Lipid peroxidative damage on Cisplatin exposure and alterations in antioxidant defense system in rat kidneys: a possible protective effect of selenium

Identification of Novel and Early Biomarkers for Cisplatin-induced Nephrotoxicity and the Nephroprotective Role of Cimetidine using a Pharmacometabolomic-based Approach Coupled with In Vitro Toxicodynamic Modeling and Simulation

Cisplatin is widely used for the treatment of various types of cancer. However, cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity (CIN) is frequently observed in patients receiving cisplatin therapy which poses a challenge in its clinical utility. Currently used clinical biomarkers for CIN are not adequate for early detection of nephrotoxicity, hence there is a need to identify potential early biomarkers in predicting CIN. In the current study, a combination of in vitro toxicodynamic (TD) modeling and untargeted global metabolomics approach was used to identify novel potential metabolite biomarkers for early detection of CIN. In addition, we investigated the protective role of cimetidine (CIM), an inhibitor of the organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2), in suppressing CIN. We first characterized the time-course of nephrotoxic effects of cisplatin (CIS) and the protective effects of CIM in a human pseudo-immortalized renal proximal tubule epithelial cell line (RPTEC), SA7K cell line. Secondly, we used a mathematical cell-level, in vitro TD modeling approach to quantitatively characterize the time-course effects of CIS and CIM as single agents and combination in SA7K cells. Based on the experimental and modeling results, we selected relevant concentrations of CIS and CIM for our metabolomics study. With the help of PCA (Principal Component Analysis) and PLS-DA (Projection to Latent Structure - Discriminate Analysis) analyses, we confirmed global metabolome changes for different groups (CIS, CIM, CIS+CIM vs control) in SA7K cells. Based on the criterion of a p-value ≤ 0.05 and a fold change ≥ 2 or ≤ 0.5, we identified 20 top metabolites that were significantly changed during the early phase i.e. within first 12 h of CIS treatment. Finally, pathway analysis was conducted that revealed the key metabolic pathways that were most impacted in CIN.

Pioglitazone ameliorates cisplatin-induced testicular toxicity by attenuating oxidative stress and inflammation via TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Cisplatin (CIS) is a chemotherapeutic agent widely used to cure several cancers. It exerts detrimental cellular effects that restrain its clinical application as an antineoplastic agent, as testicular damage. Pioglitazone (PIO), a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ) agonist, is used to treat type-2 diabetes mellitus. PIO has been reported to exert anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in different tissues. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of PIO in a rat model of cisplatin-induced testicular toxicity and address the possible role of the Toll-like receptors (TLR4) / myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) / nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) signal pathway.

METHODS

Rats received a single dose of cisplatin (7 mg/kg, IP) on the first day and PIO (10 mg/kg, P.O.) for 7 days. At the end of the treatment period, rats were killed. Testicular weights, histopathological alterations, and serum testosterone levels were determined. Moreover, tissue samples were collected for the estimation of oxidative stress parameters, inflammatory markers, and the determination of TLR4 /MyD88/NF-kB signaling.

RESULTS

Concurrent PIO administration with CIS markedly improved testicular weights, histopathological alteration, and serum testosterone level changes. Moreover, Concurrent PIO administration abrogated oxidative stress status and inflammatory markers caused by CIS administration. Furthermore, PIO inhibited the expression levels of TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κBp65, proteins that are activated by CIS administration.

CONCLUSION

These findings suggested that PIO can protect against cisplatin-induced testicular toxicity in rats through inhibition of the TLR4 /MyD88/NF-kB signal pathway.

Lysophosphatidylcholine-based liposome to improve oral absorption and nephroprotective effects of astaxanthin

BACKGROUND

The present study was aimed to develop astaxanthin (AX)-loaded liposomes by the utilization of soybean phosphatidylcholine (PC) and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) to improve the nutraceutical properties of AX. AX-loaded liposomes consisting of PC (PC/AX) and LPC (LPC/AX) were evaluated in terms of particle size distribution, morphology, release characteristics, pharmacokinetic behavior, and nephroprotective effects in a rat model of acute kidney injury.

RESULTS

PC/AX and LPC/AX had uniform size distributions with a mean particle size of 254 and 148 nm, respectively. Under pH 6.8 conditions, both liposomes exhibited improved dissolution behavior of AX compared with crystalline AX (cAX). In particular, LPC/AX showed a sevenfold higher release of AX than PC/AX. After the oral administration of LPC/AX (33.2 mg AX kg^-1 ) to rats, there was a significant increase in systemic exposure to AX, as evidenced by a 15-fold higher AUC_{0-24 h} than PC/AX. However, the oral absorption of AX in the cAX group was negligible. Based on the results of histological analysis and measurement of plasma biomarkers, LPC/AX exhibited improved nephroprotective effects of AX in the rat model of kidney injury.

CONCLUSION

From these observations, a strategic application of the LPC-based liposomal approach might be a promising option to improve the nutraceutical properties of AX. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Methylene Blue Induces Antioxidant Defense and Reparation of Mitochondrial DNA in a Nrf2-Dependent Manner during Cisplatin-Induced Renal Toxicity

Cisplatin is a platinum-based cytostatic drug that is widely used for cancer treatment. Mitochondria and mtDNA are important targets for platinum-based cytostatics, which mediates its nephrotoxicity. It is important to develop therapeutic approaches to protect the kidneys from cisplatin during chemotherapy. We showed that the exposure of mitochondria to cisplatin increased the level of lipid peroxidation products in the in vitro experiment. Cisplatin caused strong damage to renal mtDNA, both in the in vivo and in vitro experiments. Cisplatin injections induced oxidative stress by depleting renal antioxidants at the transcriptome level but did not increase the rate of H₂O₂ production in isolated mitochondria. Methylene blue, on the contrary, induced mitochondrial H₂O₂ production. We supposed that methylene blue-induced H₂O₂ production led to activation of the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway. The consequences of activation of this signaling pathway were manifested in an increase in the expression of some antioxidant genes, which likely caused a decrease in the amount of mtDNA damage. Methylene blue treatment induced an increase in the expression of genes that were involved in the base excision repair (BER) pathway: the main pathway for mtDNA reparation. It is known that the expression of these genes can also be regulated by the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway. We can assume that the protective effect of methylene blue is related to the activation of Nrf2/ARE signaling pathways, which can activate the expression of genes related to antioxidant defense and mtDNA reparation. Thus, the protection of kidney mitochondria from cisplatin-induced damage using methylene blue can significantly expand its application in medicine.

Endogenous production of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids mitigates cisplatin-induced myelosuppression by regulating NRF2-MDM2-p53 signaling pathway

Cisplatin is a chemotherapy medication used to treat a wide range of cancers. A common side effect of cisplatin is myelosuppression. Research suggests that oxidative damages are strongly and consistently related to myelosuppression during cisplatin treatment. ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) can enhance the antioxidant capacity of cells. Herein, we investigated the protective benefit of endogenous ω-3 PUFAs on cisplatin-induced myelosuppression and the underlying signaling pathways using a transgenic mfat-1 mouse model. The expression of mfat-1 gene can increase endogenous levels of ω-3 PUFAs by enzymatically converting ω-6 PUFAs. Cisplatin treatment reduced peripheral blood cells and bone marrow nucleated cells, induced DNA damage, increased the production of reactive oxygen species, and activated p53-mediated apoptosis in bone marrow (BM) cells of wild-type mice. In the transgenics, the elevated tissue ω-3 PUFAs rendered a robust preventative effect on these cisplatin-induced damages. Importantly, we identified that the activation of NRF2 by ω-3 PUFAs could trigger an antioxidant response and inhibit p53-mediated apoptosis by increasing the expression of MDM2 in BM cells. Thus, endogenous ω-3 PUFAs enrichment can strongly prevent cisplatin-induced myelosuppression by inhibiting oxidative damage and regulating the NRF2-MDM2-p53 signaling pathway. Elevation of tissue ω-3 PUFAs may represent a promising treatment strategy to prevent the side effects of cisplatin.

