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Tompkins YH, Choppa VSR, Kim WK. n-3 enriched Fish oil diet enhanced intestinal barrier integrity in broilers after Eimeria infection. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103660. [PMID: 38552568 PMCID: PMC11000185 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Coccidiosis caused by Eimeria spp. results in substantial economic losses in the poultry industry. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids-enriched fish oil on growth performance, intestinal barrier integrity, and intestinal immune response of broilers challenged with Eimeria spp. A total of 576 fourteen-day-old broilers were randomly assigned in a completely randomized design with a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement, comprising 2 diets supplemented with either 5% fish oil or 5% soybean oil, and 3 Eimeria spp. infection levels: a nonchallenge control, a low dose of Eimeria challenge, and a high challenge dose. The results of the study revealed significant interactions between diet and Eimeria challenge to parameters of gut barrier integrity and feed intake. A significant interaction was observed in feed intake between 5 and 8 d postinfection (DPI), where the fish oil groups exhibited a higher amount of feed intake compared to the soybean oil diet groups after coccidiosis infection. The effects of the fish oil diet resulted in enhanced gut barrier integrity, as evidenced by a trend of decreased gastrointestinal leakage and a lower mean of small intestine lesion scores after Eimeria challenge. Additionally, significant interactions were noted between Eimeria spp. challenge and diet regarding jejunal crypt depth. The positive impact of the fish oil diet was particularly noticeable with the high Eimeria challenge dose. Overall, these findings underscore the relationship between the fish oil diet and Eimeria challenge on broiler chicken intestinal health. Dietary supplementation of fish oil has the potential to maintain small intestine barrier integrity with severe Eimeria infection conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuguo Hou Tompkins
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | - Woo Kyun Kim
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Perim FDS, da Silva WJ, de Souza DO, Ulhoa CJ, Rezende CF, dos Santos LF, dos Santos FR, Silva FG, Minafra CS. Effects of the Addition of Trichoderma reesei Cellulase to Broiler Chicken Diets for a 21-Day Period. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1467. [PMID: 38791683 PMCID: PMC11117215 DOI: 10.3390/ani14101467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The cellulose present in the cell wall of vegetables prevents the greater release of nutrients to the animal. Therefore, the use of the cellulase enzyme is a viable strategy as it is capable of breaking cellulose bonds, releasing nutrients such as glucose, increasing dietary energy, and thus improving the productive performance of birds. Trichoderma reesei is efficient in the production of cellulase, which is produced via submerged fermentation followed by purification, formulation, and drying. Therefore, an experiment was carried out using 240 male broilers of the Cobb-500® lineage to verify the effects resulting from the addition of powdered (500 g/t and 1000 g/t) and liquid (500 mL/t) cellulase over a period of 1 to 21 days. A completely randomized experimental design was used, consisting of four treatments with six replications and ten birds per replication that were housed in an experimental cage. It was observed that performance and digestibility results were significantly different with cellulase supplementation. Also, the relative weight of the large intestine in the period between one and seven days increased when cellulase was added at 1000 g/t. In the period of between eight and 14 days of life, the birds that consumed only the basal diet obtained higher levels of liver protein than those that received the treatments with the addition of the enzyme. However, 15 and 21 days, the consumed feed effect did not occur between thus, it is not conclusive whether hepatotoxicity occurs with the addition of cellulase. For the blood parameters, at 21 days, the diets with added cellulase were not significantly different regarding electrolytes. It was concluded that this cellulase produced by Trichoderma reesei can be included in the animals' diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco dos Santos Perim
- Goiano Federal Institute of Education Science and Technology (Instituto Federal Goiano—IF Goiano), Rio Verde 75901970, Brazil; (F.d.S.P.); (D.O.d.S.); (C.F.R.); (L.F.d.S.); (F.R.d.S.); (F.G.S.)
| | - Weslane Justina da Silva
- Program Postgraduate in Biotechnology and Biodiversity of Goiás—PGBB/UFG, Federal University of Goiás, Samambaia Campus, Goiânia 74001240, Brazil;
| | - Dênia Oliveira de Souza
- Goiano Federal Institute of Education Science and Technology (Instituto Federal Goiano—IF Goiano), Rio Verde 75901970, Brazil; (F.d.S.P.); (D.O.d.S.); (C.F.R.); (L.F.d.S.); (F.R.d.S.); (F.G.S.)
| | - Cirano José Ulhoa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Samambaia Campus, Goiânia 74001240, Brazil;
| | - Camila Ferreira Rezende
- Goiano Federal Institute of Education Science and Technology (Instituto Federal Goiano—IF Goiano), Rio Verde 75901970, Brazil; (F.d.S.P.); (D.O.d.S.); (C.F.R.); (L.F.d.S.); (F.R.d.S.); (F.G.S.)
| | - Ludmilla Faria dos Santos
- Goiano Federal Institute of Education Science and Technology (Instituto Federal Goiano—IF Goiano), Rio Verde 75901970, Brazil; (F.d.S.P.); (D.O.d.S.); (C.F.R.); (L.F.d.S.); (F.R.d.S.); (F.G.S.)
| | - Fabiana Ramos dos Santos
- Goiano Federal Institute of Education Science and Technology (Instituto Federal Goiano—IF Goiano), Rio Verde 75901970, Brazil; (F.d.S.P.); (D.O.d.S.); (C.F.R.); (L.F.d.S.); (F.R.d.S.); (F.G.S.)
| | - Fabiano Guimarães Silva
- Goiano Federal Institute of Education Science and Technology (Instituto Federal Goiano—IF Goiano), Rio Verde 75901970, Brazil; (F.d.S.P.); (D.O.d.S.); (C.F.R.); (L.F.d.S.); (F.R.d.S.); (F.G.S.)
| | - Cibele Silva Minafra
- Goiano Federal Institute of Education Science and Technology (Instituto Federal Goiano—IF Goiano), Rio Verde 75901970, Brazil; (F.d.S.P.); (D.O.d.S.); (C.F.R.); (L.F.d.S.); (F.R.d.S.); (F.G.S.)
