The Effect of Psyllium Husk on Intestinal Microbiota in Constipated Patients and Healthy Controls

Alterations in fatty acid metabolism in patients with schizophrenia in a multi-omics perspective

BACKGROUND

Recent research has extensively explored the involvement of gut microbes in various fatty acid metabolic processes, elucidating their crucial roles in host energy homeostasis and metabolism. Nevertheless, there remains a dearth of studies examining the comprehensive profile of fatty acid metabolites in schizophrenia and their potential connection to gut microbes.

METHOD

Conducting a thorough investigation, this study scrutinized the gut microbiome composition of 63 individuals, consisting of 35 schizophrenia (SZ) patients and 28 demographically matched healthy control (HC) subjects. Feces and serum samples were meticulously collected, with stool samples subjected to 16S rRNA sequencing targeting region V4 and untargeted metabolomics analysis, while serum samples underwent untargeted metabolomics assessment.

RESULTS

A total of 21 different genus-level species were identified in the SZ and HC groups. Predictive analysis of gut flora pathways revealed abnormal fatty acid degradation in schizophrenia. Notably, 17 differential fatty acid metabolites were found in feces, whereas 43 were found in serum fatty acid metabolites. A higher proportion of differential fatty acid metabolites were found in serum compared to those in feces. The predominant pathways enriched in fatty acid metabolites included biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, arachidonic acid metabolism, and linoleic acid metabolism. Additionally, a significant correlation was noted between intestinal flora and fatty acids, as well as potential interactions between intestinal flora, fecal fatty acids and serum fatty acids.

CONCLUSIONS

Our multi-omics study provides new insights into the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, which may inform the treatment of neurodevelopmental disorders by modifying fatty acid metabolism through modulation of the gut microbiota.

Therapeutic Value of Lactobacillus gasseri 345A in Chronic Constipation

BACKGROUND

Chronic constipation is a prevalent, burdensome gastrointestinal disorder whose etiology and pathophysiology remain poorly understood. Differences in the composition of the intestinal microbiota have been shown between constipated patients and healthy people. Data indicate that these microbial differences contribute to the disorder.

METHODS

Preclinical studies in mice examined the effects of Lactobacillus gasseri on intestinal motility ex vivo, the reversal of motility inhibition by μ-opioid receptor agonists ex vivo and in vivo in mice, and the effects on capsaicin-stimulated transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) in Jurkat cells. Thereafter, a clinical study of 40 women with functional constipation was conducted to investigate the effects of Lactobacillus gasseri with a randomized parallel design. After 14 days of baseline recording, treatment with Lactobacillus gasseri or placebo was given over 28 days, with 14 days of follow-up. Outcomes with complete spontaneous bowel movements (CSBM), spontaneous bowel movements, emptying frequency, abdominal pain, time spent for defecation, Bristol stool form scale, use of rescue laxatives, and impact on sex life were investigated.

KEY RESULTS

In preclinical studies, Lactobacillus gasseri increased intestinal motility in an ex vivo model, reversed the motility inhibition caused by μ-opioid receptor agonist ex vivo and in vivo in mice, and counteracted capsaicin-stimulated activity of TRPV1 in Jurkat cells. In the clinical trial, Lactobacillus gasseri showed a significant reduction in abdominal pain, along with a correlation and tendency for an increased number of CSBM. Few adverse events were encountered.

CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES

Treatment with Lactobacillus gasseri can alleviate pain sensations in functional constipation, possibly with an improved bowel-emptying function.

New Insights into a Conceptual Bionic Colonic Bioreactor: A Model, 'Probiotics in Human Colon', Showing How Probiotics Alleviate Constipation from a Bioprocess Engineering Perspective

Constipation is a common problem which often causes negative impacts on the patient's quality of life. Apart from the pharmacologic and diet approaches, the use of probiotics has gradually shown promising efficacy to alleviate constipation. However, an exact understanding of the underlying mechanisms of probiotic actions on alleviating constipation is still unclear and need to be explored. In this review, we propose a model, 'probiotics in human colon', from a bioprocess engineering perspective. This model can be interpreted as a new concept of bionic colonic bioreactor design of a human colon in vitro, in which the transport phenomena during the fermentation of chyme by probiotics can be detected. By reviewing the anatomy structure and peristalsis mode of the human colon, we have focused on the influence by probiotics on the physical properties of colonic contents during the fermentation process. We relate physical properties such as shape, water content, density, hardness, viscosity, and elasticity to constipation symptoms directly. The influences on the physical properties of colon contents triggered by probiotics can be a potential key to understand the mechanisms for alleviating constipation.

Assessing Water Content of the Human Colonic Chyme Using the MRI Parameter T1: A Key Biomarker of Colonic Function

BACKGROUND

The human colon receives 2 L of fluid daily. Small changes in the efficacy of absorption can lead to altered stool consistency with diarrhea or constipation. Drugs and formulations can also alter colonic water, which can be assessed using the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) longitudinal relaxation time constant, T1. We explore the use of regional T1 assessment in evaluating disorders of colonic function.

METHODS

Individual participant data analysis of data from 12 studies from a single center of patients with constipation, irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D), and healthy volunteers (HV). T1 was quantified by measuring the signal from the tissue at different times after a pulse which inverts the magnetization.

KEY RESULTS

When diarrhea was induced by a macrogol laxative T1 in the ascending colon, T1AC was negatively correlated with stool bacterial content, r2 = 0.78, p < 0.001. T1AC was increased by another laxative, rhubarb. Patients with IBS-D had elevated fasting T1AC (0.78 ± 0.28 s, N = 67) compared to HV (0.62 ± 0.21 s, N = 92) while those with constipation lay within the normal range (HV 10-90th centiles 0.33-0.91 s). Fasting T1AC in IBS-D was reduced by mesalazine treatment. T1 in the descending colon was consistently lower than T1AC, with a bigger reduction in patients with constipation than HV. Pre-feeding dietary fiber (bran, nopal, and psyllium) was associated with fasting T1AC at or above the normal 90th centile.

CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES

T1 is an MRI parameter which could be used to monitor effectiveness of novel agents designed to alter colonic water content and stool consistency.

Effects of NatureKnit™, a Blend of Fruit and Vegetable Fibers Rich in Naturally Occurring Bound Polyphenols, on the Metabolic Activity and Community Composition of the Human Gut Microbiome Using the M-SHIME® Gastrointestinal Model

This study evaluated the impact of a proprietary blend of fruit and vegetable fibers rich in naturally occurring bound polyphenols (commercially marketed as NatureKnitTM), compared to purified fibers (inulin and psyllium), on the human gut microbiome using the validated M-SHIME® gastrointestinal model. A short-term single-stage colonic M-SHIME® experiment (with fecal inoculum from three healthy human donors) was used to evaluate the test products compared to a negative control. Samples were assessed for pH, gas pressure, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, lactate, and ammonium from 0 h to 48 h. Microbial community composition was assessed at 0 h (negative control only), 24 h, and 48 h (lumen) or 48 h (mucosal). All test products were fermented well in the colon as demonstrated by decreases in pH and increases in gas pressure over time; these changes occurred faster with the purified fibers, whereas NatureKnit™ demonstrated slow, steady changes, potentially indicating a gentler fermentation process. SCFA production significantly increased over the course of the 48 h experiment with all test products versus negative control. SCFA production was significantly greater with NatureKnit™ versus the purified fibers. Shifts in the microbial community composition were observed with all test products versus negative control. At the conclusion of the 48 h experiment, the absolute bacterial abundance and the richness of observed bacterial taxa in the lumen compartment was significantly greater with NatureKnit™ compared with inulin, psyllium, and negative control. Overall, NatureKnit™ demonstrated greater or similar prebiotic effects on study measures compared with established prebiotic fibers.

Runchangningshen paste activates NLRP6 inflammasome-mediated autophagy to stimulate colonic mucin-2 secretion and modulates mucosal microbiota in functional constipation

BACKGROUND

Runchangningshen paste (RCNSP) is a paste made of four medicinal and edible homologous Chinese medicine mixed with honey. It is known for its ability to nourish yin and blood as well as to loosen the bowel to relieve constipation. The pathophysiology of functional constipation (FC) is associated with a reduction in mucin-2 (MUC2) secretion and microbial dysbiosis.

AIM

To investigate the underlying mechanism of RCNSP against FC through MUC2 and the gut mucosal microbiota.

METHODS

Ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry characterized RCNSP composition to elucidate the material basis of action. FC model was induced via loperamide gavage (16 mg/kg) twice daily for 7 days. Applying defecation function and gastrointestinal motility to assess constipation severity. Hematoxylin and eosin and Alcian blue-periodic acid-schiff staining analyzed colonic mucosal morphology. Transmission electron microscope was used to observe the ultrastructure of goblet cells (GCs). Immunofluorescence colocalization, quantitative PCR, and western blot assessed the impact of RCNSP on gene and protein expression within the NLRP6/autophagy pathway. 16S rDNA was employed to sequence the gut mucosal microbiota.

