S, Sarr FD, Talla C, Tall A, Faye J, Diop B, Diagne CT, Gaye A, Diallo A, Mbaye R, Cisse M, Taieb F, Faye O, Lakhe NA, Papa Samba B, Diallo K, Fall NM, Badiane AS, Fortes L, Diop M, Thioub D, Ly AB, Faye O, Seydi M, Bousso A, Sall AA, Loucoubar C. First wave COVID-19 pandemic in Senegal: Epidemiological and clinical characteristics. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274783. [PMID: 36126041 PMCID: PMC9488827 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has spread from China to the rest of the world. Africa seems less impacted with lower number of cases and deaths than other continents. Senegal recorded its first case on March 2, 2020. We present here data collected from March 2 to October 31, 2020 in Senegal. Methods Socio-demographic, epidemiological, clinical and virological information were collected on suspected cases. To determine factors associated with diagnosed infection, symptomatic disease and death, multivariable binary logistic regression and log binomial models were used. Epidemiological parameters such as the reproduction number and growth rate were estimated. Results 67,608 suspected cases were tested by the IPD laboratories (13,031 positive and 54,577 negative). All age categories were associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, but also patients having diabetes or hypertension or other cardiovascular diseases. With diagnosed infection, patients over 65 years and those with hypertension and cardiovascular disease and diabetes were highly associated with death. Patients with co-morbidities were associated with symptomatic disease, but only the under 15 years were not associated with. Among infected, 27.67% were asymptomatic (40.9% when contacts were systematically tested; 12.11% when only symptomatic or high-risk contacts were tested). Less than 15 years-old were mostly asymptomatic (63.2%). Dakar accounted for 81.4% of confirmed cases. The estimated mean serial interval was 5.57 (± 5.14) days. The average reproduction number was estimated at 1.161 (95%CI: 1.159–1.162), the growth rate was 0.031 (95%CI: 0.028–0.034) per day. Conclusions Our findings indicated that factors associated with symptomatic COVID-19 and death are advanced age (over 65 years-old) and comorbidities such as diabetes and hypertension and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Diarra
- Epidemiology, Clinical Research and Data Science Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
- * E-mail:
| | - Aliou Barry
- Epidemiology, Clinical Research and Data Science Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Ndongo Dia
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Mamadou Diop
- Epidemiology, Clinical Research and Data Science Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Ibrahima Sonko
- Centre des Opérations d’Urgence Sanitaire (COUS), Ministry of Health, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Samba Sagne
- Epidemiology, Clinical Research and Data Science Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Fatoumata Diene Sarr
- Epidemiology, Clinical Research and Data Science Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Cheikh Talla
- Epidemiology, Clinical Research and Data Science Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Adama Tall
- Epidemiology, Clinical Research and Data Science Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Joseph Faye
- Epidemiology, Clinical Research and Data Science Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Boly Diop
- Division Surveillance Epidémiologique, Direction de la Prévention, Ministry of Health, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Aboubacry Gaye
- Epidemiology, Clinical Research and Data Science Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Amadou Diallo
- Epidemiology, Clinical Research and Data Science Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Rose Mbaye
- Epidemiology, Clinical Research and Data Science Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Mamadou Cisse
- Epidemiology, Clinical Research and Data Science Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Fabien Taieb
- Epidemiology, Clinical Research and Data Science Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Oumar Faye
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | | | - Khardiata Diallo
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses, Fann Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | | | | | | | - Daouda Thioub
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses, Fann Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Alioune Badara Ly
- Centre des Opérations d’Urgence Sanitaire (COUS), Ministry of Health, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Ousmane Faye
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Moussa Seydi
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses, Fann Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Abdoulaye Bousso
- Centre des Opérations d’Urgence Sanitaire (COUS), Ministry of Health, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Amadou A. Sall
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Cheikh Loucoubar
- Epidemiology, Clinical Research and Data Science Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
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Kabantiyok D, Ninyio N, Shittu I, Meseko C, Emeto TI, Adegboye OA. Human Respiratory Infections in Nigeria: Influenza and the Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091551. [PMID: 36146628 PMCID: PMC9506385 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing outbreak of zoonotic diseases presents challenging times for nations and calls for a renewed effort to disrupt the chain of events that precede it. Nigeria's response to the 2006 bird flu provided a platform for outbreak response, yet it was not its first experience with Influenza. This study describes the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on Influenza surveillance and, conversely, while the 1918 Influenza pandemic remains the most devastating (500,000 deaths in 18 million population) in Nigeria, the emergence of SARS CoV-2 presented renewed opportunities for the development of vaccines with novel technology, co-infection studies outcome, and challenges globally. Although the public health Intervention and strategies left some positive outcomes for other viruses, Nigeria and Africa's preparation against the next pandemic may involve prioritizing a combination of technology, socioeconomic growth, and active surveillance in the spirit of One Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Kabantiyok
- Laboratory Diagnostic Services Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, PMB 01, Vom 930001, Nigeria
| | - Nathaniel Ninyio
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, 70182 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Ismaila Shittu
- Department of Avian Influenza and Transboundary Animal Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, PMB 01, Vom 930010, Nigeria
| | - Clement Meseko
- Department of Avian Influenza and Transboundary Animal Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, PMB 01, Vom 930010, Nigeria
| | - Theophilus I. Emeto
- Public Health & Tropical Medicine, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Department, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vector-Borne, Neglected Tropical Diseases Department, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Oyelola A. Adegboye
- Public Health & Tropical Medicine, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Department, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vector-Borne, Neglected Tropical Diseases Department, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Adegboye OA, Eugenia Castellanos M, Alele FO, Pak A, Ezechukwu HC, Hou K, Emeto TI. Travel-Related Monkeypox Outbreaks in the Era of COVID-19 Pandemic: Are We Prepared? Viruses 2022; 14:1283. [PMID: 35746754 PMCID: PMC9228578 DOI: 10.3390/v14061283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Several neglected infectious pathogens, such as the monkeypox virus (MPXV), have re-emerged in the last few decades, becoming a global health burden. Despite the incipient vaccine against MPXV infection, the global incidence of travel-related outbreaks continues to rise. About 472 confirmed cases have been reported in 27 countries as of 31 May 2022, the largest recorded number of cases outside Africa since the disease was discovered in the early 1970s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyelola A. Adegboye
- Public Health & Tropical Medicine, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; (M.E.C.); (F.O.A.); (T.I.E.)
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vector-Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Maria Eugenia Castellanos
- Public Health & Tropical Medicine, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; (M.E.C.); (F.O.A.); (T.I.E.)
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vector-Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Faith O. Alele
- Public Health & Tropical Medicine, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; (M.E.C.); (F.O.A.); (T.I.E.)
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Anton Pak
- Centre for the Business and Economics of Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia;
| | - Henry C. Ezechukwu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Eko University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ijanikin 102004, Lagos State, Nigeria;
| | - Kay Hou
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia;
| | - Theophilus I. Emeto
- Public Health & Tropical Medicine, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; (M.E.C.); (F.O.A.); (T.I.E.)
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vector-Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
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An Efficient Numerical Simulation for the Fractional COVID-19 Model Using the GRK4M Together with the Fractional FDM. FRACTAL AND FRACTIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fractalfract6060304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this research, we studied a mathematical model formulated with six fractional differential equations to characterize a COVID-19 outbreak. For the past two years, the disease transmission has been increasing all over the world. We included the considerations of people with infections who were both asymptomatic and symptomatic as well as the fact that an individual who has been exposed is either quarantined or moved to one of the diseased classes, with the chance that a susceptible individual could also migrate to the quarantined class. The suggested model is solved numerically by implementing the generalized Runge–Kutta method of the fourth order (GRK4M). We discuss the stability analysis of the GRK4M as a general study. The acquired findings are compared with those obtained using the fractional finite difference method (FDM), where we used the Grünwald–Letnikov approach to discretize the fractional differentiation operator. The FDM is mostly reliant on correctly converting the suggested model into a system of algebraic equations. By applying the proposed methods, the numerical results reveal that these methods are straightforward to apply and computationally very effective at presenting a numerical simulation of the behavior of all components of the model under study.