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Duc HM, Hoa TTK, Ha CTT, Van Hung L, Van Thang N, Minh Son H, Flory GA. Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance Profile of Clostridium perfringens Isolated from Pork and Chicken Meat in Vietnam. Pathogens 2024; 13:400. [PMID: 38787252 PMCID: PMC11123724 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13050400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is one of the most important zoonotic pathogens as it can cause food poisoning in humans and necrotic enteritis in both animals and humans. Meat, especially pork and chicken meat, is considered the main vehicle for the transmission of C. perfringens from animals to humans. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence, toxinotype, and antimicrobial resistance profile of C. perfringens isolated from pork and chicken meat sold in Vietnam. The isolation results showed that 15/50 (30%) of pork samples and 8/50 (16%) of chicken meat samples were contaminated with C. perfringens. The isolates exhibited their highest resistance rate to tetracycline (21/23; 91.30%) and clindamycin (10/23; 43.48%). On the contrary, their lowest resistance rates were observed in response to imipenem (2/23; 8.70%) and cefoxitin (1/23; 4.35%). In particular, 34.78% (8/23) of C. perfringens isolates were identified to be multidrug-resistant strains. The results of toxin genotyping indicated that all isolates were positive for the cpa gene and belonged to type A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Minh Duc
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi 12400, Vietnam
| | - Tran Thi Khanh Hoa
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi 12400, Vietnam
| | - Cam Thi Thu Ha
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi 12400, Vietnam
| | - Le Van Hung
- Veterinary Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi 12400, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Van Thang
- Veterinary Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi 12400, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Minh Son
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi 12400, Vietnam
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Fathima S, Al Hakeem WG, Shanmugasundaram R, Periyannan V, Varadhan R, Selvaraj RK. Effect of 125% and 135% arginine on the growth performance, intestinal health, and immune responses of broilers during necrotic enteritis challenge. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103826. [PMID: 38761462 PMCID: PMC11133980 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of 25% and 35% arginine supplementation in partially alleviating the effects of necrotic enteritis (NE) challenge on the production performance, intestinal integrity, and relative gene expression of tight junction proteins and inflammatory cytokines in broilers. Four hundred and eighty 1-day-old chicks were randomly allocated to the 4 treatments- Uninfected + Basal, NE + Basal, NE + Arg 125%, and NE + Arg 135%. NE was induced by inoculating 1 × 104Eimeria maxima sporulated oocysts on d 14 and 1 × 108 CFU/bird C. perfringens on d 19, 20, and 21 of age by oral gavage. The NE challenge significantly decreased body weight gain (BWG) (p < 0.05) and increased the feed conversion ratio (FCR) (p < 0.05). On d 21, the NE challenge also increased the jejunal lesion score (p < 0.05) and relative gene expression of IL-10 and decreased the expression of the tight junction proteins occludin (p < 0.05) and claudin-4 (p < 0.05). The 125% arginine diet significantly increased intestinal permeability (p < 0.05) and the relative gene expression of iNOS (p < 0.05) and IFN-γ (p < 0.05) on d 21 and the bile anti-C. perfringens IgA concentration by 39.74% (p < 0.05) on d 28. The 135% arginine diet significantly increased the feed intake during d 0 - 28 (p < 0.05) and 0 to 35 (p < 0.05) and increased the FCR on d 0 to 35 (p < 0.05). The 135% and 125% arginine diet increased the spleen CD8+: CD4+ T-cell ratio on d 28 (p < 0.05) and 35 (p < 0.05), respectively. The 135% arginine diet increased the CT CD8+:CD4+ T-cell ratio on d 35 (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the 125% and 135% arginine diets did not reverse the effect of the NE challenge on the growth performance. However, the 125% arginine diet significantly increased the cellular and humoral immune response to the challenge. Hence, the 125% arginine diet could be used with other feed additives to improve the immune response of the broilers during the NE challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahna Fathima
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA
| | - Walid G Al Hakeem
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA
| | - Revathi Shanmugasundaram
- Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Vasanthakumar Periyannan
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Ranganathan Varadhan
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Ramesh K Selvaraj
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA.
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Goo D, Ko H, Sharma MK, Choppa VSR, Paneru D, Shi H, Kim WK. Comparison of necrotic enteritis effects on growth performance and intestinal health in two different meat-type chicken strains Athens Canadian Random Bred and Cobb 500. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103599. [PMID: 38479098 PMCID: PMC10950882 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Chickens have undergone genetic improvements in the past few decades to maximize growth efficiency. However, necrotic enteritis (NE), an enteric disease primarily caused by C. perfringens, remains a significant problem in poultry production. A study investigated the differences in intestinal health between the nonselected meat-type chicken Athens Canadian Random Bred (ACRB) and the modern meat-type Cobb 500 broilers (Cobb) when challenged with experimental NE. The study utilized a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement, consisting of two main effects of chicken strain and NE challenge model (nonchallenged control, NC; NE challenge with 2,500/12,500 Eimeria maxima oocysts + 1 × 109C. perfringens, NE2.5/NE12.5). A total of 432 fourteen-day-old male ACRB and Cobb were used until 22 d (8 d postinoculation with E. maxima on d 14, dpi), and the chickens were euthanized on 6 and 8 dpi for the analysis. All data were statistically analyzed using a two-way ANOVA, and Student's t-test or Tukey's HSD test was applied when P < 0.05. The NE12.5 group showed significant decreases in growth performance and relative growth performance from d 14 to 20, regardless of chicken strain (P < 0.01). The ACRB group exhibited significant decreases in relative body weight and relative body weight gain compared to the Cobb group from d 14 to 22 (P < 0.01). On 6 and 8 dpi, both NE challenge groups showed significant decreases in intestinal villus height to crypt depth ratio, jejunal goblet cell count, and jejunal MUC2 and LEAP2 expression (P < 0.01). Additionally, the NE12.5 group had significantly higher intestinal NE lesion score, intestinal permeability, fecal E. maxima oocyst count, intestinal C. perfringens count, and jejunal IFNγ and CCL4 expression compared to the NC group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, NE negatively impacts growth performance and intestinal health in broilers, parameters regardless of the strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doyun Goo
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Hanseo Ko
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Milan Kumar Sharma
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | - Deependra Paneru
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Hanyi Shi
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Woo Kyun Kim
