Therapeutic Potential of Jasmonic Acid and Its Derivatives

Identification of stay-green candidate gene TaTRNH1-3B and development of molecular markers related to chlorophyll content and yield in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Functional stay-green characteristic is closely associated with delayed loss in photosynthetic function and increased crop yield. However, the development and application of functional molecular markers based on stay-green-related genes are limited. This study compared and analyzed the differences of SPAD values, photosynthetic parameters, fluorescence parameters, and antioxidant enzyme activities at 0, 10, 18, 22, 26, 30 and 34 days after anthesis, as well as agronomic traits at mature stage between a stay-green line, Tailv113 (TL113), and a non-stay-green cultivar, Jinmai39 (JM39). The results showed that TL113 had higher photosynthetic capacity, photosynthetic efficiency, antioxidant capacity and yield than JM39. Subsequently, a comparative transcriptome analysis was conducted on TL113 and JM39 at 0, 26, and 30 days after anthesis. Analysis showed that senescence-associated co-expressed genes (SCEGs) and stay-green-associated differentially expressed genes (SDEGs) jointly affected wheat leaf senescence, while SDEGs played an important role in the stay green differences between TL113 and JM39. By analyzing the SNP sites of the SDEGs from transcriptome sequencing, a nsSNP was found in the TaTRNH1-3B sequence between TL113 and JM39. Further analyzing the resequencing data published in the Wheat Union database, four linked SNP sites were identified in TaTRNH1-3B, which formed two haplotypes, TaTRNH1-3B-Hap1 and TaTRNH1-3B-Hap2. Based on the SNP at 373 bp (A/G), a CAPS molecular marker, TaTRNH1-3B-Nla III-CAPS, was developed to distinguish allelic variations (A/G). Association analysis between TaTRNH1-3B allelic variation and agronomic traits found that the accessions possessing TaTRNH1-3B-Hap1 (A) exhibited significantly higher SPAD values than those possessing TaTRNH1-3B-Hap2 (G) in 6 of 10 environments at the jointing stage and in 7 of 10 environments at the grain filling stage in Beijing. Similarly, the accessions possessing TaTRNH1-3B-Hap1 (A) exhibited significantly higher chlorophyll contents and yield than those possessing TaTRNH1-3B-Hap2 (G) in 3 environments in Taigu. Additionally, lines with TaTRNH1-3B-Hap1 (A) displayed higher SPAD values at 0, 15, and 20 days after anthesis in the two BC3F3 populations than those with TaTRNH1-3B-Hap2 (G). These results suggest that TaTRNH1-3B is associated with the stay-green and yield traits in wheat, and TaTRNH1-3B-Hap1 is a favorable stay-green haplotype. The newly developed molecular marker, TaTRNH1-3B-Nla III-CAPS, provide valuable information for wheat genetic improvement of stay-green and high-yield traits, and can be used to marker-assisted selection breeding.

"Methyl jasmonate: bridging plant defense mechanisms and human therapeutics"

A volatile organic substance produced from jasmonic acid, methyl jasmonate (MJ/MeJA), is an important plant hormone involved in stress responses and plant defense. Apart from its role in plants, MJ has garnered significant attention because of its pharmacological effects and possible therapeutic use in human health. This thorough analysis looks into the many biological actions of MJ, such as its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects. The underlying mechanism of these actions is examined, emphasizing MJ's ability to modulate important signaling pathways, cause cancer cells to undergo apoptosis, and boost immunological responses. Furthermore, MJ's capacity to manage long-term illnesses like cancer and neurological conditions like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's is examined. Preclinical and clinical research are beginning to provide evidence that MJ may be a useful medicinal drug. Nevertheless, more research is needed to fully understand its mode of action, enhance its administration methods, and evaluate its efficacy and safety in humans. This review highlights MJ's therapeutic promise and supports earlier research into its pharmacological capabilities and possible medical applications. This abstract highlights methyl jasmonate's pharmacological effects and therapeutic potential by providing a concise overview of the main topics covered in a thorough review.