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Ofori SK, Schwind JS, Sullivan KL, Cowling BJ, Chowell G, Fung ICH. Transmission Dynamics of COVID-19 in Ghana and the Impact of Public Health Interventions. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022; 107:tpmd210718. [PMID: 35605636 PMCID: PMC9294683 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-0718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study characterized COVID-19 transmission in Ghana in 2020 and 2021 by estimating the time-varying reproduction number (Rt) and exploring its association with various public health interventions at the national and regional levels. Ghana experienced four pandemic waves, with epidemic peaks in July 2020 and January, August, and December 2021. The epidemic peak was the highest nationwide in December 2021 with Rt ≥ 2. Throughout 2020 and 2021, per-capita cumulative case count by region increased with population size. Mobility data suggested a negative correlation between Rt and staying home during the first 90 days of the pandemic. The relaxation of movement restrictions and religious gatherings was not associated with increased Rt in the regions with fewer case burdens. Rt decreased from > 1 when schools reopened in January 2021 to < 1 after vaccination rollout in March 2021. Findings indicated most public health interventions were associated with Rt reduction at the national and regional levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia K. Ofori
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia
| | - Jessica S. Schwind
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia
| | - Kelly L. Sullivan
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia
| | - Benjamin J. Cowling
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Gerardo Chowell
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Isaac Chun-Hai Fung
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia
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Liu J, Tong Y, Li S, Tian Z, He L, Zheng J. Compliance with COVID-19-preventive behaviours among employees returning to work in the post-epidemic period. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:369. [PMID: 35189862 PMCID: PMC8860284 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-12709-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the importance of behaviours such as social distancing in controlling pandemics. Currently, the epidemic is under control in China and production has resumed in various industries. This study investigates the behavioural compliance and related factors for COVID-19 prevention among employees returning to the workplace and provide strategic recommendations for improving individual-level preventive behaviour to prevent a new outbreak. Methods A cross-sectional study design was used. Data were gathered from returning employees in China using an online questionnaire survey, from March to May, 2020. The questionnaire covered participants’ COVID-19-related knowledge, compliance with recommended preventive behaviours, and levels of depression and anxiety. Univariate and multi-factor methods were used to analyse the data and identify factors influencing behaviour compliance. Results Of the 1300 participants completing the full survey, more than half were male (71.92%) and 61% were aged between 31 and 50 years. Six hundred and ninety-eight (53.7%) participants showed high compliance, while 602 (46.3%) showed low compliance. In models adjusted for demographic and socio-economic factors, high education level (odds ratio [OR] = 0.23, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.07–0.70), office staff (OR = 0.51, 95% CI: 0.33–0.78), higher knowledge of COVID-19 (OR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.67–0.81), and quarantining (OR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.57–0.96) predicted better compliance with preventive behaviours (P < 0.05), while high anxiety levels (OR = 1.55, 95% CI: 1.10–2.18) predicted lower compliance with preventive behaviours (P < 0.05). Conclusion For employees returning to work during the post-COVID-19-epidemic period, compliance with recommended preventive behaviours requires improvement. Consequently, comprehensive intervention measures, including the provision of health education and psychological counselling, as well as the continuance of a strict isolation policy, could enhance such compliance. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-022-12709-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Department of School Medicine,School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Yan Tong
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Center for Disease Control and Prevent, Shizuishan, China
| | - Shaoqiong Li
- Center for Information, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Zhiqiang Tian
- Department of School Medicine,School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Lu He
- Department of School Medicine,School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Jianzhong Zheng
- Department of School Medicine,School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China.
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Fasominu O, Okunromade O, Oyebanji O, Lee CT, Atanda A, Mamadu I, Okudo I, Okereke E, Ilori E, Ihekweazu C. Reviewing Health Security Capacities in Nigeria Using the Updated WHO Joint External Evaluation and WHO Benchmarks Tool: Experience from a Country-Led Self-Assessment Exercise. Health Secur 2022; 20:74-86. [PMID: 35020486 PMCID: PMC8892965 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2021.0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Across the world, the level of pandemic preparedness varies and no country is fully prepared to respond to all public health events. The International Health Regulations 2005 require state parties to develop core capacities to prevent, detect, and respond to public health events of international concern. In addition to annual self-assessment, these capacities are peer reviewed once every 5 years through the voluntary Joint External Evaluation (JEE). In this article, we share Nigeria's experience of conducting a country-led midterm self-assessment using a slightly modified application of the second edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) JEE and the new WHO benchmarks tool. Despite more stringent scoring criteria in the revised JEE tool, average scoring showed modest capacity improvements in 2019 compared with 2017. Of the 19 technical areas assessed, 11 improved, 5 did not change, and 3 had lower scores. No technical area attained the highest-level scoring of 5. Understanding the level of, and gaps in, pandemic preparedness enables state parties to develop plans to improve health security; the outcome of the assessment included the development of a 12-month operational plan. Countries need to intentionally invest in preparedness by using existing frameworks (eg, JEE) to better understand the status of their preparedness. This will ensure ownership of developed plans with shared responsibilities by all key stakeholders across all levels of government.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olukayode Fasominu
- Olukayode Fasominu, MD, MPH, is a Principal and National Consultant, Volte Health Systems Limited, Surveillance and Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Oyeladun Okunromade
- Oyeladun Okunromade, MBBS, MPH, is Deputy Director, Surveillance and Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Oyeronke Oyebanji
- Oyeronke Oyebanji, MSc, is a Technical Assistant, Office of the Director General, Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Christopher T Lee
- Christopher T. Lee, MD, MSc, MPH, is Director, Global Epidemic Preparedness and Response, Resolve to Save Lives, New York, NY
| | - Adejare Atanda
- Adejare (Jay) Atanda, DDS, MPH, is a Postdoctoral Fellow, School of Community Health and Policy, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ibrahim Mamadu
- Ibrahim Mamadu, MD, MPH, is a National Programme Officer, Health Emergency Preparedness and International Health Regulations, World Health Organization Nigeria Country Office, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Ifeanyi Okudo
- Ifeanyi Okudo, MBBS, MPH, is Emergencies Cluster Lead, Health Emergency Preparedness and International Health Regulations, World Health Organization Nigeria Country Office, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Ebere Okereke
- Ebere Okereke, MBBS, MSc(PH), FFPHM, is Lead, Public Health England International Health Regulation (IHR) Strengthening Programme, International Health Regulations Strengthening Project, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Elsie Ilori
- Elsie Ilori is Director, Surveillance and Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Chikwe Ihekweazu
- Chikwe Ihekweazu, MBBS, FFPH, is Director General and Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria
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Politis MD, Hua X, Ogwara CA, Davies MR, Adebile TM, Sherman MP, Zhou X, Chowell G, Spaulding AC, Fung ICH. nSpatially refined time-varying reproduction numbers of SARS-CoV-2 in Arkansas and Kentucky and their relationship to population size and public health policy, March – November, 2020. Ann Epidemiol 2022; 68:37-44. [PMID: 35031444 PMCID: PMC8750695 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2021.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Methods Results Conclusions
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Obande GA, Bagudo AI, Mohamad S, Deris ZZ, Harun A, Yean CY, Aziah I, Banga Singh KK. Current State of COVID-19 Pandemic in Africa: Lessons for Today and the Future. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:9968. [PMID: 34639270 PMCID: PMC8507711 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18199968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This study is a cross-sectional, observational analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa, to understand the progression of the disease across the continent. Published data on COVID-19 from 20 January 2020 to 21 June 2021 were obtained and analyzed. Case fatality ratios, as well as case growth rates and other indices were computed. On 21 June 2021, a total of 178,210,532 confirmed cases and 3,865,978 deaths had been recorded worldwide. While the Americas recorded the highest number of cases, Southern Africa recorded the majority of African cases. Fatality rate since from 20 February 2020 to 21 June 2021 was highest in the Americas (2.63%) and low in the South Eastern Asia region (1.39%), globally increasing from 2.17% at the end of January to 6.36% in May 2020 and decreasing to a range between 2.14% to 2.30% since January 2021. In Africa, the infection rate per 100,000 persons was up to 3090.18, while deaths per 100,000 and case fatality ratio were as high as 119.64 and 5.72%, respectively, among the 20 most-affected countries. The testing rate per million population was highest in Botswana (512,547.08). Fatality appears to be increasing in some regions of Africa. The rate of infection and fatality in Africa could still likely take an upward turn. Strict control measures are required, considering the continent's weak healthcare systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godwin Attah Obande
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (G.A.O.); (A.I.B.); (Z.Z.D.); (A.H.); (C.Y.Y.)