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Fathima S, Hakeem WGA, Shanmugasundaram R, Selvaraj RK. Effect of arginine supplementation on the growth performance, intestinal health, and immune responses of broilers during necrotic enteritis challenge. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103815. [PMID: 38713988 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of 25% arginine supplementation as a functional amino acid in partially alleviating the detrimental effects of necrotic enteritis (NE) on the growth performance, serum biochemistry, gut integrity, and the relative gene expression of tight junction proteins and inflammatory cytokines in broilers during NE. Three hundred and sixty 1-day-old chicks were randomly allocated to 4 treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement -basal diet and 125% arginine diet, with or without NE challenge. NE was induced by inoculating 1 × 104Eimeria maxima sporulated oocysts on d 14 and 1 × 108 CFU/bird C. perfringens on d 19, 20, and 21. The NE challenge had a significant effect on the BWG (p < 0.05), FCR (p < 0.05), serum AST (p < 0.05), GLU (p < 0.05), and K+ (p < 0.05) levels, and intestinal permeability (p < 0.05) and jejunal lesion score (p < 0.05). A significant challenge × diet interaction effect was observed in the cecal tonsil CD8+: CD4+ T-cell ratio on d 21 (p < 0.05) and 28 (p < 0.05) and spleen CD8+: CD4+ T-cell ratio on d 21 (p < 0.05) and 35 (p < 0.05). Arginine supplementation significantly increased the CD8+: CD4+ T-cell ratio in uninfected birds but decreased the CD8+: CD4+ T-cell ratio in infected birds. On d 21, a significant interaction effect was observed on the relative expression of the iNOS gene (p < 0.05). Arginine supplementation significantly downregulated the expression of the iNOS gene in infected birds. A significant effect of the challenge (p < 0.05) was observed on the relative gene expression of the ZO-1 gene in the jejunum. NE challenge significantly downregulated the expression of the ZO-1 gene on d 21. In conclusion, arginine supplementation did not alleviate the depression in growth performance and disease severity during the NE challenge. However, arginine downregulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines and enzymes, preventing inflammatory injury to the tissues during NE. Hence, arginine might be supplemented with other alternatives to downregulate inflammatory response during NE in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahna Fathima
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Walid G Al Hakeem
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Revathi Shanmugasundaram
- Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Ramesh K Selvaraj
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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Wang X, Zhang T, Li W, Wang H, Yan L, Zhang X, Zhao L, Wang N, Zhang B. Arginine alleviates Clostridium perfringens α toxin-induced intestinal injury in vivo and in vitro via the SLC38A9/mTORC1 pathway. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1357072. [PMID: 38638435 PMCID: PMC11024335 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1357072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Clostridium perfringens α toxin is a main virulence factor responsible for gut damage in animals. Arginine is a functional amino acid exhibiting significant immunoregulatory activities. However, the effects and immunoregulatory mechanisms of arginine supplementation on α toxin-induced intestinal injury remain unclear. Methods In vivo, 256 male Arbor Acres chickens were randomly assigned to a 2×2 factorial arrangement, involving diet treatments (with or without 0.3% arginine supplementation) and immunological stress (with or without α toxin challenge). In vitro, IEC-6 cells were treated with or without arginine in the presence or absence of α toxin. Moreover, IEC-6 cells were transfected with siRNA targeting mTOR and SLC38A9 to explore the underlying mechanisms. Results and discussion The results showed that in vivo, arginine supplementation significantly alleviated the α toxin-induced growth performance impairment, decreases in serum immunoglobulin (Ig)A and IgG levels, and intestinal morphology damage. Arginine supplementation also significantly reduced the α toxin-induced increase in jejunal proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and IL-17 mRNA expression. Clostridium perfringens α toxin significantly decreased jejunal mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and solute carrier family 38 member 9 (SLC38A9) mRNA expression, while arginine supplementation significantly increased mTOR and SLC38A9 mRNA expression. In vitro, arginine pretreatment mitigated the α toxin-induced decrease in cell viability and the increase in cytotoxicity and apoptosis. Arginine pretreatment also alleviated the α toxin-induced upregulation of mRNA expression of inflammation-related cytokines IL-6, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL)10, CXCL11 and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), as well as apoptosis-related genes B-cell lymphoma-2 associated X protein (Bax), B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-XL) and cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 3 (Caspase-3) and the ratio of Bax to Bcl-2. Arginine pretreatment significantly increased the α toxin-induced decrease in mTOR, SLC38A9, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E)-binding protein 1 (4EBP1) and ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6K) mRNA expression. Knockdown SLC38A9 and mTOR largely abrogated the positive effects of arginine pretreatment on α toxin-induced intracellular changes. Furthermore, SLC38A9 silencing abolished the increased mTOR mRNA expression caused by arginine pretreatment. In conclusion, arginine administration attenuated α toxin-induced intestinal injury in vivo and in vitro, which could be associated with the downregulation of inflammation via regulating SLC38A9/mTORC1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenli Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Heliang Wang
- Qingdao Sino-science Gene Technology Co., Ltd, Qingdao, China
| | - Lei Yan
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Group, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaowen Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lianwen Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Nianxue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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Sharma MK, Kim WK. Coccidiosis in Egg-Laying Hens and Potential Nutritional Strategies to Modulate Performance, Gut Health, and Immune Response. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1015. [PMID: 38612254 PMCID: PMC11010854 DOI: 10.3390/ani14071015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian coccidiosis, despite advancements in management, nutrition, genetics, and immunology, still remains the most impactful disease, imposing substantial economic losses to the poultry industry. Coccidiosis may strike any avian species, and it may be mild to severe, depending on the pathogenicity of Eimeria spp. and the number of oocysts ingested by the bird. Unlike broilers, low emphasis has been given to laying hens. Coccidiosis in laying hens damages the gastrointestinal tract and causes physiological changes, including oxidative stress, immunosuppression, and inflammatory changes, leading to reduced feed intake and a drastic drop in egg production. Several countries around the world have large numbers of hens raised in cage-free/free-range facilities, and coccidiosis has already become one of the many problems that producers have to face in the future. However, limited research has been conducted on egg-laying hens, and our understanding of the physiological changes following coccidiosis in hens relies heavily on studies conducted on broilers. The aim of this review is to summarize the effect of coccidiosis in laying hens to an extent and correlate it with the physiological changes that occur in broilers following coccidiosis. Additionally, this review tries to explore the nutritional strategies successfully used in broilers to mitigate the negative effects of coccidiosis in improving the gut health and performance of broilers and if they can be used in laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Woo Kyun Kim
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