Berberine enhances the sensitivity of radiotherapy in ovarian cancer cell line (SKOV-3)

Berberine, a well-known isoquinoline alkaloid derivative, has a varied range of pharmacological effects. Herein, we notice the radio-modulatory outcome of berberine in cultured ovarian cancer (SKOV-3) cells exposed to γ-rays as radiotherapy (RT). Cells pre-treated with berberine were irradiated by γ-irradiation and the liberation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was analyzed by flow cytometry. Apoptotic cell death along with the DNA damage associated with protein expressions was projected by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Experimental findings established that berberine might be a capable radiosensitizer for treating SKOV-3, because of oxidative DNA damage. Moreover, the in-silico study of the compound, berberine suggests free energy of binding (ΔG) -7.5 kcal/mol with SKOV-3 and -8.8 kcal/mol of PALB/BRCA2, which proves an effective and compact binding of the complex and is safe for future clinical trials. Thus, our approach is probably to widen the field of study of SKOV-3 and PALB/BRCA2 from the inhibition of these targets as a prospective nutraceutical for the anti-cancer theragnostic candidate.

The role of inflammation in cadmium nephrotoxicity: NF-κB comes into view

Kidney diseases are major health problem and understanding the underlined mechanisms that lead to kidney diseases are critical research points with a marked potential impact on health. Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal that occurs naturally and can be found in contaminated food. Kidneys are the most susceptible organ to heavy metal intoxication as it is the main route of waste excretion. The harmful effects of Cd were previously well proved. Cd induces inflammatory responses, oxidative injury, mitochondrial dysfunction and disturbs Ca²⁺ homeostasis. The nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) is a cellular transcription factor that regulates inflammation and controls the expression of many inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, great therapeutic benefits can be attained from NF-κB inhibition. In this review we focused on certain compounds including cytochalasin D, mangiferin, N-acetylcysteine, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, roflumilast, rosmarinic acid, sildenafil, sinapic acid, telmisartan and wogonin and certain plants as Astragalus Polysaccharide, Ginkgo Biloba and Thymus serrulatus that potently inhibit NF-κB and effectively counteracted Cd-associated renal intoxication. In conclusion, the proposed NF-κB involvement in Cd-renal intoxication clarified the underlined inflammation associated with Cd-nephropathy and the beneficial effects of NF-κB inhibitors that make them the potential to substantially optimize treatment protocols for Cd-renal intoxication.

Kanamycin and Cisplatin Ototoxicity: Differences in Patterns of Oxidative Stress, Antioxidant Enzyme Expression and Hair Cell Loss in the Cochlea

Kanamycin and cisplatin are ototoxic drugs. The mechanisms are incompletely known. With subcutaneous kanamycin (400 mg/kg, 15 days), auditory threshold shifts were detected at days 12–13 at 16 and 32 kHz, extending to 8 and 4 kHz at days 14–15. The outer hair cell (OHC) loss was concentrated past day 12. The maximum cochlear length showing apoptotic cells, tested with TUNEL, was at day 13. At day 15, 1/5 of the apical cochlea contained preserved OHCs. 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) immunolabeling, showing oxidative stress, was found in surviving OHCs and in basal and middle portions of the stria vascularis (SV). The antioxidant Gpx1 gene expression was decreased. The immunocytochemistry showed diminished Gpx1 in OHCs. With intraperitoneal cisplatin (16 mg/kg, single injection), no evoked auditory activity was recorded at the end of treatment, at 72 h. The basal third of the cochlea lacked OHCs. Apoptosis occupied the adjacent 1/3, and the apical third contained preserved OHCs. 3-NT immunolabeling was extensive in OHCs and the SV. Gpx1 and Sod1 gene expression was downregulated. Gpx1 immunostaining diminished in middle and basal SV. More OHCs survived cisplatin than kanamycin towards the apex, despite undetectable evoked activity. Differential regulation of antioxidant enzyme levels suggests differences in the antioxidant response for both drugs.

Antioxidant capacity of phenolic compounds separated from tea seed oil in vitro and in vivo

Tea seed oil is rich in phenols with good antioxidant capacity. However, the antioxidant capacity evaluation of tea seed oil polyphenols is not deep enough, which mainly focusing on the evaluation of the chemical system. Thirty-nine phenols were tentatively identified by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis, including flavonoids and phenolic acids. The antioxidant capacity of phenol extracts was investigated in vitro and in vivo. The chemical assays showed the extracts had good proton and electron transfer capabilities. The CAA assay indicated the IC₅₀ of the extracts was 77.93 ± 4.80 µg/mL and cell antioxidant capacity of the extracts was 101.05 ± 6.70 μmol·QE/100 g of oil. The animal experiments suggested phenol extracts could significantly improve the organ index, reduce malondialdehyde content, and increase superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and total antioxidant capacity (p < 0.05). This study was contributed to the antioxidant capacity of phenol extracts of tea seed oil by comprehensive evaluation.

Epigallocatechin Gallate Modulates Essential Elements, Zn/Cu Ratio, Hazardous Metal, Lipid Peroxidation, and Antioxidant Activity in the Brain Cortex during Cerebral Ischemia

Cerebral ischemia induces oxidative brain injury via increased oxidative stress. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) exerts anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metal chelation effects through its active polyphenol constituent. This study investigates whether EGCG protection against cerebral ischemia-induced brain cortex injury occurs through modulating lipid peroxidation, antioxidant activity, the essential elements of selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu), Zn/Cu ratio, and the hazardous metal lead (Pb). Experimentally, assessment of the ligation group was performed by occlusion of the right common carotid artery and the right middle cerebral artery for 1 h. The prevention group was intraperitoneally injected with EGCG (50 mg/kg) once daily for 10 days before cerebral ischemia. The brain cortex tissues were homogenized and the supernatants were harvested for biochemical analysis. Results indicated that cerebral ischemia markedly decreased SOD, CAT, Mg, Zn, Se, and Zn/Cu ratio and increased malondialdehyde (MDA), Fe, Cu, and Pb in the ischemic brain cortex. Notably, pretreating rats with EGCG before ischemic injury significantly reversed these biochemical results. Our findings suggest that the neuroprotection of EGCG in the ischemic brain cortex during cerebral ischemia involves attenuating oxidative injury. Notably, this neuroprotective mechanism is associated with regulating lipid peroxidation, antioxidant activity, essential elements, Zn/Cu ratio, and hazardous metal Pb.

Hepatoprotective effect of ferulic acid and/or low doses of γ-irradiation against cisplatin-induced liver injury in rats

The therapeutic efficacy of cisplatin (CIS) is limited owing to its hepatotoxic side effects. The current study aimed to investigate the protective impact of ferulic acid (FA) and low-doses of γ-irradiation (LDR) against CIS-prompted hepatotoxicity in rats. Adult male Swiss albino rats were divided into eight groups: untreated group; FA, LDR, and CIS treated groups; and combinations of one or more of the above treatments. Post-treatment analyses included measuring redox markers like SOD and CAT activity, NO free radical content, and lipid peroxidation in liver tissue. Serum aminotransferase activities were also determined. Additionally, gene transcript levels of liver NF-ҡB-P65, caspase-1, COX-2, and IL-1β were quantified. Moreover, immunohistochemistry for caspase-3 and histopathological examinations were estimated in liver tissue. Our findings revealed increased levels of oxidative stress along with a significant reduction in anti-oxidative responses and a significant increase in serum aminotransferase activities in the CIS-intoxicated group. A similar increase was also observed in COX-2 and IL-1β transcript levels and caspase-3 enzyme activity, besides a decrease in transcript levels of NF-ҡB-p65 and caspase-1, indicating an overall inflammatory trend and an increase in the apoptotic shift. The co-administration of FA and/or treatment with LDR has ameliorated the hepatotoxic effect induced by CIS. The histopathological investigation of liver tissues confirmed this ameliorating action of these adjuvant therapies against CIS toxicity. In conclusion, it is plausible to suggest that the hepatoprotective effects of co-administration of FA and/or LDR against CIS-induced hepatotoxicity are attributed to the possession of anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic capabilities.

