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Han XQ, Pan YR, Zhong YQ, Tian TT, Liu X, Zhang XJ, Zhang YA. Identification and functional analyses of CD4-1 + cells in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 150:109649. [PMID: 38797336 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
In mammals, CD4 is found to be expressed on T cells and innate immune cells, however, teleost cells bearing CD4 have not been well identified and characterized. In this study, we identified two different CD4-1+ cell subsets in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella): CD4-1+ lymphocytes (Lym) and CD4-1+ myeloid cells (Mye), both of which had the highest proportions in the head kidney. The mRNA expression analysis showed that CD4-1, CD4-2, TCRβ, CD3γ/δ, and LCK1 are highly expressed in CD4-1+ Lym and also expressed in CD4-1+ Mye. Furthermore, we found that CD4-1+ Lym have a Lym morphology and highly express T-cell cytokines, suggesting that they are CD4+ T cells equivalent to mammalian Th cells. On the other hand, CD4-1+ Mye were found to have a morphology of macrophage and highly express macrophage marker gene MCSFR, indicating that they are macrophages. In addition, functional analysis revealed that CD4-1+ Mye possess phagocytic ability and great antigen-processing ability. Taken together, our study sheds further light on the composition and function of CD4+ cells in teleost fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Qing Han
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi-Ru Pan
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya-Qin Zhong
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tian-Tian Tian
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xun Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu-Jie Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
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2
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Takizawa F, Hashimoto K, Miyazawa R, Ohta Y, Veríssimo A, Flajnik MF, Parra D, Tokunaga K, Suetake H, Sunyer JO, Dijkstra JM. CD4 and LAG-3 from sharks to humans: related molecules with motifs for opposing functions. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1267743. [PMID: 38187381 PMCID: PMC10768021 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1267743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
CD4 and LAG-3 are related molecules that are receptors for MHC class II molecules. Their major functional differences are situated in their cytoplasmic tails, in which CD4 has an activation motif and LAG-3 an inhibitory motif. Here, we identify shark LAG-3 and show that a previously identified shark CD4-like gene has a genomic location, expression pattern, and motifs similar to CD4 in other vertebrates. In nurse shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum) and cloudy catshark (Scyliorhinus torazame), the highest CD4 expression was consistently found in the thymus whereas such was not the case for LAG-3. Throughout jawed vertebrates, the CD4 cytoplasmic tail possesses a Cx(C/H) motif for binding kinase LCK, and the LAG-3 cytoplasmic tail possesses (F/Y)xxL(D/E) including the previously determined FxxL inhibitory motif resembling an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM). On the other hand, the acidic end of the mammalian LAG-3 cytoplasmic tail, which is believed to have an inhibitory function as well, was acquired later in evolution. The present study also identified CD4-1, CD4-2, and LAG-3 in the primitive ray-finned fishes bichirs, sturgeons, and gars, and experimentally determined these sequences for sterlet sturgeon (Acipenser ruthenus). Therefore, with CD4-1 and CD4-2 already known in teleosts (modern ray-finned fish), these two CD4 lineages have now been found within all major clades of ray-finned fish. Although different from each other, the cytoplasmic tails of ray-finned fish CD4-1 and chondrichthyan CD4 not only contain the Cx(C/H) motif but also an additional highly conserved motif which we expect to confer a function. Thus, although restricted to some species and gene copies, in evolution both CD4 and LAG-3 molecules appear to have acquired functional motifs besides their canonical Cx(C/H) and ITIM-like motifs, respectively. The presence of CD4 and LAG-3 molecules with seemingly opposing functions from the level of sharks, the oldest living vertebrates with a human-like adaptive immune system, underlines their importance for the jawed vertebrate immune system. It also emphasizes the general need of the immune system to always find a balance, leading to trade-offs, between activating and inhibiting processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Takizawa
- Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, Fukui Prefectural University, Obama, Fukui, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Hashimoto
- Emeritus Professor, Center for Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Miyazawa
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yuko Ohta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ana Veríssimo
- CIBIO‐InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Martin F. Flajnik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | | | - Hiroaki Suetake
- Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, Fukui Prefectural University, Obama, Fukui, Japan
| | - J. Oriol Sunyer
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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3
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Bela-Ong DB, Thompson KD, Kim HJ, Park SB, Jung TS. CD4 + T lymphocyte responses to viruses and virus-relevant stimuli in teleost fish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 142:109007. [PMID: 37625734 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Fish diseases caused by viruses are a major threat to aquaculture. Development of disease protection strategies for sustainable fish aquaculture requires a better understanding of the immune mechanisms involved in antiviral defence. The innate and adaptive arms of the vertebrate immune system collaborate to mount an effective defence against viral pathogens. The T lymphocyte components of the adaptive immune system, comprising two major classes (helper T, Th or CD4+ and cytotoxic T lymphocytes, CTLs or CD8+ T cells), are responsible for cell-mediated immune responses. In particular, CD4+ T cells and their different subsets orchestrate the actions of various other immune cells during immune responses, making CD4+ T cells central drivers of responses to pathogens and vaccines. CD4+ T cells are also present in teleost fish. Here we review the literature that reported the use of antibodies against CD4 in a few teleost fish species and transcription profiling of Th cell-relevant genes in the context of viral infections and virus-relevant immunomodulation. Studies reveal massive CD4+ T cell proliferation and expression of key cytokines, transcription factors, and effector molecules that evoke mammalian Th cell responses. We also discuss gaps in the current understanding and evaluation of teleost CD4+ T cell responses and how development and application of novel tools and approaches to interrogate such responses could bridge these gaps. A greater understanding of fish Th cell responses will further illuminate the evolution of vertebrate adaptive immunity, inform strategies to address viral infections in aquaculture, and could further foster fish as model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Berbulla Bela-Ong
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Research Institute of Natural Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501-201, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, 52828, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kim D Thompson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Hyoung Jun Kim
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for VHS, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Bin Park
- Coastal Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Pascagula, MS, 39567, USA
| | - Tae Sung Jung
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Research Institute of Natural Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501-201, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, 52828, Republic of Korea.
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Oliver LP, Bruce TJ, Ma J, Jones EM, Cain KD. Development of a monoclonal antibody specific to burbot (Lota lota) IgM and optimization of an ELISA to measure anti-Aeromonas sp. antibody titers following pathogen challenge. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 137:108775. [PMID: 37105427 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Burbot (Lota lota) are an ideal candidate for cool or cold-water aquaculture and are gaining interest because of their high economic value, low temperature requirements, and fast growth rate. Limited information exists on the innate and adaptive immune systems of this species. This is partly due to the lack of species-specific tools to determine antibody responses following disease or vaccination or to characterize the immune response in general. An anti-IgM monoclonal antibody (mAb 27C) was developed and characterized via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot for species specificity, affinity to the heavy chain of burbot IgM, and cross-reactivity to other reagents used in the analysis. The 27C monoclonal antibody was further utilized to develop an ELISA protocol to measure the specific antibody response of burbot following exposure to two pathogenic strains of Aeromonas sp. (A141 and IR004). This ELISA confirmed that vaccinated burbot that survived the challenge with either strain developed statistically higher titers of anti-Aeromonas antibodies specific for the relative strain when compared to fish that were not vaccinated or challenged. Western blot analysis further demonstrated that burbot surviving challenge had serum IgM that recognized distinct antigens specific to the strain they were challenged with, A141 bound to antigens in the 50-250Kda range and IR004 bound to a distinct 150Kda antigen. Western blots further indicated that each strain shared antigenic regions regardless of experimental Aeromonas strain exposure. Finally, immunofluorescent staining confirmed that mAb 27C binds to membrane-bound IgM (presumably B cells) on burbot head kidney cells. Taken together, results from this study demonstrate that mAb 27C specifically recognized burbot IgM and will be an important tool to further characterize the adaptive and cellular immune responses of this fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke P Oliver
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, Aquaculture Research Institute, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Timothy J Bruce
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, Aquaculture Research Institute, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA; School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36832, USA
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, Aquaculture Research Institute, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Evan M Jones
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, Aquaculture Research Institute, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Kenneth D Cain
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, Aquaculture Research Institute, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA.
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5
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Lau LM, Kuga M, Sano M, Kato G. CD4-1 and CD4-2 single positive are two major CD4 lymphocyte subpopulations in ginbuna crucian carp Carassius auratus langsdorfii. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 138:108785. [PMID: 37141958 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we established a murine cell line that expresses ginbuna crucian carp (ginbuna) CD4-2 and used it to develop an anti-CD4-2 monoclonal antibody (mAb). An established mAb, named D5, showed good reactivities to BALB/3T3 cells expressing CD4-2 and a lymphocyte population in the ginbuna leukocytes. Gene expression analysis showed that D5+ cells express CD4-2 and TCRβ genes but not CD4-1 and IgM genes, meanwhile May Grunwald-Giemsa staining of sorted D5+ cells had the typical morphology of lymphocytes. Two-color immunofluorescence analysis with anti-CD4-1 mAb (6D1) and anti-CD4-2 mAb (D5) by flow cytometry revealed that the percentages of CD4-1 single positive (SP) and CD4-2 SP lymphocytes were comparatively higher than CD4-1/CD4-2 double positive (CD4 DP) lymphocytes in all tissues examined in ginbuna. The highest percentages of CD4-2 SP cells (∼40%) were found in the thymus, while the head-kidney exhibited the highest percentages of CD4-1 SP (∼30%) and CD4 DP (∼5%) cells. These findings indicated that ginbuna CD4+ lymphocyte population consists of two major subpopulations (CD4-1 SP and CD4-2 SP) and a minor subset (CD4 DP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lik-Ming Lau
- Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
| | - Misato Kuga
- Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
| | - Motohiko Sano
- Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
| | - Goshi Kato
- Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan.
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Wang M, Chen Z, Wang Y, Zou J, Li S, Guo X, Gao J, Wang Q. Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) exhibited better growth potential after adaptation to dietary cottonseed protein concentrate inclusion but experienced higher inflammatory risk during bacterial infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:997985. [PMID: 36189250 PMCID: PMC9520256 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.997985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cottonseed protein concentrate (CPC) has been proven to partially replace fishmeal without adverse effects on fish growth performance, while little information is known about the effects on liver health during bacterial infection. In the present study, 15% CPC was included into the diet of juvenile largemouth bass (32.12 ± 0.09g) to replace fishmeal for 8 weeks, with fish growth potential and hepatic inflammatory responses during Nocardia seriolae (N. seriolae) infection systemically evaluated. After adaptation to dietary CPC inclusion, largemouth bass even exhibited better growth potential with higher SGR and WGR during the last three weeks of whole feeding trial, which was accompanied with higher phosphorylation level of TOR signaling and higher mRNA expression level of myogenin (myog). At the end of 8-weeks feeding trial, the histological structure of largemouth bass liver was not significantly affected by dietary CPC inclusion, accompanied with the similar expression level of genes involved in innate and adaptive immunity and comparable abundance of T cells in bass liver. N.seriolae infection induced the pathological changes of bass liver, while such hepatic changes were more serious in CPC group than that in FM group. Additionally, RT-qPCR results also suggested that largemouth bass fed with CPC experienced much higher inflammatory potential both in liver and gill during N. seriolae infection, which was accompanied with higher expression level of genes involved in pyroptosis. Therefore, this study demonstrated that the application of CPC in largemouth bass diet should be careful, which may induce higher inflammatory potential during N. seriolae infection.
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7
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Su N, Jin CY, Hu CB, Shao T, Ji JF, Qin LL, Fan DD, Lin AF, Xiang LX, Shao JZ. Extensive involvement of CD40 and CD154 costimulators in multiple T cell-mediated responses in a perciform fish Larimichthys crocea. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 134:104460. [PMID: 35667467 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
CD40 and CD154 are well-characterized costimulatory molecules involved in adaptive humoral immunity in humans and other mammals. These two costimulatory molecules were found to be originated from teleost fish during vertebrate evolution. However, the functionality of fish CD40 and CD154 remains to be explored. In this study, we identified the CD40 and CD154 homologs (LcCD40 and LcCD154) from large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea), a marine species of the perciform fish family. The LcCD40 and LcCD154 share conserved structural features to their mammalian counterparts, and are widely expressed in immune-relevant tissues and leukocytes at different transcriptional levels. Immunofluorescence staining and FCM analysis showed that LcCD40 and LcCD154 proteins are distributed on MHC-II+ APCs and CD4-2+ T cells, and are significantly upregulated in response to antigen stimulation. Co-IP assay exhibited strong association between LcCD40 and LcCD154 proteins. Blockade of LcCD154 with anti-LcCD154 antibody (Ab) or recombinant soluble LcCD40-Ig fusion protein remarkably decreased the MHC-II+ APC-initiated CD4+ T cell response upon Aeromonas hydrophila stimulation, and alloreactive T cell activation as examined by mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). These findings highlight the costimulatory role of LcCD40 and LcCD154 in T cell activities in Larimichthys crocea. Thus, the CD40 and CD154 costimulators may extensively participate in the regulation of multiple T cell-mediated immune responses in teleost fish. It is anticipated that this study would provide a cross-species understanding of the evolutionary history of CD40 and CD154 costimulatory signals from fish to mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Su
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chun-Yu Jin
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong-Bin Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Shao
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Fei Ji
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu-Lu Qin
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Dong Fan
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai-Fu Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Xin Xiang
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian-Zhong Shao
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Tian HF, Xing J, Tang XQ, Chi H, Sheng XZ, Zhan WB. Cluster of differentiation antigens: essential roles in the identification of teleost fish T lymphocytes. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 4:303-316. [PMID: 37073166 PMCID: PMC10077257 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-022-00136-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cluster of differentiation (CD) antigens are cell surface molecules expressed on leukocytes and other cells associated with the immune system. Antibodies that react with CD antigens are known to be one of the most essential tools for identifying leukocyte subpopulations. T lymphocytes, as an important population of leukocytes, play essential roles in the adaptive immune system. Many of the CD antigens expressed on T lymphocytes are used as surface markers for T lymphocyte classification, including CD3, CD4 and CD8 molecules. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the identification of CD molecules on T lymphocytes in teleosts, with emphasis on the functions of CD markers in the classification of T lymphocyte subsets. We notice that genes encoding CD3, co-receptors CD4 and CD8 have been cloned in several fish species and antibodies have been developed to study protein expression in morphological and functional contexts. T lymphocytes can be divided into CD4+ and CD8+ cells discriminated by the expression of CD4 and CD8 molecules in teleost, which are functionally similar to mammalian helper T cells (Th) and cytotoxic T cells (Tc), respectively. Further studies are still needed on the particular characteristics of teleost T cell repertoires and adaptive responses, and results will facilitate the health management and development of vaccines for fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-fei Tian
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Jing Xing
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237 China
| | - Xiao-qian Tang
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Heng Chi
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Xiu-zhen Sheng
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Wen-bin Zhan
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237 China
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9
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Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against grass carp CD4-1 and CD4-2. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2022.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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10
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Immunomolecular response of CD4+, CD8+, TNF-α and IFN-γ in Myxobolus-infected koi (Cyprinus carpio) treated with probiotics. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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11
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Fei C, Nie L, Zhang J, Chen J. Potential Applications of Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) and Droplet-Based Microfluidics in Promoting the Discovery of Specific Antibodies for Characterizations of Fish Immune Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:771231. [PMID: 34868030 PMCID: PMC8635192 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.771231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Akin to their mammalian counterparts, teleost fish possess a complex assortment of highly specialized immune cells that are capable of unleashing potent innate immune responses to eradicate or mitigate incoming pathogens, and also differentiate into memory lymphocytes to provide long-term protection. Investigations into specific roles and functions of fish immune cells depend on the precise separation of each cell type. Commonly used techniques, for example, density gradient centrifugation, rely on immune cells to have differing sizes or densities and thus fail to separate between similar cell types (e.g. T and B lymphocytes). Furthermore, a continuously growing database of teleost genomic information has revealed an inventory of cellular markers, indicating the possible presence of immune cell subsets in teleost fish. This further complicates the interpretation of results if subsets of immune cells are not properly separated. Consequently, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against specific cellular markers are required to precisely identify and separate novel subsets of immune cells in fish. In the field of fish immunology, mAbs are largely generated using the hybridoma technology, resulting in the development of mAbs against specific cellular markers in different fish species. Nevertheless, this technology suffers from being labour-intensive, time-consuming and most importantly, the inevitable loss of diversities of antibodies during the fusion of antibody-expressing B lymphocytes and myeloma cells. In light of this, the focus of this review is to discuss the potential applications of fluorescence-activated cell sorting and droplet-based microfluidics, two emerging technologies capable of screening and identifying antigen-specific B lymphocytes in a high-throughput manner, in promoting the development of valuable reagents for fish immunology studies. Our main goal is to encourage the incorporation of alternative technologies into the field of fish immunology to promote the production of specific antibodies in a high-throughput and cost-effective way, which could better allow for the precise separation of fish immune cells and also facilitate the identification of novel immune cell subsets in teleost fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjie Fei
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Li Nie
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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Chun JH, Jung JW, Kim YR, Lazarte JMS, Kim SW, Kim J, Thompson KD, Kim HJ, Jung TS. Poly (I:C)-Potentiated Vaccination Enhances T Cell Response in Olive Flounder ( Paralichthys olivaceus) Providing Protection against Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus (VHSV). Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:482. [PMID: 34068522 PMCID: PMC8151365 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS), caused by viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), is a viral disease affecting teleosts, and is the major cause of virus-related deaths in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Research has focused on ways to control VHS, and recently, the use of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid poly (I:C)-potentiated vaccination has been investigated, whereby fish are injected with poly (I:C) and then with live pathogenic virus, resulting in a significant decrease in VHSV-related mortality. T cell responses were investigated in the present study after vaccinating olive flounder with poly (I:C)-potentiated vaccination to understand the ability of poly (I:C) to induce T cell immunity. Stimulation of T cell responses with the poly (I:C)-potentiated vaccination was confirmed by examining levels of CD3+ T cells, CD4-1+ T cells and CD4-2+ T cells. Higher levels of CD4-2+ T cells were found in vaccinated fish than CD4-1+ T cells, believed to result from a synergistic effect between poly (I:C) administration and pathogenic VHSV immunization. More importantly, the role of CD4-2+ T cells in the antiviral response was clearly evident. The results of this study suggest that the outstanding protection obtained with the poly (I:C)-potentiated vaccination is due to the robust immune response initiated by the CD4-2+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hong Chun
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Research Institute of Natural Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501-201, 501, Jinju-daero, Jinju-si 52828, Korea; (J.H.C.); (J.W.J.); (Y.R.K.); (J.M.S.L.); (S.W.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Jae Wook Jung
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Research Institute of Natural Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501-201, 501, Jinju-daero, Jinju-si 52828, Korea; (J.H.C.); (J.W.J.); (Y.R.K.); (J.M.S.L.); (S.W.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Young Rim Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Research Institute of Natural Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501-201, 501, Jinju-daero, Jinju-si 52828, Korea; (J.H.C.); (J.W.J.); (Y.R.K.); (J.M.S.L.); (S.W.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Jassy Mary S. Lazarte
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Research Institute of Natural Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501-201, 501, Jinju-daero, Jinju-si 52828, Korea; (J.H.C.); (J.W.J.); (Y.R.K.); (J.M.S.L.); (S.W.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Si Won Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Research Institute of Natural Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501-201, 501, Jinju-daero, Jinju-si 52828, Korea; (J.H.C.); (J.W.J.); (Y.R.K.); (J.M.S.L.); (S.W.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Jaesung Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Research Institute of Natural Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501-201, 501, Jinju-daero, Jinju-si 52828, Korea; (J.H.C.); (J.W.J.); (Y.R.K.); (J.M.S.L.); (S.W.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Kim D. Thompson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK;
| | - Hyoung Jun Kim
- Pathology Research Division, OIE Reference Laboratory for Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia (VHS), National Institute of Fisheries Science, 216, Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Busan 46083, Korea;
| | - Tae Sung Jung
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Research Institute of Natural Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501-201, 501, Jinju-daero, Jinju-si 52828, Korea; (J.H.C.); (J.W.J.); (Y.R.K.); (J.M.S.L.); (S.W.K.); (J.K.)
- Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
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Xing J, Jiang X, Xu H, Sheng X, Tang X, Chi H, Zhan W. Local immune responses to VAA DNA vaccine against Listonella anguillarum in flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Mol Immunol 2021; 134:141-149. [PMID: 33773157 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of DNA vaccine is associated closely with the expression of the antigen and the intensity of local immune responses. In our previous study, a recombinant DNA plasmid expressing the VAA protein (pVAA) of Listonella anguillarum has been proved to have a good protection against the infection of L. anguillarum. In the present study, the local immune responses eliciting by immunizing flounder with intramuscular (I.M.) injection of pVAA was investigated at the cellular and genetic level, the muscle at the injection site at 7th post vaccination day was sampled and analyzed by hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining, immunohistochemistry (IHC), flow cytometry (FCM), RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq)-based transcriptomics and RT-qPCR. Then variations on the specific antibodies in serum at 1st-6th post vaccination week and the relative percent survival rate (RPS) at following 14 days after challenge were measured. The H&E results showed that inflammatory cells and immune cells significantly increased at the injection site. The IHC using monoclonal antibody against T cell markers revealed that both CD4-1+ and CD4-2+ T lymphocytes were recruited to the injection site and FCM results showed that the proportion of CD4-1+ cells in pVAA immunized group was 28.6 %, in the control group was 8.7 %, and that of CD4-2+ cells in two groups was 21.2 % and 8.5 %, respectively. These results indicating that the proportion of CD4+ cells in the immune group was significantly increased compared with the control group. Moreover, there were 2551 genes differently expressed in pVAA immunized group, KEGG analysis showed the genes involved in the signal transduction and immune system, and surface markers for B-cells genes, T-cells and antigen presenting cells (APCs) genes were highly upregulated, suggesting the activation of the systemic immune responses. Antibody specific anti-L. anguillarum or anti-rVAA antibodies were significantly induced at 2nd post-immunization week, that reached a peak at 4-5th week. RPS in pVAA group was 53.85±3.64 %. In conclusion, pVAA induced effective local immune responses and then the systematic response. This probably is the main contribution of pVAA to effective protection against L. anguillarum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xing
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, No. 1 Wenhai Road, Aoshanwei Town, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiaoyu Jiang
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, China
| | - Hongsen Xu
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, China
| | - Xiuzhen Sheng
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, China
| | - Xiaoqian Tang
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, No. 1 Wenhai Road, Aoshanwei Town, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Heng Chi
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, China
| | - Wenbin Zhan
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, No. 1 Wenhai Road, Aoshanwei Town, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Jung JW, Lee AR, Kim J, Kim YR, Lazarte JMS, Lee JS, Thompson KD, Kim H, Jung TS. Elucidating the Functional Roles of Helper and Cytotoxic T Cells in the Cell-Mediated Immune Responses of Olive Flounder ( Paralichthys olivaceus). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020847. [PMID: 33467734 PMCID: PMC7829854 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In higher vertebrates, helper and cytotoxic T cells, referred to as CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes, respectively, are mainly associated with adaptive immunity. The adaptive immune system in teleosts involves T cells equivalent to those found in mammals. We previously generated monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) CD4 T cells, CD4-1 and CD4-2, and used these to describe the olive flounder’s CD4 Tcell response during a viral infection. In the present study, we successfully produced mAbs against CD8 T lymphocytes and their specificities were confirmed using immuno-blotting, immunofluorescence staining, flow cytometry analysis andreverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The results showed that these mAbs are specific for CD8 T lymphocytes. We also investigated variations in CD4 and CD8 T cells populations, and analyzed the expression of immune-related genes expressed by these cells in fish infected with nervous necrosis virus or immunized with thymus dependent and independent antigens. We found that both CD4 and CD8 T lymphocyte populations significantly increased in these fish and Th1-related genes were up-regulated compared to the control group. Collectively, these findings suggest that the CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes in olive flounder are similar to the helper and cytotoxic T cells found in mammals, and Th1 and cytotoxic immune responses are primarily involved in the early adaptive immune response against extracellular antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Wook Jung
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Research Institute of Natural Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501-201, 501, Jinju-daero, Jinju-si 52828, Korea; (J.W.J.); (A.R.L.); (J.K.); (Y.R.K.); (J.M.S.L.); (J.S.L.)
| | - Ae Rin Lee
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Research Institute of Natural Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501-201, 501, Jinju-daero, Jinju-si 52828, Korea; (J.W.J.); (A.R.L.); (J.K.); (Y.R.K.); (J.M.S.L.); (J.S.L.)
| | - Jaesung Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Research Institute of Natural Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501-201, 501, Jinju-daero, Jinju-si 52828, Korea; (J.W.J.); (A.R.L.); (J.K.); (Y.R.K.); (J.M.S.L.); (J.S.L.)
| | - Young Rim Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Research Institute of Natural Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501-201, 501, Jinju-daero, Jinju-si 52828, Korea; (J.W.J.); (A.R.L.); (J.K.); (Y.R.K.); (J.M.S.L.); (J.S.L.)
| | - Jassy Mary S. Lazarte
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Research Institute of Natural Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501-201, 501, Jinju-daero, Jinju-si 52828, Korea; (J.W.J.); (A.R.L.); (J.K.); (Y.R.K.); (J.M.S.L.); (J.S.L.)
| | - Jung Suk Lee
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Research Institute of Natural Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501-201, 501, Jinju-daero, Jinju-si 52828, Korea; (J.W.J.); (A.R.L.); (J.K.); (Y.R.K.); (J.M.S.L.); (J.S.L.)
| | - Kim D. Thompson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK;
| | - Hyeongsu Kim
- Inland Aquaculture Research, National Institute of Fisheries Science, #55, 25gil, Yeomyeong-ro, Jinhae-gu, Changwon-si 51688, Korea;
| | - Tae Sung Jung
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Research Institute of Natural Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501-201, 501, Jinju-daero, Jinju-si 52828, Korea; (J.W.J.); (A.R.L.); (J.K.); (Y.R.K.); (J.M.S.L.); (J.S.L.)
- Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development, Flinders University, Bedford Park 5042, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-10-8545-9310; Fax: +82-55-762-6733
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