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Gautam H, Ayalew LE, Shaik NA, Subhasinghe I, Popowich S, Chow-Lockerbie B, Dixon A, Ahmed KA, Tikoo SK, Gomis S. Exploring the predictive power of jejunal microbiome composition in clinical and subclinical necrotic enteritis caused by Clostridium perfringens: insights from a broiler chicken model. J Transl Med 2024; 22:80. [PMID: 38243294 PMCID: PMC10799374 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04728-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Necrotic enteritis (NE) is a severe intestinal infection that affects both humans and poultry. It is caused by the bacterium Clostridium perfringens (CP), but the precise mechanisms underlying the disease pathogenesis remain elusive. This study aims to develop an NE broiler chicken model, explore the impact of the microbiome on NE pathogenesis, and study the virulence of CP isolates with different toxin gene combinations. METHODS This study established an animal disease model for NE in broiler chickens. The methodology encompassed inducing abrupt protein changes and immunosuppression in the first experiment, and in the second, challenging chickens with CP isolates containing various toxin genes. NE was evaluated through gross and histopathological scoring of the jejunum. Subsequently, jejunal contents were collected from these birds for microbiome analysis via 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, followed by sequence analysis to investigate microbial diversity and abundance, employing different bioinformatic approaches. RESULTS Our findings reveal that CP infection, combined with an abrupt increase in dietary protein concentration and/or infection with the immunosuppressive variant infectious bursal disease virus (vIBDV), predisposed birds to NE development. We observed a significant decrease (p < 0.0001) in the abundance of Lactobacillus and Romboutsia genera in the jejunum, accompanied by a notable increase (p < 0.0001) in Clostridium and Escherichia. Jejunal microbial dysbiosis and severe NE lesions were particularly evident in birds infected with CP isolates containing cpa, netB, tpeL, and cpb2 toxin genes, compared to CP isolates with other toxin gene combinations. Notably, birds that did not develop clinical or subclinical NE following CP infection exhibited a significantly higher (p < 0.0001) level of Romboutsia. These findings shed light on the complex interplay between CP infection, the gut microbiome, and NE pathogenesis in broiler chickens. CONCLUSION Our study establishes that dysbiosis within the jejunal microbiome serves as a reliable biomarker for detecting subclinical and clinical NE in broiler chicken models. Additionally, we identify the potential of the genera Romboutsia and Lactobacillus as promising candidates for probiotic development, offering effective alternatives to antibiotics in NE prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemlata Gautam
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Lisanework E Ayalew
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Noor Ahmad Shaik
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Iresha Subhasinghe
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Shelly Popowich
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Betty Chow-Lockerbie
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Alexa Dixon
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Khawaja Ashfaque Ahmed
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Suresh K Tikoo
- Vaccinology and Immunotherapy, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, 5D40 Health Sciences, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Susantha Gomis
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada.
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10
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Sooksridang T, Rachatapibul C, Srinongkote S, Mukai K, Kikusato M. Trehalose Supplementation Effects on Growth, Intestinal Morphology, Gut Bacteria, and Footpad Dermatitis of Broiler Chickens Reared at High Density. J Poult Sci 2024; 61:2024001. [PMID: 38205392 PMCID: PMC10774519 DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.2024001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to measure the effects of trehalose (Tre) supplementation on the growth, intestinal morphology, gut bacteria, and footpad dermatitis (FPD) of broiler chickens reared at different stocking densities (SD). Four hundred newly hatched Ross 308 male chicks were randomly allocated to four groups of eight, following a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design using two SDs (normal, 11; high, 14 birds/m2) and two diets: basal with and without 0.5% Tre. Tre supplementation was provided during the starter/grower phase, but not the finisher phase. Data were analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance. We observed no significant effects of SD or Tre, individually or combined, on body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) during the starter/grower period. However, high SD decreased both BWG (P < 0.001) and FI (P < 0.05), and increased FCR (P < 0.001), during the finisher period. Whereas Tre reduced FCR (P < 0.05) as a main effect, no combined effect was observed on FCR. Over the total period, high SD negatively affected BWG and FCR (P < 0.001), and Tre significantly reduced FCR, with its effect unaffected by SD. No significant effects of SD or Tre were observed on jejunal morphology. The ileal abundance of Clostridium perfringens (P > 0.05) was not affected by high SD but was significantly reduced by Tre. Neither high SD nor Tre altered Lactobacillus spp. counts; however, high SD increased FPD lesion scores, whereas Tre had no effect. The study showed that Tre supplementation during the starter/grower period improved FCR during the finisher period, possibly by decreasing the abundance of C. perfringens in broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takawan Sooksridang
- Bangkok Animal Research Center Co., Ltd. 74/4 mu 7
Naiklongbangplakod, Prasamutjedi, Samutprakarn 10290, Thailand
| | - Chantaluk Rachatapibul
- Bangkok Animal Research Center Co., Ltd. 74/4 mu 7
Naiklongbangplakod, Prasamutjedi, Samutprakarn 10290, Thailand
| | - Saksit Srinongkote
- Bangkok Animal Research Center Co., Ltd. 74/4 mu 7
Naiklongbangplakod, Prasamutjedi, Samutprakarn 10290, Thailand
| | - Kazuhisa Mukai
- Hayashibara Co. Ltd., 1-1-3 Shimoishii, Kita-ku, Okayama
700-0907, Japan
| | - Motoi Kikusato
- Animal Nutrition, Life Sciences, Graduate School of
Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aramaki Aza Aoba 468-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8572,
Japan
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11
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Fathima S, Al Hakeem WG, Selvaraj RK, Shanmugasundaram R. Beyond protein synthesis: the emerging role of arginine in poultry nutrition and host-microbe interactions. Front Physiol 2024; 14:1326809. [PMID: 38235383 PMCID: PMC10791986 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1326809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Arginine is a functional amino acid essential for various physiological processes in poultry. The dietary essentiality of arginine in poultry stems from the absence of the enzyme carbamoyl phosphate synthase-I. The specific requirement for arginine in poultry varies based on several factors, such as age, dietary factors, and physiological status. Additionally, arginine absorption and utilization are also influenced by the presence of antagonists. However, dietary interventions can mitigate the effect of these factors affecting arginine utilization. In poultry, arginine is utilized by four enzymes, namely, inducible nitric oxide synthase arginase, arginine decarboxylase and arginine: glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT). The intermediates and products of arginine metabolism by these enzymes mediate the different physiological functions of arginine in poultry. The most studied function of arginine in humans, as well as poultry, is its role in immune response. Arginine exerts immunomodulatory functions primarily through the metabolites nitric oxide (NO), ornithine, citrulline, and polyamines, which take part in inflammation or the resolution of inflammation. These properties of arginine and arginine metabolites potentiate its use as a nutraceutical to prevent the incidence of enteric diseases in poultry. Furthermore, arginine is utilized by the poultry gut microbiota, the metabolites of which might have important implications for gut microbial composition, immune regulation, metabolism, and overall host health. This comprehensive review provides insights into the multifaceted roles of arginine and arginine metabolites in poultry nutrition and wellbeing, with particular emphasis on the potential of arginine in immune regulation and microbial homeostasis in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahna Fathima