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Federal University of Lafia, PMB 146, Lafia 950101, Nigeria
| | - Ahmad Ibrahim Bagudo
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (G.A.O.); (A.I.B.); (Z.Z.D.); (A.H.); (C.Y.Y.)
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, PMB 1144, Aliero 863104, Nigeria
| | - Suharni Mohamad
- School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia;
| | - Zakuan Zainy Deris
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (G.A.O.); (A.I.B.); (Z.Z.D.); (A.H.); (C.Y.Y.)
- Medical Microbiology Laboratory, Hospital USM, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
| | - Azian Harun
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (G.A.O.); (A.I.B.); (Z.Z.D.); (A.H.); (C.Y.Y.)
- Medical Microbiology Laboratory, Hospital USM, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
| | - Chan Yean Yean
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (G.A.O.); (A.I.B.); (Z.Z.D.); (A.H.); (C.Y.Y.)
- Medical Microbiology Laboratory, Hospital USM, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
| | - Ismail Aziah
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia;
| | - Kirnpal Kaur Banga Singh
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (G.A.O.); (A.I.B.); (Z.Z.D.); (A.H.); (C.Y.Y.)
- Medical Microbiology Laboratory, Hospital USM, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
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Early reports of epidemiological parameters of the COVID-19 pandemic. Western Pac Surveill Response J 2021; 12:65-81. [PMID: 34540315 PMCID: PMC8421745 DOI: 10.5365/wpsar.2020.11.3.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The emergence of a new pathogen requires a rapid assessment of its transmissibility, to inform appropriate public health interventions. Methods The peer-reviewed literature published between 1 January and 30 April 2020 on COVID-19 in PubMed was searched. Estimates of the incubation period, serial interval and reproduction number for COVID-19 were obtained and compared. Results A total of 86 studies met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 33 estimated the mean incubation period (4–7 days) and 15 included estimates of the serial interval (mean 4–8 days; median length 4–5 days). Fifty-two studies estimated the reproduction number. Although reproduction number estimates ranged from 0.3 to 14.8, in 33 studies (63%), they fell between 2 and 3. Discussion Studies calculating the incubation period and effective reproduction number were published from the beginning of the pandemic until the end of the study period (30 April 2020); however, most of the studies calculating the serial interval were published in April 2020. The calculated incubation period was similar over the study period and in different settings, whereas estimates of the serial interval and effective reproduction number were setting-specific. Estimates of the serial interval were shorter at the end of the study period as increasing evidence of pre-symptomatic transmission was documented and as jurisdictions enacted outbreak control measures. Estimates of the effective reproduction number varied with the setting and the underlying model assumptions. Early analysis of epidemic parameters provides vital information to inform the outbreak response.
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Zhu M, Kleepbua J, Guan Z, Chew SP, Tan JW, Shen J, Latthitham N, Hu J, Law JX, Li L. Early Spatiotemporal Patterns and Population Characteristics of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Southeast Asia. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:1220. [PMID: 34574997 PMCID: PMC8466219 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9091220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This observational study aims to investigate the early disease patterns of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Southeast Asia, consequently providing historical experience for further interventions. Data were extracted from official websites of the WHO and health authorities of relevant countries. A total of 1346 confirmed cases of COVID-19, with 217 recoveries and 18 deaths, were reported in Southeast Asia as of 16 March 2020. The basic reproductive number (R0) of COVID-19 in the region was estimated as 2.51 (95% CI:2.31 to 2.73), and there were significant geographical variations at the subregional level. Early transmission dynamics were examined with an exponential regression model: y = 0.30e0.13x (p < 0.01, R2 = 0.96), which could help predict short-term incidence. Country-level disease burden was positively correlated with Human Development Index (r = 0.86, p < 0.01). A potential early shift in spatial diffusion patterns and a spatiotemporal cluster occurring in Malaysia and Singapore were detected. Demographic analyses of 925 confirmed cases indicated a median age of 44 years and a sex ratio (male/female) of 1.25. Age may play a significant role in both susceptibilities and outcomes. The COVID-19 situation in Southeast Asia is challenging and unevenly geographically distributed. Hence, enhanced real-time surveillance and more efficient resource allocation are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; (M.Z.); (Z.G.); (J.S.)
| | - Jirapat Kleepbua
- Thammasat University Hospital, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (J.K.); (N.L.)
| | - Zhou Guan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; (M.Z.); (Z.G.); (J.S.)
| | - Sien Ping Chew
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China;
| | - Joanna Weihui Tan
- Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117570, Singapore;
| | - Jian Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; (M.Z.); (Z.G.); (J.S.)
| | | | - Jianxiong Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China;
| | - Jia Xian Law
- Tuanku Ja’afar Hospital, Seremban 70300, Malaysia;
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; (M.Z.); (Z.G.); (J.S.)
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Ogunrinola OO, Kanmodi RI, Ogunrinola OA. Medicinal plants as immune booster in the palliative management of viral diseases: A perspective on coronavirus. FOOD FRONTIERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/fft2.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Olabisi O. Ogunrinola
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science Lagos State University Ojo Lagos Nigeria
| | - Rahmon I. Kanmodi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science Lagos State University Ojo Lagos Nigeria
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Ahammed T, Anjum A, Rahman MM, Haider N, Kock R, Uddin MJ. Estimation of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) reproduction number and case fatality rate: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Sci Rep 2021; 4:e274. [PMID: 33977156 PMCID: PMC8093857 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Realizing the transmission potential and the magnitude of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) aids public health monitoring, strategies, and preparation. Two fundamental parameters, the basic reproduction number (R 0) and case fatality rate (CFR) of COVID-19, help in this understanding process. The objective of this study was to estimate the R 0 and CFR of COVID-19 and assess whether the parameters vary in different regions of the world. METHODS We carried out a systematic review to find the reported estimates of the R 0 and the CFR in articles from international databases between January 1 and August 31, 2020. Random-effect models and Forest plots were implemented to evaluate the mean effect size of R 0 and the CFR. Furthermore, R 0 and CFR of the studies were quantified based on geographic location, the tests/thousand population, and the median population age of the countries where the studies were conducted. To assess statistical heterogeneity among the selected articles, the I 2 statistic and the Cochran's Q test were used. RESULTS Forty-five studies involving R 0 and 34 studies involving CFR were included. The pooled estimation of R 0 was 2.69 (95% CI: 2.40, 2.98), and that of the CFR was 2.67 (2.25, 3.13). The CFR in different regions of the world varied significantly, from 2.49 (2.08, 2.94) in Asia to 3.40 (2.81, 4.04) in North America. We observed higher mean CFR values for the countries with lower tests (3.15 vs 2.16) and greater median population age (3.13 vs 2.27). However, R 0 did not vary significantly in different regions of the world. CONCLUSIONS An R 0 of 2.69 and a CFR of 2.67 indicate the severity of the COVID-19. Although R 0 and CFR may vary over time, space, and demographics, we recommend considering these figures in control and prevention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvir Ahammed
- Department of StatisticsShahjalal University of Science and TechnologySylhetBangladesh
| | - Aniqua Anjum
- Department of StatisticsShahjalal University of Science and TechnologySylhetBangladesh
| | - Mohammad Meshbahur Rahman
- Department of Health Statistics (Meta‐analysis & Geriatric Health)Biomedical Research FoundationDhakaBangladesh
| | - Najmul Haider
- The Royal Veterinary CollegeUniversity of LondonHertfordshireUnited Kingdom
| | - Richard Kock
- The Royal Veterinary CollegeUniversity of LondonHertfordshireUnited Kingdom
| | - Md Jamal Uddin
- Department of StatisticsShahjalal University of Science and TechnologySylhetBangladesh
