Synergistic Effects of Plant Derivatives and Conventional Chemotherapeutic Agents: An Update on the Cancer Perspective

An overview of potential of natural compounds to regulate epigenetic modifications in colorectal cancer: a recent update

Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains an alarming global health concern despite advancements in treatment modalities over recent decades. Among the various factors contributing to CRC, this review emphasizes the critical role of epigenetic mechanisms in its pathogenesis and progression. This review also describes the potential role of natural compounds in altering the epigenetic landscape, focused mainly on DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNAs. Publications from the previous five years were searched and retrieved using well-known search engines and databases like PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect. Keywords like CRC/colorectal cancer, CAC/Colitis associated CRC, inflammasomes, epigenetic modulation, genistein, curcumin, quercetin, resveratrol, anthocyanins, sulforaphane, and epigallocatechin-3-gallate were used in various combinations during the search. These natural compounds predominantly affect pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin, NF-κB, and PI3K/AKT to suppress CRC cell proliferation and oxidative stress and enhance anti-inflammation and apoptosis. However, their clinical use is restricted due to their low bioavailability. However, multiple methods exist to overcome challenges like this, including but not limited to structural modifications, nanoparticle encapsulations, bio-enhancers, and novel advanced delivery systems. These methods improve their potential as supportive therapies that target CRC progression epigenetically with fewer side effects. Current research focuses on enhancing epigenetic targeting to control CRC progression while minimizing side effects, emphasizing improved specificity, bioavailability, and efficacy as standalone or synergistic therapies.

Insights into the Therapeutic Targets and Molecular Mechanisms of Eruca sativa Against Colorectal Cancer: An Integrated Approach Combining Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking and Dynamics Simulation

Background/Objectives: This study presents a novel and comprehensive investigation into the anti-colorectal cancer (CRC) effects and underlying mechanisms of Eruca sativa (E. sativa) using an integrated approach combining network pharmacology, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation. Methods: Using an integrated approach, six bioactive compounds and 40 potential targets were identified. A compound-target network was constructed, and enrichment analysis was performed to explore the key pathways influenced by E. sativa. Molecular docking analysis was used to evaluate the binding interactions between the identified compounds and key CRC-related targets (AKT1, PGR, MMP9, and PTGS2). Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulation was utilized to confirm the stability and reliability of these interactions. Results: The study found that E. sativa exhibits strong anticancer potential, particularly through major compounds such as β-ionone, 1-octanol, isorhamnetin, 2-hexenal, propionic acid, and quercetin. Molecular docking revealed favorable binding interactions between these compounds and key CRC targets, with quercetin and isorhamnetin showing the highest binding affinities. Additionally, molecular dynamics simulations validated the stability of these interactions, reinforcing their therapeutic relevance. Conclusions: This study provides valuable insights into the pharmacological mechanisms of E. sativa against CRC, highlighting its potential as a natural anticancer agent. These findings pave the way for future clinical studies to validate the efficacy and safety of E. sativa and its bioactive compounds, potentially contributing to the development of novel, plant-based therapeutic strategies for CRC treatment.

Synergistic Neuroprotection Through Epigenetic Modulation by Combined Curcumin-Enriched Turmeric Extract and L-Ascorbic Acid in Oxidative Stress-Induced SH-SY5Y Cell Damage

Epigenetic modulation plays a crucial role in neuroprotection by regulating cellular responses to stress, inflammation, and oxidative damage, particularly in neurodegenerative diseases. Recognizing the therapeutic potential of epigenetic regulators, this study investigated the synergistic neuroprotective effects of curcumin-enriched turmeric extract combined with L-ascorbic acid, focusing on its modulation of epigenetic pathways in oxidative stress-induced neuronal damage. SH-SY5Y neuronal cells were treated with the combination at 20 and 40 µg/mL, and subsequently exposed to 200 µM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to induce oxidative stress. Cell viability was assessed using the MTT assay, while neuroprotective mechanisms were evaluated by analyzing the markers of epigenetic modulation, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. The combination significantly enhanced cell viability, upregulated sirtuin-1 (SIRT1), and reduced DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) expression, indicating effective epigenetic modulation. Enhanced antioxidant defenses were observed, as evidenced by increased activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), along with decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, alleviating oxidative stress. Additionally, it suppressed nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activity and its downstream mediator interleukin-6 (IL-6), thereby mitigating inflammation. The treatment also increased anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 expression while reducing pro-apoptotic markers, including caspase-3 and caspase-9, suggesting inhibition of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. These findings highlight the novel neuroprotective effects of this combination, demonstrating its ability to modulate epigenetic pathways while reducing oxidative stress, suppressing inflammation, and preventing undesired apoptosis. Its multifaceted neuroprotective properties make it a promising functional ingredient in functional foods for neurodegenerative disease intervention. However, further investigations, including animal studies and clinical trials, are essential to evaluate its safety and therapeutic potential.

3-Acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKBA) induced antiproliferative effect by suppressing Notch signaling pathway and synergistic interaction with cisplatin against prostate cancer cells

Studies on the assessment of anticancer efficacy of plant-derived phytochemicals by targeting signaling pathways have drawn a lot of attention recently for human health. Multiple investigations have proposed an involvement of Notch pathway in the processes of cancer angiogenesis and metastasis, and drug resistance. Moreover, overexpression of Notch signaling is associated with increased prostate cancer (PrCa) cell growth and development. A number of chemotherapeutic agents are reported to become resistant over a period of time and have severe side effects. To increase efficacy and lessen drug-induced toxicity, a variety of bioactive compounds have been utilized alone or as adjuncts to traditional chemotherapy. Therefore, in the present study, the potential of AKBA in inhibiting the proliferation of PrCa cells by modulating Notch signaling components and its efficacy in combination with cisplatin was investigated. The results exhibited a substantial reduction in cell survival (IC50 = 25.28 µM at 24 h and 16.50 µM at 48 h) and cellular alterations in AKBA-treated PrCa cells. Additionally, AKBA caused nuclear condensation, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, and caspase activation, ultimately leading to apoptosis in PrCa cells. Moreover, AKBA-elicited apoptosis was evidenced by an augmentation in the Bax to Bcl2 ratio. AKBA was also found to induce G0/G1 arrest which was substantiated by reduced cyclin D1 and CDK4 expression levels concomitantly with increased expression of p21 and p27 genes. Intriguingly, AKBA demonstrated significant downregulation of Notch signaling mediators. Furthermore, the isobolograms of the combination treatment indicated that AKBA has the potential to synergistically enhance the cytotoxic efficacy of cisplatin in DU145 cells, as evidenced by CI < 1 across all tested combinations. Overall, the results of this study suggest strong antiproliferative, apoptotic, and chemo-sensitizing potential of AKBA. Thus, AKBA holds a promising drug candidature warranting further investigation as a probable therapeutic option for both the prevention and treatment of PrCa and other solid tumors.

UHPLC-QTOF-MS-Based Metabolic Profiling, Estimation of Antioxidants and Anticancer Potential Assessment of Dicliptera bupleuroides Nees by Caspase Activation, and ROS and MMP Evaluation by Using Fluorescence Microscopy

Dicliptera bupleuroides has been used traditionally for treating various ailments in many countries. Its detailed phytochemical profiling and pharmacological evaluation in treating cancer based on reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) analysis along with caspase activation studies has not been done previously. This study was conducted for detailed phytochemical profiling of D. bupleuroides by using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS) and to evaluate its antioxidant and anticancer potential against hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells. The extract was subjected to UHPLC-QTOF-MS analysis for metabolite profiling, and GNPS Molnet enhancer determined its major phytochemical classes. Phytochemical tests and multimode antioxidant assays were also executed. The extract was pharmacologically evaluated for its anticancer potential against HepG2 cells using CCK-8 assay. Intracellular ROS generation and loss in MMP were studied by fluorescence microscopy. Network pharmacology and molecular docking of selected compounds were executed. The extract contains total phenolic content as 58.37 ± 0.32 μg GAE/mg extract, and remarkable antioxidant potential was revealed in total antioxidant contents (TAC) and total reducing power (TRP) assays, i.e., 70.4 ± 0.4, 83.2 ± 1.9 μg ascorbic acid equilant (AAE) Borges/mg extract. The UHPLC-QTOF-MS analysis showed that the extract contains flavonoid glycosides, phenolic acids, flavans, O-methylated flavonoids, linoleic acids, terpene glycosides, triterpenoid saponins, and certain other phytoconstituents. Maximum inhibition of 77.13% ± 1.60% against HepG2 cells was observed at 24 h. Loss in MMP by JC-1 (5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimi- dazolylcarbocyanine iodide) staining and increased ROS generation, and caspase-3, caspase-8 activation by extract significantly illustrated the cancer cell death by apoptosis. D. bupleuroides could be a potential source of safe and therapeutically active compounds that can be purified to develop safer, selective, and efficacious anticancer agents with fewer side effects.

Phytochemicals in Breast Cancer Prevention and Treatment: A Comprehensive Review

Extensive investigation has been conducted on plant-based resources for their pharmacological usefulness, including various cancer types. The scope of this review is wider than several studies with a particular focus on breast cancer, which is an international health concern while studying sources of flavonoids, carotenoids, polyphenols, saponins, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, and glycosides apart from focusing on nursing. Important findings from prior studies are synthesized to explore these compounds' sources, mechanisms of action, complementary and synergistic effects, and associated side effects. It was reviewed that the exposure to certain doses of catechins, piperlongumine, lycopene, isoflavones and cucurbitacinfor a sufficient period can provide profound anticancer benefits through biological events such as cell cycle arrest, cells undergoing apoptosis and disruption of signaling pathways including, but not limited to JAK-STAT3, HER2-integrin, and MAPK. Besides, the study also covers the potential adverse effects of these phytochemicals. Regarding mechanisms, the widest attention is paid to Complementary and synergistic strategies are discussed which indicate that it would be realistic to alter the dosage and delivery systems of liposomes, nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, and films to enhance efficacy. Future research directions include refining these delivery approaches, further elucidating molecular mechanisms, and conducting clinical trials to validate findings. These efforts could significantly advance the role of phytocompounds in breast cancer management.

The emerging role of Fusobacteria in carcinogenesis

The Fusobacterium genus comprises Gram-negative, obligate anaerobic bacteria that typically reside in the periodontium of the oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and female genital tract. The association of Fusobacterial spp. with colorectal tumours is widely accepted, with further evidence that this pathogen may also be implicated in the development of other malignancies. Fusobacterial spp. influence malignant cell behaviours and the tumour microenvironment in various ways, which can be related to the multiple surface adhesins expressed. These adhesins include Fap2 (fibroblast-activated protein 2), CpbF (CEACAM binding protein of Fusobacteria), FadA (Fusobacterium adhesin A) and FomA (Fusobacterial outer membrane protein A). This review outlines the influence of Fusobacteria in promoting cancer initiation and progression, impacts of therapeutic outcomes and discusses potential therapeutic interventions where appropriate.

In sight on olive oil maceration and supercritical CO2 in extracting rosemary essential oil

The flavor, nutritional, and medicinal value of rosemary are well known. Hydrodistilled (HD) essential oil was prepared in the present study as a standard. Olive oil maceration (OM) and supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) technology were separately applied to extract the essential oil of rosemary. The three obtained products, HD, OM, and SC-CO2, were compared concerning their main constituents using GC‒MS. Their antimicrobial properties were evaluated against eight microbes by the disc diffusion assay. Interestingly, both 1,8-cineol and camphor were the major compounds in the three oils. α-Pinene was also detected in large amounts in both HD and OM. Additionally, borneol was the third major component in SC-CO2. The antimicrobial results revealed differential effects against six microbes. However, HD oil also exhibited antifungal activity. Maceration is a green extraction procedure that is easy to perform in households, and attention must be paid to olive oil maceration as a complementary medicine that originated in pharaohs.

Curcumin: A Potential Weapon in the Prevention and Treatment of Head and Neck Cancer

Head and neck cancers (HNC) are aggressive, difficult-to-treat tumors that can be caused by genetic factors but mainly by lifestyle or infection caused by the human papillomavirus. As the sixth most common malignancy, it presents a formidable therapeutic challenge with limited therapeutic modalities. Curcumin, a natural polyphenol, is appearing as a promising multitarget anticancer and antimetastatic agent. Numerous studies have shown that curcumin and its derivatives have the potential to affect signaling pathways (NF-κB, JAK/STAT, and EGFR) and molecular mechanisms that are crucial for the growth and migration of head and neck tumors. Furthermore, its ability to interact with the tumor microenvironment and trigger the immune system may significantly influence the organism's immune response to the tumor. Combining curcumin with conventional therapies such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy may improve the efficacy of treatment and reduce the side effects of treatment, thereby increasing its therapeutic potential. This review is a comprehensive overview that discusses both the benefits and limitations of curcumin and its therapeutic effects in the context of tumor biology, with an emphasis on molecular mechanisms in the context of HNC. This review also includes possibilities to improve the limiting properties of curcumin both in terms of the development of new derivatives, formulations, or combinations with conventional therapies that have potential as a new type of therapy for the treatment of HNC and subsequent use in clinical practice.

Investigation of synergistic interaction of sinensetin, eupatorin, and 3'-hydroxy-5,6,7,4'-tetramethoxyflavone in vasodilation efficacy

Modern medicines often follow a "single-compound, single-target" paradigm, which may not be effective against complex diseases with multifactorial causes. Medicinal plants, such as Orthosiphon stamineus-widely used in Southeast Asia for its significant vasodilatory and antihypertensive properties-offer an alternative. These effects are largely attributed to the synergistic actions of sinensetin, eupatorin, and 3'-hydroxy-5,6,7,4'- tetramethoxyflavone (TMF). The present study was designed to explore the interactions among these compounds and their collective impact on vasodilation. The current investigation utilized in vitro aortic ring assays and an orthogonal stimulus-response compatibility approach to unveil the synergistic interactions of sinensetin, eupatorin, and TMF in specific combination ratios within compatibility groups. The current results showed that G2, G7, G27, and G28 achieved vasodilatory efficacies exceeding 100%, with recorded efficacies of 190%, 148%, 117.6%, and 116.25%, respectively. Conversely, formulation F1 exhibited only additive effects with an efficacy of 88.02%. The dose-response study revealed G28 exhibited the strongest concentration-dependent vasodilatory responses, with a maximum response (RMAX) of 119.05 ± 3.29% and an EC50 of 6.78 ± 0.70 µg/mL. Conversely, G2, despite showing the highest efficacy in the orthogonal stimulus-response compatibility study, demonstrated a lower vasodilatory effect, with RMAX R and EC50 recorded at 85.78 ± 12.67% and 15.32 ± 3.07 µg/mL, respectively. These findings highlight the complexities of compound interactions in plants and underscore the potential of botanical medicines as comprehensive healthcare solutions for multifactorial diseases.

The petroleum ether extracts of Chloranthus fortunei(A. Gray) Solms-Laub.with bioactivities: A rising source in HCC drug treatment

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressive killer worldwide with high incidence and mortality. The herb Chloranthus fortunei (A. Gray) Solms-Laub is known as "Si Ji Feng" and is classified as a Feng-type medicine in classic Yao medicines. According to Yao's medical beliefs, Chloranthus fortunei has the functions of dispelling Feng, regulating qi, detoxifying, promoting blood circulation, etc. Folk uses its decoctions to treat stagnant liver conditions, such as liver abscesses, cirrhosis, hepatitis, and liver cancer. However, the bioactivity and mechanisms of Chloranthus fortunei extract against HCC have not been reported.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To investigate the anti-HCC bioactivity and potential mechanism of the extract of Chloranthus fortunei (CFS).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Using 70% ethanol for reflux extraction of CFS resulted in the CFS ethanol extract, followed by sequential extractions with petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol, yielding four fractions. The CCK-8 assay was utilized to examine the cytotoxic effects of 4 fractions on MHCC97-H and HepG2 cells, exploring the most effective component, namely petroleum ether extracts of CFS (PECFS). The major active ingredients of PECFS were identified using LC/MS technology, and the impact on cell proliferation and apoptosis in HCC cells was studied. The key genes and proteins in the pathway were validated using RT-PCR and Western blotting. BALB/c nude mice were chosen for tumor xenotransplantation and PECFS therapy. hinders the proliferation of HCC cells and promotes apoptosis.

RESULTS

Among the four fractions, it was found that PECFS have the highest antiproliferative activity against MHCC97-H and HepG2 cells (IC50 = 13.86, 10.55 μg/mL), with sesquiterpene compounds being the primary active constituents. The antiproliferative activity of PECFS on HCC cells was linked to the inhibition of cell cloning, invasion, and metastasis abilities, as well as the arrest of the cell cycle at the G2/M phase. Additionally, exerts pro-apoptotic effects on HCC cells by upregulating the pro-apoptotic protein Bax, downregulating the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, and activating the expression of the Caspase family. Moreover, protein and m-RNA expression data showed that PECFS inhibits HCC cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis by regulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Besides, after PECFS treatment, tumor growth in nude mice was suppressed.

CONCLUSION

PECFS can inhibit the viability of HCC cells by acting on the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, demonstrating anti-tumor potential. This study's findings suggest that PECFS may represent a promising source of novel agents for liver cancer treatment, providing scientific evidence for the traditional application of CFS in treating HCC.

Hallmarks of diabetes mellitus and insights into the therapeutic potential of synergy-based combinations of phytochemicals in reducing oxidative stress-induced diabetic complications

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a serious health issue and is still one of the major causes of mortality around the globe. Natural products have progressively integrated into modern, advanced medical practices. Phytoconstituents from some medicinal plants have demonstrated therapeutic activity in treating different metabolic disorders and have been used to treat DM and its severe complications. The present review provides details of the major anti-diabetic targets identified in the literature and also provides comprehensive information regarding the therapeutic role of a synergy-based combination of phytoconstituents that functions by controlling specific molecular pathways synchronously by inhibiting certain key regulators involved in the development and progression of DM. The review also implicated the role of oxidative stress in diabetic complications and presented scientific validations of phytochemicals and their synergy-based combination using in vitro and or in vivo approaches.

The therapeutic potential and molecular mechanism of Alpha-pinene, Gamma-terpinene, and P-cymene against melanoma cells

The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential anticarcinogenic effects of three phytochemicals, namely Alpha-pinene (AP), Gamma-terpinene (GT), and P-cymene (PC), on melanoma cells (A2058 cell line). Additionally, the study aims to explore the synergistic activities of these phytochemicals with Dacarbazine, a chemotherapy drug. To understand the molecular mechanism involved in apoptosis induction in the A-2058 cell line, it was used AO/EB staining for apoptosis detection and cell cycle analysis, monitored through flow cytometry. It also determined the mRNA expression levels of different apoptosis-regulatory genes, including p53, Bax, NF-kB, Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, and caspase-3. The antitumor activities of these phytochemicals and their combinations were investigated in a subcutaneous mouse tumor model. The tumor diameter was 21.4 ± 1.1 mm in the Dacarbazine treatment group and 42.4 ± 3.1 mm in the control group. The antitumoral activities of AP and PC in the tumor model were similar to those of Dacarbazine. On the other hand, GT exhibited remarkable antitumoral activity, with a 1.75-fold reduction in tumor diameter compared to the Dacarbazine group. When different combinations of phytochemicals and Dacarbazine were used, the GT plus Dacarbazine treatment group was found to have a 3.5-fold reduction in tumor diameter compared to the Dacarbazine group. The tumor diameters in the Dacarbazine, AP plus GT, GT plus Dacarbazine, and AP plus Dacarbazine treatment groups were 21.4 ± 1.1, 7.6 ± 2.2, 8.6 ± 0.5, and 6.2 ± 1.9 mm, respectively.

Phytochemical profile and antimicrobial activity of Jatropha curcas extracts against oral microorganisms

Introduction

The growing problem of antimicrobial resistance on a global scale has highlighted the need to investigate alternative antimicrobial agents with reduced side effects. Plant-derived secondary metabolites have emerged as potential contenders in tackling this challenge. Jatropha curcas, a perennial plant, has traditionally been utilized for the treatment of gum boils, toothaches, and infections. This plant exhibits a wide range of pharmacological properties. However, its potential as an antimicrobial agent against oral microorganisms has yet to be investigated. Hence, the objective of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial properties of Jatropha curcas extracts against selected bacteria and fungi commonly present in the oral cavity.

Methodology

Jatropha curcas samples were collected from Bagan Datuk, Perak, Malaysia, and subsequently identified at Universiti Malaya. The ethanolic extract of the leaves (ELJC) and the stem bark latex (LJC) of Jatropha curcas were tested against six species of oral microorganism: Streptococcus sanguinis , Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mitis, Lactobacillus helveticus, Candida albicans , Candida tropicalis, and a mixture of these microorganisms. The methods employed in this study were well diffusion assay, minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bacterial concentration, live-dead assay, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry.

Results

ELJC and LJC demonstrated significant antimicrobial effects (p < 0.05). Treatment with ELJC and LJC resulted in morphological changes and increased death rates in the targeted microorganisms. ELJC was found to contain more than 300 bioactive compounds, with isovitexin, being the most abundant. In contrast, LJC exhibited over 1000 bioactive compounds with 2-hexyl-decanoic acid and 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoic acid being the predominant constituents.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that the antimicrobial effects observed in ELJC and LJC against S. sanguinis and S. mutans can be primarily attributed to isovitexin, 2-hexyl-decanoic acid, and trihydroxybenzoic acid. However, further research and investigation are necessary to elucidate the mechanisms by which these constituents exert their antimicrobial effects on the microorganisms.

Assessment of sedative activity of fraxin: In vivo approach along with receptor binding affinity and molecular interaction with GABAergic system

Insomnia is a sleep disorder in which you have trouble falling and/or staying asleep. This research aims to evaluate the sedative effects of fraxin (FX) on sleeping mice induced by thiopental sodium (TS). In addition, a molecular docking study was conducted to investigate the molecular processes underlying these effects. The study used adult male Swiss albino mice and administered FX (10 and 20 mg/kg, i.p.) and diazepam (DZP) (2 mg/kg) either separately or in combination within the different groups to examine their modulatory effects. After a period of 30 min, the mice that had been treated were administered (TS: 20 mg/kg, i.p.) to induce sleep. The onset of sleep for the mice and the length of their sleep were manually recorded. Additionally, a computational analysis was conducted to predict the role of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors in the sleep process and evaluate their pharmacokinetics and toxicity. The outcomes indicated that FX extended the length of sleep and reduced the time it took to fall asleep. When the combined treatment of FX and DZP showed synergistic sedative action. Also, FX had a binding affinity of -7.2 kcal/mol, while DZP showed -8.4 kcal/mol. The pharmacokinetic investigation of FX demonstrated favorable drug-likeness and strong pharmacokinetic characteristics. Ultimately, FX demonstrated a strong sedative impact in the mouse model, likely via interacting with the GABAA receptor pathways.

Green Extraction of Plant Materials Using Supercritical CO2: Insights into Methods, Analysis, and Bioactivity

In recent years, the supercritical CO2 extraction method has gained attention due to its use of environmentally friendly, non-toxic solvents, ability to operate at lower temperatures that do not cause the degradation of bioactive compounds, and capacity for rapid extraction. This method is particularly notable for isolating bioactive compounds from plants. The extracts obtained have shown superior properties due to their activity against diseases such as cancer, which is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. The aim of this study is to provide an in-depth understanding of the supercritical CO2 extraction method, as well as to discuss its advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, the study includes specific data on various plant materials, detailing the following parameters: plant name and region, bioactive compounds or compound classes, extraction temperature (°C), pressure (bar), time (minutes), co-solvent used, and flow rate. Additionally, this study covers extensive research on the isolation of bioactive compounds and the efficacy of the obtained extracts against cancer.

Enhancing Selectivity and Inhibitory Effects of Chemotherapy Drugs Against Myelogenous Leukemia Cells with Lippia alba Essential Oil Enriched in Citral

Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is one of the most lethal cancers, lacking a definitive curative therapy due to essential constraints related to the toxicity and efficacy of conventional treatments. This study explores the co-adjuvant potential of Lippia alba essential oils (EO) for enhancing the effectiveness and selectivity of two chemotherapy agents (cytarabine and clofarabine) against AML cells. EO derived from L. alba citral chemotype were produced using optimized and standardized environmental and extraction protocols. Rational fractionation techniques were employed to yield bioactive terpene-enriched fractions, guided by relative chemical composition and cytotoxic analysis. Pharmacological interactions were established between these fractions and cytarabine and clofarabine. The study comprehensively evaluated the cytotoxic, genotoxic, oxidative stress, and cell death phenotypes induced by therapies across AML (DA-3ER/GM/EVI1+) cells. The fraction rich in citral (F2) exhibited synergistic pharmacological interactions with the studied chemotherapies, intensifying their selective cytotoxic, genotoxic, and pro-oxidant effects. This shift favored transitioning from necrosis to a programmed cell death phenotype (apoptotic). The F2-clofarabine combination demonstrated remarkable synergistic anti-leukemic performance while preserving cell integrity in healthy cells. The observed selective antiproliferative effects may be attributed to the potential dual prooxidant/antioxidant behavior of citral in L. alba EO.

Contemporary Speculations and Insightful Thoughts on Buckwheat-A Functional Pseudocereal as a Smart Biologically Active Supplement

Today, food scientists are interested in more rational use of crops that possess desirable nutritional properties, and buckwheat is one of the functional pseudocereals that represents a rich source of bioactive compounds (BACs) and nutrients, phytochemicals, antimicrobial (AM) agents and antioxidants (AOs), which can be effectively applied in the prevention of malnutrition and celiac disease and treatment of various important health problems. There is ample evidence of the high potential of buckwheat consumption in various forms (food, dietary supplements, home remedies or alone, or in synergy with pharmaceutical drugs) with concrete benefits for human health. Contamination as well as other side-effects of all the aforementioned forms for application in different ways in humans must be seriously considered. This review paper presents an overview of the most important recent research related to buckwheat bioactive compounds (BACs), highlighting their various functions and proven positive effects on human health.

Phytochemical Composition and Bioactivities of Some Hydrophytes: Antioxidant, Antiparasitic, Antibacterial, and Anticancer Properties and Mechanisms

Few researches have explored the production of pharmaceuticals from aquatic plants. Therefore, this study explored, for the first time, the phytochemical composition and bioactivities of ten aquatic plants. Aquatic plant shoots from various Nile River canals were collected, dried, and ground for aqueous extract preparation. Phytochemical composition and antioxidant capacity were assessed using DPPH assays. Extracts were tested for antiparasitic, antibacterial, anti-biofilm, and anticancer activities through standard in vitro assays, measuring IC50 values, and evaluating mechanisms of action, including cell viability and high-content screening assays. The results showed that the aquatic plants were rich in pharmaceutical compounds. The antioxidant capacity of these extracts exceeded that of vitamin C. The extracts showed promising antiparasitic activity against pathogens like Opisthorchis viverrini and Plasmodium falciparum, with IC50 values between 0.7 and 2.5 µg/mL. They also demonstrated low MICs against various pathogenic bacteria, causing DNA damage, increased plasma membrane permeability, and 90% biofilm inhibition. In terms of anticancer activity, extracts were effective against a panel of cancer cell lines, with Ludwigia stolonifera exhibiting the highest efficacy. Its IC50 ranged from 0.5 µg/mL for pancreatic, esophageal, and colon cancer cells to 1.5 µg/mL for gastric cancer cells. Overall, IC50 values for all extracts were below 6 µg/mL, showing significant apoptotic activity, increased nuclear intensity, plasma membrane permeability, mitochondrial membrane permeability, and cytochrome c release, and outperforming doxorubicin. This study highlights the potential of aquatic plants as sources for new, safe, and effective drugs with strong antiparasitic, antibacterial, and anticancer properties.

Exploring Synergistic Interactions between Natural Compounds and Conventional Chemotherapeutic Drugs in Preclinical Models of Lung Cancer

In the current work, the synergy between natural compounds and conventional chemotherapeutic drugs is comprehensively reviewed in light of current preclinical research findings. The prognosis for lung cancer patients is poor, with a 5-year survival rate of 18.1%. The use of natural compounds in combination with conventional chemotherapeutic drugs has gained significant attention as a potential novel approach in the treatment of lung cancer. The present work highlights the importance of finding more effective therapies to increase survival rates. Chemotherapy is a primary treatment option for lung cancer but it has limitations such as reduced effectiveness because cancer cells become resistant. Natural compounds isolated from medicinal plants have shown promising anticancer or chemopreventive properties and their synergistic effect has been observed when combined with conventional therapies. The combined use of an anti-cancer drug and a natural compound exhibits synergistic effects, enhancing overall therapeutic actions against cancer cells. In conclusion, this work provides an overview of the latest preclinical research on medicinal plants and plant-derived compounds as alternative or complementary treatment options for lung cancer chemotherapy and discusses the potential of natural compounds in treating lung cancer with minimal side effects.

Docking-Based Virtual Screening Method for Selecting Natural Compounds with Synergistic Inhibitory Effects Against Cancer Signalling Pathways Using a Multi-Target Approach

Objectives

This study aims to introduce a methodology for identifying medicinal plants that contain effective natural compounds with the most possible synergistic effects to inhibit cancer survival and proliferation in a multi-targeted manner.

Materials and Methods

To select targets, the signaling pathways involved in cancer development were defined from the KEGG database, and the protein-protein interactions (PPIs) of genes within these pathways were investigated using the STRING software. Then 14 proteins with the highest degree were identified as targets. Using the NPASS database, natural compounds were initially filtered based on their IC50 against 50 cancer cell lines. Finally, a total of 1,107 natural compounds were docked to the 14 selected targets involved in cancer and 5 targets involved in general drug side effects.

Results

The targets with the highest protein interactions, as identified by PPI analysis on cancer signaling pathways, were selected as hub proteins. Natural compounds with IC50 less than 20000 nM against cancer cell lines were then docked to these selected targets using the NPASS database. Natural compounds with low binding energy to the selected targets were identified as potential synergistic inhibitors of cancer progression if used together. Additionally, plants reported with the widest range of identified natural compounds were introduced as potential sources of synergistic effects against cancer development.

Conclusions

We have proposed a methodology for pre-screening the natural compounds database to identify potential compounds with a high likelihood of producing a synergistic response against multiple molecular mechanisms in cancer. However, further validation methods are necessary to confirm their effectiveness.

In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory and Antinociceptive Activities of Black Elder (Sambucus nigra L.) Fruit and Flower Extracts

Sambucus nigra L. (S. nigra, SN) or black elder is a traditional medicinal plant widely used worldwide for therapeutic and dietary purposes. The aim of the current study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of black elder fruit and flower extracts (SNFrE and SNFlE, respectively). The primary polyphenol constituents in the flower extract were flavonoids and phenolic acids, while anthocyanins were the main components in the fruit extract. SNFrE revealed pronounced and dose-dependent in vivo anti-inflammatory activity assessed by the cotton pellet-induced granuloma test. Doses of 10, 20, and 50 mg/kg BW of SNFrE reduced the weight of induced granuloma in rats by 20.3%, 20.5%, and 28.4%, respectively. At the highest dose (50 mg/kg BW), SNFrE had significant (p < 0.01) anti-inflammatory activity comparable to that of diclofenac, the reference compound used (10 mg/kg BW). In addition, the in vivo antinociceptive activity of the extracts in mice was estimated using the acetic-acid-induced writhing test. Both extracts at doses of 50 mg/kg BW inhibited the abdominal contractions induced by the acetic acid significantly comparing to the control group (p < 0.01). Our findings indicate that black elder extracts and particularly SNFrE possess anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities, providing experimental evidence for the use of S. nigra in traditional medicine.

Cell culture models for assessing the effects of bioactive compounds in common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum): a systematic review

Common buckwheat (CBW) is grown and consumed worldwide. In addition to its already established reputation as an excellent source of nutrients, CBW is gaining popularity as a possible component of functional foods. Whereas human studies remain the gold standard for evaluating the relationship between nutrition and health, the development of reliable in vitro or ex vivo models has made it possible to investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms of CBW effects on human health. Herein is a systematic review of studies on the biological effect of CBW supplementation, as assessed on various types of cellular models. Although the studies reported here have been conducted in very different experimental conditions, the overall effects of CBW supplementation were found to involve a decrease in cytokine secretion and oxidation products, related mainly to CBW polyphenols and protein or peptide fractions. These chemical species also appeared to be involved in the modulation of cell signaling and hormone secretion. Although further studies are undoubtedly necessary, as is their extension to in vivo systems, these reports suggest that CBW-based foods could be relevant to maintaining and/or improving human health and the quality of life.

Escin-sorafenib synergy up-regulates LC3-II and p62 to induce apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells

INTRODUCTION

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common solid cancer and the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Sorafenib is the first drug used to treat HCC but its effectiveness needs to be improved, and it is important to find ways to treat cancer that combine sorafenib with other drugs. Synergistic therapies lower effective drug doses and side effects while enhancing the anticancer effect.

PURPOSE

In the present study, the therapeutic potential of sorafenib in combination with escin and its underlying mechanism in targeting liver cancer has been established.

STUDY DESIGN/METHODS

The IC50 of sorafenib and escin against HepG2, PLC/PRF5 and Huh7 cell lines were determined using MTT assay. The combination index, dose reduction index, isobologram and concentrations producing synergy were evaluated using the Chou-Talaly algorithm. The sub-effective concentration of sorafenib and escin was selected to analyze cytotoxic synergistic potential. Cellular ROS, mitochondrial membrane potential, annexin V and cell cycle were evaluated using a flow-cytometer, and autophagy biomarkers were determined using western blotting. Moreover, autophagy was knocked down using ATG5 siRNA to confirm its role. A DEN-induced liver cancer rat model was developed to check the synergy of sorafenib and escin.

RESULTS

Different concentrations of escin reduced the IC50 of sorafenib in HepG2, PLC/PRF5 and Huh7 cell lines. Chou-Talaly algorithm determined cytotoxic synergistic concentrations of sorafenib and escin in these cell lines. Mechanistically, this combination over-expressed p62 and LC-II, reflecting autophagy block and induced late apoptosis, further reconfirmed by ATG5 knockdown. Sorafenib and escin combination  reduced HCC serum biomarker α-feto protein (α-FP) by 1.5 folds. This combination restricted liver weight, tumor number and size, also, conserved morphological features of liver cells. The combination selectively targeted the G0 /G1 phase of cancer cells.

CONCLUSION

Escin and sorafenib combination potentially up-regulates p62 to block autophagy to induce late apoptosis in liver cancer cells.

Tapirira guianensis is Selectively Cytotoxic, Induces Apoptosis to the Glioblastoma and Decreases Tumor Growth and Angiogenesis in vivo

Glioblastoma is the most frequent primary malignant brain tumor without effective treatment, which makes this work extremely relevant. The study of the bioactive compounds from medicinal plants plays an important role in the discovery of new drugs.This research investigated the constituents of Tapirira guianensis and its antitumor potential (in vitro and in vivo) in glioblastoma. The T. guianensis extracts were characterized by mass spectrometry. The ethyl acetate partition (01ID) and its fractions 01ID-F2 and 01ID-F4 from T. guianensis showed potential antitumor treatment evidenced by selective cytotoxicity for GAMG with IC50 14.1 µg/mL, 83.07 µg/mL, 59.27 µg/mL and U251 with IC50 25.92 µg/mL, 37.3 µg/mL and 18.84 µg/mL. Fractions 01ID-F2 and 01ID-F4 were 10 times more selective when compared to TMZ and 01ID for the two evaluated cell lines. T. guianensis also reduced matrix metalloproteinases 2 - 01ID-F2 (21.84%), 01ID-F4 (29.6%) and 9 - 01ID-F4 (73.42%), ID-F4 (53.84%) activities, and induced apoptosis mainly through the extrinsic pathway. Furthermore, all treatments significantly reduced tumor size (01ID p < 0,01, 01ID-F2 p < 0,01 and 01ID-F4 p < 0,0001) and caused blood vessels to shrink in vivo. The present findings highlight that T. guianensis exhibits considerable antitumor potential in preclinical studies of glioblastoma. This ability may be related to the phenolic compounds and sesquiterpene derivatives identified in the extracts. This study deserves further in vivo research, followed by clinical investigation.

Synergistic impact of arbutin and kaempferol-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside from Nephelium lappaceum L. on whitening efficacy and stability of cosmetic formulations

Four flavonoid glycosides, namely quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside (1), kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl (2), kaempferol-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (3), and kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (4), from Nephelium lappaceum L. seeds were evaluated for their efficacy against melanin inhibition in B16F10 melanoma cells and tyrosinase inhibition. Among them, kaempferol-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (3) displayed the highest potency in both activities without any significant cytotoxicity. The combination of compound 3 and arbutin in specific proportions demonstrated a synergistic effect (CI < 1) in inhibiting melanin production in B16F10 cells and tyrosinase inhibition. Additionally, a cosmetic formulation containing compound 3 and arbutin as active ingredients exhibited favorable stability under accelerated storage conditions. Quantitative analysis indicated that compound 3 and arbutin levels in the formulation were above 90% after one month of storage. Determination of the formulation's shelf life using the Q10 method, estimating it to be around 5.2 months from the date of manufacture. The synergy between arbutin and kaempferol-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (3) extracted from N. lappaceum substantially enhances both the whitening effectiveness and the stability of cosmetic formulations.

The efficacy of natural bioactive compounds against prostate cancer: Molecular targets and synergistic activities

Globally, prostate cancer (PCa) is regarded as a challenging health issue, and the number of PCa patients continues to rise despite the availability of effective treatments in recent decades. The current therapy with chemotherapeutic drugs has been largely ineffective due to multidrug resistance and the conventional treatment has restricted drug accessibility to malignant tissues, necessitating a higher dosage resulting in increased cytotoxicity. Plant-derived bioactive compounds have recently attracted a great deal of attention in the field of PCa treatment due to their potent effects on several molecular targets and synergistic effects with anti-PCa drugs. This review emphasizes the molecular mechanism of phytochemicals on PCa cells, the synergistic effects of compound-drug interactions, and stem cell targeting for PCa treatment. Some potential compounds, such as curcumin, phenethyl-isothiocyanate, fisetin, baicalein, berberine, lutein, and many others, exert an anti-PCa effect via inhibiting proliferation, metastasis, cell cycle progression, and normal apoptosis pathways. In addition, multiple studies have demonstrated that the isolated natural compounds: d-limonene, paeonol, lanreotide, artesunate, and bicalutamide have potential synergistic effects. Further, a significant number of natural compounds effectively target PCa stem cells. However, further high-quality studies are needed to firmly establish the clinical efficacy of these phytochemicals against PCa.

Embelin inhibits viability of cutaneous T cell lymphoma cell lines HuT78 and H9 by targeting inhibitors of apoptosis

Cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL) is a varied group of neoplasms that affects the skin. Acquired resistance against chemotherapeutic drugs and associated toxic side effects are limitations that warrant search for novel drugs against CTCL. Embelin (EMB) is a naturally occurring benzoquinone derivative that has gained attention owing to its anticancer pharmacological actions and nontoxic nature. We assessed the anticancer activity of EMB against CTCL cell lines, HuT78, and H9. EMB inhibited viability of CTCL cells in a dose-dependent manner. EMB activated extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of apoptosis as shown by the activation of initiator and executioner caspases. EMB-induced apoptosis also involved suppression of inhibitors of apoptosis, XIAP, cIAP1, and cIAP2. PARP cleavage and upregulation of pH2AX indicated DNA damage induced by EMB. In conclusion, we characterized a novel apoptosis-inducing activity of EMB against CTCL cells, implicating EMB as a potential therapeutic agent against CTCL.

Cytotoxic effect and induction of apoptosis in human cervical cancer cells by a wood extract from Prosopis laevigata

Cervical cancer ranks fourth in incidence among women worldwide. Cisplatin is currently the first-line drug of treatment for cervical cancer; however, it causes serious adverse effects. Therefore, it is crucial to explore natural products for cervical cancer treatment. Prosopis laevigata is a medicinal plant frequently used for ophthalmological and gastrointestinal infections. In this study, we used the MTT cell viability assay to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of a wood extract from Prosopis laevigata (Extract T7) in SiHa, HeLa, Ca Ski, and C-33 A cancer cell lines. Phosphatidylserine translocation and cell cycle evaluations were performed to determine the mechanism of cellular death. The extract's safety was evaluated using the Ames test with Salmonella typhimurium strains, in vivo acute toxicity assay, and repeated dose toxicity assay in mice. We also identified phenolic compounds of Extract T7 through liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Naringin, catechin, and eriodictyol demonstrated a higher concentration in Extract T7. Additionally, Extract T7 exhibited a cytotoxic effect against cervical cancer cells, where C-33 A was the most sensitive (IC50= 22.58 ± 1.10 µg/mL and 14.26 ± 1.11 µg/mL at 24 h and 48 h respectively). Extract T7 induced death by apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in the G2 phase in C-33 A. Extract T7 was not mutagenic. No toxicological effects were observed during acute toxicity and repeated dose toxicity for 28 days. Therefore, further evaluations of Extract T7 should be conducted to identify the complete mechanism of action for potential anti-tumoral activity and safety before conducting studies in animal models.

Decalepis hamiltonii root fraction alleviates CCl4 hepatotoxicity in a rat model

BACKGROUND

Decalepis hamiltonii (D. hamiltonii) is Indian folk medicine in herbal preparations, to reduce appetite, and cures dysentery, bronchitis, uterine hemorrhage, and other ailments.

OBJECTIVE

The current investigation focused on the hepatoprotective effect of D. hamiltonii roots fractions against liver damage.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The current research discussed the fraction from D. hamiltonii root extracts was used. Male Wistar rats (albino strain) were grouped into 4 distinct groups of six animals each. Group I: plain water and vehicle whereas Group II (CCl4 control): CCl4 (1 ml/kg, 20 % v/v in olive oil) over 7 days and vehicle; Over 7 days, Group III received Silymarin 100 mg/kg/day and tap water with 20 % v/v of CCl4, whereas Group IV (treatment group) received DHE 50 mg/kg/day, 100 mg/kg/day, and water. Assessment of biochemical parameters, Mitochondrial modulation, gene expression analysis, and RT-PCR, was used to estimate the protective action of DHEF in CCl4-intoxicated rats.

RESULTS

The administration of CCl4 increased levels of total bilirubin (0.63 ± 0.97 mg/dl) plasma amino transferases (110.36 ± 1.13 U/L, 86.56 ± 2.41 U/L and 1.51 ± 1.36 mg/dl respectively) which were mitigated by D. hamiltonii treatment. Activity like Lipid peroxidation and content of nitric oxide also augmented, while the antioxidant action measured by GSH (9.64 ± 0.18 U/mg protein), SOD (3.69 ± 0.22 U/mg protein), and CAT (1.47 ± 0.01 U/mg protein) was reduced. Decalepis hamiltonii root provided substantial restoration of GSH (14.92 ± 0.04 nmol/gm protein), SOD (4.20 ± 0.18 U/mg protein), and CAT (2.71 ± 0.04 U/mg protein) levels. In addition, the acute phase reactants stimulated by CCl4 administration enhanced mRNA expressions of IL-6, IL-10, TNF-a, NF-κβ, and COX-2, which were enhanced by D. hamiltonii treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

In summary, DHEF protects the liver against CCl4-induced damage, possibly by mitochondrial modulation mechanism. These findings indicate that D. hamiltonii significantly moderates oxidative stress of CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity.

Escin enhanced the efficacy of sorafenib by autophagy-mediated apoptosis in lung cancer cells

Combining anti-cancer drugs has been exploited as promising treatment strategy to target lung cancer. Synergistic chemotherapies increase anti-cancer effect and reduce effective drug doses and side effects. In this study, therapeutic potential of escin in combination with sorafenib has been explored. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay was used to calculate IC50 values. The synergy was evaluated using Chou-Talaly algorithm. Cellular reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial membrane potential, annexin V, and cell-cycle studies were done by flow-cytometer, and autophagy biomarkers expression were determined using western blotting. Moreover, autophagy was knocked down using ATG5 siRNA to confirm its role, diethylnitrosamine-induced lung cancer model was used to check the synergy of sorafenib/escin. Escin significantly reduced the IC50 of sorafenib in A549 and NCIH460 cells. The combination of sorafenib/escin produced a 2.95 and 5.45 dose reduction index for sorafenib in A549 and NCI-H460 cells. The combination of over-expressed p62 and LC3-II reflects autophagy block-mediated late apoptosis. This phenomenon was reconfirmed by ATG5 knockdown. This combination also selectively targeted G0/G1 phase of cancer cells. In in vivo study, the combination reduced tumour load and lower elevated serum biochemical parameters. The combination of sorafenib/escin synergistically inhibits autophagy to induce late apoptosis in lung cancer cells' G0/G1 phase.

Lupeol and Paclitaxel cooperate in hindering hypoxia induced vasculogenic mimicry via suppression of HIF-1α-EphA2-Laminin-5γ2 network in human oral cancer

Vasculogenic mimicry (VM), defined as an endothelial cell independent alternative mechanism of blood and nutrient supply by dysregulated tumor cells, is associated with poor prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Here we aim to investigate the underlying molecular mechanism of the synergistic effect of phytochemical Lupeol and standard microtubule inhibitor Paclitaxel in reversing the hypoxia induced VM formation in OSCC. The results demonstrated that the hypoxia induced upregulation of HIF-1α led to augmentation of signaling cascade associated with extracellular matrix remodeling and EMT phenotypes that are mechanistically linked to VM. Induction of HIF-1α altered the expression of EMT/CSC markers (E-Cadherin, Vimentin, Snail, Twist and CD133) and enhanced the ability of cell migration/invasion and spheroid formation. Subsequently, the targeted knockdown of HIF-1α by siRNA led to the perturbation of matrigel mediated tube formation as well as of Laminin-5γ2 expression with the down-regulation of VE-Cadherin, total and phosphorylated (S-897) EphA2, pERK1/2 and MMP2. We also observed that Lupeol in association with Paclitaxel resulted to apoptosis and the disruption of VM associated phenotypes in vitro. We further validated the impact of this novel interventional approach in a patient derived tumor explant culture model of oral malignancy. The ex vivo tumor model mimicked the in vitro anti-VM potential of Lupeol-Paclitaxel combination through down-regulating HIF-1α/EphA2/Laminin-5γ2 cascade. Together, our findings elucidated mechanistic underpinning of hypoxia induced Laminin-5γ2 driven VM formation highlighting that Lupeol-Paclitaxel combination may serve as novel therapeutic intervention in perturbation of VM in human OSCC.

Cytotoxic Screening and Enhanced Anticancer Activity of Lippia alba and Clinopodium nepeta Essential Oils-Loaded Biocompatible Lipid Nanoparticles against Lung and Colon Cancer Cells

Plant and herbal essential oils (EOs) offer a wide range of pharmacological actions that include anticancer effects. Here, we evaluated the cytotoxic activity of EO from Lippia alba (chemotype linalool), L. alba (chemotype dihydrocarvone, LaDEO), Clinopodium nepeta (L.) Kuntze (CnEO), Eucalyptus globulus, Origanum × paniculatum, Mentha × piperita, Mentha arvensis L., and Rosmarinus officinalis L. against human lung (A549) and colon (HCT-116) cancer cells. The cells were treated with increasing EO concentrations (0-500 µL/L) for 24 h, and cytotoxic activity was assessed. LaDEO and CnEO were the most potent EOs evaluated (IC50 range, 145-275 µL/L). The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method was used to determine their composition. Considering EO limitations as therapeutic agents (poor water solubility, volatilization, and oxidation), we evaluated whether LaDEO and CnEO encapsulation into solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN/EO) enhanced their anticancer activity. Highly stable spherical SLN/LaDEO and SLN/CnEO SLN/EO were obtained, with a mean diameter of 140-150 nm, narrow size dispersion, and Z potential around -5mV. EO encapsulation strongly increased their anticancer activity, particularly in A549 cells exposed to SLN/CnEO (IC50 = 66 µL/L CnEO). The physicochemical characterization, biosafety, and anticancer mechanisms of SLN/CnEO were also evaluated in A549 cells. SLN/CnEO containing 97 ± 1% CnEO was highly stable for up to 6 months. An increased in vitro CnEO release from SLN at an acidic pH (endolysosomal compartment) was observed. SLN/CnEO proved to be safe against blood components and non-toxic for normal WI-38 cells at therapeutic concentrations. SLN/CnEO substantially enhanced A549 cell death and cell migration inhibition compared with free CnEO.

Veratramine Inhibits the Cell Cycle Progression, Migration, and Invasion via ATM/ATR Pathway in Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer (PC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related death among men. Treatment of PC becomes difficult after progression because PC that used to be androgen-dependent becomes androgen-independent prostate cancer (AIPC). Veratramine, an alkaloid extracted from the root of the Veratrum genus, has recently been reported to have anticancer effects that work against various cancers; however, its anticancer effects and the underlying mechanism of action in PC remain unknown. We investigated the anticancer effects of veratramine on AIPC using PC3 and DU145 cell lines, as well as a xenograft mouse model. The antitumor effects of veratramine were evaluated using the CCK-8, anchorage-independent colony formation, trans-well, wound healing assays, and flow cytometry in AIPC cell lines. Microarray and proteomics analyses were performed to investigate the differentially expressed genes and proteins induced by veratramine in AIPC cells. A xenograft mouse model was used to confirm the therapeutic response and in vivo efficacy of veratramine. Veratramine dose dependently reduced the proliferation of cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, veratramine treatment effectively suppressed the migration and invasion of PC cells. The immunoblot analysis revealed that veratramine significantly downregulated Cdk4/6 and cyclin D1 via the ATM/ATR and Akt pathways, both of which induce a DNA damage response that eventually leads to G1 phase arrest. In this study, we discovered that veratramine exerted antitumor effects on AIPC cells. We demonstrated that veratramine significantly inhibited the proliferation of cancer cells via G0/G1 phase arrest induced by the ATM/ATR and Akt pathways. These results suggest that veratramine is a promising natural therapeutic agent for AIPC.

Omari K, Mallah E. Cytotoxicity Activity of Graviola Fruit Extract with Carbamazepine and Valproic Acid Show Antagonistic and Indifferent Effects

OBJECTIVE

Graviola is a tropical fruit with medicinal properties, used for treating various diseases such as inflammation, diabetes, and cancer. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs), including carbamazepine (CBZ) and valproic acid (VPA), have been proven strong inhibitors against cancer cell growth. This study investigated the effect of Graviola fruit extract (GFE) on CBZ in healthy rat plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In addition, the effect of GFE in combination with CBZ and VPA on two human cancer cell lines (PC3 and MCF-7) was explored.

METHODS

The CBZ levels were analyzed using a simple validated HPLC method. The linearity was achieved at a 0.9998 coefficient of determination over a range of 75-5000 ng/mL CBZ. The MTT assay was used to quantify the percentage of viable cells.

RESULT

The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the curve (AUC) for CBZ alone were 4,631 ng/mL and 49,225 ng. h/mL, respectively. However, in the presence of GFE, the values reduced significantly to 2,994 ng/mL and 26,587 ng. h/mL, while the p-value was <0.05. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay results for VPA showed a weak cytotoxicity activity on PC3 and MCF-7 cell lines.

CONCLUSION

A simple and validated HPLC method was used to determine CBZ levels in rats' plasma. The plasma CBZ levels (Cmax) were significantly reduced in the presence of GFE, indicating the importance of drug-herb interactions. For in vitro studies, two human cancer cell lines, MCF-7 (breast cancer cells) and PC3 (prostate cancer cells), were used to screen the cytotoxicity activity of GFE, CBZ, and VPA. We observed an antagonism effect for GFE and CBZ combination in both cell lines with FIC values > 4. On the contrary, the combination of GFE and VPA showed an additive or indifferent effect.

A hybrid nanopharmaceutical for specific-amplifying oxidative stress to initiate a cascade of catalytic therapy for pancreatic cancer

BACKGROUND

Oxidative stress (OS) induced by an imbalance of oxidants and antioxidants is an important aspect in anticancer therapy, however, as an adaptive response, excessive glutathione (GSH) in the tumor microenvironment (TME) acts as an antioxidant against high reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and prevents OS damage to maintain redox homoeostasis, suppressing the clinical efficacy of OS-induced anticancer therapies.

RESULTS

A naturally occurring ROS-activating drug, galangin (GAL), is introduced into a Fenton-like catalyst (SiO₂@MnO₂) to form a TME stimulus-responsive hybrid nanopharmaceutical (SiO₂-GAL@MnO₂, denoted SG@M) for enhancing oxidative stress. Once exposed to TME, as MnO₂ responds and consumes GSH, the released Mn²⁺ converts endogenous hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) into hydroxyl radicals (·OH), which together with the subsequent release of GAL from SiO₂ increases ROS. The "overwhelming" ROS cause OS-mediated mitochondrial malfunction with a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), which releases cytochrome c from mitochondria, activates the Caspase 9/Caspase 3 apoptotic cascade pathway. Downregulation of JAK2 and STAT3 phosphorylation levels blocks the JAK2/STAT3 cell proliferation pathway, whereas downregulation of Cyclin B1 protein levels arrest the cell cycle in the G2/M phase. During 18 days of in vivo treatment observation, tumor growth inhibition was found to be 62.7%, inhibiting the progression of pancreatic cancer. Additionally, the O₂ and Mn²⁺ released during this cascade catalytic effect improve ultrasound imaging (USI) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), respectively.

CONCLUSION

This hybrid nanopharmaceutical based on oxidative stress amplification provides a strategy for multifunctional integrated therapy of malignant tumors and image-visualized pharmaceutical delivery.

In Vitro Study of Cytostatic Activity of Baicalin, Baicalein, and Chlorophyllipt on HeLa-v Cell Line

Cytostatic activity of baicalin, baicalein, and neogalenical drug Chlorophyllipt was studied in vitro on HeLa-v cells. Standard samples of Eucalimin, baicalin, and baicalein, as well as Chlorophyllipt and paclitaxel (reference drug Taxacad) were used. The cell deaths were determined by MTT assay in a Multiskan FC microplate reader with incubator. The effective inhibition concentration (IC₅₀) of the tested substances were: paclitaxel (4.0±0.4 μM)-baicalein (10.5±1.1 μM)-baicalin (16.5±1.7 μM)-sum of euglobals in Chlorophyllipt (24.1±2.5 μM). Chlorophyllipt was found to exhibit cytostatic activity. Cytostatic activity of baicalein, baicalin, and Chlorophyllipt was lower than cytostatic activity of the reference drug by 2.6, 4.1, and 6 times, respectively. The prospects of further evaluation of the synergetic effect of baicalin, baicalein, and chlorophyllipt used in combinations with different cytostatic agents for finding the most effective combination have been shown.

Synergistic Effects of Caffeine in Combination with Conventional Drugs: Perspectives of a Drug That Never Ages

Plants have been known since ancient times for their healing properties, being used as preparations against human diseases of different etiologies. More recently, natural products have been studied and characterized, isolating the phytochemicals responsible for their bioactivity. Most certainly, there are currently numerous active compounds extracted from plants and used as drugs, dietary supplements, or sources of bioactive molecules that are useful in modern drug discovery. Furthermore, phytotherapeutics can modulate the clinical effects of co-administered conventional drugs. In the last few decades, the interest has increased even more in studying the positive synergistic effects between plant-derived bioactives and conventional drugs. Indeed, synergism is a process where multiple compounds act together to exert a merged effect that is greater than that of each of them summed together. The synergistic effects between phytotherapeutics and conventional drugs have been described in different therapeutic areas, and many drugs are based on synergistic interactions with plant derivatives. Among them, caffeine has shown positive synergistic effects with different conventional drugs. Indeed, in addition to their multiple pharmacological activities, a growing body of evidence highlights the synergistic effects of caffeine with different conventional drugs in various therapeutic fields. This review aims to provide an overview of the synergistic therapeutic effects of caffeine and conventional drugs, summarizing the progress reported to date.

Reviewing the Prospective Pharmacological Potential of Isothiocyanates in Fight against Female-Specific Cancers

Gynecological cancers are the most commonly diagnosed malignancies in females worldwide. Despite the advancement of diagnostic tools as well as the availability of various therapeutic interventions, the incidence and mortality of female-specific cancers is still a life-threatening issue, prevailing as one of the major health problems worldwide. Lately, alternative medicines have garnered immense attention as a therapeutic intervention against various types of cancers, seemingly because of their safety profiles and enhanced effectiveness. Isothiocyanates (ITCs), specifically sulforaphane, benzyl isothiocyanate, and phenethyl isothiocyanate, have shown an intriguing potential to actively contribute to cancer cell growth inhibition, apoptosis induction, epigenetic alterations, and modulation of autophagy and cancer stem cells in female-specific cancers. Additionally, it has been shown that ITCs plausibly enhance the chemo-sensitization of many chemotherapeutic drugs. To this end, evidence has shown enhanced efficacy in combinatorial regimens with conventional chemotherapeutic drugs and/or other phytochemicals. Reckoning with these, herein, we discuss the advances in the knowledge regarding the aspects highlighting the molecular intricacies of ITCs in female-specific cancers. In addition, we have also argued regarding the potential of ITCs either as solitary treatment or in a combinatorial therapeutic regimen for the prevention and/or treatment of female-specific cancers. Hopefully, this review will open new horizons for consideration of ITCs in therapeutic interventions that would undoubtedly improve the prognosis of the female-specific cancer clientele. Considering all these, it is reasonable to state that a better understanding of these molecular intricacies will plausibly provide a facile opportunity for treating these female-specific cancers.

Codelivery of Phytochemicals with Conventional Anticancer Drugs in Form of Nanocarriers

Anticancer drugs in monotherapy are ineffective to treat various kinds of cancer due to the heterogeneous nature of cancer. Moreover, available anticancer drugs possessed various hurdles, such as drug resistance, insensitivity of cancer cells to drugs, adverse effects and patient inconveniences. Hence, plant-based phytochemicals could be a better substitute for conventional chemotherapy for treatment of cancer due to various properties: lesser adverse effects, action via multiple pathways, economical, etc. Various preclinical studies have demonstrated that a combination of phytochemicals with conventional anticancer drugs is more efficacious than phytochemicals individually to treat cancer because plant-derived compounds have lower anticancer efficacy than conventional anticancer drugs. Moreover, phytochemicals suffer from poor aqueous solubility and reduced bioavailability, which must be resolved for efficacious treatment of cancer. Therefore, nanotechnology-based novel carriers are employed for codelivery of phytochemicals and conventional anticancer drugs for better treatment of cancer. These novel carriers include nanoemulsion, nanosuspension, nanostructured lipid carriers, solid lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, polymeric micelles, dendrimers, metallic nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes that provide various benefits of improved solubility, reduced adverse effects, higher efficacy, reduced dose, improved dosing frequency, reduced drug resistance, improved bioavailability and higher patient compliance. This review summarizes various phytochemicals employed in treatment of cancer, combination therapy of phytochemicals with anticancer drugs and various nanotechnology-based carriers to deliver the combination therapy in treatment of cancer.

10-Gingerol Enhances the Effect of Taxol in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer via Targeting ADRB2 Signaling

Purpose

Although paclitaxel is widely used in cancer treatment, severe side effects and drug resistance limit its clinical use. 10-gingerol (10-G) is a natural compound isolated from ginger, which displays anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiproliferative properties. However, the chemotherapy-sensitization effect of 10-G on triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has not been fully clarified. This study is aimed at investigating the effect of 10-G on the paclitaxel sensitivity in TNBC, and its underlying mechanism.

Methods

The study was determined through in vitro and in vivo experiments. Cell viability and proliferation were detected by cell counting kit 8 (CCK-8) and colony formation. To detect cell apoptosis, flow cytometry and TUNEL were used. The expression of proteins was detected by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. The molecular docking and gene knockout were corroborated by interactions between 10-G and adrenoceptor Beta 2 (ADRB2). The body weight of mice, histopathology and organs (kidney and spleen) coefficients were used to monitor the drug toxicities.

Results

In vitro, 10-G increased the sensitivity of TNBC cells to paclitaxel, and could synergistically promote the apoptosis of TNBC cells induced by paclitaxel. In combination with molecular docking and lentivirus knockdown studies, ADRB2 was identified as a 10-G binding protein. 10-G inhibited ADRB2 by binding to the active site of ADRB2. Knockdown of ADRB2 reduces the proliferation activity of TNBC cells but also attenuates the sensitizing effects of 10-G to paclitaxel. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry showed that 10-G played an anti-proliferation and chemotherapy-sensitizing role by inhibiting the ADRB2/ERK signal. Toxicity evaluation showed that 10-G would not increase hepatorenal toxicity with paclitaxel.

Conclusion

This data suggests that 10-G may be used as a new chemotherapeutic synergist in combination with paclitaxel to enhance anticancer activity. The potential value of ADRB2 as a target for improving chemotherapy sensitivity was also emphasized.

Targeting Apoptotic Pathway of Cancer Cells with Phytochemicals and Plant-Based Nanomaterials

Apoptosis is the elimination of functionally non-essential, neoplastic, and infected cells via the mitochondrial pathway or death receptor pathway. The process of apoptosis is highly regulated through membrane channels and apoptogenic proteins. Apoptosis maintains cellular balance within the human body through cell cycle progression. Loss of apoptosis control prolongs cancer cell survival and allows the accumulation of mutations that can promote angiogenesis, promote cell proliferation, disrupt differentiation, and increase invasiveness during tumor progression. The apoptotic pathway has been extensively studied as a potential drug target in cancer treatment. However, the off-target activities of drugs and negative implications have been a matter of concern over the years. Phytochemicals (PCs) have been studied for their efficacy in various cancer cell lines individually and synergistically. The development of nanoparticles (NPs) through green synthesis has added a new dimension to the advancement of plant-based nanomaterials for effective cancer treatment. This review provides a detailed insight into the fundamental molecular pathways of programmed cell death and highlights the role of PCs along with the existing drugs and plant-based NPs in treating cancer by targeting its programmed cell death (PCD) network.

An Overview of Potential Natural Photosensitizers in Cancer Photodynamic Therapy

Cancer is one of the main causes of death worldwide. There are several different types of cancer recognized thus far, which can be treated by different approaches including surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy or a combination thereof. However, these approaches have certain drawbacks and limitations. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is regarded as an alternative noninvasive approach for cancer treatment based on the generation of toxic oxygen (known as reactive oxygen species (ROS)) at the treatment site. PDT requires photoactivation by a photosensitizer (PS) at a specific wavelength (λ) of light in the vicinity of molecular oxygen (singlet oxygen). The cell death mechanisms adopted in PDT upon PS photoactivation are necrosis, apoptosis and stimulation of the immune system. Over the past few decades, the use of natural compounds as a photoactive agent for the selective eradication of neoplastic lesions has attracted researchers' attention. Many reviews have focused on the PS cell death mode of action and photonanomedicine approaches for PDT, while limited attention has been paid to the photoactivation of phytocompounds. Photoactivation is ever-present in nature and also found in natural plant compounds. The availability of various laser light setups can play a vital role in the discovery of photoactive phytocompounds that can be used as a natural PS. Exploring phytocompounds for their photoactive properties could reveal novel natural compounds that can be used as a PS in future pharmaceutical research. In this review, we highlight the current research regarding several photoactive phytocompound classes (furanocoumarins, alkaloids, poly-acetylenes and thiophenes, curcumins, flavonoids, anthraquinones, and natural extracts) and their photoactive potential to encourage researchers to focus on studies of natural agents and their use as a potent PS to enhance the efficiency of PDT.

Integration of phytotherapy and chemotherapy: Recent advances in anticancer molecular pathways

Cancer is a disease characterized by abnormal and uncontrolled growth of cells, leading to invasion and metastasis to other tissues. Chemotherapy drugs are some of the primary treatments for cancer, which could detrimentally affect the cancer cells by various molecular mechanisms like apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. These treatment lines have always aligned with side effects and drug resistance. Due to their anticancer effects, medicinal herbs and their active derivative compounds are being profoundly used as complementary treatments for cancer. Many studies have shown that herbal ingredients exert antitumor activities and immune-modulation effects and have fewer side effects. On the other hand, combining phytotherapy and chemotherapy, with their synergistic effects, has gained much attention across the medical community. This review article discussed the therapeutic effects of essential herbal active ingredients combined with chemotherapeutic drugs in cancer therapy. To write this article, PubMed and Scopus database were searched with the keywords "Cancer," "Combination," "Herbal," "Traditional," and "Natural." After applying inclusion/exclusion criteria, 110 articles were considered. The study shows the anticancer effects of the active herbal ingredients by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in cancer cells, especially with a chemotherapeutic agent. This study also indicates that herbal compounds can reduce side effects and dosage, potentiate anticancer responses, and sensitize cancer cells to chemotherapy drugs.

Gold Nanoparticles Synthesized by an Aqueous Extract of Codium tomentosum as Potential Antitumoral Enhancers of Gemcitabine

Cancer still poses a global threat, since a lot of tumors remain untreatable despite all the available chemotherapeutic drugs, whose side effects, it must also be noted, still raise concerns. The antitumoral properties of marine seaweeds make them a potential source of new, less toxic, and more active antitumoral agents. Furthermore, these natural extracts can be combined with nanotechnology to increase their efficacy and improve targeting. In this work, a Codium tomentosum (CT) aqueous extract was employed for the green synthesis of gold nanoparticles (Au@CT). The complete characterization of Au@CT was performed by UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Zeta potential, electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), high-performance steric exclusion chromatography (HPSEC), and by the determination of their antioxidant capacity. The antiproliferative activity of Au@CT was then tested in hepatic (HEPG-2) and pancreatic (BxPC-3) cell lines. Their potential capacity as enhancers of gemcitabine, a drug frequently used to treat both types of tumors, was also tested. The activity of Au@CT was compared to the activity of the CT extract alone. A synergistic effect with gemcitabine was proven for HEPG-2. Our results showed that gold nanoparticles synthesized from seaweed extracts with antitumoral activity could be a good gemcitabine enhancer.

Aqueous Extract of Artemisia annua Shows In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity and an In Vivo Chemopreventive Effect in a Small-Cell Lung Cancer Model

Artemisia annua (A. annua) has been used as a medicinal plant in the treatment of several infectious and non-infectious diseases in the forms of tea and press juice since ancient times. The aim of this study was to evaluate the aqueous extract of A. annua (AAE) as an antimicrobial agent in vitro and to evaluate its chemopreventive efficacy in vivo in a small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) animal model. The dried powder of AAE was prepared using the Soxhlet extraction system from the leaves of Artemisia annua. The in vitro activity of AAE was determined against Candida albicans (C. albicans), Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae), and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) using the agar well diffusion method and propidium iodide (PI)-stained microbial death under a confocal microscope. The pretreatment of mice with AAE was initiated two weeks before the first dose of benzo[a]pyrene and continued for 21 weeks. The chemopreventive potential of the extract was evaluated by flow cytometry and biochemical and histopathological analyses of the tissues and serum accordingly, after sacrificing the mice. The data revealed the antimicrobial potential of AAE against all the species investigated, as it showed growth-inhibitory activity by MIC, as well as confocal microscopy. The pretreatment of AAE exhibited significant protection in carcinogen-modulated, average body weight (ABW), and relative organ weight (ROW) cancer biomarkers in the serum and antioxidants in the lungs. The hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of the tissues revealed that AAE prevented malignancy in the lungs. AAE also induced apoptosis and decreased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the lung cells analyzed by flow cytometry. The current findings demonstrated the use of AAE as an alternative medicine in the treatment of infectious disease and the chemoprevention of lung cancer. To our knowledge, this is the first study that summarizes the chemopreventive potential of AAE in a lung cancer model in vivo. However, further investigations are suggested to understand the role of AAE to potentiate the therapeutic index of the commercially available drugs that show multiple drug resistance against microbial growth and high toxicity during cancer chemotherapy.

Antiproliferative Potency of God’s Crown Fruit (Phaleria macrocarpa) Extract Against Breast Cancer Cell

Breast cancer is a sickness caused by abnormal cell growth in the breast. Mahkota Dewa fruit or god’s crown fruit products (Phaleria macrocarpa) contain flavonoids, alkaloids, polyphenols, and tannins associated with active compounds. This work directs to influence the potency of P. macrocarpa fruit as an antiproliferative agent against breast cancer cells (MCF-7 cells). The antiproliferative potency of P. macrocarpa fruit was proved by extracting and fractionating P. macrocarpa fruit using maceration. The cytotoxicity of extracts and fractions was determined using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). The antiproliferative potency against MCF-7 cells was tested using the hemacytometer approach. This work demonstrates the crude ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and water fraction. The LC50 values in crude ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and water fraction were 13.72 ppm, 147.55 ppm, 405.81 ppm, and 149. 07 ppm severally. Phaleria macrocarpa fruit has shown antiproliferation potency against MCF-7 cells. The maximum part of crude ethanol extract antiproliferative potency (56 ppm) effectively suppressed MCF-7 cell growth by 70. 9% while doxorubicin (100 ppm) by 46. 92%. This work confirms that crude ethanol extract of P. macrocarpa fruit interacts synergistically as an antiproliferative compound against MCF-7 cells.