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | | | - Ramesh K. Selvaraj
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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12
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Guo S, Tong W, Qi Y, Jiang M, Li P, Zhang Z, Hu Q, Song Z, Ding B. Effects of Dietary Limosilactobacillus fermentum and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei Supplementation on the Intestinal Stem Cell Proliferation, Immunity, and Ileal Microbiota of Broiler Chickens Challenged by Coccidia and Clostridium perfringens. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3864. [PMID: 38136901 PMCID: PMC10740854 DOI: 10.3390/ani13243864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate effects of dietary Limosilactobacillus fermentum and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei supplementation on the intestinal stem cell proliferation, immunity, and ileal microbiota of broiler chickens challenged by coccidia and Clostridium perfringens. A total of 336 one-day-old Ross 308 chickens were randomly assigned into four groups. Chickens in the control (CTR) group were fed basal diet, and chickens in the three challenged groups were fed basal diets supplemented with nothing (CCP group), 1.0 × 109 CFU/kg L. fermentum (LF_CCP group), and 1.0 × 109 CFU/kg L. paracasei (LP_CCP group), respectively. All challenged birds were infected with coccildia on day 9 and Clostridium perfringens during days 13-18. The serum and intestinal samples were collected on days 13 and 19. The results showed that L. fermentum significantly increased jejunal gene expression of cdxB (one of the intestinal stem cell marker genes) on day 13. Additionally, L. fermentum significantly up-regulated mRNA levels of JAK3 and TYK2 and tended to increase STAT6 mRNA expression in jejunum on day 19. In the cecal tonsil, both L. fermentum and L. paracasei decreased mRNA expression of JAK2 on day 13, and L. fermentum down-regulated JAK1-2, STAT1, and STAT5-6 gene expressions on day 19. Ileal microbiological analysis showed that coccidial infection increased the Escherichia-Shigella, Lactobacillus, and Romboutsia abundance and decreased Candidatus_Arthromitus richness on day 13, which were reversed by Lactobacillus intervention. Moreover, Lactobacilli increased ileal Lactobacillus richness on day 19. In conclusion, Lactobacilli alleviated the impairment of intestinal stem cell proliferation and immunity in coccidia- and C. perfringens-challenged birds via modulating JAK/STAT signaling and reshaping intestinal microflora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Guo
- Engineering Research Center of Feed Protein Resources on Agricultural by-Products, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (S.G.); (W.T.); (Y.Q.); (M.J.); (P.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Wenfei Tong
- Engineering Research Center of Feed Protein Resources on Agricultural by-Products, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (S.G.); (W.T.); (Y.Q.); (M.J.); (P.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Ya Qi
- Engineering Research Center of Feed Protein Resources on Agricultural by-Products, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (S.G.); (W.T.); (Y.Q.); (M.J.); (P.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Meihan Jiang
- Engineering Research Center of Feed Protein Resources on Agricultural by-Products, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (S.G.); (W.T.); (Y.Q.); (M.J.); (P.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Peng Li
- Engineering Research Center of Feed Protein Resources on Agricultural by-Products, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (S.G.); (W.T.); (Y.Q.); (M.J.); (P.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhengfan Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Feed Protein Resources on Agricultural by-Products, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (S.G.); (W.T.); (Y.Q.); (M.J.); (P.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Qunbing Hu
- Hubei Horwath Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Xianning 437099, China;
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Zhuan Song
- Engineering Research Center of Feed Protein Resources on Agricultural by-Products, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (S.G.); (W.T.); (Y.Q.); (M.J.); (P.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Binying Ding
- Engineering Research Center of Feed Protein Resources on Agricultural by-Products, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (S.G.); (W.T.); (Y.Q.); (M.J.); (P.L.); (Z.Z.)
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13
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Heidarpanah S, Thibodeau A, Parreira VR, Quessy S, Segura M, Gottschalk M, Gaudreau A, Juette T, Gaucher ML. Evaluation of the Immunoprotective Capacity of Five Vaccine Candidate Proteins against Avian Necrotic Enteritis and Impact on the Caecal Microbiota of Vaccinated Birds. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3323. [PMID: 37958078 PMCID: PMC10650611 DOI: 10.3390/ani13213323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian necrotic enteritis is an enteric disease of broiler chickens caused by certain pathogenic strains of Clostridium perfringens in combination with predisposing factors. A vaccine offering complete protection against the disease has not yet been commercialized. In a previous study, we produced five recombinant proteins predicted to be surface-exposed and unique to necrotic enteritis-causing C. perfringens and the immunogenicity of these potential vaccine candidates was assessed in broiler chickens. In the current work, the relative contribution of the antibodies raised by these putative antigens to protect broiler chickens was evaluated using an experimental necrotic enteritis induction model. Additionally, the link between the immune response elicited and the gut microbiota profiles in immunized birds subjected to infection with virulent C. perfringens was studied. The ELISA results showed that the IgY antibody titers in vaccinated birds on days 21 and 33 were significantly higher than those on days 7 and 14 and those in birds receiving the adjuvant alone, while the relative contribution of the specific immunity attributed to these antibodies could not be precisely determined using this experimental necrotic enteritis induction model. In addition, 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing showed that immunization of birds with recombinant proteins had a low impact on the chicken caecal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Heidarpanah
- Chaire de Recherche en Salubrité des Viandes (CRSV), Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (S.H.); (A.T.); (S.Q.)
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (M.S.); (M.G.); (A.G.)
| | - Alexandre Thibodeau
- Chaire de Recherche en Salubrité des Viandes (CRSV), Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (S.H.); (A.T.); (S.Q.)
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (M.S.); (M.G.); (A.G.)
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses en Production Animale (GREMIP), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Valeria R. Parreira
- Canadian Research Institute for Food Safety (CRIFS), Food Science Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Sylvain Quessy
- Chaire de Recherche en Salubrité des Viandes (CRSV), Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (S.H.); (A.T.); (S.Q.)
| | - Mariela Segura
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (M.S.); (M.G.); (A.G.)
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses en Production Animale (GREMIP), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (M.S.); (M.G.); (A.G.)
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses en Production Animale (GREMIP), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Annie Gaudreau
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (M.S.); (M.G.); (A.G.)
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses en Production Animale (GREMIP), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Tristan Juette
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada;
| | - Marie-Lou Gaucher
- Chaire de Recherche en Salubrité des Viandes (CRSV), Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (S.H.); (A.T.); (S.Q.)
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (M.S.); (M.G.); (A.G.)
