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Yu Y, Wang G, Liu Y, Meng Z. Potential application of traditional Chinese medicine in age-related macular degeneration-focusing on mitophagy. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1410998. [PMID: 38828456 PMCID: PMC11140084 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1410998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Retinal pigment epithelial cell and neuroretinal damage in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) can lead to serious visual impairments and blindness. Studies have shown that mitophagy, a highly specialized cellular degradation system, is implicated in the pathogenesis of AMD. Mitophagy selectively eliminates impaired or non-functioning mitochondria via several pathways, such as the phosphatase and tensin homolog-induced kinase 1/Parkin, BCL2-interacting protein 3 and NIP3-like protein X, FUN14 domain-containing 1, and AMP-activated protein kinase pathways. This has a major impact on the maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis. Therefore, the regulation of mitophagy could be a promising therapeutic strategy for AMD. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) uses natural products that could potentially prevent and treat various diseases, such as AMD. This review aims to summarize recent findings on mitophagy regulation pathways and the latest progress in AMD treatment targeting mitophagy, emphasizing methods involving TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Yu
- First Clinical Medical School, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Gaofeng Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhaoru Meng
- School of Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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2
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Aljundi W, Munteanu C, Seitz B, Abdin AD. Short-term outcomes of intravitreal faricimab for refractory neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2024:10.1007/s00417-024-06485-y. [PMID: 38607409 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-024-06485-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the short-term outcomes of intravitreal faricimab (IVF) for previously treated refractory neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) in a real-world setting. METHODS A retrospective monocentric study including 44 eyes treated with an upload of 4 × monthly intravitreal injections (IVI) of faricimab 6 mg/0.05 mL and followed for 4 weeks after last IVI (16 W). Patients were switched to IVF after treatment with at least three other anti-vascular endothelial growth factors (anti-VEGF). Main outcome measures included best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central macular thickness (CMT), subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) and retinal fluid distribution. RESULTS 44 eyes of 44 patients with previously treated refractory nAMD (63% males) were included. Mean age was 79 ± 7 years. The total number of previous anti-VEGF before switching to IVF was 32 ± 15 IVIs/eye. BCVA (logMAR) improved significantly from 0.65 ± 0.26 to 0.50 ± 0.23 at 16 W (p < 0.01). CMT (µm) decreased significantly from 422 ± 68 to 362 ± 47 at 16 W (p < 0.01). SFCT did not change significantly at 16 W (p = 0.06). The number of eyes with subretinal fluid (SRF) decreased significantly from 29 (65%) to 13 (29%) at 16 W (p = 0.001). There were no significant changes regarding the distribution of intraretinal fluid or pigment epithelial detachment (p > 0.05). A complete fluid resolution was achieved in 8 eyes (18%). No adverse events were noticed. CONCLUSION In the short term, IVF led to a significant decrease in CMT as well as a significant improvement of BCVA and thus appears to be an effective treatment option for previously treated refractory nAMD without relevant adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wissam Aljundi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center UKS, Kirrberger Street 100, Building 22, 66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Cristian Munteanu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center UKS, Kirrberger Street 100, Building 22, 66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Berthold Seitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center UKS, Kirrberger Street 100, Building 22, 66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Alaa Din Abdin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center UKS, Kirrberger Street 100, Building 22, 66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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Rinaldi M, Pezone A, Quadrini GI, Abbadessa G, Laezza MP, Passaro ML, Porcellini A, Costagliola C. Targeting shared pathways in tauopathies and age-related macular degeneration: implications for novel therapies. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1371745. [PMID: 38633983 PMCID: PMC11021713 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1371745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The intricate parallels in structure and function between the human retina and the central nervous system designate the retina as a prospective avenue for understanding brain-related processes. This review extensively explores the shared physiopathological mechanisms connecting age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and proteinopathies, with a specific focus on tauopathies. The pivotal involvement of oxidative stress and cellular senescence emerges as key drivers of pathogenesis in both conditions. Uncovering these shared elements not only has the potential to enhance our understanding of intricate neurodegenerative diseases but also sets the stage for pioneering therapeutic approaches in AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Rinaldi
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Pezone
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Gaia Italia Quadrini
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Abbadessa
- Division of Neurology, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Laezza
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “V. Tiberio”, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Passaro
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “V. Tiberio”, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | | | - Ciro Costagliola
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Korhonen E. Inflammasome activation in response to aberrations of cellular homeostasis in epithelial cells from human cornea and retina. Acta Ophthalmol 2024; 102 Suppl 281:3-68. [PMID: 38386419 DOI: 10.1111/aos.16646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
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Shome I, Thathapudi NC, Aramati BMR, Kowtharapu BS, Jangamreddy JR. Stages, pathogenesis, clinical management and advancements in therapies of age-related macular degeneration. Int Ophthalmol 2023; 43:3891-3909. [PMID: 37347455 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-023-02767-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a retinal degenerative disorder prevalent in the elderly population, which leads to the loss of central vision. The disease progression can be managed, if not prevented, either by blocking neovascularization ("wet" form of AMD) or by preserving retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptor cells ("dry" form of AMD). Although current therapeutic modalities are moderately successful in delaying the progression and management of the disease, advances over the past years in regenerative medicine using iPSC, embryonic stem cells, advanced materials (including nanomaterials) and organ bio-printing show great prospects in restoring vision and efficient management of either forms of AMD. This review focuses on the molecular mechanism of the disease, model systems (both cellular and animal) used in studying AMD, the list of various regenerative therapies and the current treatments available. The article also highlights on the recent clinical trials using regenerative therapies and management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Shome
- UR Advanced Therapeutics Private Limited, ASPIRE-BioNest, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Neethi C Thathapudi
- Centre de Recherche Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Bindu Madhav Reddy Aramati
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Bhavani S Kowtharapu
- UR Advanced Therapeutics Private Limited, ASPIRE-BioNest, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Jaganmohan R Jangamreddy
- UR Advanced Therapeutics Private Limited, ASPIRE-BioNest, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, India.
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Wada I, Mori K, Sreekumar PG, Ji R, Spee C, Hong E, Ishikawa K, Sonoda KH, Kannan R. Characterization and contribution of RPE senescence to Age-related macular degeneration in Tnfrsf10 knock out mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.04.552052. [PMID: 37577701 PMCID: PMC10418235 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.04.552052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Background Retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE) play vital role in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Our laboratory has shown that RPE cellular senescence contributed to the pathophysiology of experimental AMD, and SASP members are involved in this process. Recently, we presented confirmatory evidence to earlier GWAS studies that dysregulation of tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily 10A (TNFRSF10A) dysregulation leads to AMD development and is linked to RPE dysfunction. This study aims to investigate the contribution of RPE senescence to AMD pathophysiology using TNFRSF10A silenced human RPE (hRPE) cells and Tnfrsf10 KO mice. Methods Sub-confluent primary hRPE cells and TNFRSF10A silenced hRPE were exposed to stress-induced premature senescence with H2O2 (500 μM, 48h), and senescence-associated markers (βgal, p16, and p21) were analyzed by RT-PCR and WB analysis. The effect of H2O2-induced senescence in non-silenced and silenced hRPE on OXPHOS and glycolysis was determined using Seahorse XF96 analyzer. Male C57BL/6J Tnfrsf10 KO ( Tnfrsf10 -/- ) mice were used to study the regulation of senescence by TNFRSF10A in vivo . Expression of p16 and p21 in control and KO mice of varying ages were determined by RT-PCR, WB, and immunostaining analysis. Results The senescence-associated p16 and p21 showed a significant ( p < 0.01) upregulation with H2O2 induction at the gene (1.8- and 3-fold) and protein (3.2- and 4-fold) levels in hRPE cells. The protein expression of p16 and p21 was further significantly increased by co-treatment with siRNA ( p < 0.05 vs. H2O2). Mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) (pmol/min/total DNA) increased with senescence induction by H2O2 for 48h in control RPE, and knockdown of TNFRSF10A caused a further increase in OCR and ECAR. In addition, co-treatment with PKC activator significantly improved all parameters. Similarly, in vivo studies showed upregulation of p16 and p21 by RT-PCR, WB, and immunostaining analysis in RPE/choroid of Tnfrsf10 KO mice. When subjected to examination across distinct age groups, namely young (1-3 months), middle (6-9 months), and old (12-15 months) mice, a discernible age-related elevation in the expression of p16 and p21 was observed. Conclusions Our findings suggest that TNRSF10A is a regulator of regulates in RPE senescence. Further work on elucidating pathways of senescence will facilitate the development of new therapeutic targets for AMD.