RESULTS

RCNSP contained 12 components with potential laxative effects. It enhanced defecation function, accelerated gastrointestinal motility, and maintained colonic mucosal integrity. RCNSP treatment significantly increased GC abundance and MUC2 production while preserving GC ultrastructure. At the molecular level, RCNSP enhanced the colocalized expression of key regulatory proteins and modulated mRNA and protein expressions in the NLRP6/autophagy pathway. Through 16S rDNA sequencing analysis, RCNSP significantly altered the mucosal microbiota composition. Specifically, it increased beneficial bacterial strains while reducing harmful ones. Simultaneously, RCNSP reduced butyrate-producing bacteria like Proteobacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, Blautia, and Eubacterium and decreased hydrogen sulfide-producing species, such as Prevotellaceae. It also reduced bile acid-inhibiting species, such as g_Eubacter_coprostanoligenes_group and Erysipelotrichaceae while increasing bile acid-producing species, such as Colidextribacter.

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggested that RCNSP ameliorated constipation through a dual mechanism: It stimulated colonic MUC2 secretion by activating NLRP6 inflammasome-mediated autophagy and modulated the composition of the mucosal microbiota.

The role of the gut microbiome in disorders of gut-brain interaction

Disorders of Gut-Brain Interaction (DGBI) are widely prevalent and commonly encountered in gastroenterology practice. While several peripheral and central mechanisms have been implicated in the pathogenesis of DGBI, a recent body of work suggests an important role for the gut microbiome. In this review, we highlight how gut microbiota and their metabolites affect physiologic changes underlying symptoms in DGBI, with a particular focus on their mechanistic influence on GI transit, visceral sensitivity, intestinal barrier function and secretion, and CNS processing. This review emphasizes the complexity of local and distant effects of microbial metabolites on physiological function, influenced by factors such as metabolite concentration, duration of metabolite exposure, receptor location, host genetics, and underlying disease state. Large-scale in vitro work has elucidated interactions between host receptors and the microbial metabolome but there is a need for future research to integrate such preclinical findings with clinical studies. The development of novel, targeted therapeutic strategies for DGBI hinges on a deeper understanding of these metabolite-host interactions, offering exciting possibilities for the future of treatment of DGBI.

The impact of carbohydrate quality on gut health: Insights from the NHANES

BACKGROUND

High- and low-quality carbohydrate diets are linked to gut health. However, their specific relationship with constipation or diarrhea is unclear. This study uses 2005-2010 NHANES data to examine the relationship between carbohydrate quality and constipation and diarrhea, and to identify suitable populations for different carbohydrate diets.

METHODS

Chronic constipation was defined as BSFS types 1 and 2, and chronic diarrhea as types 6 and 7. Dietary intake data were provided by the FPED, using data from the NHANES database. Subjects recalled foods and beverages consumed in the past 24 hours, and intake was averaged and divided into quartiles (Q). After adjusting for covariates, associations between high- and low-quality carbohydrate diets and constipation or diarrhea were assessed using weighted RCS curves and multivariate logistic regression. Results were expressed as weighted ORs and 95% CIs, with subgroup analyses performed.

RESULTS

A total of 11,355 people participated, with 10,488 in the constipation group and 10,516 in the diarrhea group. Multiple regression showed that high-quality carbohydrates were negatively associated with constipation (OR: 0.852, 95% CI: 0.796-0.912, P = 0.0001). Low-quality carbohydrates were positively associated with constipation (OR: 1.010, 95% CI: 1.002-1.018, P = 0.0295). There was no significant direct association between carbohydrate quality and diarrhoea (P = 0.5189, P = 0.8278). Segmented regression results showed a non-significant association between low quality carbohydrate intake above 40.65 servings/day and constipation, while quality carbohydrate intake above 3.84 servings/day was not significantly associated with diarrhoea. Subgroup analyses showed differences in carbohydrate quality and constipation or diarrhoea across populations.

CONCLUSIONS

High-quality carbohydrates lowered constipation risk by 33.7% and reduced diarrhea risk with intake up to 3.84 servings/day. In contrast, low-quality carbohydrates increased constipation risk by 83.4%, with risk stabilizing beyond 40.65 servings/day. These effects varied across groups, suggesting that better carbohydrate quality supports gut health, especially in sensitive individuals.

Meta-analysis of gut microbiota alterations in patients with irritable bowel syndrome

Introduction

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common chronic disorder of gastrointestinal function with a high prevalence worldwide. Due to its complex pathogenesis and heterogeneity, there is urrently no consensus in IBS research.

Methods

We collected and uniformly reanalyzed 1167 fecal 16S rRNA gene sequencing samples (623 from IBS patients and 544 from healthy subjects) from 9 studies. Using both a random effects (RE) model and a fixed effects (FE) model, we calculated the odds ratios for metrics including bacterial alpha diversity, beta diversity, common genera and pathways between the IBS and control groups.

Results

Significantly lower alpha-diversity indexes were observed in IBS patients by random effects model. Twenty-six bacterial genera and twelve predicted pathways were identified with significant odds ratios and classification potentials for IBS patients. Based on these feature, we used transfer learning to enhance the predictive capabilities of our model, which improved model performance by approximately 10%. Moreover, through correlation network analysis, we found that Ruminococcaceae and Christensenellaceae were negatively correlated with vitamin B6 metabolism, which was decreased in the patients with IBS. Ruminococcaceae was also negatively correlated with tyrosine metabolism, which was decreased in the patients with IBS.

Discussion

This study revealed the dysbiosis of fecal bacterial diversity, composition, and predicted pathways of patients with IBS by meta-analysis and identified universal biomarkers for IBS prediction and therapeutic targets.

Rhein: An Updated Review Concerning Its Biological Activity, Pharmacokinetics, Structure Optimization, and Future Pharmaceutical Applications

Rhein is a natural active ingredient in traditional Chinese medicine that has attracted much attention due to its wide range of pharmacological activities. However, its clinical application is limited by low water solubility, poor oral absorption, and potential toxicity to the liver and kidneys. Recently, advanced extraction and synthesis techniques have made it possible to develop derivatives of rhein, which have better pharmacological properties and lower toxicity. This article comprehensively summarizes the biological activity and action mechanism of rhein. Notably, we found that TGF-β1 is the target of rhein improving tissue fibrosis, while NF-κB is the main target of its anti-inflammatory effect. Additionally, we reviewed the current research status of the pharmacokinetics, toxicology, structural optimization, and potential drug applications of rhein and found that the coupling and combination therapy of rhein and other active ingredients exhibit a synergistic effect, significantly enhancing therapeutic efficacy. Finally, we emphasize the necessity of further studying rhein's pharmacological mechanisms, toxicology, and development of analogs, aiming to lay the foundation for its widespread clinical application as a natural product and elucidate its prospects in modern medicine.

Synergistic effects of Ligilactobacillus salivarius Li01 and psyllium husk prevent mice from developing loperamide-induced constipation

Constipation is a gastrointestinal (GI) condition marked by difficulty in defecation, abdominal pain and distension, significantly impacting both physical and mental health. Ligilactobacillus salivarius Li01 (Li01) is a probiotic known to prevent constipation in mice, while psyllium husk (PSH) is a dietary fiber with high water retention, acting as an intestinal lubricant. This study investigates the effects of a combined treatment of Li01 and PSH on mice with loperamide-induced constipation. The combination treatment improved GI transit rates, increased the water content of feces, and regulated serum concentrations of GI hormones more effectively than either Li01 or PSH alone. The beneficial effects were linked to higher levels of butyric acid and a greater proportion of non-12-OH bile acids (BAs) in the GI tract. These protective effects were not influenced by changes in gut microbiota. Additionally, Li01 produced butyric acid and fermented PSH in vitro. Our findings suggest that the probiotic Li01 and the prebiotic PSH synergistically protect against constipation in mice, highlighting their potential as functional food components.

Analysis of composition of gut microbial community in a rat model of functional dyspepsia treated with Simo Tang

OBJECTIVE

To investigate composition of gut microbial community in a rat model of functional dyspepsia (FD) and to explore the interventional effects of Simo Tang (, SMT).

METHODS

A rat model of FD was established through the tail-clamping stimulation method. The rat model of FD was assessed by the state of rats, their weight, sucrose preference rate, and intestinal propulsion rate. The DNA was extracted from stool samples after treatment with SMT. Amplified polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products of the 16S rDNA were sequenced using NovaseQ6000 after construction of libraries. Composition of gut microbial community in the stool samples was determined and analyzed by cluster analysis, bioinformatic analysis, and analysis of α-diversity and β-diversity.