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses en Production Animale (GREMIP), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
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14
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Jaramillo-Jaramillo AS, Coulson TJD, Hofacre C, Jones M, O'Neill L, Nguyen N, Labbe A. Effect of in-water administration of quorum system inhibitors in broilers' productive performance and intestinal microbiome in a mild necrotic enteritis challenge. Avian Pathol 2023; 52:309-322. [PMID: 37485826 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2023.2224260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The poultry industry has been facing the impact of necrotic enteritis (NE), a disease caused by the bacterium Clostridium perfringens producing the haemolytic toxin NetB. NE severity may vary from mild clinical to prominent enteric signs causing reduced growth rates and affecting feed conversion ratio. NetB production is controlled by the Agr-like quorum-sensing (QS) system, which coordinates virulence gene expression in response to bacterial cell density. In this study, the peptide-containing cell-free spent media (CFSM) from Enterococcus faecium was tested in NE challenged broilers in two battery cage and one floor pen studies. Results showed a significant reduction of NE mortality. Metagenomic sequencing of the jejunum microbiome revealed no impact of the CFSM on the microbial community, and growth of C. perfringens was unaffected by CFSM in vitro. The expression of QS-controlled virulence genes netB, plc and pfoA was found to be significantly repressed by CFSM during the mid-logarithmic stage of C. perfringens growth and this corresponded with a significant decrease in haemolytic activity. Purified fractions of CFSM containing bioactive peptides were found to cause reduced haemolysis. These results showed that bioactive peptides reduce NE mortality in broilers by interfering with the QS system of C. perfringens and reducing bacterial virulence. Furthermore, the microbiome of C. perfringens-challenged broilers is not affected by quorum sensing inhibitor containing CFSM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - C Hofacre
- Southern Poultry Research Group, Inc., Watkinsville, GA, USA
| | - M Jones
- Southern Poultry Research Group, Inc., Watkinsville, GA, USA
| | - L O'Neill
- MicroSintesis Inc., Victoria, P.E.I. Canada
| | - N Nguyen
- MicroSintesis Inc., Victoria, P.E.I. Canada
| | - A Labbe
- MicroSintesis Inc., Victoria, P.E.I. Canada
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15
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Shah BR, Hakeem WA, Shanmugasundaram R, Selvaraj RK. Effect of synbiotic supplementation on production performance and severity of necrotic enteritis in broilers during an experimental necrotic enteritis challenge. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102959. [PMID: 37619505 PMCID: PMC10470215 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the efficacy of synbiotic during a necrotic enteritis (NE) infection, a total of 360 day-old chicks were randomly assigned into 4 experimental groups in a 2 × 2 factorial setup: control, challenge, synbiotic (1 g/kg), and challenge + synbiotic, with 6 replicates. NE was induced by gavaging 1 × 104Eimeria maxima oocysts and 1 × 108 CFU/mL of Clostridium perfringens on d 14 (D14) and D19, 20, and 21, respectively. At D35, the NE challenge decreased the BW gain (P < 0.001) and increased feed conversion ratio (P = 0.03), whereas synbiotic supplementation decreased the feed intake (P = 0.04). At D21, NE challenge increased gut permeability (P < 0.001), decreased regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the cecal tonsil (CT) (P = 0.02), increased Tregs in the spleen (P = 0.02), decreased nitric oxide (NO) production in the spleen (P = 0.04) and decreased IL-10 expression in CT (P = 0.02), whereas synbiotic supplementation increased CD4+:CD8+ T cells in the spleen (P < 0.001) and decreased interferon (IFN)-γ expression in the jejunum (P = 0.07), however, synbiotic supplementation during NE challenge decreased mid-gut lesion score (P < 0.001), increased CD4+:CD8+ T cells in CT and decreased IgA production in bile (P < 0.001), compared to the control group. At D28, synbiotic supplementation decreased CD4+:CD8+ T cells in CT (P < 0.001), whereas synbiotic supplementation during NE challenge decreased Tregs in CT (P < 0.001) and increased NO production in the spleen (P = 0.04), compared to the control group. At D35, the NE challenge decreased CD4+:CD8+ T cells in the spleen (P = 0.03), decreased IgA production in bile (P = 0.02), decreased IL-10 expression in CT (P = 0.04), and decreased IL-10 (P = 0.009), IFN-γ (P = 0.03) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (P = 0.02) expression in the jejunum, whereas synbiotic supplementation increased Tregs in the spleen (P = 0.04), compared to control group. Synbiotic supplementation during the NE challenge decreased both IL-1β (P = 0.02) and IFN-γ (P = 0.001) expression in CT, compared to the control group. It can be concluded that synbiotic supplementation increases production performance by decreasing mid-gut lesions and enhancing protective immunity against NE, and efficiency of synbiotic could be improved by blending additional probiotics and prebiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikas R Shah
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Walid A Hakeem
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Revathi Shanmugasundaram
- Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ramesh K Selvaraj
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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16
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Liu J, Wu S, Zhao H, Ye C, Fu S, Liu Y, Liu T, Qiu Y. Baicalin-aluminum alleviates necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens by inhibiting virulence factors expression of Clostridium perfringens. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1243819. [PMID: 37818042 PMCID: PMC10561085 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1243819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens type A is the main cause of necrotic enteritis (NE) in chickens. Since the use of antibiotics in feed is withdrawn, it is imperative to find out suitable alternatives to control NE. Baicalin-aluminum complex is synthesized from baicalin, a flavonoid isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. The present study investigated the effects of baicalin-aluminum on the virulence-associated traits and virulence genes expression of C. perfringens CVCC2030, it also evaluated the in vivo therapeutic effect on NE. The results showed that baicalin-aluminum inhibited bacterial hemolytic activity, diminished biofilm formation, attenuated cytotoxicity to Caco-2 cells, downregulated the expression of genes encoding for clostridial toxins and extracellular enzymes such as alpha toxin (CPA), perfringolysin O (PFO), collagenase (ColA), and sialidases (NanI, NanJ). Additionally, baicalin-aluminum was found to negatively regulate the expression of genes involved in quorum sensing (QS) communication, including genes of Agr QS system (agrB, agrD) and genes of VirS/R two-component regulatory system (virS, virR). In vivo experiments, baicalin-aluminum lightened the intestinal lesions and histological damage, it inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) expression in the jejunal and ileal tissues. Besides, baicalin-aluminum alleviated the upregulation of C. perfringens and Escherichia coli and raised the relative abundance of Lactobacillus in the ileal digesta. This study suggests that baicalin-aluminum may be a potential candidate against C. perfringens infection by inhibiting the virulence-associated traits and virulence genes expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuangqi Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Honghao Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chun Ye
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shulin Fu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yinsheng Qiu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
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17
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Lv H, Li P, Wang Z, Gao M, Li G, Nie W, Xiao L, Lv Z, Guo Y. Effects of Dietary Supplemental Chlorogenic Acid and Baicalin on the Growth Performance and Immunity of Broilers Challenged with Lipopolysaccharide. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1645. [PMID: 37629502 PMCID: PMC10455899 DOI: 10.3390/life13081645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplemental chlorogenic acid and baicalin (CAB) on the growth performance and immunity of broilers challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This study was designed as a factorial arrangement of 2 dietary CAB treatments × 2 LPS treatments. Birds challenged with or without LPS were fed with a basic diet (CON) and (LPS), the level of CAB diet containing 500 mg/kg CAB(CAB) and (CAB + LPS). The feeding trial lasted for 42 days. Results showed that there was a negative effect on average daily weight gain (ADG) and average body weight of broilers during the animal trial with LPS challenge. The levels of diamine oxidase (DAO), lysozyme (LYZ), immunoglobulin G (IgG), and IgA in the serum, the contents of IL-1β and TNF-α in the spleen were elevated with LPS treated. Additionally, LPS treatment tended to reduce the jejunal villi height (VH) and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) in the serum. Dietary supplemental 500 mg/kg CAB increased the body weight and ADG and improved the feed conversion ratio (FCR) during the trial period. In addition, dietary 500 mg/kg CAB elevated the ratio of VH to crypt depth in the jejunum and reduced the content of protein carbonyl. Beyond that, the levels of IgG and IgA in the serum and transforming growth factor (TGF-β) in the spleen were up-regulated with 500 mg/kg CAB supplementation. In conclusion, dietary CAB was beneficial for growth performance and immunity of broilers challenged with lipopolysaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyuan Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China; (H.L.); (M.G.); (G.L.); (W.N.); (Z.L.)