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Kushwah N, Bora K, Maurya M, Pavlovich MC, Chen J. Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1379. [PMID: 37507918 PMCID: PMC10376043 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in aging-related eye diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), cataracts, and glaucoma. With age, antioxidant reparative capacity decreases, and excess levels of reactive oxygen species produce oxidative damage in many ocular cell types underling age-related pathologies. In AMD, loss of central vision in the elderly is caused primarily by retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) dysfunction and degeneration and/or choroidal neovascularization that trigger malfunction and loss of photo-sensing photoreceptor cells. Along with various genetic and environmental factors that contribute to AMD, aging and age-related oxidative damage have critical involvement in AMD pathogenesis. To this end, dietary intake of antioxidants is a proven way to scavenge free radicals and to prevent or slow AMD progression. This review focuses on AMD and highlights the pathogenic role of oxidative stress in AMD from both clinical and experimental studies. The beneficial roles of antioxidants and dietary micronutrients in AMD are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jing Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Nita M, Grzybowski A. Antioxidative Role of Heterophagy, Autophagy, and Mitophagy in the Retina and Their Association with the Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) Etiopathogenesis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1368. [PMID: 37507908 PMCID: PMC10376332 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), an oxidative stress-linked neurodegenerative disease, leads to irreversible damage of the central retina and severe visual impairment. Advanced age and the long-standing influence of oxidative stress and oxidative cellular damage play crucial roles in AMD etiopathogenesis. Many authors emphasize the role of heterophagy, autophagy, and mitophagy in maintaining homeostasis in the retina. Relevantly modifying the activity of both macroautophagy and mitophagy pathways represents one of the new therapeutic strategies in AMD. Our review provides an overview of the antioxidative roles of heterophagy, autophagy, and mitophagy and presents associations between dysregulations of these molecular mechanisms and AMD etiopathogenesis. The authors performed an extensive analysis of the literature, employing PubMed and Google Scholar, complying with the 2013-2023 period, and using the following keywords: age-related macular degeneration, RPE cells, reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, heterophagy, autophagy, and mitophagy. Heterophagy, autophagy, and mitophagy play antioxidative roles in the retina; however, they become sluggish and dysregulated with age and contribute to AMD development and progression. In the retina, antioxidative roles also play in RPE cells, NFE2L2 and PGC-1α proteins, NFE2L2/PGC-1α/ARE signaling cascade, Nrf2 factor, p62/SQSTM1/Keap1-Nrf2/ARE pathway, circulating miRNAs, and Yttrium oxide nanoparticles performed experimentally in animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Nita
- Domestic and Specialized Medicine Centre "Dilmed", 40-231 Katowice, Poland
| | - Andrzej Grzybowski
- Institute for Research in Ophthalmology, Foundation for Ophthalmology Development, Gorczyczewskiego 2/3, 61-553 Poznań, Poland
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Si Z, Zheng Y, Zhao J. The Role of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Phagocytosis and Autophagy. Biomolecules 2023; 13:901. [PMID: 37371481 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) causes vision loss in the elderly population. Dry AMD leads to the formation of Drusen, while wet AMD is characterized by cell proliferation and choroidal angiogenesis. The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) plays a key role in AMD pathogenesis. In particular, helioreceptor renewal depends on outer segment phagocytosis of RPE cells, while RPE autophagy can protect cells from oxidative stress damage. However, when the oxidative stress burden is too high and homeostasis is disturbed, the phagocytosis and autophagy functions of RPE become damaged, leading to AMD development and progression. Hence, characterizing the roles of RPE cell phagocytosis and autophagy in the pathogenesis of AMD can inform the development of potential therapeutic targets to prevent irreversible RPE and photoreceptor cell death, thus protecting against AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibo Si
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Yajuan Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
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Lenin RR, Koh YH, Zhang Z, Yeo YZ, Parikh BH, Seah I, Wong W, Su X. Dysfunctional Autophagy, Proteostasis, and Mitochondria as a Prelude to Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108763. [PMID: 37240109 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell dysfunction is a key driving force of AMD. RPE cells form a metabolic interface between photoreceptors and choriocapillaris, performing essential functions for retinal homeostasis. Through their multiple functions, RPE cells are constantly exposed to oxidative stress, which leads to the accumulation of damaged proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and cellular organelles, including mitochondria. As miniature chemical engines of the cell, self-replicating mitochondria are heavily implicated in the aging process through a variety of mechanisms. In the eye, mitochondrial dysfunction is strongly associated with several diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which is a leading cause of irreversible vision loss in millions of people globally. Aged mitochondria exhibit decreased rates of oxidative phosphorylation, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and increased numbers of mitochondrial DNA mutations. Mitochondrial bioenergetics and autophagy decline during aging because of insufficient free radical scavenger systems, the impairment of DNA repair mechanisms, and reductions in mitochondrial turnover. Recent research has uncovered a much more complex role of mitochondrial function and cytosolic protein translation and proteostasis in AMD pathogenesis. The coupling of autophagy and mitochondrial apoptosis modulates the proteostasis and aging processes. This review aims to summarise and provide a perspective on (i) the current evidence of autophagy, proteostasis, and mitochondrial dysfunction in dry AMD; (ii) current in vitro and in vivo disease models relevant to assessing mitochondrial dysfunction in AMD, and their utility in drug screening; and (iii) ongoing clinical trials targeting mitochondrial dysfunction for AMD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raji Rajesh Lenin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block Level 7, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Department of Medical Research, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Yi Hui Koh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block Level 7, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Zheting Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block Level 7, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 11 Mandalay Road, Experimental Medicine Building, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Yan Zhuang Yeo
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Bhav Harshad Parikh
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Ivan Seah
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block Level 7, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Wendy Wong
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Hospital (NUH), 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block Level 7, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Xinyi Su
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block Level 7, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Hospital (NUH), 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block Level 7, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute (SERI), The Academia, 20 College Road, Level 6 Discovery Tower, Singapore 169856, Singapore
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Sohn J, Lee SE, Shim EY. DNA Damage and Repair in Eye Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:3916. [PMID: 36835325 PMCID: PMC9964121 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Vision is vital for daily activities, and yet the most common eye diseases-cataracts, DR, ARMD, and glaucoma-lead to blindness in aging eyes. Cataract surgery is one of the most frequently performed surgeries, and the outcome is typically excellent if there is no concomitant pathology present in the visual pathway. In contrast, patients with DR, ARMD and glaucoma often develop significant visual impairment. These often-multifactorial eye problems can have genetic and hereditary components, with recent data supporting the role of DNA damage and repair as significant pathogenic factors. In this article, we discuss the role of DNA damage and the repair deficit in the development of DR, ARMD and glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Sohn
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- Keystone School, 119 E. Craig Pl., San Antonio, TX 78212, USA
| | - Sang-Eun Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Eun-Yong Shim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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Shimpi GG, Bentlage B. Ancient endosymbiont-mediated transmission of a selfish gene provides a model for overcoming barriers to gene transfer into animal mitochondrial genomes. Bioessays 2023; 45:e2200190. [PMID: 36412071 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202200190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to bilaterian animals, non-bilaterian mitochondrial genomes contain atypical genes, often attributed to horizontal gene transfer (HGT) as an ad hoc explanation. Although prevalent in plants, HGT into animal mitochondrial genomes is rare, lacking suitable explanatory models for their occurrence. HGT of the mismatch DNA repair gene (mtMutS) from giant viruses to octocoral (soft corals and their kin) mitochondrial genomes provides a model for how barriers to HGT to animal mitochondria may be overcome. A review of the available literature suggests that this HGT was mediated by an alveolate endosymbiont infected with a lysogenic phycodnavirus that enabled insertion of the homing endonuclease containing mtMutS into octocoral mitochondrial genomes. We posit that homing endonuclease domains and similar selfish elements play a crucial role in such inter-domain gene transfers. Understanding the role of selfish genetic elements in HGT has the potential to aid development of tools for manipulating animal mitochondrial DNA.
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Wu SF, Lin CY, Tsai RK, Wen YT, Lin FH, Chang CY, Shen CI, Lin SZ, Harn HJ, Chiou TW, Liu CS, Chen YT, Su HL. Mitochondrial Transplantation Moderately Ameliorates Retinal Degeneration in Royal College of Surgeons Rats. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2883. [PMID: 36359403 PMCID: PMC9687640 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells possess high mitochondria content for energy production, which is required for phagocytosis and vision cycle metabolism. The mitochondrial integrity in RPE cells helps the homeostasis of photoreceptor turnover and prevents retina aging and degeneration. Mitochondrial transplantation benefits the recovery of several acute inflammatory diseases, leading us to investigate the effects of mitochondrial transplantation on retina degeneration. Allogeneic mitochondria were isolated and delivered into the vitreous chamber in the Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rats, which exhibit inherited and early-onset retina degeneration. The progress of retina degeneration was examined with optical coherence tomography (OCT) and visual evoked potential (VEP) to determine the retina thickness and integrity of afferent electrical signals from affected eyes, respectively. We found that mitochondria engraftment moderately attenuated the degeneration of retinal layers in RCS rats by histological examination. This result was consistent with the OCT measurement of retina thickness around the optic disc. The VEP analysis revealed that the peak one (N1) latency, representing the arriving time of electrical impulse from the retina to cortex, was substantially maintained as the normal value after the mitochondrial transplantation. This result suggests that the intra-vitreous transplanted mitochondria ameliorate the degeneration of photoreceptors in RCS rats and might be potential for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Fang Wu
- The Joint Ph.D. Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, National Health Research Institutes and National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yao Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Kung Tsai
- Institute of Eye Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Tseng Wen
- Institute of Eye Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Huei Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 350, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yu Chang
- Bioinnovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Ching-I Shen
- Duogenic Stem Cells Corporation, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Shinn-Zong Lin
- Bioinnovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Jyh Harn
- Bioinnovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Tzyy-Wen Chiou
- Department of Life Science and Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974, Taiwan
| | - Chin-San Liu
- Vascular and Genomic Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
- Departments of Neurology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Ting Chen
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Lin Su
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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14
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Blasiak J, Sobczuk P, Pawlowska E, Kaarniranta K. Interplay between aging and other factors of the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 81:101735. [PMID: 36113764 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex eye disease with the retina as the target tissue and aging as per definition the most serious risk factor. However, the retina contains over 60 kinds of cells that form different structures, including the neuroretina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) which can age at different rates. Other established or putative AMD risk factors can differentially affect the neuroretina and RPE and can differently interplay with aging of these structures. The occurrence of β-amyloid plaques and increased levels of cholesterol in AMD retinas suggest that AMD may be a syndrome of accelerated brain aging. Therefore, the question about the real meaning of age in AMD is justified. In this review we present and update information on how aging may interplay with some aspects of AMD pathogenesis, such as oxidative stress, amyloid beta formation, circadian rhythm, metabolic aging and cellular senescence. Also, we show how this interplay can be specific for photoreceptors, microglia cells and RPE cells as well as in Bruch's membrane and the choroid. Therefore, the process of aging may differentially affect different retinal structures. As an accurate quantification of biological aging is important for risk stratification and early intervention for age-related diseases, the determination how photoreceptors, microglial and RPE cells age in AMD may be helpful for a precise diagnosis and treatment of this largely untreatable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz Blasiak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Piotr Sobczuk
- Emergency Medicine and Disaster Medicine Department, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-209 Lodz, Poland; Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital - Research Institute, Rzgowska 281, 93-338 Lodz, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Pawlowska
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-216 Lodz, Poland
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, KYS, P.O. Box 100, FI-70029 Finland
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15
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Wang K, Chen YS, Chien HW, Chiou HL, Yang SF, Hsieh YH. Melatonin inhibits NaIO3-induced ARPE-19 cell apoptosis via suppression of HIF-1α/BNIP3-LC3B/mitophagy signaling. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:133. [PMID: 35986432 PMCID: PMC9389659 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00879-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) leads to gradual central vision loss and eventual irreversible blindness. Melatonin, an endogenous hormone, exhibits anti-inflammatory and antitumor effects; however, the role it plays in AMD remains unclear. Herein, we investigated the anti-AMD molecular mechanism of melatonin after sodium iodate (NaIO3) treatment of ARPE-19 cells in vitro and in animal models with the goal of improving the therapeutic effect. Results The in vitro results showed that melatonin protected against NaIO3-induced cell viability decline, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in ARPE-19 cells, and melatonin also alleviated NaIO3-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondrial dysfunction and mitophagy activation. Melatonin reduced NaIO3-induced mitophagy activation through HIF-1α-targeted BNIP3/LC3B transcription, whereas ROS inhibition realized with N-acetylcysteine (NAC, a ROS inhibitor) combined with melatonin reduced the effect of NaIO3 on mitophagy. An animal model of AMD was established to confirm the in vitro data. Mouse tail vein injection of NaIO3 and melatonin was associated with enhanced repair of retinal layers within 7 days, as observed by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. A reduction in BNIP3 and HIF-1α levels, as determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay, was also observed. Conclusions These results indicate that melatonin attenuated NaIO3-induced mitophagy of ARPE-19 cells via reduction in ROS-mediated HIF-1α targeted BNIP3/LC3B signaling in vitro and in vivo. Melatonin may be a potential therapeutic drug in the treatment of AMD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13578-022-00879-3.
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16
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Tang H, Du H, Kuang X, Huang H, Zeng J, Long C, Zhu B, Fu L, Wang H, Zhang Q, Lin S, Yan J, Shen H. Arbutin Protects Retinal Pigment Epithelium Against Oxidative Stress by Modulating SIRT1/FOXO3a/PGC-1α/β Pathway. Front Genet 2022; 13:922807. [PMID: 36051689 PMCID: PMC9425105 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.922807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which is the leading cause of blindness among the elderly in western societies, is majorly accompanied by retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) degeneration. Because of the irreversible RPE cell loss among oxidative stress, it is crucial to search for available drugs for atrophic (dry) AMD. RNA-Seq analysis revealed that genes related to aging and mitochondrial health were differentially expressed under Arbutin treatment, whereas compared to oxidative injury, our study demonstrated that Arbutin substantially abrogated oxidative stress-induced cell senescence and apoptosis linked to intracellular antioxidant enzyme system homeostasis maintenance, restored mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and reduced the SA-β-GAL accumulation in RPE. Furthermore, Arbutin alleviated oxidative stress-mediated cell apoptosis and senescence via activation of SIRT1, as evidenced by the increase of the downstream FoxO3a and PGC-1α/β that are related to mitochondrial biogenesis, and the suppression of NF-κB p65 inflammasome, whereas rehabilitation of oxidative stress by SIRT1 inhibitor attenuated the protective effect of Arbutin. In conclusion, we validated the results in an in vivo model constructed by NAIO3-injured mice. OCT and HE staining showed that Arbutin sustained retinal integrity in the case of oxidative damage in vivo, and the disorder of RPE cytochrome was alleviated through fundus observation. In summary, our findings identified that oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial malfunction and the subsequent senescence acceleration in RPE cells, whereas Arbutin inhibited TBHP-induced RPE degeneration via regulating the SIRT1/Foxo3a/PGC-1α/β signaling pathway. These findings suggested that Arbutin is a new agent with potential applications in the development of AMD diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Han Du
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xielan Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Biobank of Eye, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingshu Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chongde Long
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Binbin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Licheng Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Intensive Care, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingjiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuibin Lin
- Center for Translational Medicine, Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jianhua Yan, ; Huangxuan Shen,
| | - Huangxuan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Biobank of Eye, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jianhua Yan, ; Huangxuan Shen,
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17
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Feldman TB, Dontsov AE, Yakovleva MA, Ostrovsky MA. Photobiology of lipofuscin granules in the retinal pigment epithelium cells of the eye: norm, pathology, age. Biophys Rev 2022; 14:1051-1065. [PMID: 36124271 PMCID: PMC9481861 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-022-00989-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipofuscin granules (LGs) are accumulated in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. The progressive LG accumulation can somehow lead to pathology and accelerate the aging process. The review examines composition, spectral properties and photoactivity of LGs isolated from the human cadaver eyes. By use of atomic force microscopy and near-field microscopy, we have revealed the fluorescent heterogeneity of LGs. We have discovered the generation of reactive oxygen species by LGs, and found that LGs and melanolipofuscin granules are capable of photoinduced oxidation of lipids. It was shown that A2E, as the main fluorophore (bisretinoid) of LGs, is much less active as an oxidation photosensitizer than other fluorophores (bisretinoids) of LGs. Photooxidized products of bisretinoids pose a much greater danger to the cell than non-oxidized one. Our studies of the fluorescent properties of LGs and their fluorophores (bisretinoids) showed for the first time that their spectral characteristics change (shift to the short-wavelength region) in pathology and after exposure to ionizing radiation. By recording the fluorescence spectra and fluorescence decay kinetics of oxidized products of LG fluorophores, it is possible to improve the methods of early diagnosis of degenerative diseases. Lipofuscin ("aging pigment") is not an inert "slag". The photoactivity of LGs can pose a significant danger to the RPE cells. Fluorescence characteristics of LGs are a tool to detect early stages of degeneration in the retina and RPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. B. Feldman
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - A. E. Dontsov
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - M. A. Yakovleva
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - M. A. Ostrovsky
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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18
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Saada J, McAuley RJ, Marcatti M, Tang TZ, Motamedi M, Szczesny B. Oxidative stress induces Z-DNA-binding protein 1-dependent activation of microglia via mtDNA released from retinal pigment epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101523. [PMID: 34953858 PMCID: PMC8753185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress, inflammation, and aberrant activation of microglia in the retina are commonly observed in ocular pathologies. In glaucoma or age-related macular degeneration, the chronic activation of microglia affects retinal ganglion cells and photoreceptors, respectively, contributing to gradual vision loss. However, the molecular mechanisms that cause activation of microglia in the retina are not fully understood. Here we show that exposure of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells to chronic low-level oxidative stress induces mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)-specific damage, and the subsequent translocation of damaged mtDNA to the cytoplasm results in the binding and activation of intracellular DNA receptor Z-DNA-binding protein 1 (ZBP1). Activation of the mtDNA/ZBP1 pathway triggers the expression of proinflammatory markers in RPE cells. In addition, we show that the enhanced release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing fragments of mtDNA derived from the apical site of RPE cells induces a proinflammatory phenotype of microglia via activation of ZBP1 signaling. Collectively, our report establishes oxidatively damaged mtDNA as an important signaling molecule with ZBP1 as its intracellular receptor in the development of an inflammatory response in the retina. We propose that this novel mtDNA-mediated autocrine and paracrine mechanism for triggering and maintaining inflammation in the retina may play an important role in ocular pathologies. Therefore, the molecular mechanisms identified in this report are potentially suitable therapeutic targets to ameliorate development of ocular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Saada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Ryan J McAuley
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Michela Marcatti
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Tony Zifeng Tang
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Massoud Motamedi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Bartosz Szczesny
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.
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19
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Ala M, Ala M. Metformin for Cardiovascular Protection, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Osteoporosis, Periodontitis, Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome, Neurodegeneration, Cancer, Inflammation and Senescence: What Is Next? ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:1747-1770. [PMID: 34927008 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.1c00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is accompanied by several complications. Higher prevalence of cancers, cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease (CKD), obesity, osteoporosis, and neurodegenerative diseases has been reported among patients with diabetes. Metformin is the oldest oral antidiabetic drug and can improve coexisting complications of diabetes. Clinical trials and observational studies uncovered that metformin can remarkably prevent or alleviate cardiovascular diseases, obesity, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), osteoporosis, cancer, periodontitis, neuronal damage and neurodegenerative diseases, inflammation, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), tuberculosis, and COVID-19. In addition, metformin has been proposed as an antiaging agent. Numerous mechanisms were shown to be involved in the protective effects of metformin. Metformin activates the LKB1/AMPK pathway to interact with several intracellular signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms. The drug modifies the biologic function of NF-κB, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, SIRT1/PGC-1α, NLRP3, ERK, P38 MAPK, Wnt/β-catenin, Nrf2, JNK, and other major molecules in the intracellular signaling network. It also regulates the expression of noncoding RNAs. Thereby, metformin can regulate metabolism, growth, proliferation, inflammation, tumorigenesis, and senescence. Additionally, metformin modulates immune response, autophagy, mitophagy, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and apoptosis and exerts epigenetic effects. Furthermore, metformin protects against oxidative stress and genomic instability, preserves telomere length, and prevents stem cell exhaustion. In this review, the protective effects of metformin on each disease will be discussed using the results of recent meta-analyses, clinical trials, and observational studies. Thereafter, it will be meticulously explained how metformin reprograms intracellular signaling pathways and alters molecular and cellular interactions to modify the clinical presentations of several diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moein Ala
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), 1416753955 Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahan Ala
- School of Dentistry, Golestan University of Medical Sciences (GUMS), 4814565589 Golestan, Iran
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20
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Dieguez HH, Calanni JS, Romeo HE, Alaimo A, González Fleitas MF, Iaquinandi A, Chianelli MS, Keller Sarmiento MI, Sande PH, Rosenstein RE, Dorfman D. Enriched environment and visual stimuli protect the retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptors in a mouse model of non-exudative age-related macular degeneration. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:1128. [PMID: 34864827 PMCID: PMC9632251 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04412-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Non-exudative age-related macular degeneration (NE-AMD), the main cause of blindness in people above 50 years old, lacks effective treatments at the moment. We have developed a new NE-AMD model through unilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy (SCGx), which elicits the disease main features in C57Bl/6J mice. The involvement of oxidative stress in the damage induced by NE-AMD to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and outer retina has been strongly supported by evidence. We analysed the effect of enriched environment (EE) and visual stimulation (VS) in the RPE/outer retina damage within experimental NE-AMD. Exposure to EE starting 48 h post-SCGx, which had no effect on the choriocapillaris ubiquitous thickness increase, protected visual functions, prevented the thickness increase of the Bruch’s membrane, and the loss of the melanin of the RPE, number of melanosomes, and retinoid isomerohydrolase (RPE65) immunoreactivity, as well as the ultrastructural damage of the RPE and photoreceptors, exclusively circumscribed to the central temporal (but not nasal) region, induced by experimental NE-AMD. EE also prevented the increase in outer retina/RPE oxidative stress markers and decrease in mitochondrial mass at 6 weeks post-SCGx. Moreover, EE increased RPE and retinal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels, particularly in Müller cells. When EE exposure was delayed (dEE), starting at 4 weeks post-SCGx, it restored visual functions, reversed the RPE melanin content and RPE65-immunoreactivity decrease. Exposing animals to VS protected visual functions and prevented the decrease in RPE melanin content and RPE65 immunoreactivity. These findings suggest that EE housing and VS could become an NE-AMD promising therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernán H Dieguez
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan S Calanni
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Horacio E Romeo
- School of Engineering and Agrarian Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina, BIOMED/UCA/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustina Alaimo
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics and Nanotools, Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences/IQUIBICEN, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María F González Fleitas
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustina Iaquinandi
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mónica S Chianelli
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María I Keller Sarmiento
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo H Sande
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ruth E Rosenstein
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Damián Dorfman
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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21
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Catalpol Protects ARPE-19 Cells against Oxidative Stress via Activation of the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE Pathway. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102635. [PMID: 34685615 PMCID: PMC8534470 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative damage to retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) has been identified as one of the major regulatory factors in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Catalpol is an iridoid glucoside compound that has been found to possess potential antioxidant activity. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the protective effect of catalpol on RPE cells under oxidative stress and to elucidate the potential molecular mechanism involved. We found that catalpol significantly attenuated hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced cytotoxicity, G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis in RPE cells. The overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) stimulated by oxidative stress and the corresponding reductions in antioxidant glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were largely reversed by catalpol pretreatment. Moreover, catalpol pretreatment markedly activated the expression of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) and its downstream antioxidant enzymes, catalase (CAT), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and NADPH dehydrogenase (NQO1). It also increased the expression levels of cyclin E, Bcl-2, cyclin A, and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) and decreased the expression levels of Bax, Fas, cleaved PARP, p-p53, and p21 cleaved caspase-3, 8, and 9. The oxidative stress-induced formation of the Keap1/Nrf2 complex in the cytoplasm was significantly blocked by catalpol pretreatment. These results indicate that catalpol protected RPE cells from oxidative stress through a mechanism involving the activation of the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathways and the inactivation of oxidative stress-mediated pathways of apoptosis.
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22
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Blasiak J, Szczepanska J, Fila M, Pawlowska E, Kaarniranta K. Potential of Telomerase in Age-Related Macular Degeneration-Involvement of Senescence, DNA Damage Response and Autophagy and a Key Role of PGC-1α. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137194. [PMID: 34281248 PMCID: PMC8268995 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the main cause of vision loss in the elderly, is associated with oxidation in the retina cells promoting telomere attrition. Activation of telomerase was reported to improve macular functions in AMD patients. The catalytic subunit of human telomerase (hTERT) may directly interact with proteins important for senescence, DNA damage response, and autophagy, which are impaired in AMD. hTERT interaction with mTORC1 (mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) complex 1) and PINK1 (PTEN-induced kinase 1) activates macroautophagy and mitophagy, respectively, and removes cellular debris accumulated over AMD progression. Ectopic expression of telomerase in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells lengthened telomeres, reduced senescence, and extended their lifespan. These effects provide evidence for the potential of telomerase in AMD therapy. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) may be involved in AMD pathogenesis through decreasing oxidative stress and senescence, regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and improving autophagy. PGC-1α and TERT form an inhibitory positive feedback loop. In conclusion, telomerase activation and its ectopic expression in RPE cells, as well as controlled clinical trials on the effects of telomerase activation in AMD patients, are justified and should be assisted by PGC-1α modulators to increase the therapeutic potential of telomerase in AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz Blasiak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence: (J.B.); (K.K.)
| | - Joanna Szczepanska
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-216 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Michal Fila
- Department of Developmental Neurology and Epileptology, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute, 93-338 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Elzbieta Pawlowska
- Department of Orthodontics, Medical University of Lodz, 92-217 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
- Correspondence: (J.B.); (K.K.)
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23
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Toma C, De Cillà S, Palumbo A, Garhwal DP, Grossini E. Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Review of Their Role in Different Stages of Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10050653. [PMID: 33922463 PMCID: PMC8145578 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the exact pathogenetic mechanisms leading to age-related macular degeneration (AMD) have not been clearly identified, oxidative damage in the retina and choroid due to an imbalance between local oxidants/anti-oxidant systems leading to chronic inflammation could represent the trigger event. Different in vitro and in vivo models have demonstrated the involvement of reactive oxygen species generated in a highly oxidative environment in the development of drusen and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) changes in the initial pathologic processes of AMD; moreover, recent evidence has highlighted the possible association of oxidative stress and neovascular AMD. Nitric oxide (NO), which is known to play a key role in retinal physiological processes and in the regulation of choroidal blood flow, under pathologic conditions could lead to RPE/photoreceptor degeneration due to the generation of peroxynitrite, a potentially cytotoxic tyrosine-nitrating molecule. Furthermore, the altered expression of the different isoforms of NO synthases could be involved in choroidal microvascular changes leading to neovascularization. The purpose of this review was to investigate the different pathways activated by oxidative/nitrosative stress in the pathogenesis of AMD, focusing on the mechanisms leading to neovascularization and on the possible protective role of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Toma
- Eye Clinic, University Hospital Maggiore Della Carità, 28100 Novara, Italy; (C.T.); (S.D.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Stefano De Cillà
- Eye Clinic, University Hospital Maggiore Della Carità, 28100 Novara, Italy; (C.T.); (S.D.C.); (A.P.)
- Department of Health Sciences, University East Piedmont “A. Avogadro”, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Aurelio Palumbo
- Eye Clinic, University Hospital Maggiore Della Carità, 28100 Novara, Italy; (C.T.); (S.D.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Divya Praveen Garhwal
- Laboratory of Physiology and Experimental Surgery, Department of Translational Medicine, University East Piedmont “A. Avogadro”, 28100 Novara, Italy;
| | - Elena Grossini
- Laboratory of Physiology and Experimental Surgery, Department of Translational Medicine, University East Piedmont “A. Avogadro”, 28100 Novara, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.:+39-0321-660526
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Baek A, Son S, Baek YM, Kim DE. KRT8 (keratin 8) attenuates necrotic cell death by facilitating mitochondrial fission-mediated mitophagy through interaction with PLEC (plectin). Autophagy 2021; 17:3939-3956. [PMID: 33783309 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1897962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of mitochondrial homeostasis and accumulation of damaged mitochondria cause degenerative diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). We studied the effects of the intermediate cytofilament KRT8 (keratin 8) on mitochondrial homeostasis in relation to the morphology and function of mitochondria in retinal pigment epithelial cells under oxidative stress. When the mitochondria were damaged owing to oxidative stress, the damaged mitochondria were readily disposed of via mitophagy following mitochondrial fission. During this process, KRT8 was found to physically interact with the mitochondria through PLEC (plectin) and facilitate the mitochondrial fission-mediated mitophagy. However, the association between PLEC-anchoring mitochondria and KRT8 was dwindled by KRT8 phosphorylation under oxidative stress. The efficient KRT8-facilitated mitophagy flux suppressed the accumulation of damaged mitochondria and consequently diminished necrotic cell death under oxidative stress. Thus, by facilitating mitophagy, KRT8 protects RPE cells against necrotic cell death due to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahruem Baek
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumin Son
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Mi Baek
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Eun Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Republic of Korea
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Cytoprotective Potential of Fucoxanthin in Oxidative Stress-Induced Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cell Senescence In Vivo and In Vitro. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19020114. [PMID: 33670685 PMCID: PMC7923087 DOI: 10.3390/md19020114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is identified as a major inducer of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell dysregulation and is associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The protection of RPE disorders plays an essential role in the pathological progress of retinal degeneration diseases. The pharmacological functions of fucoxanthin, a characteristic carotenoid, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, may ameliorate an outstanding bioactivity against premature senescence and cellular dysfunction. This study demonstrates that fucoxanthin protects RPE cells from oxidative stress-induced premature senescence and decreased photoreceptor cell loss in a sodium iodate-induced AMD animal model. Similarly, oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide, nuclear phosphorylated histone (γH2AX) deposition and premature senescence-associated β-galactosidase staining were inhibited by fucoxanthin pretreatment in a human RPE cell line, ARPE-19 cells. Results reveal that fucoxanthin treatment significantly inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations and increased the mitochondrial metabolic rate in oxidative stress-induced RPE cell damage. Moreover, atrophy of apical microvilli was inhibited in cells treated with fucoxanthin after oxidative stress. During aging, the RPE undergoes well-characterized pathological changes, including amyloid beta (Aβ) deposition, beta-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) expression and tight junction disruption, which were also reduced in fucoxanthin-treated groups by immunofluorescence. Altogether, pretreatment with fucoxanthin may protect against premature senescence and cellular dysfunction in retinal cells by oxidative stress in experimental AMD animal and human RPE cell models.
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Nam S, Kim YK, Kim K, Hong HS, Yu SY, Kim ES. Effects of Blue Light on Eye of Zebra Fish and Protective Role of Polyphenolic Compounds. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2021. [DOI: 10.3341/jkos.2021.62.1.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kalteh S, Saadat M. Lack of association between three common genetic variations of XPC and susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration, a preliminary study. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s43042-020-00060-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Numerous association studies have indicated that genetic alterations in genes involved in DNA repair processes are associated with the risk of age-related macular degeneration (ARMD). There is no published study on the relationship between common xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group C (XPC, MIM 613208) polymorphisms and susceptibility to ARMD. The aim of this study is to determine whether three common (Ala499Val, Lys939Gln, and PAT) genetic variants of XPC are associated with the risk of developing ARMD. A total of 120 ARMD patients and 118 healthy controls were included in the study. Genotyping analyses were carried out by PCR-based methods.
Results
Our analysis revealed that there was no relationship between the XPC polymorphisms and susceptibility to ARMD. In both case and control groups, strong linkage disequilibrium existed between three common (Ala499Val, Lys939Gln, and PAT) genetic polymorphisms of XPC. Statistical analysis showed no association between the haplotypes and the risk of ARMD.
Conclusions
The present data indicated that the common polymorphisms of XPC are not susceptible genetic variations for ARMD.
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Blasiak J, Pawlowska E, Sobczuk A, Szczepanska J, Kaarniranta K. The Aging Stress Response and Its Implication for AMD Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228840. [PMID: 33266495 PMCID: PMC7700335 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging induces several stress response pathways to counterbalance detrimental changes associated with this process. These pathways include nutrient signaling, proteostasis, mitochondrial quality control and DNA damage response. At the cellular level, these pathways are controlled by evolutionarily conserved signaling molecules, such as 5’AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and sirtuins, including SIRT1. Peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α), encoded by the PPARGC1A gene, playing an important role in antioxidant defense and mitochondrial biogenesis, may interact with these molecules influencing lifespan and general fitness. Perturbation in the aging stress response may lead to aging-related disorders, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the main reason for vision loss in the elderly. This is supported by studies showing an important role of disturbances in mitochondrial metabolism, DDR and autophagy in AMD pathogenesis. In addition, disturbed expression of PGC-1α was shown to associate with AMD. Therefore, the aging stress response may be critical for AMD pathogenesis, and further studies are needed to precisely determine mechanisms underlying its role in AMD. These studies can include research on retinal cells produced from pluripotent stem cells obtained from AMD donors with the mutations, either native or engineered, in the critical genes for the aging stress response, including AMPK, IGF1, MTOR, SIRT1 and PPARGC1A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz Blasiak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-426354334
| | - Elzbieta Pawlowska
- Department of Orthodontics, Medical University of Lodz, 92-216 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Anna Sobczuk
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Medical University of Lodz, 93-338 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Joanna Szczepanska
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-216 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Kaarniranta K, Uusitalo H, Blasiak J, Felszeghy S, Kannan R, Kauppinen A, Salminen A, Sinha D, Ferrington D. Mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction and their impact on age-related macular degeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 79:100858. [PMID: 32298788 PMCID: PMC7650008 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress-induced damage to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is considered to be a key factor in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) pathology. RPE cells are constantly exposed to oxidative stress that may lead to the accumulation of damaged cellular proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and cellular organelles, including mitochondria. The ubiquitin-proteasome and the lysosomal/autophagy pathways are the two major proteolytic systems to remove damaged proteins and organelles. There is increasing evidence that proteostasis is disturbed in RPE as evidenced by lysosomal lipofuscin and extracellular drusen accumulation in AMD. Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2 (NFE2L2) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α) are master transcription factors in the regulation of antioxidant enzymes, clearance systems, and biogenesis of mitochondria. The precise cause of RPE degeneration and the onset and progression of AMD are not fully understood. However, mitochondria dysfunction, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage are observed together with increased protein aggregation and inflammation in AMD. In contrast, functional mitochondria prevent RPE cells damage and suppress inflammation. Here, we will discuss the role of mitochondria in RPE degeneration and AMD pathology focused on mtDNA damage and repair, autophagy/mitophagy signaling, and regulation of inflammation. Mitochondria are putative therapeutic targets to prevent or treat AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Hannu Uusitalo
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland and Tays Eye Centre, Tampere University Hospital, P.O.Box 2000, 33521 Tampere, Finland
| | - Janusz Blasiak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Szabolcs Felszeghy
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ram Kannan
- The Stephen J. Ryan Initiative for Macular Research (RIMR), Doheny Eye Institute, 1355 San Pablo St, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Anu Kauppinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Debasish Sinha
- Glia Research Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, PA 15224, USA; Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room M035 Robert and Clarice Smith Bldg, 400 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Deborah Ferrington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, 2001 6th St SE, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Oxidative Stress and Vascular Dysfunction in the Retina: Therapeutic Strategies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9080761. [PMID: 32824523 PMCID: PMC7465265 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9080761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many retinal diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and age-related macular (AMD) degeneration, are associated with elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. ROS are important intracellular signaling molecules that regulate numerous physiological actions, including vascular reactivity and neuron function. However, excessive ROS formation has been linked to vascular endothelial dysfunction, neuron degeneration, and inflammation in the retina. ROS can directly modify cellular molecules and impair their function. Moreover, ROS can stimulate the production of inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) causing inflammation and cell death. However, there are various compounds with direct or indirect antioxidant activity that have been used to reduce ROS accumulation in animal models and humans. In this review, we report on the physiological and pathophysiological role of ROS in the retina with a special focus on the vascular system. Moreover, we present therapeutic approaches for individual retinal diseases targeting retinal signaling pathways involving ROS.
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Dakik P, Rodriguez MEL, Junio JAB, Mitrofanova D, Medkour Y, Tafakori T, Taifour T, Lutchman V, Samson E, Arlia-Ciommo A, Rukundo B, Simard É, Titorenko VI. Discovery of fifteen new geroprotective plant extracts and identification of cellular processes they affect to prolong the chronological lifespan of budding yeast. Oncotarget 2020; 11:2182-2203. [PMID: 32577164 PMCID: PMC7289529 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In a quest for previously unknown geroprotective natural chemicals, we used a robust cell viability assay to search for commercially available plant extracts that can substantially prolong the chronological lifespan of budding yeast. Many of these plant extracts have been used in traditional Chinese and other herbal medicines or the Mediterranean and other customary diets. Our search led to a discovery of fifteen plant extracts that significantly extend the longevity of chronologically aging yeast not limited in calorie supply. We show that each of these longevity-extending plant extracts is a geroprotector that decreases the rate of yeast chronological aging and promotes a hormetic stress response. We also show that each of the fifteen geroprotective plant extracts mimics the longevity-extending, stress-protecting, metabolic and physiological effects of a caloric restriction diet but if added to yeast cultured under non-caloric restriction conditions. We provide evidence that the fifteen geroprotective plant extracts exhibit partially overlapping effects on a distinct set of longevity-defining cellular processes. These effects include a rise in coupled mitochondrial respiration, an altered age-related chronology of changes in reactive oxygen species abundance, protection of cellular macromolecules from oxidative damage, and an age-related increase in the resistance to long-term oxidative and thermal stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Dakik
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | | | | | - Darya Mitrofanova
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Younes Medkour
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Tala Tafakori
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Tarek Taifour
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Vicky Lutchman
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Eugenie Samson
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | | | - Belise Rukundo
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Éric Simard
- Idunn Technologies Inc., Rosemere, Quebec J7A 4A5, Canada
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Diéguez HH, González Fleitas MF, Aranda ML, Calanni JS, Keller Sarmiento MI, Chianelli MS, Alaimo A, Sande PH, Romeo HE, Rosenstein RE, Dorfman D. Melatonin protects the retina from experimental nonexudative age-related macular degeneration in mice. J Pineal Res 2020; 68:e12643. [PMID: 32133696 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Nonexudative age-related macular degeneration (NE-AMD) represents the leading cause of blindness in the elderly. Currently, there are no available treatments for NE-AMD. We have developed a NE-AMD model induced by superior cervical ganglionectomy (SCGx) in C57BL/6J mice, which reproduces the disease hallmarks. Several lines of evidence strongly support the involvement of oxidative stress in NE-AMD-induced retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and outer retina damage. Melatonin is a proven and safe antioxidant. Our aim was analysing the effect of melatonin in the RPE/outer retina damage within experimental NE-AMD. The treatment with melatonin starting 48 h after SCGx, which had no effect on the ubiquitous choriocapillaris widening, protected visual functions and avoided Bruch´s membrane thickening, RPE melanin content, melanosome number loss, retinoid isomerohydrolase (RPE65)-immunoreactivity decrease, and RPE and hotoreceptor ultrastructural damage induced within experimental NE-AMD exclusively located at the central temporal (but not nasal) region. Melatonin also prevented the increase in outer retina/RPE oxidative stress markers and a decrease in mitochondrial mass at 6 weeks post-SCGx. Moreover, when the treatment with melatonin started at 4 weeks post-SCGx, it restored visual functions and reversed the decrease in RPE melanin content and RPE65-immunoreactivity. These findings suggest that melatonin could become a promising safe therapeutic strategy for NE-AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernán H Diéguez
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María F González Fleitas
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcos L Aranda
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan S Calanni
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María I Keller Sarmiento
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mónica S Chianelli
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustina Alaimo
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics and Nanotools, Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences/IQUIBICEN, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo H Sande
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Horacio E Romeo
- School of Engineering and Agrarian Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina, BIOMED/UCA/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ruth E Rosenstein
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Damián Dorfman
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Collin GB, Gogna N, Chang B, Damkham N, Pinkney J, Hyde LF, Stone L, Naggert JK, Nishina PM, Krebs MP. Mouse Models of Inherited Retinal Degeneration with Photoreceptor Cell Loss. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040931. [PMID: 32290105 PMCID: PMC7227028 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal degeneration (RD) leads to the impairment or loss of vision in millions of individuals worldwide, most frequently due to the loss of photoreceptor (PR) cells. Animal models, particularly the laboratory mouse, have been used to understand the pathogenic mechanisms that underlie PR cell loss and to explore therapies that may prevent, delay, or reverse RD. Here, we reviewed entries in the Mouse Genome Informatics and PubMed databases to compile a comprehensive list of monogenic mouse models in which PR cell loss is demonstrated. The progression of PR cell loss with postnatal age was documented in mutant alleles of genes grouped by biological function. As anticipated, a wide range in the onset and rate of cell loss was observed among the reported models. The analysis underscored relationships between RD genes and ciliary function, transcription-coupled DNA damage repair, and cellular chloride homeostasis. Comparing the mouse gene list to human RD genes identified in the RetNet database revealed that mouse models are available for 40% of the known human diseases, suggesting opportunities for future research. This work may provide insight into the molecular players and pathways through which PR degenerative disease occurs and may be useful for planning translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayle B. Collin
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, ME 04609, USA; (G.B.C.); (N.G.); (B.C.); (N.D.); (J.P.); (L.F.H.); (L.S.); (J.K.N.)
| | - Navdeep Gogna
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, ME 04609, USA; (G.B.C.); (N.G.); (B.C.); (N.D.); (J.P.); (L.F.H.); (L.S.); (J.K.N.)
| | - Bo Chang
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, ME 04609, USA; (G.B.C.); (N.G.); (B.C.); (N.D.); (J.P.); (L.F.H.); (L.S.); (J.K.N.)
| | - Nattaya Damkham
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, ME 04609, USA; (G.B.C.); (N.G.); (B.C.); (N.D.); (J.P.); (L.F.H.); (L.S.); (J.K.N.)
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
- Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Jai Pinkney
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, ME 04609, USA; (G.B.C.); (N.G.); (B.C.); (N.D.); (J.P.); (L.F.H.); (L.S.); (J.K.N.)
| | - Lillian F. Hyde
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, ME 04609, USA; (G.B.C.); (N.G.); (B.C.); (N.D.); (J.P.); (L.F.H.); (L.S.); (J.K.N.)
| | - Lisa Stone
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, ME 04609, USA; (G.B.C.); (N.G.); (B.C.); (N.D.); (J.P.); (L.F.H.); (L.S.); (J.K.N.)
| | - Jürgen K. Naggert
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, ME 04609, USA; (G.B.C.); (N.G.); (B.C.); (N.D.); (J.P.); (L.F.H.); (L.S.); (J.K.N.)
| | - Patsy M. Nishina
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, ME 04609, USA; (G.B.C.); (N.G.); (B.C.); (N.D.); (J.P.); (L.F.H.); (L.S.); (J.K.N.)
- Correspondence: (P.M.N.); (M.P.K.); Tel.: +1-207-2886-383 (P.M.N.); +1-207-2886-000 (M.P.K.)
| | - Mark P. Krebs
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, ME 04609, USA; (G.B.C.); (N.G.); (B.C.); (N.D.); (J.P.); (L.F.H.); (L.S.); (J.K.N.)
- Correspondence: (P.M.N.); (M.P.K.); Tel.: +1-207-2886-383 (P.M.N.); +1-207-2886-000 (M.P.K.)
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Korhonen E, Piippo N, Hytti M, Hyttinen JMT, Kaarniranta K, Kauppinen A. Only IL‐1β release is inflammasome‐dependent upon ultraviolet B irradiation although IL‐18 is also secreted. FASEB J 2020; 34:6437-6448. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902355rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eveliina Korhonen
- School of Pharmacy Faculty of Health Sciences University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
- HUSLAB University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland
| | - Niina Piippo
- School of Pharmacy Faculty of Health Sciences University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
| | - Maria Hytti
- School of Pharmacy Faculty of Health Sciences University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
| | - Juha M. T. Hyttinen
- Department of Ophthalmology Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology Kuopio University Hospital Kuopio Finland
| | - Anu Kauppinen
- School of Pharmacy Faculty of Health Sciences University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
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Abokyi S, To CH, Lam TT, Tse DY. Central Role of Oxidative Stress in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Evidence from a Review of the Molecular Mechanisms and Animal Models. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:7901270. [PMID: 32104539 PMCID: PMC7035553 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7901270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common cause of visual impairment in the elderly. There are very limited therapeutic options for AMD with the predominant therapies targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the retina of patients afflicted with wet AMD. Hence, it is important to remind readers, especially those interested in AMD, about current studies that may help to develop novel therapies for other stages of AMD. This study, therefore, provides a comprehensive review of studies on human specimens as well as rodent models of the disease, to identify and analyze the molecular mechanisms behind AMD development and progression. The evaluation of this information highlights the central role that oxidative damage in the retina plays in contributing to major pathways, including inflammation and angiogenesis, found in the AMD phenotype. Following on the debate of oxidative stress as the earliest injury in the AMD pathogenesis, we demonstrated how the targeting of oxidative stress-associated pathways, such as autophagy and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling, might be the futuristic direction to explore in the search of an effective treatment for AMD, as the dysregulation of these mechanisms is crucial to oxidative injury in the retina. In addition, animal models of AMD have been discussed in great detail, with their strengths and pitfalls included, to assist inform in the selection of suitable models for investigating any of the molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Abokyi
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
- Department of Optometry, University of Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Chi-Ho To
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Tim T. Lam
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Dennis Y. Tse
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
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Lee H, Oh S, Yang W, Park R, Kim H, Jeon JS, Noh H, Han DC, Cho KW, Kim YJ, Kwon SH. Bariatric Surgery Reduces Elevated Urinary Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number in Patients With Obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:2257-2266. [PMID: 30657970 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-01935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity is an independent risk factor for chronic kidney disease. Recently, urinary mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been used as a surrogate marker of mitochondrial damage in various kidney diseases. However, there are no data regarding its use in patients with obesity or the change in urinary mtDNA copy number after surgery. DESIGN We prospectively recruited age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers and patients with obesity (n = 22 in each group: nine men and 13 women). The copy number of urinary and serum mtDNA nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase subunit-1 (mtND-1) and cytochrome-c oxidase 3 (mtCOX-3) was measured using quantitative PCR. We measured urinary mtDNA and body weight and carried out laboratory tests, 6 months after surgery. RESULTS Urinary mtND-1 copy number was significantly higher in the obese group than in healthy volunteers. However, urinary mtCOX-3 and serum ND-1 copy numbers in the obese group did not differ from that in the healthy volunteers. When patients with obesity were divided into two groups, according to their baseline mtND-1 copy number, bariatric surgery reduced the mtND-1 copy number (P = 0.006) in the high baseline mtDNA copy-number group. The change in urinary mtND-1 copy number was correlated with a change in urinary albumin (r = 0.478, P = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS Obesity is associated with elevated urinary mtND-1 copy number. Bariatric surgery reduces the elevated urinary mtND-1 copy number in patients with obesity. This suggests that bariatric surgery could attenuate mitochondrial damage in the kidney cells of patients with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haekyung Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Songhee Oh
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonmi Yang
- Hyonam Kidney Laboratory, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Rojin Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoungnae Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Seok Jeon
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hyonam Kidney Laboratory, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjin Noh
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hyonam Kidney Laboratory, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Cheol Han
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hyonam Kidney Laboratory, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kae Won Cho
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Med-Bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chungchung nam do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Jin Kim
- Department of Surgery, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Hyo Kwon
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hyonam Kidney Laboratory, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Wang S, Wang X, Cheng Y, Ouyang W, Sang X, Liu J, Su Y, Liu Y, Li C, Yang L, Jin L, Wang Z. Autophagy Dysfunction, Cellular Senescence, and Abnormal Immune-Inflammatory Responses in AMD: From Mechanisms to Therapeutic Potential. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:3632169. [PMID: 31249643 PMCID: PMC6556250 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3632169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a blinding disease caused by multiple factors and is the primary cause of vision loss in the elderly. The morbidity of AMD increases every year. Currently, there is no effective treatment option for AMD. Intravitreal injection of antivascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) is currently the most widely used therapy, but it only aims at neovascularization, which is an intermediate pathological phenomenon of wet AMD, not at the etiological treatment. Anti-VEGF therapy can only temporarily delay the degeneration process of wet AMD, and AMD is easy to relapse after drug withdrawal. Therefore, it is urgent to deepen our understanding of the pathophysiological processes underlying AMD and to identify integrated or new strategies for AMD prevention and treatment. Recent studies have found that autophagy dysfunction in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, cellular senescence, and abnormal immune-inflammatory responses play key roles in the pathogenesis of AMD. For many age-related diseases, the main focus is currently the clearing of senescent cells (SNCs) as an antiaging treatment, thereby delaying diseases. However, in AMD, there is no relevant antiaging application. This review will discuss the pathogenesis of AMD and how interactions among RPE autophagy dysfunction, cellular senescence, and abnormal immune-inflammatory responses are involved in AMD, and it will summarize the three antiaging strategies that have been developed, with the aim of providing important information for the integrated prevention and treatment of AMD and laying the ground work for the application of antiaging strategies in AMD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoubi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xiaoran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yaqi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Weijie Ouyang
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xuan Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jiahui Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dongguan People's Hospital, Dongguan 523059, China
| | - Yaru Su
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Chaoyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Liu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Lin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Zhichong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
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Role of Mitochondrial DNA Damage in ROS-Mediated Pathogenesis of Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD). Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102374. [PMID: 31091656 PMCID: PMC6566654 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex eye disease that affects millions of people worldwide and is the main reason for legal blindness and vision loss in the elderly in developed countries. Although the cause of AMD pathogenesis is not known, oxidative stress-related damage to retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is considered an early event in AMD induction. However, the precise cause of such damage and of the induction of oxidative stress, including related oxidative effects occurring in RPE and the onset and progression of AMD, are not well understood. Many results point to mitochondria as a source of elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in AMD. This ROS increase can be associated with aging and effects induced by other AMD risk factors and is correlated with damage to mitochondrial DNA. Therefore, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage can be an essential element of AMD pathogenesis. This is supported by many studies that show a greater susceptibility of mtDNA than nuclear DNA to DNA-damaging agents in AMD. Therefore, the mitochondrial DNA damage reaction (mtDDR) is important in AMD prevention and in slowing down its progression as is ROS-targeting AMD therapy. However, we know far less about mtDNA than its nuclear counterparts. Further research should measure DNA damage in order to compare it in mitochondria and the nucleus, as current methods have serious disadvantages.
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Li R, Liu Y, Xie J, Huang X, Zhang L, Liu H, Li L. Sirt3 mediates the protective effect of hydrogen in inhibiting ROS-induced retinal senescence. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 135:116-124. [PMID: 30735837 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen possesses antioxidative effects and cures numerous types of ophthalmopathy, but the mechanism of hydrogen on ROS-induced retinal senescence remains elusive. In this study, retinal morphology revealed that hydrogen reduced the number and size of vitreous black deposits in Bruch's membrane in NaIO3 mice. Hydrogen also reduced ROS levels in the retina as assessed by DHE staining. Moreover, this result was consistent with the downregulation of expression of the oxidative stress hallmark OGG1. These findings suggested that hydrogen can reduce retinal oxidative stress induced by NaIO3, and this result was further verified using the antioxidant ALCAR. Mechanistic analysis revealed that hydrogen significantly inhibited the downregulation of Sirt3 expression, and this notion was confirmed using AICAR, which restores Sirt3 expression and activity. Moreover, hydrogen reduced the expression of p53, p21 and p16 and the number of blue-green precipitations in the retinas of NaIO3 mice as assessed by SA-β-gal staining. We also found that hydrogen decreased the expression of the DNA damage-related protein ATM, cyclinD1 and NF-κB but increased the expression of the DNA repair-related protein HMGB1, suggesting that hydrogen inhibits senescence in retinas of NaIO3 mice. Additionally, OCT examination revealed that hydrogen suppressed retinal high reflex formation significantly and prevented the retina from thinning. This result was supported by ERG assays that demonstrated that hydrogen prevented the reduction in a- and b-wave amplitude induced by NaIO3 in mice. Thus, our data suggest that hydrogen may inhibit retinal senescence by suppressing the downregulation of Sirt3 expression through reduced oxidative stress reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruichan Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Taizhou University, Taizhou, PR China.
| | - Yanli Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Taizhou University, Taizhou, PR China.
| | - Jing Xie
- Department of Cell Biology, Taizhou University, Taizhou, PR China.
| | - Xudong Huang
- Chemistry and Life College, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, PR China.
| | - Li Zhang
- Jinzhoushi Oral Cavity Hospital, Jinzhou, PR China.
| | - Hua Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, PR China.
| | - Lihua Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Taizhou University, Taizhou, PR China.
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INCREASED INCIDENCE OF CUTANEOUS KERATINOCYTIC AND MELANOCYTIC MALIGNANCIES IN PATIENTS WITH AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION. Retina 2019; 40:857-865. [PMID: 30986797 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000002506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The relationship between age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and malignancy, especially cutaneous malignancies, is not well studied. We investigated a possible association between AMD and cutaneous malignancies. METHODS A retrospective, consecutive review of all patients who had received at least 1 intravitreal injection for wet AMD between January 1, 2004, and December 31, 2013, was conducted using the Rochester Epidemiology Project in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Age- and sex-matched control groups included 473 pre-anti-vascular endothelial growth factor era wet AMD patients, 504 concurrent time dry AMD patients, and 504 patients with no AMD. The rates of AMD and overall malignancy, cutaneous malignancies, and specific types of cutaneous malignancies were compared between groups of patients. RESULTS Patients with wet AMD incurred an increased rate of overall malignancies compared to patients with dry AMD {52.8% wet AMD (confidence interval [CI]: 48.3-57.2) vs. 43.7% dry AMD (CI: 39.3-48.1); P= 0.003} or those without AMD (52.8% wet AMD [CI: 48.3-57.2] vs. 35.3% no AMD [CI: 31.1-39.7]; P = <0.001). Patients with dry AMD also had higher rates of malignancy than those without AMD (43.7% dry AMD [CI: 39.3-48.1] vs. 35.3% no AMD [CI: 31.1-39.7]; P = 0.007). Rate of cutaneous malignancies was increased in patients with wet AMD compared to patients with dry AMD (24.4% wet AMD [CI: 20.7-28.4] vs. 14.6% dry AMD [CI: 11.5-17.9]; P = <0.001) and those with no AMD (24.4% wet AMD [CI: 20.7-28.4] vs. 9.7% no AMD [CI: 7.3-12.7]; P = <0.001). CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to establish an association between AMD and cutaneous malignancies, supporting a possible discussion of the association when a patient presents with one of the two conditions.
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Cui W, Li X, Hull L, Xiao M. Measuring radiation-induced DNA damage in Cryptococcus neoformans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae using long range quantitative PCR. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207071. [PMID: 30408089 PMCID: PMC6224075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage has been considered to be the universal critical lesion in cells after exposure to ionizing radiation. Measuring radiation-induced DNA damage is important to understand the mechanisms of radiation-induced toxicity and monitor DNA damage repairs. Currently the most widely used methods to measure DNA damage are pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGF) and single-cell gel electrophoresis (also known as the comet assay), both of which are technically challenging and time consuming. Long range quantitative polymerase chain reaction (LR-QPCR) has been used successfully to measure nuclear and mitochondrial DNA damage in mammalian and several model organism cells. The principle of this assay is that DNA lesions will slow down or block the progression of DNA polymerase. Therefore, the amplification efficiency of DNA with fewer lesions will be higher than DNA with more lesions under the same reaction condition. Here, we developed the LR-QPCR assay primers and reaction conditions to quantify DNA damage in Cryptococcus neoformans (C. neoformans) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) after gamma ray exposure. Under these conditions, long DNA targets of C. neoformans H99 and S. cerevisiae BY4741 (17.6 and 16.4 kb for nuclear DNA and 15.3 and 14.6 kb for mitochondrial DNA) were quantitatively amplified using extracted DNA templates, respectively. Two short mitochondrial DNA targets of these two species (207 bp and 154 bp) were also quantitatively amplified and used to monitor the number of mitochondria. Using the LR-QPCR method, we showed that the frequency of radiation-induced mitochondrial and nuclear DNA lesions had a significant linear correlation with the radiation doses (from 500 Gy to 3000 Gy) in both species. Furthermore, the faster disappearance of DNA damage detected in C. neoformans H99S strain compared to H99 strain may help to explain the different radiation sensitivity of these two strains. In summary, we developed a simple, sensitive method to measure radiation-induced DNA damage, which can greatly facilitate the study of radiation-induced toxicity and can be widely used as a dosimetry in radiation-induced cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanchang Cui
- Radiation Countermeasures Program, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - XiangHong Li
- Radiation Countermeasures Program, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Lisa Hull
- Radiation Countermeasures Program, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Mang Xiao
- Radiation Countermeasures Program, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Giacomazza D, D’Andrea D, Provenzano A, Picone P, Provenzano F, Guarrasi V, Raimondo M, San Biagio PL, Passantino R, Mangione MR, Di Carlo M, Costa MA. The precious content of the olive mill wastewater: the protective effect of the antioxidant fraction in cell cultures. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2018.1458752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giacomazza
- Istituto di BioFisica (IBF – Palermo Unit), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy
| | - Daniela D’Andrea
- Istituto di BioFisica (IBF – Palermo Unit), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessia Provenzano
- Istituto di BioFisica (IBF – Palermo Unit), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy
| | - Pasquale Picone
- Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare “A. Monroy” (IBIM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy
| | - Fiorenza Provenzano
- Istituto di BioFisica (IBF – Palermo Unit), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy
| | - Valeria Guarrasi
- Istituto di BioFisica (IBF – Palermo Unit), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco Raimondo
- Istituto di BioFisica (IBF – Palermo Unit), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi San Biagio
- Istituto di BioFisica (IBF – Palermo Unit), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosa Passantino
- Istituto di BioFisica (IBF – Palermo Unit), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Rosalia Mangione
- Istituto di BioFisica (IBF – Palermo Unit), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marta Di Carlo
- Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare “A. Monroy” (IBIM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Assunta Costa
- Istituto di BioFisica (IBF – Palermo Unit), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy
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Sharma N, Chakravarthy S, Longley MJ, Copeland WC, Prakash A. The C-terminal tail of the NEIL1 DNA glycosylase interacts with the human mitochondrial single-stranded DNA binding protein. DNA Repair (Amst) 2018; 65:11-19. [PMID: 29522991 PMCID: PMC5911420 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The 16.5 kb mitochondrial genome is subjected to damage from reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated in the cell during normal cellular metabolism and external sources such as ionizing radiation and ultraviolet light. ROS cause harmful damage to DNA bases that could result in mutagenesis and various diseases, if not properly repaired. The base excision repair (BER) pathway is the primary pathway involved in maintaining the integrity of mtDNA. Several enzymes that partake in BER within the nucleus have also been identified in the mitochondria. The nei-like (NEIL) DNA glycosylases initiate BER by excising oxidized pyrimidine bases and others such as the ring-opened formamidopyrimidine and the hydantoin lesions. During BER, the NEIL enzymes interact with proteins that are involved with DNA replication and transcription. In the current manuscript, we detected NEIL1 in purified mitochondrial extracts from human cells and showed that NEIL1 interacts with the human mitochondrial single-stranded DNA binding protein (mtSSB) via its C-terminal tail using protein painting, far-western analysis, and gel-filtration chromatography. Finally, we scrutinized the NEIL1-mtSSB interaction in the presence and absence of a partial-duplex DNA substrate using a combination of multi-angle light scattering (MALS) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The data indicate that NEIL1 and homotetrameric mtSSB form a larger ternary complex in presence of DNA, however, the tetrameric form of mtSSB gets disrupted by NEIL1 in the absence of DNA as revealed by the formation of a smaller NEIL1-mtSSBmonomer complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Sharma
- University of South Alabama, Mitchell Cancer Institute, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, AL 36604, United States
| | - Srinivas Chakravarthy
- Illinois Institute of Technology, Advanced Photon Source, Bldg. 435B/Sector 18, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439-4860, United States
| | - Matthew J Longley
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - William C Copeland
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Aishwarya Prakash
- University of South Alabama, Mitchell Cancer Institute, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, AL 36604, United States.
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Winiarczyk M, Kaarniranta K, Winiarczyk S, Adaszek Ł, Winiarczyk D, Mackiewicz J. Tear film proteome in age-related macular degeneration. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2018; 256:1127-1139. [PMID: 29696386 PMCID: PMC5956098 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-018-3984-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the main reason for blindness in elderly people in the developed countries. Current screening protocols have limitations in detecting the early signs of retinal degeneration. Therefore, it would be desirable to find novel biomarkers for early detection of AMD. Development of novel biomarkers would help in the prevention, diagnostics, and treatment of AMD. Proteomic analysis of tear film has shown promise in this research area. If an optimal set of biomarkers could be obtained from accessible body fluids, it would represent a reliable way to monitor disease progression and response to novel therapies. Methods Tear films were collected on Schirmer strips from a total of 22 patients (8 with wet AMD, 6 with dry AMD, and 8 control individuals). 2D electrophoresis was used to separate tear film proteins prior to their identification with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight spectrometer (MALDI-TOF/TOF) and matching with functional databases. Results A total of 342 proteins were identified. Most of them were previously described in various proteomic studies concerning AMD. Shootin-1, histatin-3, fidgetin-like protein 1, SRC kinase signaling inhibitor, Graves disease carrier protein, actin cytoplasmic 1, prolactin-inducible protein 1, and protein S100-A7A were upregulated in the tear film samples isolated from AMD patients and were not previously linked with this disease in any proteomic analysis. Conclusion The upregulated proteins supplement our current knowledge of AMD pathogenesis, providing evidence that certain specific proteins are expressed into the tear film in AMD. As far we are aware, this is the first study to have undertaken a comprehensive in-depth analysis of the human tear film proteome in AMD patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00417-018-3984-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Winiarczyk
- Department of Vitreoretinal Surgery, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Stanisław Winiarczyk
- Department of Epizootiology, University of Life Sciences of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Łukasz Adaszek
- Department of Epizootiology, University of Life Sciences of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Dagmara Winiarczyk
- Department of Epizootiology, University of Life Sciences of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jerzy Mackiewicz
- Department of Vitreoretinal Surgery, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland.
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Cellular Senescence in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Can Autophagy and DNA Damage Response Play a Role? OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:5293258. [PMID: 29225722 PMCID: PMC5687149 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5293258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the main reason of blindness in developed countries. Aging is the main AMD risk factor. Oxidative stress, inflammation and some genetic factors play a role in AMD pathogenesis. AMD is associated with the degradation of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells, photoreceptors, and choriocapillaris. Lost RPE cells in the central retina can be replaced by their peripheral counterparts. However, if they are senescent, degenerated regions in the macula cannot be regenerated. Oxidative stress, a main factor of AMD pathogenesis, can induce DNA damage response (DDR), autophagy, and cell senescence. Moreover, cell senescence is involved in the pathogenesis of many age-related diseases. Cell senescence is the state of permanent cellular division arrest and concerns only mitotic cells. RPE cells, although quiescent in the retina, can proliferate in vitro. They can also undergo oxidative stress-induced senescence. Therefore, cellular senescence can be considered as an important molecular pathway of AMD pathology, resulting in an inability of the macula to regenerate after degeneration of RPE cells caused by a factor inducing DDR and autophagy. It is too early to speculate about the role of the mutual interplay between cell senescence, autophagy, and DDR, but this subject is worth further studies.
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Presti G, Guarrasi V, Gulotta E, Provenzano F, Provenzano A, Giuliano S, Monfreda M, Mangione MR, Passantino R, San Biagio PL, Costa MA, Giacomazza D. Bioactive compounds from extra virgin olive oils: Correlation between phenolic content and oxidative stress cell protection. Biophys Chem 2017; 230:109-116. [PMID: 28965785 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
When compared with other edible vegetable oils, the extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) exhibits excellent nutritional properties due to the presence of biophenolic compounds. Although they constitute only a very small amount of the unsaponifiable fraction of EVOO, biophenols strongly contribute to the sensorial properties of this precious food conferring it, for example, the bitter or pungent taste. Furthermore, it has been found that biophenols possess beneficial effects against many human pathologies such as oxidative stress, inflammation, cardiovascular diseases, cancer and aging-related illness. In the present work, the biophenolic content of 51 Italian and Spanish EVOOs was qualitatively and quantitatively identified and their antioxidant ability analyzed by oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. Results indicated that the maximum relationship can be found if the ORAC value is correlated with the concentration of the large family composed by ligstroside and oleuropein derivatives together with their degradation products, hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol. Then, selected biophenolic extracts were tested in NIH-3T3 cell line to verify their ability in the recovery of the oxidative stress revealed by DCFH-DA assay. Results were linearly correlated with the concentration of ligstroside aglycone (aldehyde and hydroxyl form).
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Affiliation(s)
- G Presti
- Chemical Laboratory of Palermo, Italian Agency of Customs and Monopoles, via Crispi, 143, 90133 Palermo, Italy.
| | - V Guarrasi
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy.
| | - E Gulotta
- Chemical Laboratory of Palermo, Italian Agency of Customs and Monopoles, via Crispi, 143, 90133 Palermo, Italy.
| | - F Provenzano
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy.
| | - A Provenzano
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy.
| | - S Giuliano
- Chemical Laboratory of Palermo, Italian Agency of Customs and Monopoles, via Crispi, 143, 90133 Palermo, Italy.
| | - M Monfreda
- Central Directorate for Product Analysis and Chemical Laboratories, Italian Agency of Customs and Monopoles, via M. Carucci 71, 00143 Rome, Italy.
| | - M R Mangione
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy.
| | - R Passantino
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy.
| | - P L San Biagio
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy.
| | - M A Costa
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy.
| | - D Giacomazza
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy.
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47
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Protective Mechanisms of the Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide Humanin in Oxidative and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in RPE Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:1675230. [PMID: 28814984 PMCID: PMC5549471 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1675230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of severe and irreversible vision loss and is characterized by progressive degeneration of the retina resulting in loss of central vision. The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a critical site of pathology of AMD. Mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum which lie in close anatomic proximity to each other are targets of oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, respectively, and contribute to the progression of AMD. The two organelles exhibit close interactive function via various signaling mechanisms. Evidence for ER-mitochondrial crosstalk in RPE under ER stress and signaling pathways of apoptotic cell death is presented. The role of humanin (HN), a prominent member of a newly discovered family of mitochondrial-derived peptides (MDPs) expressed from an open reading frame of mitochondrial 16S rRNA, in modulation of ER and oxidative stress in RPE is discussed. HN protected RPE cells from oxidative and ER stress-induced cell death by upregulation of mitochondrial GSH, inhibition of ROS generation, and caspase 3 and 4 activation. The underlying mechanisms of ER-mitochondrial crosstalk and modulation by exogenous HN are discussed. The therapeutic use of HN and related MDPs could potentially prove to be a valuable approach for treatment of AMD.
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48
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Hyttinen JMT, Błasiak J, Niittykoski M, Kinnunen K, Kauppinen A, Salminen A, Kaarniranta K. DNA damage response and autophagy in the degeneration of retinal pigment epithelial cells-Implications for age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Ageing Res Rev 2017; 36:64-77. [PMID: 28351686 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this review we will discuss the links between autophagy, a mechanism involved in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and controlling cellular waste management, and the DNA damage response (DDR), comprising various mechanisms preserving the integrity and stability of the genome. A reduced autophagy capacity in retinal pigment epithelium has been shown to be connected in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), an eye disease. This degenerative disease is a major and increasing cause of vision loss in the elderly in developed countries, primarily due to the profound accumulation of intra- and extracellular waste: lipofuscin and drusen. An abundance of reactive oxygen species is produced in the retina since this tissue has a high oxygen demand and contains mitochondria-rich cells. The retina is exposed to light and it also houses many photoactive molecules. These factors are clearly reflected in both the autophagy and DNA damage rates, and in both nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. It remains to be revealed whether DNA damage and DDR capacity have a more direct role in the development of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha M T Hyttinen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Janusz Błasiak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Łódź, Poland
| | - Minna Niittykoski
- Institute of Biotechnology, Developmental Biology Program, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Kati Kinnunen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, FI-70029, Finland
| | - Anu Kauppinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, FI-70029, Finland
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49
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Mitochondrial dysfunction underlying outer retinal diseases. Mitochondrion 2017; 36:66-76. [PMID: 28365408 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunction of photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) or both contribute to the initiation and progression of several outer retinal disorders. Disrupted Müller glia function might additionally subsidize to these diseases. Mitochondrial malfunctioning is importantly associated with outer retina pathologies, which can be classified as primary and secondary mitochondrial disorders. This review highlights the importance of oxidative stress and mitochondrial DNA damage, underlying outer retinal disorders. Indeed, the metabolically active photoreceptors/RPE are highly prone to these hallmarks of mitochondrial dysfunction, indicating that mitochondria represent a weak link in the antioxidant defenses of outer retinal cells.
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50
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The impact of oxidative stress and inflammation on RPE degeneration in non-neovascular AMD. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 60:201-218. [PMID: 28336424 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 471] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a highly specialized, unique epithelial cell that interacts with photoreceptors on its apical side and with Bruch's membrane and the choriocapillaris on its basal side. Due to vital functions that keep photoreceptors healthy, the RPE is essential for maintaining vision. With aging and the accumulated effects of environmental stresses, the RPE can become dysfunctional and die. This degeneration plays a central role in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) pathobiology, the leading cause of blindness among the elderly in western societies. Oxidative stress and inflammation have both physiological and potentially pathological roles in RPE degeneration. Given the central role of the RPE, this review will focus on the impact of oxidative stress and inflammation on the RPE with AMD pathobiology. Physiological sources of oxidative stress as well as unique sources from photo-oxidative stress, the phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segments, and modifiable factors such as cigarette smoking and high fat diet ingestion that can convert oxidative stress into a pathological role, and the negative impact of impairing the cytoprotective roles of mitochondrial dynamics and the Nrf2 signaling system on RPE health in AMD will be discussed. Likewise, the response by the innate immune system to an inciting trigger, and the potential role of local RPE production of inflammation, as well as a potential role for damage by inflammation with chronicity if the inciting trigger is not neutralized, will be debated.
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