RETRACTED: Melatonin rescues the mice brain against cisplatin-induced neurodegeneration, an insight into antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects

This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy). This article has been retracted at the request of the Editors-in-Chief. Figure 1C appears similar to Figure 5h of the article published by Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2021 (2021) Article ID 6635552 https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6635552, Figure 5a of the article published by Cells 10 (2021) 2719 https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10102719 and Figure 8a of the article published by Molecular Neurobiology 56 (2019) 6293–6309 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-019-1512-7. Although this article was published earlier than the Cells article, the Editors decided to retract this article given concerns about the reliability of the data. Also, sections of panels within Figures 1H and 2G appear similar to each other. The journal records indicated that the names of the authors Reem Alshaman and Muhammad Imran Khan were added to the revised version of the article without exceptional approval by the handling Editor, which is contrary to the journal policy on changes to authorship.

Neuroprotective Effect of Quercetin during Cerebral Ischemic Injury Involves Regulation of Essential Elements, Transition Metals, Cu/Zn Ratio, and Antioxidant Activity

Cerebral ischemia results in increased oxidative stress in the affected brain. Accumulating evidence suggests that quercetin possesses anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The essential elements magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), selenium (Se), and transition metal iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and antioxidants superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) are required for brain functions. This study investigates whether the neuroprotective effects of quercetin on the ipsilateral brain cortex involve altered levels of essential trace metals, the Cu/Zn ratio, and antioxidant activity. Rats were intraperitoneally administered quercetin (20 mg/kg) once daily for 10 days before ischemic surgery. Cerebral ischemia was induced by ligation of the right middle cerebral artery and the right common carotid artery for 1 h. The ipsilateral brain cortex was homogenized and the supernatant was collected for biochemical analysis. Results show that rats pretreated with quercetin before ischemia significantly increased Mg, Zn, Se, SOD, and CAT levels, while the malondialdehyde, Fe, Cu, and the Cu/Zn ratio clearly decreased as compared to the untreated ligation subject. Taken together, our findings suggest that the mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of quercetin during cerebral ischemic injury involve the modulation of essential elements, transition metals, Cu/Zn ratio, and antioxidant activity.

Role of ferroptosis in cisplatin-induced acute nephrotoxicity in mice

BACKGROUND

Cisplatin is widely used as an antitumor drug for the treatment of solid tumors. However, its use has been limited owing to nephrotoxicity, a major side effect. The mechanism of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity (CIN) has long been investigated in order to develop preventive/therapeutic drugs. Ferroptosis is a newly identified form of non-apoptotic regulated cell death induced by iron-mediated lipid peroxidation and is involved in the pathophysiology of various diseases. In this study, we examined the role of ferroptosis in CIN.

METHODS

We evaluated the role of ferroptosis in CIN by in vivo experiments in a mouse model.

RESULTS

Cisplatin increased the protein expressions of transferrin receptor-1 and ferritin, and iron content in the kidney of mice. In addition, treatment with cisplatin augmented renal ferrous iron and hydroxyl radical levels with co-localization. Mice administered cisplatin demonstrated kidney injury, with renal dysfunction and increased inflammatory cytokine expression; these changes were ameliorated by Ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1), an inhibitor of ferroptosis. The expression of the ferroptosis markers, COX2 and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), increased with cisplatin administration, and decreased with the administration of Fer-1. By contrast, cisplatin-induced apoptosis and necroptosis were inhibited by treatment with Fer-1. Moreover, deferoxamine, an iron chelator, also inhibited CIN, with a decrease in the expression of COX-2 and 4-HNE.

CONCLUSION

Ferroptosis is involved in the pathogenesis of CIN and might be used as a new preventive target for CIN.

The Antioxidant Carrichtera annua DC. Ethanolic Extract Counteracts Cisplatin Triggered Hepatic and Renal Toxicities

Cisplatin is a powerful anti-neoplastic drug that displays multi-organ toxicity, especially to the liver and kidneys. Consumption of phytomedicines is a promising strategy to overcome the side effects of chemotherapy. Carrichtera annua extract proved to possess potent antioxidant activity. Its protective potential against cisplatin-induced hepato-nephrotoxicity was scrutinized. Moreover, a phytochemical study was conducted on C. annua ethyl acetate fraction which led to the isolation of five known phenolic compounds. Structure determination was achieved utilizing 1H- and 13C-NMR spectral analyses. The isolated phytochemicals were trans-ferulic acid (1), kaempferol (2), p-coumaric acid (3), luteolin (4) and quercetin (5). Regarding our biological study, C. annua has improved liver and kidney deteriorated functions caused by cisplatin administration and attenuated the histopathological injury in their tissues. Serum levels of ALT, AST, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine were significantly decreased. C. annua has modulated the oxidative stress mediated by cisplatin as it lowered MDA levels while enhanced reduced-GSH concentrations. More importantly, the plant has alleviated cisplatin triggered inflammation, apoptosis via reduction of INFγ, IL-1β and caspase-3 production. Moreover, mitochondrial injury has been ameliorated as remarkable increase of mtDNA was noted. Furthermore, the MTT assay proved the combination of cisplatin-C. annua extract led to growth inhibition of MCF-7 cells in a notable additive way. Additionally, we have investigated the binding affinity of C. annua constituents with caspase-3 and IFN-γ proteins using molecular simulation. All the isolated compounds exhibited good binding affinities toward the target proteins where quercetin possessed the most auspicious caspase-3 and IFN-γ inhibition activities. Our results put forward that C. annua is a promising candidate to counteract chemotherapy side effects and the observed activity could be attributed to the synergism between its phytochemicals.

NLRC5 alleviated OGD/R-induced PC12-cell injury by inhibiting activation of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway

OBJECTIVE

To assess the role of NOD-like receptor C5 (NLRC5; a major NLRC family protein that regulates immunity, inflammation and tissue fibrosis), in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, characterized by inflammation and oxidative damage.

METHODS

Blood NLRC5 levels were assessed in neonates with cerebral ischemia and in healthy controls. A stable PC12 cell line was established that overexpressed or knocked down NLRC5. Inflammatory responses, apoptosis rate and oxidative damage in PC12 cells under oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) conditions were evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay.

RESULTS

Blood NLRC5 levels were suppressed in neonates with cerebral ischemia. ELISAs showed that NLRC5 suppressed levels of tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, ROS and superoxide dismutase in OGD/R-treated PC12 cells. Furthermore, NLRC5 overexpression was associated with reduced apoptosis rate in PC12 cells treated by OGD/R. Overexpression of NLRC5 also inhibited levels of toll-like receptor (TLR)4, myeloid differentiation primary response protein MyD88 (MyD88) and phosphorylated nuclear factor kappa B-transcription factor p65 (NF-κB p-p65) in PC12 cells, and decreased nuclear levels of NF-κB p-p65.

CONCLUSION

NLRC5 alleviated inflammatory responses, oxidative damage and apoptosis in PC12 cells under OGD/R conditions by suppressing activation of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway.

Microfluidic platform for synthesis and optimization of chitosan-coated magnetic nanoparticles in cisplatin delivery

In this study, magnetic core/chitosan shell Nanoparticles (NPs) containing cisplatin were synthesized via cisplatin complexation with tripolyphosphate as the chitosan crosslinker using two different procedures: a conventional batch flow method and a microfluidic approach. An integrated microfluidic device composed of three stages was developed to provide precise and highly controllable mixing. The comparison of the results revealed that NPs synthesized in microchannels were monodisperse 104 ± 14.59 nm (n = 3) in size with optimal morphological characteristics, whereas polydisperse 423 ± 53.33 nm (n = 3) nanoparticles were obtained by the conventional method. Furthermore, cisplatin was loaded in NPs without becoming inactivated, and the microfluidic technique demonstrated higher encapsulation efficiency, controlled release, and consequently lower IC50 values during exposure to the A2780 cell line proving that microfluidic synthesized NPs were able to enter the cells and release the drug more efficiently. The developed microfluidic platform presents valuable features that could potentially provide the clinical translation of NPs in drug delivery.