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Akeju DO, Adejoh SO, Fakunmoju AJ, Allsop MJ, Ebenso B, Tade T, Okusanya BO. The COVID-19 pandemic: Stay Home policy and exposure to risks of infection among Nigerians. WORLD MEDICAL & HEALTH POLICY 2021; 15:WMH3445. [PMID: 34226855 PMCID: PMC8242819 DOI: 10.1002/wmh3.445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The global threat which continues to accompany SARS-CoV-2 has led to a global response which adopts lockdown and stays home policy as means of curtailing its spread. This study investigates compliance with the Stay Home policy and exposure to COVID-19 in Nigeria. A survey was conducted from April 4 to May 8, 2020 using a cross-sectional mixed-methods approach to elicit responses from 879 participants across six geopolitical zones of Nigeria. Descriptive, χ 2, and multiple regression tests were used to analyze survey data using SPSS, whereas NVivo v12 was used for thematic analysis of qualitative data. States with complete lockdown had 72.4% of respondents complying fully with the policy compared with 44.2% of respondents in zones with the partial lockdown. Market places, classified as high-risk zones, were the most visited (n = 505; 71.0%). Though compliance was influenced by the nature of lockdown enforced (χ 2 = 70.385, df = 2; p < 0.05), being a female, a widow, and unemployed were associated with increased compliance. Exposure to COVID-19 was associated with being married, unemployed, and having no income. Fear, anxiety, and misperception play major roles in compliance. The authors conclude that compliance is not uniform and a more nuanced and targeted approach is required as the government continues to respond to the COVID-19 global pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Matthew J. Allsop
- Academic Unit of Palliative Care, Leeds Institute of Health SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Bassey Ebenso
- Nuffield Centre for International Health and Development, Leeds Institute of Health SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Titilayo Tade
- Department of Medical Social ServicesLagos University Teaching HospitalLagosNigeria
| | - Babasola O. Okusanya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of MedicineUniversity of LagosLagosNigeria
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Mveang Nzoghe A, Padzys GS, Maloupazoa Siawaya AC, Kandet Yattara M, Leboueny M, Avome Houechenou RM, Bongho EC, Mba-Mezeme C, Mvoundza Ndjindji O, Biteghe-Bi-Essone JC, Boulende A, Essone PN, Ndong Sima CAA, Minkobame U, Zang Eyi C, Ndeboko B, Voloc A, Meye JF, Ategbo S, Djoba Siawaya JF. Dynamic and features of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Gabon. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9672. [PMID: 33958601 PMCID: PMC8102484 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87043-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In a context where SARS-CoV-2 population-wide testing is implemented, clinical features and antibody response in those infected have never been documented in Africa. Yet, the information provided by analyzing data from population-wide testing is critical to understand the infection dynamics and devise control strategies. We described clinical features and assessed antibody response in people screened for SARS-CoV-2 infection. We analyzed data from a cohort of 3464 people that we molecularly screened for SARS-CoV-2 infection in our routine activity. We recorded people SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis, age, gender, blood types, white blood cells (WBC), symptoms, chronic disease status and time to SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR conversion from positive to negative. We calculated the age-based distribution of SARS-CoV-2 infection, analyzed the proportion and the spectrum of COVID-19 severity. Furthermore, in a nested sub-study, we screened 83 COVID-19 patients and 319 contact-cases for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Males and females accounted for respectively 51% and 49% of people screened. The studied population median and mean age were both 39 years. 592 out of 3464 people (17.2%) were diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection with males and females representing, respectively, 53% and 47%. The median and mean ages of SARS-CoV-2 infected subjects were 37 and 38 years respectively. The lowest rate of infection (8%) was observed in the elderly (aged > 60). The rate of SARS-Cov-2 infection in both young (18–35 years old) and middle-aged adults (36–60 years old) was around 20%. The analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infection age distribution showed that middle-aged adults accounted for 54.7% of SARS-CoV-2 positive persons, followed respectively by young adults (33.7%), children (7.7%) and elderly (3.8%). 68% (N = 402) of SARS-CoV-2 infected persons were asymptomatic, 26.3% (N = 156) had influenza-like symptoms, 2.7% (N = 16) had influenza-like symptoms associated with anosmia and ageusia, 2% (N = 11) had dyspnea and 1% (N = 7) had respiratory failure, which resulted in death. Data also showed that 12% of SARS-CoV-2 infected subjects, had chronic diseases. Hypertension, diabetes, and asthma were the top concurrent chronic diseases representing respectively 58%, 25% and 12% of recorded chronic diseases. Half of SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR positive patients were cured within 14 days following the initiation of the anti-COVID-19 treatment protocol. 78.3% of COVID-19 patients and 55% of SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR confirmed negative contact-cases were positive for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Patients with severe-to-critical illness have higher leukocytes, higher neutrophils and lower lymphocyte counts contrarily to asymptomatic patients and patients with mild-to-moderate illness. Neutrophilic leukopenia was more prevalent in asymptomatic patients and patients with mild-to-moderate disease for 4 weeks after diagnosis (27.1–42.1%). In Patients with severe-to-critical illness, neutrophilic leukocytosis or neutrophilia (35.6–50%) and lymphocytopenia (20–40%) were more frequent. More than 60% of participants were blood type O. It is also important to note that infection rate was slightly higher among A and B blood types compared with type O. In this African setting, young and middle-aged adults are most likely driving community transmission of COVID-19. The rate of critical disease is relatively low. The high rate of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies observed in SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR negative contact cases suggests that subclinical infection may have been overlooked in our setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Mveang Nzoghe
- Unité de Recherche et Diagnostics Spécialisé, Service Laboratoire, CHU-Mère-EnfantFondation Jeanne EBORI, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Guy-Stephan Padzys
- Département de Biologie Cellulaire et Physiologie, Faculté Des Sciences, Université Des Sciences Et Techniques de Masuku, Franceville, Gabon
| | | | | | - Marielle Leboueny
- Unité de Recherche et Diagnostics Spécialisé, Service Laboratoire, CHU-Mère-EnfantFondation Jeanne EBORI, Libreville, Gabon
| | | | - Eliode Cyrien Bongho
- Unité de Recherche et Diagnostics Spécialisé, Service Laboratoire, CHU-Mère-EnfantFondation Jeanne EBORI, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Cedrick Mba-Mezeme
- Département de Biologie Cellulaire et Physiologie, Faculté Des Sciences, Université Des Sciences Et Techniques de Masuku, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Ofilia Mvoundza Ndjindji
- Unité de Recherche et Diagnostics Spécialisé, Service Laboratoire, CHU-Mère-EnfantFondation Jeanne EBORI, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Jean Claude Biteghe-Bi-Essone
- Unité de Recherche et Diagnostics Spécialisé, Service Laboratoire, CHU-Mère-EnfantFondation Jeanne EBORI, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Alain Boulende
- Unité de Recherche et Diagnostics Spécialisé, Service Laboratoire, CHU-Mère-EnfantFondation Jeanne EBORI, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Paulin N Essone
- Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Libreville, Gabon.,Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, BP 242, Lambaréné, Gabon
| | - Carene Anne Alene Ndong Sima
- Unité de Recherche et Diagnostics Spécialisé, Service Laboratoire, CHU-Mère-EnfantFondation Jeanne EBORI, Libreville, Gabon.,Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7505, South Africa
| | - Ulysse Minkobame
- Pôle mère, CHU- Mère-Enfant Fondation Jeanne EBORI, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Carinne Zang Eyi
- Pôle enfant, CHU- Mère-Enfant Fondation Jeanne EBORI, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Bénédicte Ndeboko
- Unité de Recherche et Diagnostics Spécialisé, Service Laboratoire, CHU-Mère-EnfantFondation Jeanne EBORI, Libreville, Gabon.,Département de Biologie Cellulaire and Moléculaire-Génétique, Faculté de Médecine, Université Des Sciences de La Santé, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Alexandru Voloc
- Pôle enfant, CHU- Mère-Enfant Fondation Jeanne EBORI, Libreville, Gabon
| | | | - Simon Ategbo
- Pôle enfant, CHU- Mère-Enfant Fondation Jeanne EBORI, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Joel Fleury Djoba Siawaya
- Unité de Recherche et Diagnostics Spécialisé, Service Laboratoire, CHU-Mère-EnfantFondation Jeanne EBORI, Libreville, Gabon.