RESULTS

The rat model of FD was successfully established using the tail-clamping stimulation method. The statistical results of cluster analysis of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) showed that the relative abundance of OTUs in the FD group was the lowest, while it was the highest in the normal (N) group. The composition of microbiome in the four groups was similar at phyla level. Compared with the FD group, the abundance of Firmicutes was downregulated, and the abundance of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes was upregulated in the Simo Tang (SMT) and high-dose Simo Tang (SMT.G) groups. The ratio of Bacteroidetes/ Firmicutes was also elevated. According to the analysis of α-diversity and β-diversity, the abundance of flora in FD rats was significantly reduced. The treatment using SMT appeared beneficial to improve the diversity of flora. SMT could improve the intestinal flora in FD rats. The results showed that FD rats had intestinal flora imbalance, and species diversity increased. The results suggested that SMT could regulate the disorders of intestinal flora caused by FD.

CONCLUDIONS

SMT could restore gut homeostasis and maintain gut flora diversity by modulating the gut microbiota and its associated metabolites in rats, thereby treating gastrointestinal diseases.

A greener side of health care: Revisiting phytomedicine against the human fungal pathogen Malassezia

Malassezia species are commensal fungi residing on the skin and in the gut of humans and animals. Yet, under certain conditions, they become opportunistic pathogens leading to various clinical conditions including dermatological disorders. The emergence of drug resistance and adverse effects associated with conventional antifungal agents has propelled the search for alternative treatments, among which phytomedicine stands out prominently. Phytochemicals, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and terpenoids, demonstrate potential antifungal activity against Malassezia by inhibiting its growth, adhesion, and biofilm formation. Furthermore, the multifaceted therapeutic properties of phytomedicine (including anti-fungal and, antioxidant properties) contribute to its efficacy in alleviating symptoms associated with Malassezia infections. Despite these promising prospects, several challenges hinder the widespread adoption of phytomedicine in clinical practice mostly since the mechanistic studies and controlled experiments to prove efficacy have not been done. Issues include standardization of herbal extracts, variable bioavailability, and limited clinical evidence. Hence, proper regulatory constraints necessitate comprehensive research endeavors and regulatory frameworks to harness the full therapeutic potential of phytomedicine. In conclusion, while phytomedicine holds immense promise as an alternative or adjunctive therapy against Malassezia, addressing these challenges is imperative to optimize its efficacy and ensure its integration into mainstream medical care. In this review we provide an update on the potential phytomedicines in combating Malassezia-related ailments, emphasizing its diverse chemical constituents and mechanisms of action.

Chronic constipation: focus on microbiome-targeted therapies with prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics

Chronic constipation is a global medical, social, and economic problem due to its negative impact on patients’ quality of life and increased risk of colorectal cancer, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disorders. The gut microbiota plays an important role in the pathophysiology of constipation through its interplay with the immune system, enteral and central nervous system, representing a promising therapeutic target. Gut dysbiosis in patients with constipation is characterized by reduced relative numbers of bacteria producing lactate (Lactobacillaceae, Bifidobacteriaceae) and butyrate (Lachnospiraceae, Oscillospiraceae), as well as with increased numbers of those producing hydrogen sulfide (Desulfovibrionaceae) and methanogenic archaea (Methanobacteriaceae). The leading pathogenetic mechanism related to intestinal dysbiosis in chronic constipation, can be microbial metabolic abnormalities (metabolic dysbiosis) characterized by altered production of short-chain fatty acid, methane, hydrogen sulfide, tryptophan metabolites and by abnormal bile acid biotransformation. It has been proven that dysbiotic abnormalities of the intestinal microbiome play a role in the pathophysiology of constipation, which allows for the use of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics for effective microbiome-modulating therapy in patients with chronic constipation. The proven role of dysbiotic abnormalities of the intestinal microbiome in the pathophysiology of chronic constipation determines the effectiveness of microbiome-modulating therapy (prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics) in patients with this syndrome. Inulin is the most studied preboitic; it is a soluble food fiber that markedly contributes to the regulation of intestinal microbiota, stimulates the growth of beneficial bacteria, and production of anti-inflammatory metabolites. Inulin normalized the intestinal function in patients with chronic constipation increasing the stool frequency, softening the stool, and reducing the intestinal transit time. In addition, inulin modulates the immune response and impacts the absorption of minerals, appetite, and satiety. Treatment with probiotics is also associated with reduced intestinal transit time, compared to controls. According to a systematic review and meta-analysis of 30 randomized controlled trials, only Bifidobacterium lactis strains (but not other probiotics) significantly increase stool frequencies in chronic constipation in adults. Clinical studies have shown that the targeted probiotic Bifidobacterium lactis HN019 can significantly increase the stool frequencies in patients with low (≤ 3 per week) stool frequency up to 4.7–5.0 per week, reduce the intestinal transit time and the rate of functional gastroenterological symptoms in adults with constipation. Beyond its clinical effects, Bifidobacterium lactis HN019 leads to beneficial changes in intestinal microbiota, significantly increasing the bifidobacteria and decreasing the enterobacteria numbers. The results of trials confirm the importance of synbiotic correction of dysbiotic microbiota in all patients with constipation to increase stool frequencies and improve fecal consistency, as well as to prevent the chronic disorders associated with constipation. Synbiotics, such as a combination of Bifidobacterium lactis HN019 and inulin, with the properties of both complementary and synergic synbiotic, may have the greatest microbiome-modulating and functional potential to significantly improve clinical outcomes in patients with chronic constipation compared to probiotics or prebiotics used alone.

Unlocking the Potential of Brewers' Spent Grain: A Sustainable Model to Use Beer for Better Outcome in Chronic Kidney Disease

The rising global incidence of chronic inflammatory diseases calls for innovative and sustainable medical solutions. Brewers' spent grain (BSG), a byproduct of beer production, presents a unique opportunity in this regard. This review explores the multifaceted health benefits of BSG, with a focus on managing chronic kidney disease (CKD). BSG is identified as a potent prebiotic with potential as a therapeutic agent in CKD. We emphasize the role of gut dysbiosis in CKD and discuss how BSG could help mitigate metabolic derangements resulting from dysbiosis and CKD. Fermentation of BSG further enhances its positive impact on gut health. Incorporating fermented BSG as a key component in preventive health care could promote a more sustainable and healthier future. By optimizing the use of this typically discarded byproduct, we can align proactive health-care strategies with responsible resource management, benefiting both people and the environment.

Effects of inactivated Lactobacillus rhamnosus on growth performance, serum indicators, and colonic microbiota and metabolism of weaned piglets

BACKGROUND

To assess the effects of inactivated Lactobacillus rhamnosus (ILR) on growth performance, serum biochemical indices, colonic microbiota, and metabolomics in weaned piglets, 120 piglets were randomly divided into five groups. Samples in the control group were fed a basal diet, while the experimental ILR1, ILR2, ILR3, and ILR4 groups were fed basal diets supplemented with 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, and 0.4% ILR, respectively. The prefeeding period lasted for 5 days and was followed by a formal period of 28 days.

RESULTS

Compared to the control, the average daily gain increased by 4.38%, 7.98%, 19.32%, and 18.80% for ILR1, ILR2, ILR3, and ILR4, respectively, and the ratio of feed to gain decreased by 0.63%, 3.80%, 12.66%, and 10.76%, respectively. Serum IgA, IgG, IgM, total antioxidant capacity, and glutathione peroxidase levels increased significantly in weaned piglets in the treatment groups. Addition of 0.3% ILR significantly increased the Shannon and Simpson indices of the colonic microbiota in weaned piglets and altered the microbiota composition. Changes in metabolic profiles were observed and were primarily related to the urea cycle, amino acid metabolism, and lipid metabolism.

CONCLUSION

ILR improved growth performance and serum immunological and biochemical indices and optimized the colonic microbiota structure and metabolism of weaned piglets.

Insights into Gut Dysbiosis: Inflammatory Diseases, Obesity, and Restoration Approaches

The gut microbiota is one of the most critical factors in human health. It involves numerous physiological processes impacting host health, mainly via immune system modulation. A balanced microbiome contributes to the gut's barrier function, preventing the invasion of pathogens and maintaining the integrity of the gut lining. Dysbiosis, or an imbalance in the gut microbiome's composition and function, disrupts essential processes and contributes to various diseases. This narrative review summarizes key findings related to the gut microbiota in modern multifactorial inflammatory conditions such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. It addresses the challenges posed by antibiotic-driven dysbiosis, particularly in the context of C. difficile infections, and the development of novel therapies like fecal microbiota transplantation and biotherapeutic drugs to combat these infections. An emphasis is given to restoration of the healthy gut microbiome through dietary interventions, probiotics, prebiotics, and novel approaches for managing gut-related diseases.

Fecal bacteria and short-chain fatty acids in irritable bowel syndrome: Relations to subtype

BACKGROUND

The relationship between gut microbiota and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) subtype is unclear. We aimed to explore whether differences in fecal bacteria composition and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels were associated with subtypes and symptoms of IBS.

METHODS

All participants delivered fecal samples and self-reports on IBS Symptom Severity Score (IBS-SSS), Bristol Stool Scale (BSS), and Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS). Fecal bacteria composition was assessed by the GA-map® Dysbiosis Test based on 16S rRNA sequences of bacterial species/groups. SCFAs were analyzed by vacuum distillation followed by gas chromatography.