Roflumilast protects from cisplatin-induced testicular toxicity in male rats and enhances its cytotoxicity in prostate cancer cell line. Role of NF-κB-p65, cAMP/PKA and Nrf2/HO-1, NQO1 signaling

Cisplatin (CIS)-induced testicular injury is a major obstacle in its application as antineoplastic agent. In this study, we investigated the protective effect and mechanism of roflumilast (ROF), a PDE4 inhibitor, against CIS-induced testicular toxicity in rats. Besides, the cytotoxic effect of CIS, with and without ROF, was evaluated on PC3 cell line. ROF reversed CIS-induced abnormalities in sperm characteristics, normalized serum testosterone level, and ameliorated CIS-induced alterations in testicular and epidydimal weights and restored normal testicular structure. Moreover, ROF increased intracellular cAMP level, PKA and HO-1 activities and Nrf2, NQO-1 and HO-1 gene expression, improved testicular oxidative stress parameters (TBARS, NO, GSH levels, and CAT activity) and inflammatory mediators (IL-1β and TNF-α, and NF-κβ p65gene expression) and reduced the proapoptotic proteins, caspase-3, Bax and increased Bcl-2. Lastly, in vitro analyses showed that ROF augmented the anticancer efficacy of CIS and enhanced the increase in gene expression of Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO-1 and the inhibition of gene expression of NF-κβ p65 induced by CIS and enhanced its apoptotic effect in PC3 cells. Conclusively, PDE4 inhibition with induction of Nrf2/HO-1, NQO-1 is a potential therapeutic approach to protect male reproductive system from the detrimental effects with augmenting, the antineoplastic effect of CIS.

Molecular docking, pharmacokinetic studies, and in vivo pharmacological study of indole derivative 2-(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indole-3-yl)-N'-[(E)-(3-nitrophenyl) methylidene] acetohydrazide as a promising chemoprotective agent against cisplatin induced organ damage

Cisplatin is an efficient anticancer drug against various types of cancers however, its usage involves side effects. We investigated the mechanisms of action of indole derivative, 2-(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-N'-[(E)-(3-nitrophenyl) methylidene] acetohydrazide (MMINA) against anticancer drug (cisplatin) induced organ damage using a rodent model. MMINA treatment reversed Cisplatin-induced NO and malondialdehyde (MDA) augmentation while boosted the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The animals were divided into five groups (n = 7). Group1: Control (Normal) group, Group 2: DMSO group, Group 3: cisplatin group, Group 4: cisplatin + MMINA group, Group 5: MMINA group. MMINA treatment normalized plasma levels of biochemical enzymes. We observed a significant decrease in CD4+COX-2, STAT3, and TNF-α cell population in whole blood after MMINA dosage. MMINA downregulated the expression of various signal transduction pathways regulating the genes involved in inflammation i.e. NF-κB, STAT-3, IL-1, COX-2, iNOS, and TNF-α. The protein expression of these regulatory factors was also downregulated in the liver, kidney, heart, and brain. In silico docking and dynamic simulations data were in agreement with the experimental findings. The physiochemical properties of MMINA predicted it as a good drug-like molecule and its mechanism of action is predictably through inhibition of ROS and inflammation.

Agomelatine confers neuroprotection against cisplatin-induced hippocampal neurotoxicity

Neurotoxicity caused by cisplatin is a major obstacle during chemotherapy. Oxidative stress and inflammation are considered the primary mechanism behind neuronal damage which affects the continuing chemotherapy regimen. Agomelatine was recently described as a neuroprotective compound against toxic insults in the nervous systems. It is an analog of the well-known antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compound melatonin and currently used for depression and sleep disturbances. In the current study, we investigated the possible neuroprotective role of agomelatine against cisplatin-induced oxidative, inflammatory, and behavioral alterations in male rats. Our results show that agomelatine prevented cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity in the HT-22 mouse hippocampal neuronal cell line. Additionally, agomelatine treatment inhibited cisplatin-induced behavioral deficits and neuronal integrity in vivo. For the evaluation of the effect of agomelatine on oxidative stress and inflammation, GSH, MDA, TNF, and IL-6 levels were analyzed in HT-22 cells and hippocampal tissues. Agomelatine significantly attenuated oxidative stress and inflammation due to the cisplatin insult in vitro and in vivo. Also, agomelatine treatment ameliorated the neuronal pathology in the hippocampus, which is strongly related to cognition and memory. Taken together, our results indicate that in males, the neuroprotective effect of agomelatine is mediated through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions abrogating functional deficits.

Selenium dietary intake, urinary excretion, and toxicity symptoms among children from a coal mining area in Brazil

Selenium (Se) is necessary for several physiological functions in the human body; however, high concentrations of this element in coal mining areas raise the possibility of Se-related health risks. Children are much more vulnerable and at risk to environmental hazards than adults. The largest coal mining area of Brazil is located in the city of Candiota, where previous studies point to significant urinary Se concentrations among children. Food intake is the main Se source. The study aimed to evaluate dietary Se intake, as well as urinary Se excretion and classic symptoms of Se intoxication among children from Candiota and a control city in the same region. A cross-sectional study was carried out, with participation from 242 children between 6 and 12 years old in two cities in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. Socioeconomic variables, dietary intake, and Se toxicity symptoms were evaluated through a structured questionnaire, and urinary Se levels were measured. Children from both cities had normal levels of Se intake and urinary excretion; however, children from Candiota had significantly higher levels of Se in both parameters in relation to the control city, especially for Se urinary excretion. There was low prevalence of Se toxicity symptoms. We conclude that coal mining activities may increase Se intake in children and consequently its urinary excretion.

Evaluation of Toxic Effects of Novel Platinum (IV) Complexes in Female Rat Liver: Potential Protective Role of Resveratrol

The use of cisplatin in chemotherapy may provoke a deteriorating impact in many vital organs, suggesting the need for more selective derivatives and effective protective cotreatments. This study assesses the effects of three novel Pt(IV) complexes containing ethyl-, propyl- and butyl-esters of the ethylenediamine-N, N'-di-S, S- (2,2'-dibenzyl) acetic acid on liver injury markers, redox parameters, and cell morphology of female rat liver tissue in comparison to cisplatin. In addition, the study evaluates the possible protective effects of resveratrol as well. The rats were divided into ten groups and were administered intraperitoneally with a single dose of cisplatin (7.5 mg/kg) or Pt(IV) complexes (10 mg/kg) and/or resveratrol (25 mg/kg). All treatments caused changes in body weight, food intake, and liver/bw ratio. Acute treatment with novel complexes decreased the levels of TB and TP while elevated the activity of ALT, AST, GGT, ALP which subsequently indicated on the liver damage. All three complexes significantly reduced the levels of LPO, O₂^.-, NO₂^- and activity of CAT, while increasing the activity of SOD, GSH-Px, GR, GST, and level of GSH, implying that these compounds could provoke redox balance disruption in liver cells. Moreover, according to the histopathological observations, the novel Pt(IV) complexes exerted stronger hepatotoxicity than cisplatin. Possible protective effects of resveratrol were not detected and even combined with examined compounds it abolished the activity of the antioxidative system of the liver cells causing more intense toxicity. Further investigation is required to elucidate the effects of Pt-based drugs and resveratrol in the estradiol-rich environment of female rats as well their influence on male rats' tissues.