Discovering natural products as potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins

The ongoing global pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has demanded the urgent search for effective therapeutic interventions. In response, our research aimed at identifying natural products (NPs) with potential inhibitory effects on the entry of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein into host cells. Utilizing the Protein Data Bank Japan (PDBJ) and BindingDB databases, we isolated 204 S-glycoprotein sequences and conducted a clustering analysis to identify similarities and differences among them. We subsequently identified 33,722 binding molecules (BMs) by matching them with the sequences of 204 S-glycoproteins and compared them with 52,107 secondary metabolites (SMs) from the KNApSAcK database to identify potential inhibitors. We conducted docking and drug-likeness property analyses to identify several SMs with potential as drug candidates based on binding energy (BE), no Lipinski's rule violation (LV), psychochemical properties within the pink area of the bioavailability radar, and a bioavailability score (BAS) not less than 0.55. Fourteen SMs were predicted through computational analysis as potential candidates for inhibiting the three major types of S proteins. Our study provides a foundation for further experimental validation of these compounds as potential therapeutic agents against SARS-CoV-2.

Exploring the broad-spectrum pharmacological activity of two less studied Australian native fruits: chemical characterisation using LCMS-driven metabolomics

Australian fruits such as native currant (Acrotriche depressa) and lemon aspen (Acronychia acidula) are under-examined in terms of their therapeutic potential. In this study, the in vitro antiproliferative activity of native currant and lemon aspen extracts (water and ethanol) against MCF7 breast adenocarcinoma cells was determined using the Alamar blue assay. The most potent extracts (native currant water, NC-W; native currant ethanol, NC-Et; lemon aspen ethanol, LA-Et) were further evaluated using flow cytometry to detect the potential induction of apoptosis in MCF7 cells whereas 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA) assay was implemented to understand the impact of the extracts on the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in MCF7 cells. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of the extracts was assessed using ABTS [2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate)], and CUPRAC (cupric reducing antioxidant capacity) assays. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing of NC-W, NC-Et, and LA-Et was carried out against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus), Gram-negative (Escherichia coli), and yeast (Candida albicans) strains using a resazurin-based assay. Additionally, potential metabolites in the NC-W and NC-Et extracts were analysed with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) driven metabolomics and chemometrics to spot differential and major metabolites. A dose-dependent antiproliferative activity was conferred by the NC extracts against MCF7 cells. Of the two LA extracts, only LA-Et showed a dose-dependent antiproliferative activity at higher concentrations. Both NC extracts and LA-Et induced apoptosis in MCF7 cells. None of the extracts increased the production of ROS significantly in MCF7 cells compared to the untreated control. A dose-dependent antioxidant activity was observed in both antioxidant assays. Both NC and LA extracts showed a similar minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value against S. aureus. Only LA-Et showed activity against E. coli, while NC-W and NC-Et were less active. All extracts showed MIC values of >1500 μg mL-1 against C. albicans. The metabolomics analysis revealed an abundance of flavonoids, fatty acyl derivatives, carbohydrates, carboxylic acids and their derivatives, and alkaloid compounds as potential bioactive metabolites in the NC extracts. In conclusion, both NC and LA showed antiproliferative (against MCF7 breast adenocarcinoma cells through the induction of apoptosis), strong antioxidant and minimal antimicrobial properties.

Protective effects of hepatic diseases by bioactive phytochemicals in Fusarium oxysporum - A review

Lately, liver diseases were categorized as one of the most prevalent health problems globally as it causes a severe threat to mankind all over the world due to the wide range of occurrence. There are multiple factors causing hepatic disorders, such as alcohol, virus, poisons, adverse effects of drugs, poor diet, inherited conditions and obesity. Liver diseases have various types including alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, autoimmune hepatitis, liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, liver fibrosis and hepatic inflammation. Therefore, it is imperative to find effective and efficacious agents in managing liver diseases. Fusarium oxysporum, an endophytic fungus and containing many bioactive compounds, could be served as a forked medication for enormous number and types of maladies. It was characterized by producing biochemical compounds which had rare pharmacological properties as it may be found in a limit number of other medicinal plants. The majority of the past researches related to Fusarium oxysporum recited the fungal negative field either on the pathogenic effects of the fungus on economical crops or on the fungal chemical components to know how to resist it. The present review will highlight on the bright side of Fusarium oxysporum and introduce the functional activities of its chemical compounds for treating its target diseases. The key point of illustrated studies in this article is displaying wide range of detected bioactive compounds isolated from Fusarium oxysporum and in other illustrated studies it was elucidated the therapeutical and pharmacological potency of these biologically active compounds (isolated from medicinal plants sources) against different types of liver diseases including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, cirrhosis and others. It was demonstrated that F. oxysporum contains unique types of isoflavones, flavonoids, phenols and another active chemical compounds, and these compounds showed recently a fabulous clinical contribution in the therapy of liver injury diseases, which opens new and unprecedented way for evaluating the maintaining efficacy of Fusarium oxysporum bioactive compounds in dealing with hepatic complications and its remedy impacting on liver diseases and injured hepatocytes through recommending implement a practical study.

Edgeworthia gardneri (Wall.) Meisn. Ethanolic Extract Attenuates Endothelial Activation and Alleviates Cardiac Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

Endothelial pro-inflammatory activation is pivotal in cardiac ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury pathophysiology. The dried flower bud of Edgeworthia gardneri (Wall.) Meisn. (EG) is a commonly utilized traditional Tibetan medicine. However, its role in regulating endothelium activation and cardiac I/R injury has not been investigated. Herein, we showed that the administration of EG ethanolic extract exhibited a potent therapeutic efficacy in ameliorating cardiac endothelial inflammation (p < 0.05) and thereby protecting against myocardial I/R injury in rats (p < 0.001). In line with the in vivo findings, the EG extract suppressed endothelial pro-inflammatory activation in vitro by downregulating the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators (p < 0.05) and diminishing monocytes' firm adhesion to endothelial cells (ECs) (p < 0.01). Mechanistically, we showed that EG extract inhibited the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways to attenuate EC-mediated inflammation (p < 0.05). Collectively, for the first time, this study demonstrated the therapeutic potential of EG ethanolic extract in alleviating I/R-induced inflammation and the resulting cardiac injury through its inhibitory role in regulating endothelium activation.

Revealing Medicinal Constituents of Bistorta vivipara Based on Non-Targeted Metabolomics and 16S rDNA Gene Sequencing Technology

Bistorta vivipara is a medicinal plant with a long history, but there are few studies on the effects of its medicinal components and endophytic bacteria on the accumulation of secondary metabolites. Therefore, in this study, non-targeted metabolomics techniques and 16s rDNA techniques were used to study B. vivipara from different regions. A total of 1290 metabolites and 437 differential metabolites were identified from all samples. Among them, flavonoids, isoflavonoids, and benzopyrans are the main medicinal components of B. vivipara; these have potential anticancer, antiviral, and antioxidant properties, as well as potential applications for the treatment of atrial fibrillation. In addition, irigenin, an important medicinal component, was identified for the first time. The endophytic bacterial communities in the root tissues of B. vivipara from different regions were also different in composition and richness. Hierarchical clustering heat map analysis showed that Proteobacteria and Actinobacteriota bacteria significantly affected the accumulation of many medicinal components in the roots of B. vivipara.

Nitrogenous compounds from Aesculus wilsonii seeds

Eight nitrogenous compounds including five undescribed ones, aeswilnitrousol A (1), aeswilnitrousosides BD (2-4), and 6-(2-hydroxy-3-methylbutylamino)-8-oxoadenine (5) were isolated from the seeds of Aesculus wilsonii. Their structures and absolute configurations were established based on spectroscopic determination, calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) analysis, as well as chemical reaction methods. Among the three known compounds, 7 and 8 were obtained from the Aesculus genus for the first time, and 6 was gained from this plant initially. The 13C NMR data of 7 and 8 were reported for the first time. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of all the isolates against LPS-induced nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 macrophages was evaluated. As a result, compounds 2 and 8 exhibited anti-inflammatory activity in a concentration-dependent manner at 10, 25, and 50 μM.

Exploring the potential role of hydrogen sulfide and jasmonic acid in plants during heavy metal stress

In plants, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is mainly considered as a gaseous transmitter or signaling molecule that has long been recognized as an essential component of numerous plant cellular and physiological processes. Several subcellular compartments in plants use both enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms to generate H2S. Under normal and stress full conditions exogenous administration of H2S supports a variety of plant developmental processes, including growth and germination, senescence, defense, maturation and antioxidant machinery in plants. Due to their gaseous nature, they are efficiently disseminated to various areas of the cell to balance antioxidant pools and supply sulphur to the cells. Numerous studies have also been reported regarding H2S ability to reduce heavy metal toxicity when combined with other signaling molecules like nitric oxide (NO), abscisic acid (ABA), calcium ion (Ca2+), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), salicylic acid (SA), ethylene (ETH), jasmonic acid (JA), proline (Pro), and melatonin. The current study focuses on multiple pathways for JA and H2S production as well as their signaling functions in plant cells under varied circumstances, more specifically under heavy metal, which also covers role of H2S and Jasmonic acid during heavy metal stress and interaction of hydrogen sulfide with Jasmonic acid.

Secondary Metabolomic Analysis and In Vitro Bioactivity Evaluation of Stems Provide a Comprehensive Comparison between Dendrobium chrysotoxum and Dendrobium thyrsiflorum

The stems of Dendrobium chrysotoxum (DC) are commonly used as health-promoting foods due to their excellent biological activities. However, the stems of D. thyrsiflorum (DT) are often used to meet the scarcity of DC in production because of their highly similar morphology. However, the related metabolomic and bioactive information on the stems of DC and DT are largely deficient. Here, secondary metabolites of DC and DT stems were identified using an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry, and their health-promoting functions were evaluated using several in vitro arrays. A total of 490 metabolites were identified in two stems, and 274 were significantly different. We screened out 10 key metabolites to discriminate the two species, and 36 metabolites were determined as health-promoting constituents. In summary, DT stems with higher extract yield, higher total phenolics and flavonoids, and stronger in vitro antioxidant activities demonstrated considerable potential in food and health fields.

EZH2 activates Wnt/β-catenin signaling in human uterine fibroids, which is inhibited by the natural compound methyl jasmonate

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the link between EZH2 and Wnt/β-catenin signaling and its role in uterine fibroids (UFs) pathogenesis and explore the potential effect of natural compound methyl jasmonate (MJ) against UFs.

DESIGN

EZH2 overexpression or inhibition was achieved in human uterine leiomyoma (HuLM) cells using EZH2-expressing adenovirus or chemical EZH2 inhibitor (DZNep), respectively. The HuLM and normal uterine smooth muscle cells were treated with 0.1-3 mM of MJ, and several experiments were employed.

SETTING

Laboratory study.

PATIENTS(S)

None.

INTERVENTION(S)

Methyl jasmonate.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S)

Protein expression of EZH2, β-catenin, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was measured by Western blot as well as gene expression alterations of Wnt ligands (Wnt5A, Wnt5b, and Wnt9A), WISP1, CTNNB1, and its responsive gene PITX2 using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The protein and ribonucleic acid (RNA) levels of several markers were measured in MJ-treated or untreated HuLM cells, including EZH2 and β-catenin, extracellular matrix markers collagen type 1 (COL1A1) and fibronectin (FN), proliferation markers cyclin D1 (CCND1) and PCNA, tumor suppressor marker p21, and apoptotic markers (BAX, cytochrome c, and cleaved caspase 3).

RESULT(S)

EZH2 overexpression significantly increased the gene expression of several Wnt ligands (PITX2, WISP1, WNT5A, WNT5B, and WNT9A), which increased nuclear translocation of β-catenin and PCNA and eventually HuLM cell proliferation. EZH2 inhibition blocked Wnt/β-catenin signaling activation where the aforementioned genes significantly decreased as well as PCNA, cyclin D1, and PITX2 protein expression compared with those in untreated HuLM. Methyl jasmonate showed a potent antiproliferative effect on HuLM cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Interestingly, the dose range (0.1-0.5 mM) showed a selective growth inhibitory effect on HuLM cells, not on normal uterine smooth muscle cells. Methyl jasmonate treatment at 0.5 mM for 24 hours significantly decreased both protein and RNA levels of EZH2, β-catenin, COL1A1, FN, CCND1, PCNA, WISP1, and PITX2 but increased the protein levels of p21, BAX, cytochrome, c and cleaved caspase 3 compared with untreated HuLM. Methyl jasmonate-treated cells exhibited down-regulation in the RNA expression of 36 genes, including CTNNB1, CCND1, Wnt5A, Wnt5B, and Wnt9A, and up-regulation in the expression of 34 genes, including Wnt antagonist genes WIF1, PRICKlE1, and DKK1 compared with control, confirming the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction results.

CONCLUSION(S)

Our studies provide a novel link between EZH2 and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in UFs. Targeting EZH2 with MJ interferes with the activation of wnt/β-catenin signaling in our model. Methyl jasmonate may offer a promising therapeutic option as a nonhormonal and cost-effective treatment against UFs with favorable clinical utility, pending proven safe and efficient in human clinical trials.

Genome Sequencing and Analysis Reveal Potential High-Valued Metabolites Synthesized by Lasiodiplodia iranensis DWH-2

Lasiodiplodia sp. is a typical opportunistic plant pathogen, which can also be classified as an endophytic fungus. In this study, the genome of a jasmonic-acid-producing Lasiodiplodia iranensis DWH-2 was sequenced and analyzed to understand its application value. The results showed that the L. iranensis DWH-2 genome was 43.01 Mb in size with a GC content of 54.82%. A total of 11,224 coding genes were predicted, among which 4776 genes were annotated based on Gene Ontology. Furthermore, the core genes involved in the pathogenicity of the genus Lasiodiplodia were determined for the first time based on pathogen-host interactions. Eight Carbohydrate-Active enzymes (CAZymes) genes related to 1,3-β-glucan synthesis were annotated based on the CAZy database and three relatively complete known biosynthetic gene clusters were identified based on the Antibiotics and Secondary Metabolites Analysis Shell database, which were associated with the synthesis of 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene, dimethylcoprogen, and (R)-melanin. Moreover, eight genes associated with jasmonic acid synthesis were detected in pathways related to lipid metabolism. These findings fill the gap in the genomic data of high jasmonate-producing strains.

The Flavonoid Rich Black Currant (Ribes nigrum) Ethanolic Gemmotherapy Extract Elicits Neuroprotective Effect by Preventing Microglial Body Swelling in Hippocampus and Reduces Serum TNF-α Level: Pilot Study

Many plant-derived flavonoids are known for their anti-neuroinflammatory and anti-neurodegenerative effects. The fruits and leaves of the black currant (BC, Ribes nigrum) contain these phytochemicals with therapeutic benefits. The current study presents a report on a standardized BC gemmotherapy extract (BC-GTE) that is prepared from fresh buds. It provides details about the phytoconstituent profile specific to the extract as well as the associated antioxidant and anti-neuroinflammatory properties. The reported BC-GTE was found to contain approximately 133 phytonutrients, making it unique in its composition. Furthermore, this is the first report to quantify the presence of significant flavonoids such as luteolin, quercetin, apigenin, and kaempferol. Drosophila melanogaster-based tests revealed no cytotoxic but nutritive effects. We also demonstrated that adult male Wistar rats, pretreated with the analyzed BC-GTE and assessed after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection, did not show any apparent increase in body size in the microglial cells located in the hippocampal CA1 region, while in control experiments, the activation of microglia was evident. Moreover, no elevated levels of serum-specific TNF-α were observed under the LPS-induced neuroinflammatory condition. The analyzed BC-GTE's specific flavonoid content, along with the experimental data based on an LPS-induced inflammatory model, suggest that it possesses anti-neuroinflammatory/neuroprotective properties. This indicates that the studied BC-GTE has the potential to be used as a GTE-based complementary therapeutic approach.

Therapeutic Potential of Plant Oxylipins

For immobile plants, the main means of protection against adverse environmental factors is the biosynthesis of various secondary (specialized) metabolites. The extreme diversity and high biological activity of these metabolites determine the researchers' interest in plants as a source of therapeutic agents. Oxylipins, oxygenated derivatives of fatty acids, are particularly promising in this regard. Plant oxylipins, which are characterized by a diversity of chemical structures, can exert protective and therapeutic properties in animal cells. While the therapeutic potential of some classes of plant oxylipins, such as jasmonates and acetylenic oxylipins, has been analyzed thoroughly, other oxylipins are barely studied in this regard. Here, we present a comprehensive overview of the therapeutic potential of all major classes of plant oxylipins, including derivatives of acetylenic fatty acids, jasmonates, six- and nine-carbon aldehydes, oxy-, epoxy-, and hydroxy-derivatives of fatty acids, as well as spontaneously formed phytoprostanes and phytofurans. The presented analysis will provide an impetus for further research investigating the beneficial properties of these secondary metabolites and bringing them closer to practical applications.

Fucosylated Chondroitin Sulfate against Parkinson's Disease through Inhibiting Inflammation Induced by Gut Dysbiosis

Growing evidence for the importance of the gut-brain axis in Parkinson's disease (PD) has attracted researchers' interest in the possible application of microbiota-based treatment approaches. Using a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced mouse model, we looked into the prospect of treating PD with fucosylated chondroitin sulfate obtained from sea cucumbers Isostichopus badionotus (fCS-Ib). We showed that giving fCS-Ib polysaccharide orally greatly reduced the motor deficits, dopamine depletion, and alpha-synuclein increase caused by MPTP in the substantia nigra (SN). It appears that the anti-PD action of fCS-Ib polysaccharide could be attained by squelching inflammation. Glial cell hyperactivation in SN and overproduction of proinflammatory substances in serum could both be suppressed by fCS-Ib polysaccharide injection. The bacterial DNA in fresh colonic feces was submitted to 16S rRNA and untargeted metabolic analyses to confirm the participation of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in the aforementioned interpretation. The findings showed that the MPTP treatment-induced decrease in norank_f_Muribaculaceae and the increase in Staphylococcus were reversed by the administration of fCS-Ib polysaccharide. The NF-κB signaling pathway was shown to be involved in the fCS-Ib polysaccharide-induced anti-inflammation. In conclusion, our research demonstrated for the first time how fCS-Ib polysaccharide combats PD by reducing inflammation caused by gut microbial dysbiosis.

Integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis reveals variation in the metabolites and genes of Platycodon grandiflorus roots from different regions

INTRODUCTION

Platycodon grandiflorum root (PG), a popular traditional Chinese medicine, contains considerable chemical components with broad pharmacological activities. The complexity and diversity of the chemical components of PG from different origins contribute to its broad biological activities. The quality of southern PG is superior to that of northern PG, but the mechanisms underlying these differences remain unclear.

OBJECTIVES

In order to study variation in the differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs), differentially expressed genes (DEGs), as well as their interactions and signalling pathways among PG from Anhui and Liaoning.

METHODS

The metabolomes based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and the transcriptome based on high-throughput sequencing technology were combined to comprehensively analyse PGn and PGb.

RESULTS

A total of 6515 DEGs and 83 DAMs from the comparison of PG from Anhui and Liaoning were detected. Integrated analysis of metabolomic and transcriptomic data revealed that 215 DEGs and 57 DAMs were significantly enriched in 48 pathways according to KEGG pathway enrichment analysis, and 15 DEGs and 10 DAMs significantly enriched in the main pathway sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis might play a key role in complex response or regulatory processes.

CONCLUSION

Differences in PG from southern and northern China might thus stem from differences in environmental factors, such as precipitation, light duration, and humidity. The results of our study provide new insight into geographic variation in gene expression and metabolite accumulation and will enhance the utilisation of PG resources.

Potential of natural phenolic antioxidant compounds from Bersama abyssinica (Meliathacea) for treatment of chronic diseases

Chronic diseases including cardiovascular, diabetes and cancer persist for a long time in the course of treatment affecting health and are currently the cause of many deaths. In most cases, the treatment of chronic infectious diseases especially Tuberculosis relies on conventional drugs which are currently becoming fruitless due to drug resistance and unpredicted complications in course of treatment. However, herbal medicines have for a long time been used in prevention and treatment of chronic diseases including asthma and heart diseases in Africa. In this study, we extracted metabolites and screened for active compounds with potential free radical scavenging and pharmacological activities from Bersama abyssinica, the plant commonly used in traditional medicine in Tanzania. B. abyssinica root, stembark and leaf were air dried, sequentially extracted in various solvents including petroleum ether, dichloromethane, ethylacetate and methanol to yield extracts and fractions. The extracts and fractions were tested for the presence of several metabolites and antioxidant activity. The analysis of chemical compounds from resultant extracts was done by GC–MS for non-polar factions and LC-MS/MC for moderate polar extracts.High amount of phenolic acid, flavonoids and tannin were identified in ethylacetate fraction compared to ethanol, dichloromethane and petroleum ether. The GC–MS analysis of petroleum ether extract of B. abyssinica stem back yielded twelve (12) compounds with varying composition. The most abundant compounds were 2-Butenoic acid, 3-methyl-, ethyl ester comprising 33.8%, n-Hexadecanoic acid comprising 16.7% and Ethanolpentamethyl- yielded in 16.7%.The LC-MS/MS analysis of Ethyl acetate fractions yielded 20 compounds including; Mangiferin and Isoquercitin were abundant in leaves, stembark and roots. Lastly, ethyl vanillate was identified in both roots and leaves whereas Quercitrin and 7,8-Dimethoxycoumarin were found in stembark and root.These findings indicated that B. abyssinica is rich in phenolic compounds ranging from phenolic acids, flavonoids and coumarin that possess high antioxidant and pharmacological properties potential for treatment of chronic diseases.

Bright Side of Fusarium oxysporum: Secondary Metabolites Bioactivities and Industrial Relevance in Biotechnology and Nanotechnology

Fungi have been assured to be one of the wealthiest pools of bio-metabolites with remarkable potential for discovering new drugs. The pathogenic fungi, Fusarium oxysporum affects many valuable trees and crops all over the world, producing wilt. This fungus is a source of different enzymes that have variable industrial and biotechnological applications. Additionally, it is widely employed for the synthesis of different types of metal nanoparticles with various biotechnological, pharmaceutical, industrial, and medicinal applications. Moreover, it possesses a mysterious capacity to produce a wide array of metabolites with a broad spectrum of bioactivities such as alkaloids, jasmonates, anthranilates, cyclic peptides, cyclic depsipeptides, xanthones, quinones, and terpenoids. Therefore, this review will cover the previously reported data on F. oxysporum, especially its metabolites and their bioactivities, as well as industrial relevance in biotechnology and nanotechnology in the period from 1967 to 2021. In this work, 180 metabolites have been listed and 203 references have been cited.