KEY RESULTS

Sixty patients with IBS were included (mean age 38 years, 46 [77%] females): Twenty-one patients were classified as IBS-D (diarrhea), 31 IBS-M (mixed diarrhea and constipation), and eight IBS-C (constipation). Forty-two healthy controls (HCs) (mean age 35 years, 27 [64%] females) were included. Patients had a significantly higher relative frequency of dysbiosis, lower levels of Actinobacteria, and higher levels of Bacilli than HCs. Eight bacterial markers were significantly different across IBS subgroups and HCs, and 13 bacterial markers were weakly correlated with IBS symptoms. Clostridia and Veillonella spp. had a weak negative correlation with constipation scores (GSRS) and a weak positive correlation with loose stools (BSS). Diarrhea scores (GSRS) and looser stool (BSS) were weakly correlated with levels of total SCFAs, acetic and butyric acid. Levels of total SCFAs and acetic acid were weakly correlated with symptom severity (IBS-SSS).

CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES

Patients with IBS had a different fecal bacteria composition compared to HCs, and alterations of SCFAs may contribute to the subtype.

Effects of garlic-derived fructan and oligofructose mixtures on intestinal health and constipation relief in mice

BACKGROUND

Garlic polysaccharides (GPs) constitute over 75% of the dry weight of garlic. They are characterized by fructan with a 2,1-β-d-Fruf backbone and 2,6-β-d-Fruf branches. Studies have suggested a role for GPs in regulating gut microbiota but whether they possess a comprehensive function in maintaining intestinal well-being and can serve as effective prebiotics remains unknown. To explore this, varied doses of GPs (1.25-5.0 g kg-1 body weight) and inulin (as a positive control) were administered to Kunming mice via gavage, and their effects on the intestinal epithelial, chemical, and biological barriers were assessed. A constipation model was also established using loperamide to investigate the potential effects of GPs on the relief of constipation.

RESULTS

Administration of GPs significantly upregulated expression of tight-junction proteins and mucins in Kunming mouse small-intestine tissue. Garlic polysaccharides elevated cecal butyric acid content, reduced the abundance of Desulfobacterota, and decreased the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes (the F/B ratio). Garlic polysaccharides also promoted the growth of Bacteroides acidifaciens and Clostridium saccharogumia. Tax4Fun functional predictions suggested the potential of GPs to prevent human diseases, reducing the risk of insulin resistance, infectious diseases, and drug resistance. Garlic polysaccharides also exhibited a beneficial effect in alleviating loperamide-induced constipation symptoms by enhancing small intestinal transit, softening stool consistency, accelerating bowel movements, and promoting the release of excitatory neurotransmitters.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings highlight the important role of GPs in maintaining gut fitness by enhancing intestinal barrier function and peristalsis. Garlic polysaccharides are promising prebiotics, potentially contributing to overall intestinal well-being and health. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Association Between the Inflammatory Potential of Diet and Constipation Among Adults in the United States: A Cross-sectional Study

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the potential association between Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) scores and constipation among a sample of adults in the United States.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study used data from adult participants in the 2005 to 2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (ie, "NHANES"). Self-reported information was used to identify cases of constipation. The DII was used to assess inflammatory potential of the diet. Odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% CIs for the association between the DII and constipation were determined using multivariate logistic regression modeling. Stratified analyses explored whether there was effect modification to influence the relationship between DII and constipation.

RESULTS

Of 8272 subjects, 759 reported constipation, and 7513 did not, corresponding to a prevalence of 9.2%. After adjusting for age, gender, race/ethnicity, marital status, education level, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, body mass index (BMI), cardiovascular diseases (CVD), hypertension, stroke, diabetes, energy intake, carbohydrate intake, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) use. Compared with lower DII scores group T1 (-5.28 to ≤0.72), the adjusted OR values for DII scores and constipation in T2 (>0.72 to ≤2.50) and T3 (>2.50 to 5.24) were 1.27 (95% CI: 1.02-1.58, P=0.029) and 1.43(95% CI: 1.14-1.8, P=0.002). Subgroup analyses showed that there were effect modification of gender and physical activity factors on DII scores and constipation.

CONCLUSIONS

Results of this cross-sectional study suggest that a higher dietary inflammatory index score was associated with increased risk of constipation after adjustment for confounding in a multivariable analysis. gender and physical activity were found to be an effect modifier of this relationship.

Fermented Gastrodia elata Bl. Alleviates Cognitive Deficits by Regulating Neurotransmitters and Gut Microbiota in D-Gal/AlCl3-Induced Alzheimer's Disease-like Mice

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurological disease with recognition ability loss symptoms and a major contributor to dementia cases worldwide. Gastrodia elata Bl. (GE), a food of medicine-food homology, has been reported to have a mitigating effect on memory and learning ability decline. However, the effect of GE fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum, Acetobacter pasteurianus, and Saccharomyces (FGE) on alleviating cognitive deficits in AD was not studied. Mice were randomly divided into six groups, control, model, donepezil, low, medium, and high doses of FGE, and D-Galactose/Aluminum chloride (D-Gal/AlCl3) was used to establish an AD-like mouse model. The results indicated that FGE could improve the production of neurotransmitters and relieve oxidative stress damage in AD-like mice, which was evidenced by the declined levels of amyloid-β (Aβ), Tau, P-Tau, acetylcholinesterase (AchE), and malondialdehyde (MDA), and increased acetylcholine (Ach), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels in brain tissue. Notably, FGE could enhance the richness of the gut microbiota, especially for beneficial bacteria such as Lachnospira and Lactobacillus. Non-target metabolomics results indicated that FGE could affect neurotransmitter levels by regulating amino acid metabolic pathways to improve AD symptoms. The FGE possessed an ameliorative effect on AD by regulating neurotransmitters, oxidative stress levels, and gut microbiota and could be considered a good candidate for ameliorating AD.

Psyllium fiber improves hangovers and inflammatory liver injury by inhibiting intestinal drinking

Introduction: Excessive alcohol intake often results in hangovers and inflammatory liver damage, posing a significant health concern. Current treatment options for hangovers are still insufficient, highlighting the urgent need for new therapeutic approaches. Psyllium fiber (PF) is well-known for its gastrointestinal benefits, but its effect on hangovers is less explored. Methods: We utilized a mouse model with a single binge drinking (4 g/kg) to induce hangover and inflammatory liver injury. Intestine and liver injury were serologically and histologically estimated. Hangover symptoms were assessed using cylinder and footprint tests to objectively quantify hangover symptoms in mice. Results: Binge drinking significantly activated alcohol-metabolizing enzymes in the small intestine and liver, leading to inflammatory damage. Concurrently, there was a rise in alcohol metabolites such as acetaldehyde and acetone, which exhibited a positive correlation with hangover symptoms in mice. Interestingly, the oral administration of PF (100 mg/kg) alongside alcohol consumption significantly reduced the activity of these enzymes and lowered the levels of alcohol metabolites. Mice treated with PF exhibited a considerable improvement in hangover symptoms and a reduction in hepatic inflammation, compared to control groups. Furthermore, in vitro experiments using HepG2 cell lines and semipermeable membranes demonstrated that PF effectively inhibits alcohol absorption into the body. Discussion: In conclusion, PF demonstrates a potential protective effect against alcohol-induced hangover and liver injury by inhibiting the absorption of alcohol and lowering hangover-related alcohol metabolites. This study suggests that PF could serve as an effective therapeutic option for mitigating the adverse effects of excessive alcohol consumption.

Gut Microbiota Fermentation of Digested Almond-Psyllium-Flax Seed-Based Artisan Bread Promotes Mediterranean Diet-Resembling Microbial Community

Different modifications of the standard bread recipe have been proposed to improve its nutritional and health benefits. Here, we utilized the in vitro Human Gut Simulator (HGS) to assess the fermentation of one such artisan bread by human gut microbiota. Dried and milled bread, composed of almond flour, psyllium husks, and flax seeds as its three main ingredients, was first subjected to an in vitro protocol designed to mimic human oro-gastro-intestinal digestion. The bread digest was then supplied to complex human gut microbial communities, replacing the typical Western diet-based medium (WM) of the GHS system. Switching the medium from WM to bread digest resulted in statistically significant alterations in the community structure, encoded functions, produced short-chain fatty acids, and available antioxidants. The abundances of dietary fiber degraders Enterocloster, Mitsuokella, and Prevotella increased; levels of Gemmiger, Faecalibacterium, and Blautia decreased. These community alterations resembled the previously revealed differences in the distal gut microbiota of healthy human subjects consuming typical Mediterranean vs. Western-pattern diets. Therefore, the consumption of bread high in dietary fiber and unsaturated fatty acids might recapitulate the beneficial effects of the Mediterranean diet on the gut microbiota.

The role and therapeutic effectiveness of Plantago ovata seed husk (psyllium husk) in the prevention and non-pharmacological treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. Part 1. Clinical use of psyllium husk in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome, ulcerative colitis, and colorectal cancer

Plantago ovata is a common medicinal plant widely cultivated in tropical regions of the world. The outer seed coat of P. ovata, obtained by cleaning the seeds, contains soluble and insoluble fibre in a ratio of 7:3, making products containing P. ovata husk an ideal source of health-beneficial fibre. The results of clinical trials demonstrate the therapeutic efficacy of psyllium husk for various gastrointestinal disorders. It has also been documented that psyllium ingestion exhibits antioxidant, immunomodulatory, antiproliferative, anticancer, and antiviral effects. Such pleiotropic effects of P. ovata husk are related to the presence in its composition of arabinoxylan, which forms a gel in an aqueous environment, as well as bioactive compounds and their metabolites. This article presents the evidence available in the literature on the therapeutic potential and possible mechanisms of action of psyllium in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome and ulcerative colitis, and prevention of colorectal cancer.

The oral cavity and intestinal microbiome in children with functional constipation

Constipation is a widespread problem in paediatric practice, affecting almost 30% of children. One of the key causal factors of constipation may be disturbances in the homeostasis of the gastrointestinal microbiome. The aim of the study was to determine whether the oral and fecal microbiomes differ between children with and without constipation. A total of 91 children over three years of age were included in the study. Of these, 57 were qualified to a group with constipation, and 34 to a group without. The saliva and stool microbiomes were evaluated using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Functional constipation was associated with characteristic bacterial taxa in the fecal microbiota. Statistically significant differences were found at the family level: Burkholderiaceae (q = 0.047), Christensenellaceae (q = 0.047), Chlostridiaceae (q = 0.047) were significantly less abundant in the constipation group, while the Tannerellaceae (q = 0.007) were more abundant. At the genus level, the significant differences were observed for rare genera, including Christensenellaceae r-7 (q = 2.88 × 10-2), Fusicatenibacter (q = 2.88 × 10-2), Parabacteroides (q = 1.63 × 10-2), Romboutsia (q = 3.19 × 10-2) and Subdoligranulum (q = 1.17 × 10-2). All of them were less abundant in children with constipation. With the exception of significant taxonomic changes affecting only feces, no differences were found in the alpha and beta diversity of feces and saliva. Children with functional constipation demonstrated significant differences in the abundance of specific bacteria in the stool microbiome compared to healthy children. It is possible that the rare genera identified in our study which were less abundant in the constipated patients (Christensellaceae r-7, Fusicatenibacter, Parabacteroides, Romboutsia and Subdoligranulum) may play a role in protection against constipation. No significant differences were observed between the two groups with regard to the saliva microbiome.

Role of dietary fiber and lifestyle modification in gut health and sleep quality

Dietary fiber has an immense role in the gut microbiome by modulating juvenile growth, immune system maturation, glucose, and lipid metabolism. Lifestyle changes might disrupt gut microbiota symbiosis, leading to various chronic diseases with underlying inflammatory conditions, obesity, and its associated pathologies. An interventional study of 16 weeks examined the impact of psyllium husk fiber with and without lifestyle modification on gut health and sleep quality in people with central obesity (men = 60 and women = 60), those aged from 40 to 60 years, those having WC ≥ 90 cm (men) and WC ≥ 80 cm (women), and no history of any chronic disease or regular medication. The participants were subgrouped into three intervention groups, namely, the psyllium husk fiber (PSH) group, the lifestyle modification (LSM) group, and the LSM&PSH group and control group with equal gender bifurcation (men = 15 and women = 15). A 24-h dietary recall, gastrointestinal tract (GIT) symptoms, and sleep quality analysis data were collected on validated questionnaires. The analyses of variance and covariance were used for baseline and post-intervention, respectively. Student's t-test was applied for pre- and post-intervention changes on the variable of interest. The intervention effect on GIT health was highly significant (P < 0.001). The mean GIT scores of the LSM, PSH, and LSM&PSH groups were 2.99 ± 0.14, 2.49 ± 0.14, and 2.71 ± 0.14, respectively, compared to the mean GIT scores of the control group. No significant (P = 0.205) effect of either intervention was observed on sleep quality. The study concluded that psyllium husk fiber significantly improved the GIT symptoms, while no significant effect of the intervention was observed on sleep quality analysis.

Sex-Dependent Efficacy of Dietary Fiber in Pediatric Functional Abdominal Pain

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Functional abdominal pain disorders (FAPDs) are more prevalent in female patients. Dietary fiber may alleviate FAPD symptoms; however, whether this effect is sex dependent remains unclear. We investigated the sex dependency of dietary fiber benefit on abdominal pain in children with FAPDs and explored the potential involvement of the gut microbiome.

METHODS

In 2 cross-sectional cohorts of children with FAPDs (n = 209) and healthy control individuals (n = 105), we correlated dietary fiber intake with abdominal pain symptoms after stratifying by sex. We also performed sex-stratified and sex-interaction analyses on data from a double-blind trial in children with irritable bowel syndrome randomized to psyllium fiber (n = 39) or placebo (n = 49) for 6 weeks. Shotgun metagenomics was used to investigate gut microbiome community changes potentially linking dietary fiber intake with abdominal pain.

RESULTS

In the cross-sectional cohorts, fiber intake inversely correlated with pain symptoms in boys (pain episodes: r = -0.24, P = .005; pain days: r = -0.24, P = 0.004) but not in girls. Similarly, in the randomized trial, psyllium fiber reduced the number of pain episodes in boys (P = .012) but not in girls. Generalized linear regression models confirmed that boys treated with psyllium fiber had greater reduction in pain episodes than girls (P = .007 for fiber × sex × time interaction). Age, sexual development, irritable bowel syndrome subtype, stool form, and microbiome composition were not significant determinants in the dietary fiber effects on pain reduction.

CONCLUSIONS

Dietary fiber preferentially reduces abdominal pain frequency in boys, highlighting the importance of considering sex in future dietary intervention studies for FAPDs. (ClincialTrials.gov, Number NCT00526903).

Extraction, structure and bioactivities of polysaccharide from root of Arctium lappa L.: A review

Arctium lappa L. root is a well-known Chinese medicine with high medicinal and food values. Arctium lappa L. root polysaccharide (ALP), as the main component and bioactive substance, has a variety of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, antithrombotic, immunomodulatory activity and improvement of intestinal flora. The biological activities of polysaccharides are closely related to their structures, and different extraction and purification methods will yield different polysaccharide structures. As a kind of natural polysaccharide, ALP has a broad application prospect in drug carrier. In this paper, we reviewed the research progress on the extraction, purification, structural characterization, biological activities, structure-activity relationship and drug carrier application of ALP, in order to provide basic reference for the development and application of medical and health care value. At the same time, the shortcomings of ALP research are discussed in depth, and the potential development prospect and future research direction are prospected.

The Reduced Gut Lachnospira Species Is Linked to Liver Enzyme Elevation and Insulin Resistance in Pediatric Fatty Liver Disease

The objective of this study was to investigate gut dysbiosis and its metabolic and inflammatory implications in pediatric metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). This study included 105 children and utilized anthropometric measurements, blood tests, the Ultrasound Fatty Liver Index, and fecal DNA sequencing to assess the relationship between gut microbiota and pediatric MAFLD. Notable decreases in Lachnospira spp., Faecalibacterium spp., Oscillospira spp., and Akkermansia spp. were found in the MAFLD group. Lachnospira spp. was particularly reduced in children with MAFLD and hepatitis compared to controls. Both MAFLD groups showed a reduction in flavone and flavonol biosynthesis sequences. Lachnospira spp. correlated positively with flavone and flavonol biosynthesis and negatively with insulin levels and insulin resistance. Body weight, body mass index (BMI), and total cholesterol levels were inversely correlated with flavone and flavonol biosynthesis. Reduced Lachnospira spp. in children with MAFLD may exacerbate insulin resistance and inflammation through reduced flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, offering potential therapeutic targets.

Relationships between Habitual Polyphenol Consumption and Gut Microbiota in the INCLD Health Cohort

While polyphenol consumption is often associated with an increased abundance of beneficial microbes and decreased opportunistic pathogens, these relationships are not completely described for polyphenols consumed via habitual diet, including culinary herb and spice consumption. This analysis of the International Cohort on Lifestyle Determinants of Health (INCLD Health) cohort uses a dietary questionnaire and 16s microbiome data to examine relationships between habitual polyphenol consumption and gut microbiota in healthy adults (n = 96). In this exploratory analysis, microbial taxa, but not diversity measures, differed by levels of dietary polyphenol consumption. Taxa identified as exploratory biomarkers of daily polyphenol consumption (mg/day) included Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, Enterococcus, Eubacterium ventriosum group, Ruminococcus torques group, and Sutterella. Taxa identified as exploratory biomarkers of the frequency of polyphenol-weighted herb and spice use included Lachnospiraceae UCG-001, Lachnospiraceae UCG-004, Methanobrevibacter, Lachnoclostridium, and Lachnotalea. Several of the differentiating taxa carry out activities important for human health, although out of these taxa, those with previously described pro-inflammatory qualities in certain contexts displayed inverse relationships with polyphenol consumption. Our results suggest that higher quantities of habitual polyphenol consumption may support an intestinal environment where opportunistic and pro-inflammatory bacteria are represented in a lower relative abundance compared to those with less potentially virulent qualities.

Knowledge of Dietitians on Gut Microbiota in Health-An Online Survey of the European Federation of the Associations of Dietitians (EFAD)

Explorations of current knowledge of dietitians about gut-health interconnection and the role of diet in gut microbiota manipulation are rather scarce in the literature. In this online survey we assessed the perceived and current knowledge of dietitians across Europe about gut microbiota and systemic health, nutrition as a modulator of the gut ecosystem, and the role of probiotics and prebiotics. Pre-graduate dietetic students and other professionals were also invited to participate. A total of 179 full responses were recorded (dietitians, n = 155), mainly from Southern and Western regions. Most participants (>78.0%) reported an average to good level of perceived knowledge, with significant positive correlations between perceived and current knowledge in all sections and overall (p for all <0.05). Nevertheless, a rather low current knowledge scoring of participants about probiotics and prebiotics was observed. Features such as being a dietitian, having a higher educational level as dietitian and working in an academic/research setting were usually associated with higher current knowledge. Further analysis revealed that dietitians had a trend for higher scoring about probiotics and prebiotics compared to pre-graduate students or other professionals. Moreover, for dietitians, working in an academic or research setting was an independent factor for scoring in the highest quartile in all tested sections and overall (p for all <0.05). In conclusion, this online survey shed some light on the current knowledge of dietitians across Europe about gut microbiota parameters, including dietary modulation, highlighting in parallel possible knowledge determinants. Potential areas for future educational efforts in this rather unexplored field were indicated.

Effect of hydroxytyrosol, Moringa, and spirulina on the physicochemical properties and nutritional characteristics of gluten-free brownies

Brownies, enriched with fiber and Moringa oleifera, hydroxytyrosol (HXT), and spirulina (encapsulated and nonencapsulated), and dietary fiber using psyllium were elaborated. For that, a commercial control (CTRL) and an experimental control (CTRL) (without antioxidants) were compared. Color, nutritional composition, pH, antioxidant capacity, total phenolic compounds, as well as sensory properties were evaluated. The results showed the brownies developed with psyllium and the different extracts increased total dietary fiber compared to CTRL Commercial and CTRL, with E-spirulina (14.93 g/100 g) and Moringa (11.91 g/100 g) being the most prominent samples. However, with regard to soluble fiber, the highest content of NE-spirulina and the lowest content of HXT were observed. In addition, brownies enriched with extracts showed higher antioxidant capacity and higher phenolic compounds than controls, with HXT standing out at 299.25 μM Trolox/g in ABTS, 1470.08 μM Trolox/g in DPPH, and 18.15 μM Trolox/g in FRAP. However, a high level of phenolic compounds was found in E-Spirulina (604.71 mg/L). In reference to fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) (70%) were the predominant fatty acids, followed by polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (19%) and saturated fatty acids (SFA) (10%). Glutamic acid and asparagine were the predominant amino acids. As for mineral content, N-spirulina and E-spirulina were the brownies with the highest iron bioaccessibility; Si, Na, B, Al, P, Fe, Zn, Bi, Ca, Cu, Mg, Mn, Rb, S, and Sr being the most abundant elements in the brownies of this study. In addition, the HXT and Moringa samples scored higher in overall acceptability compared to the controls. The findings suggest that the incorporation of psyllium, quinoa flour, and antioxidant extracts in brownies could be a viable approach to produce a healthy brownie enriched with fiber, antioxidants and, therefore, considering the nutritional, physicochemical, and organoleptic characteristics, HTX is the ideal compound to enrich bakery products.

Faecal microbiome transplantation improves clinical signs of chronic idiopathic large bowel diarrhoea in working dogs

BACKGROUND

Chronic diarrhoea is a common clinical sign in dogs with chronic enteropathy, and psyllium husk has been shown to improve clinical signs in affected dogs. The aim of this study was to investigate whether faecal microbiome transplant has a similar effect in alleviating clinical signs in dogs with chronic large bowel diarrhoea.

METHOD

Thirty large-breed working dogs with chronic large bowel diarrhoea were divided into a psyllium group (PG) and a faecal microbiome transplant group (FMTG). To the PG, 16 g/day of psyllium husk was administered for 30 days. The FMTG received faecal microbiome transplantation (FMT) once via enema. A daily log of faecal characteristics was kept, and the dogs' canine inflammatory bowel disease index (CIBDAI) and body condition scores (BCS) were determined. A Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test was used to compare group results. In addition, the Kaplan-Meier test was used to evaluate the occurrence rate of 1 day or more of diarrhoea and 2 days or more of diarrhoea by day 30.

RESULTS

The sample had a mean age of 3.9 ± 2.1 years and a bodyweight of 25.3 ± 6.8 kg. The FMTG showed a more rapid onset of CIBDAI improvement but no difference in other measures. At 30 days, the FMTG showed a greater improvement in bodyweight and BCS, but no differences were observed in faecal scores, defaecation frequency and time of appearance of episodes of diarrhoea. Time played a significant positive role in the results observed across both groups (p < 0.05).

LIMITATIONS

This study did not compare the microbiomes of the dogs before and after treatment, so the role of specific types of bacteria cannot be determined.

CONCLUSION

Psyllium husk and FMT had similar effects in improving clinical signs of chronic large bowel diarrhoea.

Characteristics of the Cajal interstitial cells and intestinal microbiota in children with refractory constipation

BACKGROUND

Children with refractory constipation experience intense and persistent symptoms that greatly diminish their quality of life. However, the underlying pathophysiological mechanism responsible for this condition remains uncertain. Our objective was to evaluate characteristics of colonic motor patterns and interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) to refractory constipation children, as well as intestinal microbiota compositions.

METHODS

Colonic manometry (CM) was conducted on a cohort of 30 patients with refractory constipation to assess colonic motility, and 7 of them underwent full-thickness colon biopsy specimens. Another 5 colonic specimens from nonconstipation patients were collected to identify the ICCs by immunohistochemistry. Fecal samples from 14 children diagnosed with refractory constipation and subjecting 28 age-matched healthy children to analysis using high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA.

RESULTS

According to CM results, dividing 30 children with refractory constipation into 2 groups: normal group (n = 10) and dysmotility group (n = 20). Dysmotility subjects showed lower colonic motility. Antegrade propagating pressure waves, retrograde propagating pressure waves, and periodic colonic motor activity were common in normal subjects and rare in dysmotility subjects (32.7 ± 8.9 vs 20.7 ± 13.0/17 h, P < 0.05, 11.5 ± 2.3 vs 9.6 ± 2.3/17 h, P < 0.05, and 5.2 ± 8.9 vs 3.5 ± 6.8 cpm, P < 0.005, respectively), whereas periodic rectal motor activity was more common in dysmotility subjects (3.4 ± 4.8 vs 3.0 ± 3.1 cpm, P < 0.05). Dysmotility subjects exhibited a significantly greater number of preprandial simultaneous pressure waves compared to the normal subjects (32.3 ± 25.0 vs 23.6 ± 13.2/1 h, P < 0.005). Dysmotility subjects displayed a notable decrease in postprandial count of antegrade propagating pressure waves and high amplitude propagating pressure waves when compared to normal subjects (3.9 ± 2.9 vs 6.9 ± 3.5/1 h and 2.3 ± 1.5 vs 5.4 ± 2.9/1 h, respectively, P < 0.05). The number, distribution, and morphology of ICCs were markedly altered in refractory constipation compared children to the controls (P < 0.05). Children diagnosed with refractory constipation displayed a distinct dissimilarity in composition of their intestinal microbiota comparing with control group (P < 0.005). In genus level, Bacteroidetes represented 34.34% and 43.78% in the refractory constipation and control groups, respectively. Faecalibacterium accounted for 3.35% and 12.56%, respectively (P < 0.005). Furthermore, the relative abundances of Faecalibacterium (P < 0.005), Lachnospira (P < 0.05), and Haemophilus (P < 0.05) significantly decreased, whereas those of Parabacteroides (P < 0.05), Alistipes (P < 0.005), Prevotella_2 (P < 0.005), [Ruminococcus]_torques_group (P < 0.005), Barnesiella (P < 0.05), Ruminococcaceae_UCG-002 (P < 0.005), and Christensensenellaceae_R-7_group (P < 0.05) were markedly increased in children with refractory constipation.

CONCLUSIONS

Dysmotility subjects showed lower colonic motility and an impaired postprandial colonic response. The decreased number and abnormal morphology of colonic ICCs may contribute to the pathogenesis of refractory constipation. Children with refractory constipation exhibited significant variations in microbiota composition across various taxonomic levels compared to the healthy control group. Our findings contribute valuable insights into pathophysiological mechanism underlying refractory constipation and provide evidence to support the exploration of novel therapeutic strategies for affected children.

High-throughput sequencing analysis of the characteristics of the gut microbiota in aged patients with sarcopenia

BACKGROUND

The gut microbiota is a complex microbial community that changes in response to various intestinal diseases, including aging-related diseases such as sarcopenia. Several studies have shown that the metabolites of the gut microbiota affect the dynamic balance of the skeletal muscle. However, the effect of gut microbiota imbalance on sarcopenia is still largely unknown.

METHODS

We collected the baseline characteristics and fecal samples of 14 patients with sarcopenia and 21 patients without sarcopenia, and used the 16S rRNA sequencing technology to analyze the differences in the gut microbiota in the two groups. α-diversity and β-diversity were employed to assess the abundance and diversity of species and variations in microflora composition, respectively. Moreover, Tax4Fun was employed to predict the functional capacities of the microbial communities.

RESULTS

In the sarcopenia group, the abundances of beneficial bacteria such as Bacteroides, Faecalibacterium, Fusobacterium, and Prevotella were reduced, whereas those of pathogenic bacteria, such as Escherichia-Shigella and Klebsiella, were increased. The genera and species of the family Enterobacteriaceae were the main pathogenic bacteria in patients with sarcopenia, and Escherichia-Shigella and Klebsiella could be used as key biomarkers of sarcopenia. The defective protein processing and amino acid synthesis pathways in patients with sarcopenia indicated that protein synthesis and nutrient transport may be damaged. Moreover, the abundances of Escherichia-Shigella and Enterobacteriaceae have been found to have a negative correlation with muscle mass and were the main parameters predicting the change in muscle mass.

CONCLUSIONS

In this study, we have identified changes in the gut microbiota of sarcopenic individuals, which were linked to the loss of muscle mass and function. Escherichia-Shigella is a conditional pathogen of sarcopenic patients, and its levels are found to have a significant negative correlation with muscle mass.

The utility of algae as sources of high value nutritional ingredients, particularly for alternative/complementary proteins to improve human health

As the global population continues to grow, the demand for dietary protein is rapidly increasing, necessitating the exploration of sustainable and nutritious protein sources. Algae has emerged as a promising food source due to their high value ingredients such as proteins, as well as for their environmental sustainability and abundance. However, knowledge gaps surrounding dietary recommendations and food applications restrict algae's utilization as a viable protein source. This review aims to address these gaps by assessing the suitability of both microalgae and macroalgae as alternative/complementary protein sources and exploring their potential applications in food products. The first section examines the potential suitability of algae as a major food source by analyzing the composition and bioavailability of key components in algal biomass, including proteins, lipids, dietary fiber, and micronutrients. Secondly, the biological effects of algae, particularly their impact on metabolic health are investigated with an emphasis on available clinical evidence. While evidence reveals protective effects of algae on glucose and lipid homeostasis as well as anti-inflammatory properties, further research is required to understand the longer-term impact of consuming algal protein, protein isolates, and concentrates on metabolic health, including protein metabolism. The review then explores the potential of algal proteins in food applications, including ways to overcome their sensory limitations, such as their dark pigmentation, taste, and odor, in order to improve consumer acceptance. To maximize algae's potential as a valuable protein source in the food sector, future research should prioritize the production of more acceptable algal biomass and explore new advances in food sciences and technology for improved consumer acceptance. Overall, this paper supports the potential utility of algae as a sustainable and healthy ingredient source for widespread use in future food production.

The Use of Fibers, Herbal Medicines and Spices in Children with Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Narrative Review

The pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome in children involves multiple factors. Thus, treatment options are variable, targeting both diet and the child's and parents' behavior via pharmacological and psychological interventions or neuromodulation. Parents are increasingly interested in complementary and alternative therapies for children with irritable bowel syndrome, especially when other treatments have been tried without relieving the child's symptoms. This paper examines current evidence for the benefits and side effects of herbal remedies and spices in pediatric patients with IBS. The benefits of peppermint oil, STW5, psyllium fiber, Curcuma, ginger, and other herbal medicines are discussed based on findings in the current literature.

Comparative effects of nutraceuticals on body weight in adults with overweight or obesity: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of 111 randomized clinical trials

There is no research on the comparative effects of nutraceuticals on weight loss in adults with overweight or obesity. This study aimed at quantifying and ranking the effects of different nutraceuticals on weight loss. We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science to November 2022. We included randomized trials evaluating the comparative effects of two or more nutraceuticals, or compared a nutraceutical against a placebo for weight loss in adults with overweight or obesity. We conducted random-effects network meta-analysis with a Frequentist framework to estimate mean difference [MD] and 95% confidence interval [CI] of the effect of nutraceuticals on weight loss. One hundred and eleven RCTs with 6171 participants that investigated the effects of 18 nutraceuticals on body weight were eligible. In the main analysis incorporating all trials, there was high certainty of evidence for supplementation of spirulina (MD: -1.77 kg, 95% CI: -2.77, -0.78) and moderate certainty of evidence that supplementation of curcumin (MD: -0.82 kg, 95% CI: -1.33, -0.30), psyllium (MD: -3.70 kg, 95% CI: -5.18, -2.22), chitosan (MD: -1.70 kg, 95% CI: -2.62, -0.78), and Nigella sativa (MD: -2.09 kg, 95%CI: -2.92, -1.26) could result in a small improvement in body weight. Supplementations with green tea (MD: -1.25 kg, 95%CI: -1.68, -0.82) and glucomannan (MD: -1.36 kg, 95%CI: -2.17, -0.54) demonstrated small weight loss, also the certainty of evidence was rated low. Based on our findings, supplementations with nutraceuticals can result in a small weight loss in adults with overweight or obesity.

Functional constipation and the effect of prebiotics on the gut microbiota: a review

Functional constipation is a significant health issue impacting the lives of an estimated 14 % of the global population. Non-pharmaceutical treatment advice for cases with no underlying medical conditions focuses on exercise, hydration and an increase in dietary fibre intake. An alteration in the composition of the gut microbiota is thought to play a role in constipation. Prebiotics are non-digestible food ingredients that selectively stimulate the growth of a limited number of bacteria in the colon with a benefit for host health. Various types of dietary fibre, though not all, can act as a prebiotic. Short-chain fatty acids produced by these microbes play a critical role as signalling molecules in a range of metabolic and physiological processes including laxation, although details are unclear. Prebiotics have a history of safe use in the food industry spanning several decades and are increasingly used as supplements to alleviate constipation. Most scientific research on the effects of prebiotics and gut microbiota has focussed on inflammatory bowel disease rather than functional constipation. Very few clinical studies evaluated the efficacy of prebiotics in the management of constipation and their effect on the microbiota, with highly variable designs and conflicting results. Despite this, broad health claims are made by manufacturers of prebiotic supplements. This narrative review provides an overview of the literature on the interaction of prebiotics with the gut microbiota and their potential clinical role in the alleviation of functional constipation.

Nutrition, Physical Activity and Supplementation in Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a chronic, recurrent functional disorder of the intestine diagnosed based on the Rome IV criteria. Individuals suffering from IBS often associate the severity of their symptoms with the food they consume, leading them to limit the variety of foods they eat and seek information that could help them determine the appropriate selection of dietary items. Clear nutritional recommendations have not been established thus far. NICE recommends a rational approach to nutrition and, if necessary, the short-term implementation of a low FODMAP diet. Currently, the FODMAP diet holds the greatest significance among IBS patients, although it does not yield positive results for everyone affected. Other unconventional diets adopted by individuals with IBS lack supporting research on their effectiveness and may additionally lead to a deterioration in nutritional status, as they often eliminate foods with high nutritional value. The role of physical activity also raises questions, as previous studies have shown its beneficial effects on the physical and mental well-being of every individual, and it can further help alleviate symptoms among people with IBS. Supplementation can be a supportive element in therapy. Attention is drawn to the use of probiotics, vitamin D, and psyllium husk/ispaghula. This review aims to analyze the existing scientific research to determine the impact of various food items, physical activity, and dietary supplementation with specific components through dietary supplements on the course of IBS.

Comparison of the laxative effects of Korean Gochujang containing different microbiota on loperamide-induced constipation in ICR mice

The prevalence of constipation, one of the common gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, has been gradually increasing. Gochujang, a traditional Korean fermented paste, has various microbiota and exerts diverse health beneficial effects. However, the ameliorative effect of Gochujang on constipation is unexplored. Seven-week-old ICR mice were divided into five groups: the normal group, the loperamide (LOP) group, the LOP + mosapride citrate (3 mg per kg BW, MOSA) treated group, the LOP + BMG Gochujang (2 g per kg BW) group, and the LOP + VMG Gochujang (2 g per kg BW) group. Gochujang alleviated constipation by increasing defecation frequency and water content in feces by reducing AQP3 mRNA expression. Additionally, Gochujang increased GI transit time and excitatory neurotransmitter levels and decreased inhibitory neurotransmitter levels. Moreover, Gochujang reduced mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation and increased the c-Kit/SCF signaling pathway, suggesting that Gochujang regulates the enteric nervous system (ENS). Interestingly, BMG and VMG differently influenced the gut microbiota composition. Both Gochujang groups significantly decreased the Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes ratio compared to the LOP group. However, among Firmicutes genera, Acetatifactor was only reduced in BMG, and VMG only decreased Caproiciproducens and Acutalibacter. In summary, Gochujang effectively alleviated LOP-induced constipation outcomes regardless of their different microbial communities by ameliorating GI motility and changing the gut microbiota composition.

Intestinal flora in the constipation patients before versus after lactulose intervention

This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of intestinal flora in patients with chronic functional constipation before and after lactulose intervention. Twenty-nine patients with constipation in the treatment group received oral lactulose (15 mL/d) for a month. Twenty healthy subjects served as controls. Stool specimens were collected before and after lactulose treatment. Fecal bacteria were examined by 16SrRNA gene sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. After lactulose treatment, most bacteria in the constipation group, including Bifidobacteria, Bacillus cereus, Prevotella, Bacillus, Anaerostipes, Oribacterium, and Mogibacterium increased as compared to those in the healthy control group. Anaerotruncus declined in the healthy control group after lactulose treatment. Our study shows lactulose can increase the abundance of probiotics, optimize the intestinal microenvironment, and alleviate constipation.

Identification of commensal gut microbiota signatures as predictors of clinical severity and disease progression in multiple sclerosis

Background

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults. Clinical presentation and disease course are highly heterogeneous. Typically, disease progression occurs over time and is characterized by the gradual accumulation of disability. The risk of developing MS is driven by complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors, including the gut microbiome. How the commensal gut microbiota impacts disease severity and progression over time remains unknown.

Methods

In a longitudinal study, disability status and associated clinical features in 60 MS patients were tracked over 4.2 ± 0.97 years, and the baseline fecal gut microbiome was characterized via 16S amplicon sequencing. Progressor status, defined as patients with an increase in Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), were correlated with features of the gut microbiome to determine candidate microbiota associated with risk of MS disease progression.

Results

We found no overt differences in microbial community diversity and overall structure between MS patients exhibiting disease progression and non-progressors. However, a total of 45 bacterial species were associated with worsening disease, including a marked depletion in Akkermansia , Lachnospiraceae, and Oscillospiraceae , with an expansion of Alloprevotella , Prevotella-9 , and Rhodospirillales . Analysis of the metabolic potential of the inferred metagenome from taxa associated with progression revealed a significant enrichment in oxidative stress-inducing aerobic respiration at the expense of microbial vitamin K 2 production (linked to Akkermansia ), and a depletion in SCFA metabolism (linked to Lachnospiraceae and Oscillospiraceae ). Further, statistical modeling demonstrated that microbiota composition and clinical features were sufficient to robustly predict disease progression. Additionally, we found that constipation, a frequent gastrointestinal comorbidity among MS patients, exhibited a divergent microbial signature compared with progressor status.

Conclusions

These results demonstrate the utility of the gut microbiome for predicting disease progression in MS. Further, analysis of the inferred metagenome revealed that oxidative stress, vitamin K 2 and SCFAs are associated with progression.

Abstract Figure

Neurodegenerative and Neurodevelopmental Diseases and the Gut-Brain Axis: The Potential of Therapeutic Targeting of the Microbiome

The human gut microbiome contains the largest number of bacteria in the body and has the potential to greatly influence metabolism, not only locally but also systemically. There is an established link between a healthy, balanced, and diverse microbiome and overall health. When the gut microbiome becomes unbalanced (dysbiosis) through dietary changes, medication use, lifestyle choices, environmental factors, and ageing, this has a profound effect on our health and is linked to many diseases, including lifestyle diseases, metabolic diseases, inflammatory diseases, and neurological diseases. While this link in humans is largely an association of dysbiosis with disease, in animal models, a causative link can be demonstrated. The link between the gut and the brain is particularly important in maintaining brain health, with a strong association between dysbiosis in the gut and neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases. This link suggests not only that the gut microbiota composition can be used to make an early diagnosis of neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases but also that modifying the gut microbiome to influence the microbiome-gut-brain axis might present a therapeutic target for diseases that have proved intractable, with the aim of altering the trajectory of neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, autism spectrum disorder, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, among others. There is also a microbiome-gut-brain link to other potentially reversible neurological diseases, such as migraine, post-operative cognitive dysfunction, and long COVID, which might be considered models of therapy for neurodegenerative disease. The role of traditional methods in altering the microbiome, as well as newer, more novel treatments such as faecal microbiome transplants and photobiomodulation, are discussed.

Altered gut microbiota profile in patients with perimenopausal panic disorder

Introduction

Females in the perimenopausal period are susceptible to mood disorders. Perimenopausal panic disorder (PPD) is characterized by repeated and unpredictable panic attacks during perimenopause, and it impacts the patient's physical and mental health and social function. Pharmacotherapy is limited in the clinic, and its pathological mechanism is unclear. Recent studies have demonstrated that gut microbiota is strongly linked to emotion; however, the relation between PPD and microbiota is limitedly known.

Methods

This study aimed to discover specific microbiota in PPD patients and the intrinsic connection between them. Gut microbiota was analyzed in PPD patients (n = 40) and healthy controls (n = 40) by 16S rRNA sequencing.

Results

The results showed reduced α-diversity (richness) in the gut microbiota of PPD patients. β-diversity indicated that PPD and healthy controls had different intestinal microbiota compositions. At the genus level, 30 species of microbiota abundance had significantly different between the PPD and healthy controls. In addition, HAMA, PDSS, and PASS scales were collected in two groups. It was found that Bacteroides and Alistipes were positively correlated with PASS, PDSS, and HAMA.

Discussion

Bacteroides and Alistipes dysbiosis dominate imbalanced microbiota in PPD patients. This microbial alteration may be a potential pathogenesis and physio-pathological feature of PPD. The distinct gut microbiota can be a potential diagnostic marker and a new therapeutic target for PPD.

Gut Microbiota and Behavioural Issues in Production, Performance, and Companion Animals: A Systematic Review

The literature has identified poor nutrition as the leading factor in the manifestation of many behavioural issues in animals, including aggression, hyperalertness, and stereotypies. Literature focused on all species of interest consistently reported that although there were no significant differences in the richness of specific bacterial taxa in the microbiota of individual subjects with abnormal behaviour (termed alpha diversity), there was variability in species diversity between these subjects compared to controls (termed beta diversity). As seen in humans with mental disorders, animals exhibiting abnormal behaviour often have an enrichment of pro-inflammatory and lactic acid-producing bacteria and a reduction in butyrate-producing bacteria. It is evident from the literature that an association exists between gut microbiota diversity (and by extension, the concurrent production of microbial metabolites) and abnormal behavioural phenotypes across various species, including pigs, dogs, and horses. Similar microbiota population changes are also evident in human mental health patients. However, there are insufficient data to identify this association as a cause or effect. This review provides testable hypotheses for future research to establish causal relationships between gut microbiota and behavioural issues in animals, offering promising potential for the development of novel therapeutic and/or preventative interventions aimed at restoring a healthy gut-brain-immune axis to mitigate behavioural issues and, in turn, improve health, performance, and production in animals.

The link between increased Desulfovibrio and disease severity in Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease (PD), a progressive and incurable neurodegenerative disease, has taken a huge economic toll and medical burden on our society. Increasing evidence has shown a strong link between PD and the gut microbiome, but studies on the relationship between the gut microbiome and the severity of PD are limited. In this study, 90 fecal samples were collected from newly diagnosed and untreated patients with PD (n = 47) and matched healthy control subjects (n = 43). The 16S rRNA amplicon and shotgun metagenomic sequencing was performed, aiming to uncover the connection between the gut microbiome and disease severity in PD. The results showed that Desulfovibrio was significantly increased in PD compared to healthy controls and positively correlated with disease severity. The increase in Desulfovibrio was mainly driven by enhanced homogeneous selection and weakened drift. Moreover, through metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) analysis, a Desulfovibrio MAG (MAG58) was obtained which was also positively correlated with disease severity. MAG58 possesses a complete assimilatory sulfate reduction pathway and a near-complete dissimilatory sulfate reduction pathway to produce hydrogen sulfide which may influence the development of PD. Based on these results, a potential pathogenic mechanism was presented to illustrate how the increased Desulfovibrio accelerates the development of PD by producing excessive hydrogen sulfide. The present study highlighted the vital role of Desulfovibrio in the development of PD, which may provide a new target for the diagnosis and treatment of PD. KEY POINTS: • The evidence for the link between increased Desulfovibrio and disease severity in PD • A Desulfovibrio MAG was obtained which was correlated with PD • A model was presented to illustrate how increased Desulfovibrio causes PD.