Isoliquiritigenin Pretreatment Induces Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Hormesis and Attenuates Cisplatin-Induced Oxidative Stress and Damage in LLC-PK1 Cells

Isoliquiritigenin (IsoLQ) is a flavonoid with antioxidant properties and inducer of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. In vitro and in vivo studies show that ER stress-mediated hormesis is cytoprotective; therefore, natural antioxidants and ER stress inducers have been used to prevent renal injury. Oxidative stress and ER stress are some of the mechanisms of damage involved in cisplatin (CP)-induced nephrotoxicity. This study aims to explore whether IsoLQ pretreatment induces ER stress and produces hormesis to protect against CP-induced nephrotoxicity in Lilly Laboratories Cell-Porcine Kidney 1 (LLC-PK1) cells. During the first stage of this study, both IsoLQ protective concentration and pretreatment time against CP-induced toxicity were determined by cell viability. At the second stage, the effect of IsoLQ pretreatment on cell viability, ER stress, and oxidative stress were evaluated. IsoLQ pretreatment in CP-treated cells induces expression of glucose-related proteins 78 and 94 kDa (GRP78 and GRP94, respectively), attenuates CP-induced cell death, decreases reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and prevents the decrease in glutathione/glutathione disulfide (GSH/GSSG) ratio, free thiols levels, and glutathione reductase (GR) activity. These data suggest that IsoLQ pretreatment has a moderately protective effect on CP-induced toxicity in LLC-PK1 cells, through ER stress-mediated hormesis, as well as by the antioxidant properties of IsoLQ.

Spatial evaluation of long-term metabolic changes induced by cisplatin nephrotoxicity

Cisplatin is a widely used chemotherapeutic agent. However, it is causing nephrotoxic side effects including a reduced glomerular filtration rate and acute kidney injury. Although kidneys can recover to an extent from the treatment, long-term damage is possible. While a lot of research is focusing on short-term effects, little is known about adverse metabolic effects in the process of recovery. In this study, male Han Wistar rats were dosed with a single intraperitoneal injection of 3 mg/kg cisplatin. Urine and kidney samples were harvested 3, 8 and 26 days after administration. Tubular injury was demonstrated through urinary biomarkers. Complementing this, mass spectrometry imaging gives insight on molecular alterations on a spatial level, thus making it well suited to analyze short- and long-term disturbances. Various metabolic pathways seem to be affected, as changes in a wide range of metabolites were observed between treated and control animals. Besides previously reported early changes in kidney metabolism, unprecedented long-term effects were detected including deviation in nucleotides, antioxidants, and phospholipids.

Metal element alteration in the lung by cisplatin and CV247 administration

Despite significant nephrotoxicity, cisplatin is still used in the therapy of various tumors. We were interested in how metal ion composition is altered by cisplatin and whether platinum accumulates in the non-tumorous lung. We also aimed to study metal ion changes after treatment with a veterinary medicament CV247 with antioxidant property (containing Cu and Mn gluconate, ascorbic acid, Na salicylate), and whether CV247 alters pulmonary platinum accumulation in the healthy lung. Male Wistar rats were randomly selected into 4 groups (n = 10/group): control group, cisplatin-treated group, CV247-treated group, cisplatin + CV247-treated group. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry and mass spectrometry were used for measuring Al, As, B, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Pt, S, Sb, Se, Sn, Sr, and Zn in the lung and the redox state was measured in the plasma. Cisplatin influenced the element homeostasis in the lung. Pt, Mn, Se accumulation and Ca, Mg excretion were observed after treatment with cisplatin. The antioxidant CV247 supplementation modified the Mn concentration; however, the concentration of Cu did not change despite the Cu content of the product, and CV247 did not affect other metal concentrations in the lung of the cisplatin-treated group. In conclusion, cisplatin has a systemic impact on the metal element metabolism, and this effect was demonstrated in the healthy lung, too. The results indicate the importance of supplementing some essential elements, such as Ca and Mg during cisplatin cancer therapy.

Use of selenium to ameliorate doxorubicin induced hepatotoxicity by targeting pro-inflammatory cytokines

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a widely used drug for the treatment of cancer,but its clinical use is limited by its liver toxicity. Administering DOX with an antioxidant has become a strategy for preventing the side effects of DOX. Although selenium (Se) is an important trace mineral, data concerning the effect of Se on DOX induced liver tissue are lacking. We investigated the mechanism of DOX hepatotoxicity and the protective effect of different doses of Se on Dox induced liver damage. Female Wistar albino rats were divided into eight equal groups. Se was injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) to rats at doses of 0.5, 1, and 2 mg 0.5 h after injection i.p. of 5 mg/kg DOX on days 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28. Liver histopathology was assessed to determine the dose at which Se may best inhibit Dox induced liver toxicity. Also, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) expression levels and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) activity were determined using immunohistochemistry. We found that DOX caused liver damage and increased TNF-α, IL-1β and PCNA levels. Se prevented structural damage to liver tissues. Our findings reinforce the protective effects of Se in rat liver.

Comparative nephroprotective effects of curcumin and etoricoxib against cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury in rats

OBJECTIVE

Although cisplatin (CIS) acts as potent chemotherapy, nephrotoxicity still its major life-threatening side effect. The purpose of this study was to discuss and compare the renoprotective effects of curcumin (CUR) and etoricoxib (ETB) against CIS-induced nephrotoxicity.

MATERIALS & METHODS

Thirty six adult female rats were divided equally into 6 groups: Group I (control), Group II (CIS) received cisplatin (7.5 mg/kg i.p), Group III (CUR) and group IV (ETB) received curcumin (200 mg/kg/day) or etoricoxib (10 mg/kg/day) respectively via gavage for seven continuous days. Group V (CIS + CUR) and Group VI (CIS + ETB) received curcumin (200 mg/kg/day) or etoricoxib (10 mg/kg/day) via gavage for seven continuous days. On the 4th day, the rats received cisplatin (7.5 mg/kg i.p) as a single injection 1 h after last curcumin or etoricoxib administration. At the assigned time, blood and tissue samples were collected for biochemical, histochemical, histopathological, immunohistochemical, and RT-PCR gene expression studies.

RESULTS

Curcumin administration significantly decreased CIS-induced elevation of serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and reversed oxidative stress markers; glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) to control level. Suppression of inflammatory and apoptotic responses by CUR co-treatment was evidenced by decreased iNOS and BAX immunohistochemical reactions, and TNF-α and Caspase3 gene expressions which were detected by RT-PCR in kidney tissues. To our knowledge, this is the first time to discuss the effect of ETB on CIS induced nephrotoxicity. Although ETB reduced the previously mentioned inflammatory and apoptotic markers, its effect was less than that of CUR. Administration of ETB couldn't modify the disturbed levels of creatinine, BUN, GSH, and MDA.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, CUR provided a promising renoprotective effect against CIS induced nephrotoxicity. Further studies are recommended to approve or disapprove the protective role of ETB in CIS induced nephrotoxicity.

Selenium-Alleviated Hepatocyte Necrosis and DNA Damage in Cyclophosphamide-Treated Geese by Mitigating Oxidative Stress

Selenium (Se) has been well recognized as an immune-enhancing agent with antioxidant and anti-tumor properties. The commonly used chemotherapy drug, cyclophosphamide (CTX), induces liver injury by increasing the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level. However, little is known about how Se alleviates CTX-induced liver injury in geese. In this study, 90 male Magang geese (3 days old) were randomly allocated into three groups (control, CTX, and Se + CTX group) with three replicates per group and ten geese per replicate. The control and CTX groups were fed a basal diet (Se content was 0.03 mg/kg). The Se + CTX group was fed a basal diet containing 0.44 mg/kg sodium selenite (Se content was 0.2 + 0.03 mg/kg). The control group was injected with 0.5 mL saline, while the CTX and Se + CTX groups were injected with CTX at 40 mg/kg body weight per day on days 21-23. The liver index, liver histology, and ultra-micromorphology detected antioxidant enzyme activity in the liver and serum. In addition, we detected the liver marker enzymes and protein levels in serum, and hepatocyte DNA damage. Se could alleviate liver development dysregulation, hepatocyte structural damage, the disturbances in antioxidant enzyme (GPx, CAT, and SOD) activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the serum and liver. Besides, Se could alleviate the dysregulation of liver marker enzyme (ALT and AST) activity and protein (ALB and TP) levels in the serum, and DNA migration induced by CTX. In conclusion, Se may inhibit hepatocyte necrosis and DNA damage by inhibiting CTX-induced oxidative stress.