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Muniz-Rodriguez K, Chowell G, Schwind JS, Ford R, Ofori SK, Ogwara CA, Davies MR, Jacobs T, Cheung CH, Cowan LT, Hansen AR, Chun-Hai Fung I. Time-varying Reproduction Numbers of COVID-19 in Georgia, USA, March 2, 2020 to November 20, 2020. Perm J 2021; 25:20.232. [PMID: 33970085 PMCID: PMC8784042 DOI: 10.7812/tpp/20.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2020, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 impacted Georgia, USA. Georgia announced a state-wide shelter-in-place on April 2 and partially lifted restrictions on April 27. We estimated the time-varying reproduction numbers (Rt) of COVID-19 in Georgia, Metro Atlanta, and Dougherty County and environs from March 2, 2020, to November 20, 2020. METHODS We analyzed the daily incidence of confirmed COVID-19 cases in Georgia, Metro Atlanta, and Dougherty County and its surrounding counties, and estimated Rt using the R package EpiEstim. We used a 9-day correction for the date of report to analyze the data by assumed date of infection. RESULTS The median Rt estimate in Georgia dropped from between 2 and 4 in mid-March to < 2 in late March to around 1 from mid-April to November. Regarding Metro Atlanta, Rt fluctuated above 1.5 in March and around 1 since April. In Dougherty County, the median Rt declined from around 2 in late March to 0.32 on April 26. Then, Rt fluctuated around 1 in May through November. Counties surrounding Dougherty County registered an increase in Rt estimates days after a superspreading event occurred in the area. CONCLUSIONS In Spring 2020, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 transmission in Georgia declined likely because of social distancing measures. However, because restrictions were relaxed in late April and elections were conducted in November, community transmission continued, with Rt fluctuating around 1 across Georgia, Metro Atlanta, and Dougherty County as of November 2020. The superspreading event in Dougherty County affected surrounding areas, indicating the possibility of local transmission in neighboring counties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamalich Muniz-Rodriguez
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences,
Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health,
Georgia Southern University,
Statesboro,
GA
| | - Gerardo Chowell
- Department of Population Health Sciences,
School of Public Health,
Georgia State University,
Atlanta,
GA
| | - Jessica S Schwind
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences,
Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health,
Georgia Southern University,
Statesboro,
GA
| | - Randall Ford
- Department of Community Health and Health Policy,
Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health,
Georgia Southern University,
Statesboro,
GA
| | - Sylvia K Ofori
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences,
Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health,
Georgia Southern University,
Statesboro,
GA
| | - Chigozie A Ogwara
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences,
Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health,
Georgia Southern University,
Statesboro,
GA
| | - Margaret R Davies
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences,
Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health,
Georgia Southern University,
Statesboro,
GA
| | - Terrence Jacobs
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences,
Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health,
Georgia Southern University,
Statesboro,
GA
| | - Chi-Hin Cheung
- Independent researcher,
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Logan T Cowan
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences,
Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health,
Georgia Southern University,
Statesboro,
GA
| | - Andrew R Hansen
- Department of Community Health and Health Policy,
Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health,
Georgia Southern University,
Statesboro,
GA
| | - Isaac Chun-Hai Fung
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences,
Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health,
Georgia Southern University,
Statesboro,
GA
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Adewole MO, Onifade AA, Abdullah FA, Kasali F, Ismail AIM. Modeling the Dynamics of COVID-19 in Nigeria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 7:67. [PMID: 33898652 PMCID: PMC8053898 DOI: 10.1007/s40819-021-01014-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
To understand the dynamics of COVID-19 in Nigeria, a mathematical model which incorporates the key compartments and parameters regarding COVID-19 in Nigeria is formulated. The basic reproduction number is obtained which is then used to analyze the stability of the disease-free equilibrium solution of the model. The model is calibrated using data obtained from Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and key parameters of the model are estimated. Sensitivity analysis is carried out to investigate the influence of the parameters in curtailing the disease. Using Pontryagin’s maximum principle, time-dependent intervention strategies are optimized in order to suppress the transmission of the virus. Numerical simulations are then used to explore various optimal control solutions involving single and multiple controls. Our results suggest that strict intervention effort is required for quick suppression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew O Adewole
- Department of Computer Science and Mathematics, Mountain Top University, Prayer City, Ogun State Nigeria
| | - Akindele A Onifade
- Department of Computer Science and Mathematics, Mountain Top University, Prayer City, Ogun State Nigeria
| | - Farah A Abdullah
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Funmilayo Kasali
- Department of Computer Science and Mathematics, Mountain Top University, Prayer City, Ogun State Nigeria
| | - Ahmad I M Ismail
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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25
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Sheng H, Wu L, Wu T, Peng B. Network dynamic model of epidemic transmission introducing a heterogeneous control factor. J Med Virol 2021; 93:6496-6505. [PMID: 33851729 PMCID: PMC8250401 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 epidemic is not only a medical issue but also a sophisticated social problem. We propose a network dynamics model of epidemic transmission introducing a heterogeneous control factor. The proposed model applied the classical susceptible- exposed-infectious-recovered model to the network based on effective distance and was modified by introducing a heterogeneous control factor with temporal and spatial characteristics. International aviation data were approximately used to estimate the flux fraction matrix, and the effective distance was calculated. Through parameter estimation and simulation, the theoretical values of the modified model fit well with practical values. By adjusting the parameters and observing the change of the results, we found that the modified model is more in line with the actual needs and has higher credibility in the comprehensive analysis. The assessment shows that the number of confirmed cases worldwide will reach about 20 million optimistically. In severe cases, the peak value will exceed 80 million, and the late stage of the epidemic shows a long tail shape, lasting more than one and a half years. The effective way to control the global epidemic is to strengthen international cooperation and to impose international travel restrictions and other measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaxiong Sheng
- Graduate School of National Defense University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Joint Operation College of National Defense University, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Wu
- Graduate School of National Defense University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Joint Operation College of National Defense University, Beijing, China
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26