| | - Peng Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China;
| | - Zhiming Wang
- Beijing Centre Biology Co., Ltd., Daxing District, Beijing 102218, China;
| | - Mingkun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China; (H.L.); (M.G.); (G.L.); (W.N.); (Z.L.)
| | - Guang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China; (H.L.); (M.G.); (G.L.); (W.N.); (Z.L.)
| | - Wei Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China; (H.L.); (M.G.); (G.L.); (W.N.); (Z.L.)
| | - Lei Xiao
- Hubei Lan Good Microbial Technology Co., Ltd., Yichang 443100, China;
| | - Zengpeng Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China; (H.L.); (M.G.); (G.L.); (W.N.); (Z.L.)
| | - Yuming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China; (H.L.); (M.G.); (G.L.); (W.N.); (Z.L.)
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18
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Blue CEC, Emami NK, White MB, Cantley S, Dalloul RA. Inclusion of Quillaja Saponin Clarity Q Manages Growth Performance, Immune Response, and Nutrient Transport of Broilers during Subclinical Necrotic Enteritis. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1894. [PMID: 37630454 PMCID: PMC10456759 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11081894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Necrotic enteritis (NE) is an intestinal disease that results in poor performance, inefficient nutrient absorption, and has a devastating economic impact on poultry production. This study evaluated the effects of a saponin-based product (Clarity Q, CQ) during an NE challenge. A total of 1200 male chicks were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments (10 pens/treatment; 30 birds/pen): treatment 1 (NC), a non-medicated corn-soybean basal diet; treatment 2 (PC), NC + 50 g/metric ton (MT) of bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD); and treatments 3 (CQ15) and 4 (CQ30), NC + 15 and 30 g/MT, respectively. On the day (d) of placement, birds were challenged by a coccidia vaccine to induce NE. On d 8, 14, 28, and 42, performance parameters were measured. On d 8, three birds/pen were necropsied for NE lesions. On d 8 and d 14, jejunum samples from one bird/pen were collected for mRNA abundance of tight junction proteins and nutrient transporter genes. Data were analyzed in JMP (JMP Pro, 16), and significance (p ≤ 0.05) between treatments was identified by Fisher's least significant difference (LSD) test. Compared to PC and NC, CQ15 had higher average daily gain (ADG), while CQ30 had lower average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). NE lesions in the duodenum were lower in CQ15 compared to all other treatments. On d 8, mRNA abundance of CLDN1, CLDN5, AMPK, PepT2, GLUT2, and EAAT3 were significantly greater in CQ30 (p < 0.05) compared to both PC and NC. On d 14, mRNA abundance of ZO2 and PepT2 was significantly lower in PC when compared to all treatments, while that of ANXA1, JAM3, and GLUT5 was comparable to CQ15. In summary, adding Clarity Q to broiler diets has the potential to alleviate adverse effects caused by this enteric disease by improving performance, reducing intestinal lesions, and positively modulating the mRNA abundance of various tight junction proteins and key nutrient transporters during peak NE infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice E. C. Blue
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Nima K. Emami
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Mallory B. White
- School of STEM, Virginia Western Community College, Roanoke, VA 24015, USA
| | | | - Rami A. Dalloul
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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19
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Fan YC, Wu YT, Wu YHS, Wang CL, Chou CH, Chen YC, Tsai HJ. Investigation of Trehalose Supplementation Impacting Campylobacter jejuni and Clostridium perfringens from Broiler Farming. Vet Sci 2023; 10:466. [PMID: 37505870 PMCID: PMC10385778 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10070466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2006, the European Commission banned the use of antibiotic promoters in animal feed. However, there is a new situation in poultry disease where it is necessary to study feed additives, which can overcome the diseases that were previously controlled through the addition of antibiotics and antimicrobial growth promoters in the feed. Therefore, trehalose was investigated to determine whether it impacts the growth performance and pathogenic bacteria (C. jejuni and C. perfringens) inoculation in broilers. In the first experiment, the tolerance of broilers to the addition of trehalose to their feed was investigated. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in body weight changes, daily weight gain, feed intake or feed conversion ratio during the feeding period. Within a 35-day feeding period, it was concluded that a trehalose dosage up to 10% does not exert a negative effect on broiler farming. Moreover, there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the broilers' growth performance, as well as C. jejuni and C. perfringens counts in the intestines and feces of broilers observed over a 5-week feeding period. However, Lactobacillus counts significantly increased in these groups with 3% and 5% trehalose supplementation. The findings indicate that trehalose supplementation in the feed cannot directly decrease C. jejuni and C. perfringens counts but may enhance gut health by raising Lactobacillus counts in chicken gut, particularly when enteropathogenic bacteria are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Chi Fan
- Zoonoses Research Center and School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei City 106, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Tei Wu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei City 106, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsieng Samuel Wu
- Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University-Yangming Campus, 155, Sec. 2, Linong Street, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lan Wang
- Zoonoses Research Center and School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei City 106, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsi Chou
- Zoonoses Research Center and School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei City 106, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Chen
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei City 106, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Jung Tsai
- Zoonoses Research Center and School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei City 106, Taiwan
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20
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Tripathi A, Kumar D, Chavda P, Rathore DS, Pandit R, Blake D, Tomley F, Joshi M, Joshi CG, Dubey SK. Resistome profiling reveals transmission dynamics of antimicrobial resistance genes from poultry litter to soil and plant. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 327:121517. [PMID: 36990341 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Poultry farming is a major livelihood in South and Southeast Asian economies where it is undergoing rapid intensification to meet the growing human demand for dietary protein. Intensification of poultry production systems is commonly supported by increased antimicrobial drug use, risking greater selection and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). Transmission of ARGs through food chains is an emerging threat. Here, we investigated transmission of ARGs from chicken (broiler and layer) litter to soil and Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench plants based on field and pot experiments. The results demonstrate ARGs transmission from poultry litter to plant systems under field as well as experimental pot conditions. The most common ARGs could be tracked for transmission from litter to soil to plants were identified as detected were cmx, ErmX, ErmF, lnuB, TEM-98 and TEM-99, while common microorganisms included Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Vibrio cholerae. Using next generation sequencing and digital PCR assays we detected ARGs transmitted from poultry litter in both the roots and stems of S. bicolor (L.) Moench plants. Poultry litter is frequently used as a fertiliser because of its high nitrogen content; our studies show that ARGs can transmit from litter to plants and illustrates the risks posed to the environment by antimicrobial treatment of poultry. This knowledge is useful for formulating intervention strategies that can reduce or prevent ARGs transmission from one value chain to another, improving understanding of impacts on human and environmental health. The research outcome will help in further understanding the transmission and risks posed by ARGs from poultry to environmental and human/animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Animesh Tripathi
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Department of Science and Technology; (DST), Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382011, India
| | - Priyank Chavda
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Department of Science and Technology; (DST), Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382011, India
| | - Dalip Singh Rathore
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Department of Science and Technology; (DST), Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382011, India
| | - Ramesh Pandit
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Department of Science and Technology; (DST), Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382011, India
| | - Damer Blake
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Fiona Tomley
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Madhvi Joshi
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Department of Science and Technology; (DST), Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382011, India
| | - Chaitanya G Joshi
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Department of Science and Technology; (DST), Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382011, India
| | - Suresh Kumar Dubey
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India.
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21
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Sharma MK, Regmi P, Applegate T, Chai L, Kim WK. Osteoimmunology: A Link between Gastrointestinal Diseases and Skeletal Health in Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1816. [PMID: 37889704 PMCID: PMC10251908 DOI: 10.3390/ani13111816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone serves as a multifunctional organ in avian species, giving structural integrity to the body, aiding locomotion and flight, regulating mineral homeostasis, and supplementing calcium for eggshell formation. Furthermore, immune cells originate and reside in the bone marrow, sharing a milieu with bone cells, indicating a potential interaction in functions. In avian species, the prevalence of gastrointestinal diseases can alter the growth and the immune response, which costs a great fortune to the poultry industry. Previous studies have shown that coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis can dramatically reduce bone quality as well. However, possible mechanisms on how bone quality is influenced by these disease conditions have not yet been completely understood, other than the reduced feed intake. On the other hand, several mediators of the immune response, such as chemokines and cytokines, play a vital role in the differentiation and activation of osteoclasts responsible for bone resorption and osteoblasts for bone formation. In the case of Eimeria spp./Clostridium perfringens coinfection, these mediators are upregulated. One possible mechanism for accelerated bone loss after gastrointestinal illnesses might be immune-mediated osteoclastogenesis via cytokines-RANKL-mediated pathways. This review article thus focuses on osteoimmunological pathways and the interaction between host immune responses and bone biology in gastrointestinal diseases like coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis affecting skeletal health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Woo Kyun Kim
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (M.K.S.); (P.R.); (T.A.); (L.C.)
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22
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Stülke J, Grüppen A, Bramkamp M, Pelzer S. Bacillus subtilis, a Swiss Army Knife in Science and Biotechnology. J Bacteriol 2023; 205:e0010223. [PMID: 37140386 PMCID: PMC10210981 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00102-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Next to Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis is the most studied and best understood organism that also serves as a model for many important pathogens. Due to its ability to form heat-resistant spores that can germinate even after very long periods of time, B. subtilis has attracted much scientific interest. Another feature of B. subtilis is its genetic competence, a developmental state in which B. subtilis actively takes up exogenous DNA. This makes B. subtilis amenable to genetic manipulation and investigation. The bacterium was one of the first with a fully sequenced genome, and it has been subject to a wide variety of genome- and proteome-wide studies that give important insights into many aspects of the biology of B. subtilis. Due to its ability to secrete large amounts of proteins and to produce a wide range of commercially interesting compounds, B. subtilis has become a major workhorse in biotechnology. Here, we review the development of important aspects of the research on B. subtilis with a specific focus on its cell biology and biotechnological and practical applications from vitamin production to concrete healing. The intriguing complexity of the developmental programs of B. subtilis, paired with the availability of sophisticated tools for genetic manipulation, positions it at the leading edge for discovering new biological concepts and deepening our understanding of the organization of bacterial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Stülke
- Department of General Microbiology, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, GZMB, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Marc Bramkamp
- Institute for General Microbiology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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23
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Al Hakeem WG, Acevedo Villanueva KY, Selvaraj RK. The Development of Gut Microbiota and Its Changes Following C. jejuni Infection in Broilers. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030595. [PMID: 36992178 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut is home to more than millions of bacterial species. The gut bacteria coexist with the host in a symbiotic relationship that can influence the host’s metabolism, nutrition, and physiology and even module various immune functions. The commensal gut microbiota plays a crucial role in shaping the immune response and provides a continuous stimulus to maintain an activated immune system. The recent advancements in high throughput omics technologies have improved our understanding of the role of commensal bacteria in developing the immune system in chickens. Chicken meat continues to be one of the most consumed sources of protein worldwide, with the demand expected to increase significantly by the year 2050. Yet, chickens are a significant reservoir for human foodborne pathogens such as Campylobacter jejuni. Understanding the interaction between the commensal bacteria and C. jejuni is essential in developing novel technologies to decrease C. jejuni load in broilers. This review aims to provide current knowledge of gut microbiota development and its interaction with the immune system in broilers. Additionally, the effect of C. jejuni infection on the gut microbiota is addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Ghazi Al Hakeem
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Keila Y Acevedo Villanueva
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ramesh K Selvaraj
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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