Nephroprotective Effect of Embryonic Stem Cells Reducing Lipid Peroxidation in Kidney Injury Induced by Cisplatin

Introduction

The acute kidney injury (AKI) is characterized by a sudden glomerular filtration reduction. Renal or intrinsic causes of AKI include nephrotoxicity induced by exogenous agents like cisplatin, which causes oxidative stress altering the biochemical process and leading to apoptosis. Therefore, this research is aimed at analyzing the embryonic stem cells (ESC) nephroprotective effect in AKI induced by cisplatin, employing genetic, phenotypic, and microspectroscopic techniques.

Methods

Thirty mice were randomly divided into three groups (n = 10): the healthy, isotonic salt solution (ISS), and mouse embryonic stem cells (mESC) groups. The ISS and mESC groups were subjected to AKI using cisplatin; 24 h post-AKI received an intraperitoneal injection of ISS or 1 × 10⁶ mESC, respectively. At days 4 and 8 post-AKI, five mice of each group were sacrificed to analyze the histopathological, genetic (PDK4 and HO-1), protein (p53), and vibrational microspectroscopic changes.

Results

Histopathologically, interstitial nephritis and acute tubular necrosis were observed; however, the mESC group showed a more preserved microarchitecture with high cellularity. Additionally, the PDK4 and HO-1 gene expression only increased in the ISS group on day 4 post-AKI. Likewise, p53 was more immunoexpressed at day 8 post-AKI in the ISS group. About biomolecular analysis by microspectroscopy, bands associated with lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids were evidenced. Besides, ratios related to membrane function (protein/lipid), unsaturated lipid content (olefinic/total lipid, olefinic/total CH₂, and CH₂/CH₃), and lipid peroxidation demonstrated oxidative stress induction and lipid peroxidation increase mainly in the ISS group. Finally, the principal component analysis discriminated against each group; nonetheless, some data of the healthy and mESC groups at day 8 were correlated.

Conclusions

The mESC implant diminishes cisplatin nephrotoxicity, once the protective effect in the reduction of lipid peroxidation was demonstrated, reflecting a functional and histological restoration.

Hydrogen peroxide in the reactions of cancer cells to cisplatin

BACKGROUND

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is thought to be one of the key components involved in the responses of tumor cells to chemotherapy. The aim of this study was to reveal the pathways and the phases of cisplatin-induced cell death that are characterized by changes of H₂O₂ level.

METHODS

The genetically encoded cytosolic fluorescent sensor HyPer2 was used for flow cytometric analysis of the cisplatin-induced changes in H₂O₂ level in HeLa Kyoto cells. Using a vital dye and the apoptotic markers PE Annexin V or TMRE the pathways and stages of cell death were investigated simultaneously with HyPer2 response. The H₂O₂ level was studied separately in viable and early apoptotic cells after 12, 18, 24 h's incubation with cisplatin at several concentrations with or without the scavenger of reactive oxygen species NAC.

RESULTS

Cisplatin causes dose- and time-dependent increase of H₂O₂ level in TMRE-positive and PE Annexin V-negative cancer cells. The scavenging of ROS by NAC decreased the H₂O₂ level and restored cell viability.

CONCLUSION

Н₂О₂ generation begins in cells that have already lost mitochondrial membrane potential but have not yet externalized phosphatidylserine. Prevention of apoptosis by NAC confirmed the role of H₂O₂ in apoptosis induction.

GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE

This is the first time that the sensor HyPer2 has been used in parallel with apoptotic markers and vital dye to demonstrate the role of H₂O₂ in different stages and types of tumor cell death under chemotherapeutic action.

Administration of Honey and Royal Jelly Ameliorate Cisplatin Induced Changes in Liver and Kidney Function in Rat

Although cisplatin is an effective drug, its clinical use is limited because of its side effects. Honey and royal jelly are natural antioxidants that can be extracted from honey bees. The aim of this investigation is to study the ameliorative role of both honey and royal jelly against cisplatin induced changes in levels of liver and kidney function biomarkers in rat. Male wistar albino rats of almost same age and weight were divided randomly into four groups. Group I: (control group) rats were given 0.9% saline. Group II; (cisplatin group) rats were injected by cisplatin (7mg/ kg/ day) intraperitoneally for 15 days. Group III; (Honey and Royall jelly group) rats were fed orally honey (500 mg/kg/day) with royal jelly (100mg/kg/day) for 15 days. Group IV; (cisplatin and honey with royal jelly group) rats were injected cisplatin (7mg/kg/day) intraperitoneally and fed orally honey (500mg/kg/day) with royal jelly (100mg/kg/day) daily for 15 days. At the end of experiment, blood was collected and serum was got by centrifugation at 3500 rpm. Serum obtained was analyzed for liver function test by estimating ALT, AST, ALP, total bilirubin, albumin, and total protein and kidney function test by estimating creatinine, urea, and uric acid levels. Administration of cisplatin to rats (Group, II) leads to a significant increase in serum ALT, AST, ALP enzyme activity, while the values of total bilirubin, total protein and albumin were significantly decreased as compared to control. Oral supplementation of royal jelly and honey to rats (Group, III) showed comparable enzyme activity of ALT, AST, ALP and values of total bilirubin, total protein and albumin to control. In the rat group that were administered honey and royal jelly in association of cisplatin (Group, IV) improvement was observed in liver function biomarkers. Cisplatin administrated rats (G, II) shows a significant increase in the values of kidney function biomarkers like creatinine, urea and uric acid compare to control. Oral supplementation of royal jelly and honey treated to rats (Group, III) showed comparable values of creatinine, urea and uric acid to control. In the rat group that were administered honey and royal jelly in association of cisplatin (Group, IV) improvement was observed in kidney function biomarkers. The study found that combined administration of honey and royal jelly attenuated the cisplatin induced alterations in liver and kidney function biomarkers, because honey and royal jelly are free radical scavengers, lipid peroxidation inhibitors and anti-inflammatory effects and hence are recommended during the cisplatin chemotherapy.

Protective Effect of Sika Deer (Cervus nippon) Velvet Antler Extract against Cisplatin-Induced Kidney and Liver Injury in a Prostate Cancer PC-3 Cell Xenograft Model

We previously discovered the antioxidant and antiprostate cancer effects of antler extract (AE), but whether it inhibits cisplatin- (Cis-) induced toxicity has not been investigated. In this study, the effect of AE on Cis-induced side effects in the kidney and liver using 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide-based cytotoxicity and cell cycle assays in prostate cancer PC-3 cells in vitro is investigated. Furthermore, we used a xenograft mouse model of the same cells to examine the in vivo effects and mechanisms of action. Cis and Cis + AE treatment attenuated prostate cancer cell growth by inducing apoptosis in vitro. Cis + AE stimulated cleaved caspases 3, 7, and 9 and polyadenosine diphosphate ribose polymerase expression. Cis + AE treatment for 1 week significantly increased the superoxide dismutase and catalase antioxidant activity while thiobarbituric acid reactive substances decreased. The histopathological damage and tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin- (IL-) 1β and IL-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in the kidney and liver tissue decreased. Therefore, AE likely possesses antiprostate cancer activity and inhibits Cis toxicity.