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Fung ICH, Hung YW, Ofori SK, Muniz-Rodriguez K, Lai PY, Chowell G. SARS-CoV-2 Transmission in Alberta, British Columbia, and Ontario, Canada, December 25, 2019, to December 1, 2020. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2021; 16:1-10. [PMID: 33762027 PMCID: PMC8134904 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2021.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemiology in Alberta, British Columbia, and Ontario, Canada. METHODS Using data through December 1, 2020, we estimated time-varying reproduction number, Rt, using EpiEstim package in R, and calculated incidence rate ratios (IRR) across the 3 provinces. RESULTS In Ontario, 76% (92 745/121 745) of cases were in Toronto, Peel, York, Ottawa, and Durham; in Alberta, 82% (49 878/61 169) in Calgary and Edmonton; in British Columbia, 90% (31 142/34 699) in Fraser and Vancouver Coastal. Across 3 provinces, Rt dropped to ≤ 1 after April. In Ontario, Rt would remain < 1 in April if congregate-setting-associated cases were excluded. Over summer, Rt maintained < 1 in Ontario, ~1 in British Columbia, and ~1 in Alberta, except early July when Rt was > 1. In all 3 provinces, Rt was > 1, reflecting surges in case count from September through November. Compared with British Columbia (684.2 cases per 100 000), Alberta (IRR = 2.0; 1399.3 cases per 100 000) and Ontario (IRR = 1.2; 835.8 cases per 100 000) had a higher cumulative case count per 100 000 population. CONCLUSIONS Alberta and Ontario had a higher incidence rate than British Columbia, but Rt trajectories were similar across all 3 provinces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Chun-Hai Fung
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
| | - Yuen Wai Hung
- Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Sylvia K. Ofori
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
| | - Kamalich Muniz-Rodriguez
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
| | - Po-Ying Lai
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gerardo Chowell
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Muhammad M, Ibrahim SA, Yarube IU, Bello B. A REVIEW ON EMERGING PATHOGENESIS OF COVID-19 AND POINTS OF CONCERN FOR RESEARCH COMMUNITIES IN NIGERIA. Afr J Infect Dis 2021; 15:36-43. [PMID: 33889801 PMCID: PMC8052969 DOI: 10.21010/ajid.v15i2.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 remains an emerging pandemic that continuously poses an alarming threat and challenge to economic, social and well-being of the people throughout the world. It also remains an evolving disease which complete pathogenesis that translates into clinical features is only just emerging by each second of the day. There have been observations about the emerging trends of the disease in Nigeria like in any other country in the world where there is outbreak. This study examined from evidence-based literature the emerging pathogenesis of COVID-19 and important points of concern of the disease in Nigeria. MATERIALS AND METHODS The paper reviewed published articles in PubMed and Google Scholar using search terms 'COVID-19" and "SARS-CoV-2", as well as searched for general COVID-19 information on internet. RESULTS The result summarized literature on emerging pathogenesis of COVID-19 and important points of concern as well as research questions as to the peculiar trends of the disease in Nigeria. CONCLUSION Pathogenesis of COVID-19 remains an emerging knowledge and there are many important research questions that need to be scientifically answered for a successful containment of COVID-19 in Nigeria. It is recommended that all members of intellectual research communities should join the fight against COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubarak Muhammad
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Salisu Ahmed Ibrahim
- Department of Human Physiology, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria
| | - Isyaku Umar Yarube
- Department of Human Physiology, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria
| | - Bashir Bello
- Department of Physiotherapy, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria
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28
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Adegboye OA, Adekunle AI, Pak A, Gayawan E, Leung DH, Rojas DP, Elfaki F, McBryde ES, Eisen DP. Change in outbreak epicentre and its impact on the importation risks of COVID-19 progression: A modelling study. Travel Med Infect Dis 2021; 40:101988. [PMID: 33578044 DOI: 10.1101/2020.03.17.20036681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that was first detected in the city of Wuhan, China has now spread to every inhabitable continent, but now the attention has shifted from China to other epicentres. This study explored early assessment of the influence of spatial proximities and travel patterns from Italy on the further spread of SARS-CoV-2 worldwide. METHODS Using data on the number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 and air travel data between countries, we applied a stochastic meta-population model to estimate the global spread of COVID-19. Pearson's correlation, semi-variogram, and Moran's Index were used to examine the association and spatial autocorrelation between the number of COVID-19 cases and travel influx (and arrival time) from the source country. RESULTS We found significant negative association between disease arrival time and number of cases imported from Italy (r = -0.43, p = 0.004) and significant positive association between the number of COVID-19 cases and daily travel influx from Italy (r = 0.39, p = 0.011). Using bivariate Moran's Index analysis, we found evidence of spatial interaction between COVID-19 cases and travel influx (Moran's I = 0.340). Asia-Pacific region is at higher/extreme risk of disease importation from the Chinese epicentre, whereas the rest of Europe, South-America and Africa are more at risk from the Italian epicentre. CONCLUSION We showed that as the epicentre changes, the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 spread change to reflect spatial proximities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyelola A Adegboye
- Public Health & Tropical Medicine, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Australia; Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.
| | - Adeshina I Adekunle
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Anton Pak
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Ezra Gayawan
- Biostatistics and Spatial Statistics Research Group, Department of Statistics, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Denis Hy Leung
- School of Economics, Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Diana P Rojas
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Faiz Elfaki
- Department of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Emma S McBryde
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Damon P Eisen
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
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29
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Change in outbreak epicentre and its impact on the importation risks of COVID-19 progression: A modelling study. Travel Med Infect Dis 2021; 40:101988. [PMID: 33578044 PMCID: PMC7871106 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2021.101988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background The outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that was first detected in the city of Wuhan, China has now spread to every inhabitable continent, but now the attention has shifted from China to other epicentres. This study explored early assessment of the influence of spatial proximities and travel patterns from Italy on the further spread of SARS-CoV-2 worldwide. Methods Using data on the number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 and air travel data between countries, we applied a stochastic meta-population model to estimate the global spread of COVID-19. Pearson's correlation, semi-variogram, and Moran's Index were used to examine the association and spatial autocorrelation between the number of COVID-19 cases and travel influx (and arrival time) from the source country. Results We found significant negative association between disease arrival time and number of cases imported from Italy (r = −0.43, p = 0.004) and significant positive association between the number of COVID-19 cases and daily travel influx from Italy (r = 0.39, p = 0.011). Using bivariate Moran's Index analysis, we found evidence of spatial interaction between COVID-19 cases and travel influx (Moran's I = 0.340). Asia-Pacific region is at higher/extreme risk of disease importation from the Chinese epicentre, whereas the rest of Europe, South-America and Africa are more at risk from the Italian epicentre. Conclusion We showed that as the epicentre changes, the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 spread change to reflect spatial proximities.
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Ahmed I, Modu GU, Yusuf A, Kumam P, Yusuf I. A mathematical model of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) containing asymptomatic and symptomatic classes. RESULTS IN PHYSICS 2021; 21:103776. [PMID: 33432294 PMCID: PMC7787076 DOI: 10.1016/j.rinp.2020.103776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The research work in this paper attempts to describe the outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) with the help of a mathematical model using both the Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE) and Fractional Differential Equation. The spread of the disease has been on the increase across the globe for some time with no end in sight. The research used the data of COVID-19 cases in Nigeria for the numerical simulation which has been fitted to the model. We brought in the consideration of both asymptomatic and symptomatic infected individuals with the fact that an exposed individual is either sent to quarantine first or move to one of the infected classes with the possibility that susceptible individual can also move to quarantined class directly. It was found that the proposed model has two equilibrium points; the disease-free equilibrium point ( DFE ) and the endemic equilibrium point ( E 1 ) . Stability analysis of the equilibrium points shows ( E 0 ) is locally asymptotically stable whenever the basic reproduction number,R 0 < 1 and ( E 1 ) is globally asymptotically stable wheneverR 0 > 1 . Sensitivity analysis of the parameters in theR 0 was conducted and the profile of each state variable was also depicted using the fitted values of the parameters showing the spread of the disease. The most sensitive parameters in theR 0 are the contact rate between susceptible individuals and the rate of transfer of individuals from exposed class to symptomatically infected class. Moreover, the basic reproduction number for the data is calculated asR 0 ≈ 1.7031 . Existence and uniqueness of solution established via the technique of fixed point theorem. Also, using the least square curve fitting method together with the fminsearch function in the MATLAB optimization toolbox, we obtain the best values for some of the unknown biological parameters involved in the proposed model. Furthermore, we solved the fractional model numerically using the Atangana-Toufik numerical scheme and presenting different forms of graphical results that can be useful in minimizing the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idris Ahmed
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), 126 Pracha-Uthit Road, Bang Mod, Thung Khru, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
- KMUTTFixed Point Research Laboratory, Fixed Point Theory and Applications Research Group, Center of Excellence in Theoretical and Computational Science (TaCS-CoE), Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), 126 Pracha-Uthit Road, Bang Mod, Thung Khru, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Goni Umar Modu
- Department of Statistics, Ramat Polytechnic Maiduguri, P. M. B 1070 Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
| | - Abdullahi Yusuf
- Department of Computer Engineering, Biruni University, Istanbul 34010, Turkey
- Department of Mathematics, Federal University Dutse, Jigawa 7156, Nigeria
| | - Poom Kumam
- KMUTTFixed Point Research Laboratory, Fixed Point Theory and Applications Research Group, Center of Excellence in Theoretical and Computational Science (TaCS-CoE), Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), 126 Pracha-Uthit Road, Bang Mod, Thung Khru, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Ibrahim Yusuf
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Bayero University Kano, P. M. B. 3011 Kano, Nigeria
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Aronu CO, Ekwueme GO, Sol-Akubude VI, Okafor PN. Coronavirus (COVID-19) in Nigeria: Survival rate. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2020; 11:e00689. [PMID: 33392422 PMCID: PMC7772582 DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus is a new disease threatening the population size and economic activities across the world. Due to the poverty rate in Africa, as well as poor access to quality health care, inadequate medical staff and poor technology, Africa has been predicted to be one of the most severely affected continents in the world by COVID-19. The objective of this study was to examine the survival rate of COVID-19 patients in Nigeria using the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) forecasting approach. The source of the data used for this study was the secondary data obtained from the daily publication/report of the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) from 28th February 2020 to 30th June 2020. The mean daily survival rate of COVID-19 patients was found to be 27.5% with a median survival rate of 25.4% which is below 50%. Also, the ARIMA (0, 1, 1) was identified to be appropriate for predicting the survival rate of COVID-19 patients in Nigeria within the observed period. Further findings showed that little variation exists between the predicted and actual survival rate of COVID19 for June 2020 which indicates that the obtained ARIMA model (0, 1, 1) was adequate for the estimation of the survival rate of COVID-19 in Nigeria. Based on the findings of the study, the need for the Nigerian government to explore effective treatment strategies both internationally and locally to improve the survival rate of patients with the disease was strongly recommended. Also, the need for the government to encourage local manufacturing of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) such as garment, which is expected to help health workers effectively manage affected persons without being infected at the front line was recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Patrick Nnaemeka Okafor
- Department of Mathematics/Statistics, Institute of Ecumenical Education, Enugu State University of Science and Technology (ESUT), Onitsha Study Centre, Nigeria
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Nawaz A, Su X, Barkat MQ, Asghar S, Asad A, Basit F, Iqbal S, Zahoor H, Raheel Shah SA. Epidemic Spread and Its Management Through Governance and Leadership Response Influencing the Arising Challenges Around COVID-19 in Pakistan-A Lesson Learnt for Low Income Countries With Limited Resource. Front Public Health 2020; 8:573431. [PMID: 33363079 PMCID: PMC7758222 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.573431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was first reported in China (Wuhan) at the end of 2019. It has rapidly spread over 216 countries, including the USA, UK, Europe, Russia, and many Asian countries. It has affected more than 4.5 million people, and around 0.3 million deaths have been reported globally. Many preventive measures have been adopted worldwide to mitigate its spread. The government of Pakistan has also taken many preventive measures to combat the COVID-19 outbreak, such as rapid response by governance, continuous monitoring of the pandemic spread in the affected areas, and integration of resources from multiple sectors, including health, education, defense, and media. According to global statistics, the number of COVID-19 cases in the country remained remarkably lower than the expected number for the first 169 days, as compared to other countries. A total of 286,674 confirmed cases, including 16,475 active, 6,139 deaths, and 264,060 (92%) recoveries were reported. The study finds that strict adherence to national policies, effective governance, and unity at the national level resulted in better outcomes. Hence, the preventive measures, rapid responses, and strategies adopted for combating the challenges could be adopted as a learning tool for other countries having similar work environments and financial constraints. This paper can help and guide governance/public actions in response to the possible rebound of coronavirus this fall/winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahsan Nawaz
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Institute of Construction Project Management, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xing Su
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Institute of Construction Project Management, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Qasim Barkat
- Key Laboratory of China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA) for Respiratory Drug Research, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sana Asghar
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ali Asad
- School of Management, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Farwa Basit
- School of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shahid Iqbal
- Management Studies Department, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Zahoor
- Construction Engineering and Management Department, National University of Sciences and Technology, Risalpur, Pakistan
| | - Syyed Adnan Raheel Shah
- Department of Civil Engineering, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Technology, Multan, Pakistan
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Abstract
Using a stochastic model, we assess the risk of importation-induced local transmission chains in locations seeing few or no local transmissions and evaluate the role of quarantine in the mitigation of this risk. We find that the rate of importations plays a critical role in determining the risk that case importations lead to local transmission chains, more so than local transmission characteristics, i.e. strength of social distancing measures (NPI). The latter influences the severity of the outbreaks when they do take place. Quarantine after arrival in a location is an efficacious way to reduce the rate of importations. Locations that see no or low-level local transmission should ensure that the rate of importations remains low. A high level of compliance with post-arrival quarantine followed by testing achieves this objective with less of an impact than travel restrictions or bans.
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Stricker RB, Fesler MC. Flattening the Risk: Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis for COVID-19. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:3689-3694. [PMID: 33116688 PMCID: PMC7586021 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s264831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, more than 35 million people worldwide have been infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and more than one million have died in the COVID-19 pandemic. International economies are stalled and social isolation based on palpable fear of death remains the order of the day. The United States and other countries are moving toward resuming work activities and social interaction to boost economic recovery. While this makes financial sense, from a medical perspective our population has already suffered and will continue to suffer severe losses in the absence of a viable aggressive prophylaxis strategy for SARS-CoV-2. Herein, we present a plan to address this problem.
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Liu DY, Maki AW, Maitland A, Meyer ER, Sorensen JS, Galvin S. Enhancing Knowledge in Informal Settlements: Assessing Health Beliefs and Behaviors in Nigeria: A cross-sectional survey assessment of perceptions, practices, and resources in underserved urban communities in Lagos. Ann Glob Health 2020; 86:121. [PMID: 33024707 PMCID: PMC7518078 DOI: 10.5334/aogh.2648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Community Health Education (CHE) programs have been shown to be effective in relieving the burden on healthcare systems in Sub-Saharan Africa. Objective This project aimed to determine the baseline level of health literacy, behavioral practices, and accessibility to resources in a set of 16 informal settlements located around Lagos, Nigeria in order to identify topics that should be emphasized in a new teaching curriculum directed at local Community Health Educators. Methods In June of 2017, a unique cross-sectional survey composed of 37 questions was conducted in informal settlements around Lagos. Sites selected were areas in which future CHE trainings were planned to take place and survey participants were chosen by trained community health educators based on convenience sampling with snowball effect. Survey questions included both multiple-choice and open-ended questions and were asked in the local language. We collected demographic information and assessed health literacy, health behaviors, and community practices. Results were analyzed using descriptive statistics to assess for differences between demographic groups. Findings Our survey collected 348 total responses. Respondents displayed a high level of knowledge regarding the benefits of hand washing (97.1%) and childhood immunizations (81.0%). Knowledge around infectious diseases and reproductive health was lower, including a large proportion of people (50%) incorrectly indicating that HIV could be spread through a mosquito bite. Malaria was reported to be the most prevalent disease affecting both adults (40.0%) and children (58.3%). Health access was limited, with most people not reporting access to a nearby health center (55.8%). Conclusions Areas of knowledge that should be emphasized in future versions of CHE training curricula include infectious diseases, reproductive health, and reinforcement of the importance of sanitation and clean water. The curriculum should address the reality of limited health access and develop strategies to improve this.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna Maitland
- Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law, Chicago, IL, US
| | - Elise R. Meyer
- Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law, Chicago, IL, US
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Suleiman AA, Suleiman A, Abdullahi UA, Suleiman SA. Estimation of the case fatality rate of COVID-19 epidemiological data in Nigeria using statistical regression analysis. BIOSAFETY AND HEALTH 2020; 3:4-7. [PMID: 32935084 PMCID: PMC7482605 DOI: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the emergence of COVID-19 outbreak, numbers of studies have been conducted to curtail the global spread of the virus by identifying epidemiological changes of the disease through developing statistical models, estimation of the basic reproduction number, displaying the daily reports of confirmed and deaths cases, which are closely related to the present study. Reliable and comprehensive estimation method of the epidemiological data is required to understand the actual situation of fatalities caused by the epidemic. Case fatality rate (CFR) is one of the cardinal epidemiological parameters that adequately explains epidemiology of the outbreak of a disease. In the present study, we employed two statistical regression models such as the linear and polynomial models in order to estimate the CFR, based on the early phase of COVID-19 outbreak in Nigeria (44 days since first reported COVID-19 death). The estimate of the CFR was determined based on cumulative number of confirmed cases and deaths reported from 23 March to 30 April, 2020. The results from the linear model estimated that the CFR was 3.11% (95% CI: 2.59% - 3.80%) with R 2 value of 90% and p-value of < 0.0001. The findings from the polynomial model suggest that the CFR associated with the Nigerian outbreak is 3.0% and may range from 2.23% to 3.42% with R 2 value of 93% and p-value of <0.0001. Therefore, the polynomial regression model with the higher R 2 value fits the dataset well and provides better estimate of CFR for the reported COVID-19 cases in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Abubakar Suleiman
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil 713281, Nigeria
| | - Aminu Suleiman
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil 713281, Nigeria
| | - Usman Aliyu Abdullahi
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil 713281, Nigeria
| | - Suleiman Abubakar Suleiman
- Department of Hydrology, Kano State Ministry of Water Resources, Gidan Murtala 700221, Kano State, Nigeria
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Azarpazhooh MR, Morovatdar N, Avan A, Phan TG, Divani AA, Yassi N, Stranges S, Silver B, Biller J, Tokazebani Belasi M, Kazemi Neya S, Khorram B, Frydman A, Nilanont Y, Onorati E, Di Napoli M. COVID-19 Pandemic and Burden of Non-Communicable Diseases: An Ecological Study on Data of 185 Countries. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2020; 29:105089. [PMID: 32807484 PMCID: PMC7315949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interaction between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and non-communicable diseases may increase the global burden of disease. We assessed the association of COVID-19 with ageing and non-communicable diseases. METHODS We extracted data regarding non-communicable disease, particularly cardiovascular disease, deaths, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2017. We obtained data of confirmed COVID-19 cases, deaths, and tests from the Our World in Data database as of May 28, 2020. Potential confounders of pandemic outcomes analyzed include institutional lockdown delay, hemispheric geographical location, and number of tourists. We compared all countries according to GBD classification and World Bank income level. We assessed the correlation between independent variables associated with COVID-19 caseload and mortality using Spearman's rank correlation and adjusted mixed model analysis. FINDINGS High-income had the highest, and the Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Oceania region had the least cases per million population (3050.60 vs. 63.86). Sub-saharan region has reported the lowest number of COVID-19 mortality (1.9). Median delay to lockdown initiation varied from one day following the first case in Latin America and Caribbean region, to 34 days in Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Oceania. Globally, non-communicable disease DALYs were correlated with COVID-19 cases (r = 0.32, p<0.001) and deaths (r = 0.37, p<0.001). HALE correlated with COVID-19 cases (r = 0.63, p<0.001) and deaths (r = 0.61, p<0.001). HALE was independently associated with COVID-19 case rate and the number of tourists was associated with COVID-19 mortality in the adjusted model. INTERPRETATION Preventive measures against COVID-19 should protect the public from the dual burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases, particularly in the elderly. In addition to active COVID-19 surveillance, policymakers should utilize this evidence as a guide for prevention and coordination of health services. This model is timely, as many countries have begun to reduce social isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Reza Azarpazhooh
- Stroke Prevention and Atherosclerosis Research Centre, Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Negar Morovatdar
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Avan
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Thanh G Phan
- Department of Neurology Monash Health, Clinical Trials, Imaging and Informatics division of Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Afshin A Divani
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Nawaf Yassi
- Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Melbourne Brain Centre at The Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
| | - Saverio Stranges
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Family Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry Western University, London, ON, Canada; Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Brian Silver
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - José Biller
- Department of Neurology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Masoud Tokazebani Belasi
- Research centre for Prevention of cardiovascular disease, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Kazemi Neya
- Research centre for Prevention of cardiovascular disease, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bita Khorram
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto; Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Asher Frydman
- Stroke Prevention and Atherosclerosis Research Centre, Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yongchai Nilanont
- Siriraj Stroke Center, Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Elisa Onorati
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit, San Camillo de' Lellis General District Hospital, Rieti, Italy
| | - Mario Di Napoli
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit, San Camillo de' Lellis General District Hospital, Rieti, Italy; Neurological Section, Neuro-epidemiology Unit, SMDN-Centre for Cardiovascular Medicine and Cerebrovascular Disease Prevention, Sulmona, L'Aquila, Italy.
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Adekunle AI, Adegboye OA, Gayawan E, McBryde ES. Is Nigeria really on top of COVID-19? Message from effective reproduction number. Epidemiol Infect 2020; 148:e166. [PMID: 32753078 PMCID: PMC7426609 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268820001740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Following the importation of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) into Nigeria on 27 February 2020 and then the outbreak, the question is: How do we anticipate the progression of the ongoing epidemic following all the intervention measures put in place? This kind of question is appropriate for public health responses and it will depend on the early estimates of the key epidemiological parameters of the virus in a defined population.In this study, we combined a likelihood-based method using a Bayesian framework and compartmental model of the epidemic of COVID-19 in Nigeria to estimate the effective reproduction number (R(t)) and basic reproduction number (R0) - this also enables us to estimate the initial daily transmission rate (β0). We further estimate the reported fraction of symptomatic cases. The models are applied to the NCDC data on COVID-19 symptomatic and death cases from 27 February 2020 and 7 May 2020.In this period, the effective reproduction number is estimated with a minimum value of 0.18 and a maximum value of 2.29. Most importantly, the R(t) is strictly greater than one from 13 April till 7 May 2020. The R0 is estimated to be 2.42 with credible interval: (2.37-2.47). Comparing this with the R(t) shows that control measures are working but not effective enough to keep R(t) below 1. Also, the estimated fraction of reported symptomatic cases is between 10 and 50%.Our analysis has shown evidence that the existing control measures are not enough to end the epidemic and more stringent measures are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Adekunle
- Australia Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
- Decision and Modelling Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - O A Adegboye
- Australia Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - E Gayawan
- Biostatistics and Spatial Statistics Research Group, Department of Statistics, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - E S McBryde
- Australia Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
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Kim YJ, Cho JH. Correlation between Preventive Health Behaviors and Psycho-Social Health Based on the Leisure Activities of South Koreans in the COVID-19 Crisis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17114066. [PMID: 32517322 PMCID: PMC7312801 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17114066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 has caused unprecedented damage worldwide, and quarantine and lockdown measures have been undertaken globally. This study focused on the differences in preventive behaviors and psycho-social health of South Koreans, as people continue engaging in leisure activities under self-regulation without a lockdown measure imposed by the government. For the sample, the frame of the “2018 Population and Housing Census” in South Korea was applied, and data from 1770 people were analyzed. The results showed that the groups participating in culture and arts and social activities displayed characteristics with high prevention. Additionally, the groups that continued leisure activities for more than five years and with family showed high preventive behaviors. Meanwhile, participation in leisure activities with friends of the opposite sex lowered preventive behavior. In terms of psycho-social health, all groups were affiliated to the potential stress group and there were no differences in the period and participation time for leisure activities. Furthermore, the group participating in leisure activities with their school and group experienced psychological stability. When lockdown measures are eased, the aforementioned characteristics should be considered to design government policy; they can also be used as a reference for public health in case of a future outbreak of an epidemic.
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