Protective Effects of Selenium on Cyclophosphamide-Induced Oxidative Stress and Kidney Injury

Cyclophosphamide (CP) is a common anticancer drug, but its use in cancer treatment is limited due to its severe toxicities induced mainly by oxidative stress in normal cells. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) lead to multiple organ injuries, including the kidneys. Selenium (Se) is a nutritionally essential trace element with antioxidant properties. In the present study, the possible protective effect of Se on CP-induced acute nephrotoxicity was investigated. Forty-two Sprague-Dawley rats were equally divided into six groups of seven rats in each. The control group received saline, and other groups were injected with CP (150 mg/kg), Se (0.5 or 1 mg/kg), or CP + Se intraperitoneally. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidant state (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), creatinine, and cystatin C (Cys C) levels were measured in the sera. In addition, kidney tissues were examined histologically. In the CP alone treated rats, creatinine, Cys C, TOS, and OSI levels increased, while TAC level decreased. CP-induced histological damages were decreased by co-treatment of Se and biochemical results supported the microscopic observations. In conclusion, our study points to the therapeutic potential of Se and indicates a significant role of ROS in CP-induced kidney toxicity.

Lipid imaging for visualizing cilastatin amelioration of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity

Nephrotoxicity is a major limitation to cisplatin antitumor therapies. Cilastatin, an inhibitor of renal dehydropeptidase-I, was recently proposed as a promising nephroprotector against cisplatin toxicity, preventing apoptotic cell death. In this work, cilastatin nephroprotection was further investigated in a rat model, with a focus on its effect on 76 renal lipids altered by cisplatin, including 13 new cisplatin-altered mitochondrial cardiolipin species. Lipid imaging was performed with MALDI mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) in kidney sections from treated rats. Cilastatin was proved to significantly diminish the lipid distribution alterations caused by cisplatin, lipid levels being almost completely recovered to those of control samples. The extent of recovery of cisplatin-altered lipids by cilastatin turned out to be relevant for discriminating direct or secondary lipid alterations driven by cisplatin. Lipid peroxidation induced by cisplatin was also shown to be reduced when cilastatin was administered. Importantly, significant groups separation was achieved during multivariate analysis of cortex and outer-medullary lipids, indicating that damaged kidney can be discerned from the nephroprotected and healthy groups and classified according to lipid distribution. Therefore, we propose MALDI-MSI as a powerful potential tool offering multimolecule detection possibilities to visualize and evaluate nephrotoxicity and nephroprotection based on lipid analysis.

Perindopril regulates the inflammatory mediators, NF-κB/TNF-α/IL-6, and apoptosis in cisplatin-induced renal dysfunction

Cisplatin (CP) is an essential chemotherapeutic drug used over the world against many types of cancer. It has several side effects such as ototoxicity, myelosuppression, and nephrotoxicity. Nephrotoxicity is the most dangerous and is considered a dose-limiting one. Oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis are involved in this toxicity. This study was conducted to focus on the impact of perindopril (PER) against CP-induced nephrotoxicity in rat. Male albino rats were divided to control, rats received a single dose of CP, rats received PER, and rats co-received PER and CP. Nephrotoxicity evoked by CP challenge was characterized histologically and biochemically including significant increase in relative kidney/body weight ratio and serum urea and creatinine. Additionally, CP markedly increased renal tissue content of malondialdehyde (MDA) while decreased reduced glutathione (GSH) and depleted glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity. CP produced significant increase in the inflammation biomarkers; nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interlukine-6 (IL-6). Administration of CP clearly upregulated caspase-3, while it downregulated B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) gene expressions. Perindopril treatment showed a significant restoration in the pathological alterations histologically and biochemically, which are provoked by CP administration. Altogether, these results suggested a good therapeutic role of PER against CP-induced nephrotoxicity through its influence on oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis pathway.

Renoprotective Effect of Platelet-Rich Plasma on Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has grown as an attractive biologic instrument in regenerative medicine for its powerful healing properties. It is considered as a source of growth factors that may induce tissue repairing and improve fibrosis. This product has proven its efficacy in multiple studies, but its effect on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity has not yet been elucidated. The present investigation was performed to estimate the protective impact of platelet-rich plasma against cisplatin- (CP-) evoked nephrotoxicity in male rats. Nephrotoxicity was induced in male Wistar rats by right uninephrectomy followed by CP administration. Uninephrectomized rats were assigned into four groups: (1) control group, (2) PRP group, (3) CP group, and (4) CP + PRP group. PRP was administered by subcapsular renal injection. Renal function, inflammatory cytokines, and growth factor level as well as histopathological investigation were carried out. Treatment with PRP attenuated the severity of CP-induced nephrotoxicity as evidenced by suppressed creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and N-acetyl glucosaminidase (NAG) levels. Moreover, PRP depressed intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), caspase-3, and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) levels, while enhanced the epidermal growth factor (EGF) level. These biochemical results were reinforced by the histopathological investigation, which revealed restoration of normal renal tissue architectures. These findings highlight evidence for the possible protective effects of PRP in a rat model of CP-induced nephrotoxicity, suggesting a new avenue for using PRP to improve the therapeutic index of cisplatin.

Protective Effects of Selenium Against Sodium Fluoride Induced Behavioral, Anti-Oxidant and Neurohistological Alterations in Wistar Rats

Fluoride naturally occurs in the earth’s crust and ground water and it causes fluorosis when it is consumed in high levels. The fluorosis also affects soft tissues like liver, kidney, heart, brain etc., in addition to skeletal and dental systems. The present study reports the protective effects of selenium against sodium fluoride induced neurotoxic effects. Three months old (around 250 – 280 g weight) wistar rats were randomly categorized into four groups viz. Group I (control) which received normal tap water, Group II (sodium fluoride, NaF) treated with 20 ppm of fluoride through IP, Group III treated with (NaF 20 ppm) + Selenium (5 mgkg-1 body wt./day/rat) and Group IV treated with Selenium (5 mgkg-1 body wt./day/rat) alone. The doses were continued for a period of 15 days and after that they were used for recording behavioral (rota rod, hot plate), anti-oxidant (LPO, SOD, CAT and GSH-Px) and histological (Golgi cox staining) observations. The rats treated with NaF showed the decreased motor coordination, thermal pain response, decreased CAT and SOD activity and increased LPO levels and GSH-Px activity with compared to control group. Moreover, NaF received rats also showed the decreased number of dendrites, synaptic connections and neural networks. These all alterations were reversed on administration of selenium towards fluoride toxicity and the results were significant (p<0.01). The results of selenium alone treated group of rats is comparable to control group. Based on these observed results, the present study evidenced the protective role of selenium against fluoride induced neurotoxicity.

Oral administration of tea saponins to relive oxidative stress and immune suppression in chickens

The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of tea saponins on oxidative stress induced by cyclophosphamide in chickens. One hundred twenty chickens were randomly divided into 5 groups. Groups 3 to 4 received intramuscular injection of cyclophosphamide to induce oxidative stress and immunosuppression. After that, groups 2 and 4 were orally administered tea saponins in drinking water for 7 d. Then, groups 1 to 4 were immunized with a live, bivalent vaccine of Newcastle disease virus and infectious bronchitis virus. Blood samples were collected for analysis of oxidative parameters and specific antibody titers, and splenocytes were prepared for lymphocyte proliferative assay. The results showed that administration of tea saponins significantly increased total antioxidant capacity, total superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione, ascorbic acid, and α-tocopherol, and decreased malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl. Enhanced immune responses, such as lymphocyte proliferation induced by concanavalin A and lipopolysaccharides, and serum Newcastle disease virus- and infectious bronchitis virus-specific antibodies were also observed in chickens injected with or without cyclophosphamide. In addition, no side effects were found in chickens throughout the study. Therefore, tea saponins may be a potential agent to improve imunosuppression induced by oxidative stress in chickens.

Knockdown of NLRC5 attenuates renal I/R injury in vitro through the activation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway

NLRC5, as the largest member of nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat (NLR) family, was involved in various physiological processes, such as inflammation, fibrosis, innate immunity and diabetic nephropathy. However, the role of NLRC5 in acute kidney injury remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of NLRC5 in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2) exposed to hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R). Our results demonstrated that the expression of NLRC5 was significantly up-regulated in HK-2 cells exposed to H/R. Knockdown of NLRC5 significantly improved the viability of HK-2 cells exposed to H/R. In addition, knockdown of NLRC5 efficiently inhibited H/R-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in HK-2 cells. Mechanistically, knockdown of NLRC5 markedly enhanced the activation of PIK3/Akt signaling pathway in H/R-stimulated HK-2 cells. In summary, our findings indicate that knockdown of NLRC5 attenuates renal I/R injury in vitro through the activation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

Selenium status of children in Kashin-Beck disease endemic areas in Shaanxi, China: assessment with mercury

The causes of Kashin-Beck disease (KBD) in children are multifactorial, and particular consideration has been given to childhood selenium (Se) deficiency. In this study, dietary intake of Se and mercury (Hg) was determined at KBD areas to investigate the Se status and risks. Therefore, total Hg and Se levels were investigated in scalp hair samples and in daily intake food samples of 150 schoolchildren in Yongshou County of Shaanxi, China. The results showed that the average concentration of Se in children's hair has risen to 302 ng g^-1 and significantly increased compared to the data reported decades ago. Children at KBD endemic areas likely have improved Se status due to the Se supplementation in food at recent decades. However, all the children in the study areas still showed lower Se status compared to those in other non-KBD areas of China. The probable daily intake of Se in the study areas was still lower after stopping Se supplementation in food at KBD areas, which is 17.96 μg day^-1. Food produced locally cannot satisfy the lowest demand for Se nutrition for local residents. If the interactions of Se-Hg detoxification are considered, Hg intake from food exacerbates Se deficiency at the KBD areas.

Chemosensitizing effect of Alpinia officinarum rhizome extract in cisplatin-treated rats with hepatocellular carcinoma

This study was conducted to estimate the preventing and sensitizing efficiency of Alpinia officinarum rhizome extract (AORE) in an experimental model of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) +/- cisplatin. HCC was induced by a single intraperitoneal (i.p) dose of diethylnitrosamine (DENA, 200mg/kg). After 14 days, phenobarbitone (PB, 0.05%) was added to drinking water for 14 weeks to promote hepatocarcinogenesis. Cisplatin (CP) was given in a dose of 1.5 mg/kg (i.p), twice a week, alone or with AORE (400 mg/kg daily, orally) for 21 days. AORE was tried as a protective before the induction of HCC for three weeks as well. Results revealed that DENA/PB elevated hepatic indices as ALT and AST and total bilirubin with declining serum total protein. It increased oxidative stress, as hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) with depressed hepatic reduced glutathione (GSH) contents, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities. This was accompanied by an increase in hepatic expression of antioxidant genes (thioredoxin and glutaredoxin). Hepatocarcinogenesis was detected by histopathological changes in liver sections and the elevation of serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level. Treatment with CP partially restored altered hepatic functions and oxidative stress markers. It also showed a partial decrease in the expression of antioxidant genes, improving histopathological changes in the liver and AFP level in serum. The treatment with AORE alone or AORE+CP enhanced hepatic function and oxidative stress markers. It also caused a decrease in the expression of antioxidant genes and improved histopathological changes in liver and serum AFP level. This effect is more potent than the treatment with CP alone. Our study suggested that AORE can be used as a promising natural chemoprevention or a chemosensitizing agent against hepatocarcinogenesis.

The ameliorating effects of selenium and vitamin C against fenitrothion-induced blood toxicity in Wistar rats

Fenitrothion is widely used organophosphate pesticide in agriculture and health programs, but besides, it causes several toxic effects. The present study was designed to evaluate the possible protective effects of selenium (0.5mg/kg b.w.) and vitamin C (100mg/kg b.w) on altered haematological, biochemical and oxidative stress parameters in the blood of rats orally treated with fenitrothion (20mg/kg b.w) for 30days. Fenitrothion caused changes in body weight, food and water intake, and some haematological and biochemical parameters. Fenitrothion altered the glutathione redox status (GSH and GSSG) and decreased activity of antioxidant enzymes (GSH-Px, GST, SOD and CAT), leading to a lipid peroxidation. Selenium and vitamin C, by improving the activity of antioxidants, reduced oxidative stress and a lipid peroxidation, maintaining the values of examined parameters to optimal levels. Therefore, selenium and vitamin C could be useful in providing protection of exposed non-target organisms including people from fenitrothion.

Cytoprotective Effects of Cell-Permeable Bifunctional Antioxidant Enzyme, GST-TAT-SOD, against Cisplatin-Induced Cell Damage

GST-TAT-SOD, a cell-permeable bifunctional antioxidant enzyme, is a potential selective radioprotector. This study aimed to investigate the cytoprotective activity of GST-TAT-SOD against cisplatin-induced damage. The current study showed that cisplatin induced the formation of reactive oxygen species in normal L-02 cells. GST-TAT-SOD (2000 U/mL) executed its antioxidant role by directly scavenging excess intracellular free radicals and augmenting cellular antioxidant defense such as reducing MDA level, enhancing the SOD activity, GST activity, and T-AOC. Thus, it suppressed the growth inhibition and apoptosis of cisplatin-treated normal cells. Meanwhile, the growth inhibition of tumor cells (SMMC-7721) caused by cisplatin was unaffected by GST-TAT-SOD pretreatment. GST-SOD, as a comparison, seemed to be powerless for related indicators as it could not enter into cells without cell-permeating peptide. These results suggest that GST-TAT-SOD might be a potential cytoprotective agent for cisplatin-induced side effects.

Ruthenium complex exerts antineoplastic effects that are mediated by oxidative stress without inducing toxicity in Walker-256 tumor-bearing rats

The present study evaluated the in vivo antitumor effects and toxicity of a new Ru(II) compound, cis-(Ru[phen]₂[ImH]₂)²⁺ (also called RuphenImH [RuC]), against Walker-256 carcinosarcoma in rats. After subcutaneous inoculation of Walker-256 cells in the right pelvic limb, male Wistar rats received 5 or 10mgkg^-1 RuC orally or intraperitoneally (i.p.) every 3 days for 13 days. A positive control group (2mgkg^-1 cisplatin) and negative control group (vehicle) were also used. Tumor progression was checked daily. After treatment, tumor weight, plasma biochemistry, hematology, oxidative stress, histology, and tumor cell respiration were evaluated. RuC was effective against tumors when administered i.p. but not orally. The highest i.p. dose of RuC (10mgkg^-1) significantly reduced tumor volume and weight, induced oxidative stress in tumor tissue, reduced the respiration of tumor cells, and induced necrosis but did not induce apoptosis in the tumor. No clinical signs of toxicity or death were observed in tumor-bearing or healthy rats that were treated with RuC. These results suggest that RuC has antitumor activity through the modulation of oxidative stress and impairment of oxidative phosphorylation, thus promoting Walker-256 cell death without causing systemic toxicity. These effects make RuC a promising anticancer drug for clinical evaluation.

Nephroprotective Effects of Saponins from Leaves of Panax quinquefolius against Cisplatin-Induced Acute Kidney Injury

Although cisplatin is an anticancer drug that has activity against malignant tumor, it often causes nephrotoxicity. Previous reports have confirmed that the saponins from the leaves of P. quinquefolium (PQS) exerted many pharmacological activities. However, the renoprotective effects of PQS were still unknown. The purpose of the present research was to discuss renoprotective effect of PQS in a mouse model of cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury (AKI). The levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (CRE) were evidently increased in cisplatin-intoxicated mice, which were reversed by PQS. Renal oxidative stress, evidenced by increased malondialdehyde (MDA) level and decline of glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, was significantly alleviated by PQS pretreatment. The suppression of inflammatory response by PQS was realized through the decrease the mRNA expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in kidney tissues, which were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Simultaneously, the overexpression of cytochrome P450 E1 (CYP2E1) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were attenuated by PQS. Furthermore, the effects of Western blotting demonstrated that PQS administration significantly suppressed the protein expression levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase type 4 (Nox4), cleaved Caspase-3, cleaved Caspase-9, Bax, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), suggesting the inhibition of apoptosis and inflammation response. Overall, PQS may possess protective effects in cisplatin-induced AKI through suppression of oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis.