Important Flavonoids and Their Role as a Therapeutic Agent

Cultivation technology optimization and identification of secondary metabolites from elm oyster mushroom Hypsizygus ulmarius (Bull.) Redhead (Agaricomycetes) through GC-MS metabolomic profiling from India

Hypsizygus ulmarius, a novel oyster mushroom species, offers potential scope due to its low-cost production, high biological efficiency, and notable nutritional, medicinal, and therapeutic properties. The present study standardized commercial cultivation technology for H. ulmarius in the Trans-Gangetic Plains of India. The mycelium grew well on potato dextrose agar and carrot extract broth at pH 8.0 and temperature 25 C. Wheat straw supplemented with the cotton seed hull at the rate of 10.0% dose, spawned with pearl millet grain spawn at the rate of 5.0% spawn dose, gave the highest mushroom yield (953.66 g/0.4 kg dry substrate) with biological efficiency (238.41%). The first flush sporocarps were freeze-dried for physicochemical characterization, revealing 16 strong peaks and 8 functional groups via Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. Particle size averaged 45.97 µm of mushroom powder, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed diverse surface textures. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolic profiling identified 20 key secondary metabolites each from hexane and methanolic extracts, with therapeutic uses that are valuable for pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and food industry applications.

Total flavonoid content revised: An overview of past, present, and future determinations in phytochemical analysis

Flavonoids represent an important research topic in the analytical chemistry of secondary plant metabolites. During habitual laboratory determinations, preliminary quantitative analysis is often associated with in vitro colorimetric assessment. Total flavonoid content (TFC) is used as screening method with high relevance in the chemical analysis of plants and derived products, being typically applied before HPLC-MS phytochemical profiling. Its importance stems from affordability, simplicity, rapidity, and low cost. The AlCl3 assay, with or without NaNO2 addition, is the most used method in the present, although less frequently used methods (using 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, dimethylamino-cinnamaldehyde, or diethylene glycol) show potential for complementary and specific determinations. Given the prevalence of research papers focusing on a single method for "total flavonoid" determination, we identified the need for an objective and critical comparison of existing methodologies. Moreover, a special notice is dedicated to the past and the future of in vitro TFC determinations, in the context of recent advances in flavonoid research. The focal point of this review is to serve as a basis for laboratory protocol reorganization regarding TFC determination, as a powerful tool before mass spectrometry, as well as to present a potential complementary analysis protocol applicable to biological samples. Among the methods found in the literature, SBC was the only assay providing accurate determinations of TFC.

Advances in flavonoid bioactivity in chronic diseases and bioavailability: transporters and enzymes

Flavonoids, abundant in the human diet, have been extensively studied for their therapeutic bioactivities. Recent research has made significantly advances in our understanding of the biological activities of flavonoids, demonstrating their therapeutic effects for various chronic diseases. However, the generally low bioavailability of flavonoids limits their effectiveness. Therefore, it is essential to explore the pharmacokinetics of flavonoids, paying particular attention to the roles of transporters and metabolizing enzymes. This paper reviews recent studies on the bioactivity of flavonoids, highlighting the importance of transporters and metabolic enzymes in their pharmacokinetics.

Therapeutic potential of natural flavonoids in atherosclerosis through endothelium-protective mechanisms: An update

Atherosclerosis and its associated cardiovascular complications remain significant global public health challenges, underscoring the urgent need for effective therapeutic strategies. Endothelial cells are critical for maintaining vascular health and homeostasis, and their dysfunction is a key contributor to the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Targeting endothelial dysfunction has, therefore, emerged as a promising approach for the prevention and management of atherosclerosis. Among natural products, flavonoids, a diverse class of plant-derived phenolic compounds, have garnered significant attention for their anti-atherosclerotic properties. A growing body of evidence demonstrates that flavonoids can mitigate endothelial dysfunction, highlighting their potential as endothelial dysfunction-targeted therapeutics for atherosclerosis. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the roles of natural flavonoids in modulating various aspects of endothelial dysfunction and their therapeutic effects on atherosclerosis, focusing on the underlying molecular mechanisms. We also discuss the challenges and future prospects of translating natural flavonoids into clinical applications for cardiovascular medicine. This review aims to provide critical insights to advance the development of novel endothelium-protective pharmacotherapies for atherosclerosis.

trans-Tiliroside and (+)-pinoresinol: polyphenols against albumin glycation, α-glucosidase activity and ROS formation, with in silico pharmacokinetic evaluation

trans-Tiliroside and (+)-pinoresinol, a flavonoid and a lignan found in plants traditionally used for diabetes mellitus care, were investigated for antidiabetic properties through in vitro and in silico studies. Four assays were conducted: Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) assay to assess inhibition of albumin glycation, α-glucosidase assay to evaluate decrease of carbohydrate digestion, Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) assay for antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity evaluation on HT-29 cells. trans-Tiliroside showed higher inhibition of protein glycation, with IC50 values of 113.6, 71.03 and 95.73 µM against glucose, fructose and ribose-induced glycation, respectively. Moreover, trans-tiliroside demonstrated higher antioxidant capacity than (+)-pinoresinol. Both compounds showed slight α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and no cytotoxicity in HT-29 cells at 0.1-100 µM. An in silico pharmacokinetic study evaluated their bioavailability. Results suggest trans-tiliroside can act as an inhibitor of protein glycation, potentially reducing unwanted glycation reactions and preventing hyperglycaemia-related diseases.

Integrating network pharmacology and in vivo pharmacological validation to explore the gastroprotective mechanism of Sotetsuflavone against indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats: Involvement of JAK2/STAT3 pathway

Sotetsuflavone (SF) is an antioxidant flavonoid derived from the Cycas thouarsii R.Br. plant. Although SF regulates numerous cellular pathways influencing inflammation, its antiinflammatory benefits against gastric ulcers are less well-studied. Hence, it is imperative to thoroughly understand the potential gastroprotective mechanisms of SF. This study aimed to explore the effectiveness of SF against indomethacin (IND)-induced gastric ulcers. Network analysis and molecular docking were used to identify the specific targets and pathways related to SF and stomach ulcers. To validate the in vivo pharmacological action of SF, 36 rats were divided into 6 groups. Ulcer index (UI), protective percentage (PP), gastric mucosal mediators, oxidant/antioxidant status, and inflammatory markers (MIF, M-CSF, and AIF-1) were assessed. Additionally, the expression of PI3K, Akt, Siah2, SOCS3, JAK2, and STAT3 was determined. Stomach histopathology and immunohistochemistry were done. Network pharmacology detected 46 overlapping targets between SF and stomach ulcers, with HIF1A as the primary target among the top hubs. The network also revealed that JAK/STAT, PI3K/Akt, and HIF-1A signaling are among the top 50 markedly enriched KEGG pathways. Furthermore, docking results confirmed that SF has a strong binding affinity towards SOCS3, JAK2, STAT3, M-CSF (CSF-1), and AIF-1. Therefore, we hypothesized that the JAK2/STAT3 pathway may be primarily responsible for SF antiinflammatory action. Through up-regulating SOCS3, SF altered the PI3K/Akt pathway, mitigating oxidative stress, blocking the outflow of inflammatory mediators, and impeding gastric ulcer development. Overall, SF, by the SOCS3-mediated JAK2/STAT3 suppression, might considerably reduce oxidative stress, inflammation, and ulceration caused by indomethacin in the stomach.

Amplifying therapeutic potential through optimization of bioavailability of poorly soluble flavonols via albumin-based nanoparticles

OBJECTIVE

Flavonols have different pharmacological actions that render them highly promising therapeutic targets. However, their water solubility and bioavailability are low, which restricts their therapeutic potential. ABNPs, albumin-based nanoparticles, are potential nanocarriers that enhance flavonol solubility, stability, and targeted delivery. By utilizing ABNPs, in this work we provide a detailed overview of strategies employed to attain maximum bioavailability of poorly water-soluble flavonols. The review critically evaluates ABNP-mediated delivery's pharmacokinetic advantage, physicochemical properties, and formulation principles. We also highlight existing gaps in research, such as the need for stringent in vivo validity tests, standardized formulation procedures, and in-depth mechanistic understanding of flavonol-albumin interactions.

SIGNIFICANCE

Despite having potential therapeutic activities, the utilization of flavonoids in the form of medication is limited. Some recent studies have shown that flavonoids exhibit low solubility, low permeability and chemical instability, thereby limiting their bioavailability and therapeutic responses.

METHODS

To overcome these drawbacks, multiple novel drug delivery approaches have emerged in the pharmaceutical research.

RESULTS

These novel approaches seem to offer a viable foundation for improving the bioavailability of the flavonoids and positioning them as viable therapeutic options. Out of all the polymers implemented in enhancing the solubility and bioavailability of the flavonoids, albumin-based nanomaterials have been the most efficacious one.

CONCLUSION

Compared to all other polymeric nano-carriers, albumin nano-carriers offer a greater scale of drug entrapment and drug loading because of their capacity for surface modification, crosslinking, conjugation, coupling, and characteristics including biodegradability and biocompatibility.

Role of Phytonutrients in the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Diseases: A Concrete Review

Delving into the intricate role of phytonutrients is paramount to effectively preventing and treating chronic diseases. Phytonutrients are "plant-based nutrients" that positively affect human health. Phytonutrients perform primary therapeutic functions in the management and treatment of various diseases. It is reported that different types of pathogenesis occur due to the excessive production of oxidants (reactive nitrogen species and reactive oxygen species). The literature shows that a higher intake of fruits, vegetables, and other plant-based food is inversely related to treating different chronic diseases. Due to many phytonutrients (antioxidants) in fruits, vegetables, and other medicinal plants, they are considered major therapeutic agents for various diseases. The main purpose of this review is to summarize the major phytonutrients involved in preventing and treating diseases. Fourteen major phytonutrients are discussed in this review, such as polyphenols, anthocyanin, resveratrol, phytosterol (stigmasterol), flavonoids, isoflavonoids, limonoids, terpenoids, carotenoids, lycopene, quercetin, phytoestrogens, glucosinolates, and probiotics, which are well-known for their beneficial effects on the human body and treatment of different pathological conditions. It is concluded that phytonutrients play a major role in the prevention and treatment of diabetes mellitus, obesity, hypertension, cardiovascular disorders, other types of cancers, neurological disorders, age-related diseases, and inflammatory disorders and are also involved in various biological activities.

Comprehensive assessment of 3-benzyloxyflavones as β-glucosidase inhibitors: in vitro, in vivo, kinetic, SAR and computational studies

In this study, a series of 3-benzyloxyflavone derivatives (1-10) was designed and, for the first time, evaluated for both in vitro and in vivo inhibitory activity against the β-glucosidase enzyme. The enzyme inhibitory potential of these derivatives was further assessed in an antihyperglycemic context using in vivo mechanism-based assays on p-nitrophenyl-β-d-glucopyranoside (PGLT) induced diabetic models. Additionally, structure-activity relationship (SAR) was employed to identify structural features crucial for activity. Molecular docking analyses revealed that both the potent compounds and co-crystallized ligands shared similar binding orientations within the active sites of β-glucosidase (PDB IDs: 3AJ7; 66K1). Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations validated the stability of the inhibitor-enzyme complexes under physiological conditions, while density functional theory (DFT) calculations helped elucidate electronic properties critical for activity. Drug-likeness analysis was also conducted to assess the pharmacokinetic potential of the derivatives. The results highlighted several derivatives with significant inhibitory activity, desirable pharmacokinetic profiles, and promising drug-like properties, making them potential candidates for therapeutic development. The target derivatives (1-10) demonstrated strong potential as lead compounds for developing new anti-diabetic agents with effective anti-hyperglycemic properties.

Estimation of apigenin from Abrus precatorius Linn. leaves extract by validated HPTLC densitometric method coupled with mass spectrometry

Abrus precatorius Linn. is recognised as Indian liquorice, valued for its medicinal properties, containing apigenin, a promising therapeutic scaffold, however, its quantification is lacking. Hence, this study established and validated the high-performance thin layer chromatography method for quantitation of apigenin from methanolic extract of A. precatorius leaves (APM). The optimised mobile phase was toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid (6:3:1, v/v/v) for separation of apigenin. Apigenin was also confirmed by tandem mass spectrometry. The developed method was sensitive with correlation coefficient (r2 = 0.998) with limit of detection and quantification of 12.66 and 38.38 ng/band respectively. APM extract contained 0.559% w/w apigenin. Spectroscopic analysis confirmed apigenin with m/z value of 271.3. This method has been reported for the first time and proven accurate, precise and specific. As apigenin is a promising therapeutic agent, the established method can be used for quality control and be a template for drug formulation.

Chemical compounds isolated from aerial parts of Bolanthus aziz-sancarii, a new species from Türkiye

Bolanthus aziz-sancarii identified in 2019 for the first time is an endemic species of Bolanthus genus belonging to Caryophyllaceae family. Ten compounds were isolated from aerial parts of the plant. The potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of all four phases (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and water) from the methanol extract of the plant were investigated. After considering the findings regarding both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities, it was decided to investigate the phytochemical profile of the EtOAc layer of B. aziz-sancarii. An abscisic acid-type sesquiterpene glucoside and nine flavonoid derivatives were isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of the B. aziz-sancarii methanol extract through the use of column chromatography with silica gel.

Bamboo vinegar powder: Unveiling its antioxidant and antifungal efficacy through bioactive compound analysis and mechanistic insights

Bamboo vinegar has been applied in livestock and fisheries as food additives. In this study, the antioxidant and antifungal properties of bamboo vinegar powder extract (BVPE) and its bioactive compounds were explored. BVPE exhibited significant free radical scavenging activity against DPPH and ABTS radicals, along with notable antifungal effects against Aspergillus terreus and Paecilomyces variotii. LC-MS/MS analysis identified several bioactive compounds, including 1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene, 4-methylcatechol, 3,4-dihydroxyhydrocinnamic acid, and hydroquinone, exhibiting strong antioxidant capacities. Moreover, eight abundant compounds revealed significant antifungal activity, with 4-methylcatechol and 4-methylbenzoic acid displaying potent effects. Notably, 4-methylbenzoic acid, with low cytotoxicity, was assessed for its antifungal mechanism through RNA-seq analysis, suggesting involvement of the shikimate pathway. Molecular docking analysis indicated that 4-methylbenzoic acid could potentially disrupt the shikimate pathway by interacting with key enzymes. Overall, BVPE holds promise as a natural antioxidant and antifungal agent, with particular emphasis on the potential therapeutic role of 4-methylbenzoic acid.

Bioactive compounds and dietary patterns in Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects the elderly, leading to severe cognitive decline and loss of autonomy. The accumulation of amyloid-β peptides and tau proteins in the brain is considered the central pathogenic mechanism, which results in neuronal dysfunction and cell death. Various metabolic disruptions, such as chronic oxidative stress and inflammatory processes, further exacerbate the progression of AD. This review, based on literature from PubMed, SciELO, MDPI, and ScienceDirect, evaluates the role of bioactive compounds and dietary patterns, specifically the Mediterranean and MIND diets, in mitigating the progression of AD. These diets, rich in vitamins, flavonoids, carotenoids, and omega-3 fatty acids, have shown potential in reducing oxidative damage and inflammation in the brain, offering neuroprotective benefits. The findings suggest that bioactive compounds such as vitamin E isomers and polyphenols may delay cognitive decline, presenting a promising avenue for future dietary interventions aimed at optimizing the consumption of these compounds to prevent or slow the onset of AD. Further research is needed to determine the optimal doses and combinations of these bioactive compounds to maximize their protective effects.

Therapeutic potential of kakkatin derivatives against hepatocellular carcinoma

In this article, we commented on the work done by Jiang et al, where they synthesized a kakkatin derivative, 6-(hept-6-yn-1-yloxy)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-7-methoxy-4H-chromen-4-one (HK), and investigated its antitumor activities and mechanism in gastric cancer MGC803 and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) SMMC-7721 cells. HK was evaluated for its antitumor activity as compared to kakkatin and cisplatin. This article focused on various risk factors of HCC, the mechanism of HCC progression and molecular targets of the kakkatin derivative, and limitations of available treatment options. HCC is a predominant form of primary liver cancer characterized by the accumulation of multiple gene modifications, overexpression of protooncogenes, altered immune microenvironment, and infiltration by immune cells. Puerariae flos (PF) has been used in traditional medicine in China, Korea, and Japan for lung clearing, spleen awakening, and relieving alcohol hangovers. PF exerts antitumor activity by inhibiting cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and migration. PF induces apoptosis in alcoholic HCC via the estrogen-receptor 1-extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 signaling pathway. Kakkatin isolated from PF is known as a hepatoprotective bioflavonoid. The kakkatin derivative, HK, exhibited anticancer activity against HCC cell lines by inhibiting cell proliferation and upregulating nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1 and phosphodiesterase 3B. However, further preclinical and clinical studies are required to establish its therapeutic potential against HCC.

Pharmacological evaluation of 3-benzyloxyflavones for β-glucosidase inhibition: Experimental, kinetic and computational approaches

β-Glucosidase is a crucial enzyme involved in carbohydrate metabolism, playing a key role in the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds in dietary polysaccharides. Inhibition of β-glucosidase has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for managing postprandial hyperglycemia in diabetes by delaying/slowing glucose absorption and moderating blood sugar levels. In this study, a series of 3-benzyloxyflavone derivatives (1-10) was designed and, for the first time, evaluated for both in vitro and in vivo inhibitory activity against the β-glucosidase enzyme. The enzyme inhibitory potential of these derivatives was further assessed in an antihyperglycemic context using in vivo mechanism-based assays on p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (PGLT) induced diabetic models. Additionally, structure-activity relationship (SAR) was employed to identify structural features crucial for activity. Molecular docking analyses revealed that both the potent compounds and co-crystallized ligands shared similar binding orientations within the active sites of β-glucosidase (PDB IDs: 3AJ7; 66K1). Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations validated the stability of the inhibitor-enzyme complexes under physiological conditions. Drug-likeness analysis was also conducted to assess the pharmacokinetic potential of the derivatives. We have also conducted Density Functional Theory (DFT) studies on the lead compounds to gain deeper insights into their electronic properties, structural stability, and interaction mechanisms with the target enzyme. The results highlighted several derivatives with significant inhibitory activity, desirable pharmacokinetic profiles, and promising drug-like properties, making them potential candidates for therapeutic development. The target derivatives (1-10) demonstrated strong potential as lead compounds for developing new anti-diabetic agents with effective anti-hyperglycemic properties.

Luteolin inhibits inflammation and M1 macrophage polarization in the treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced acute pneumonia through suppressing EGFR/PI3K/AKT/NF-κB and EGFR/ERK/AP-1 signaling pathways

BACKGROUND

The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa primarily causes infections in immunocompromised individuals. Luteolin, a natural flavonoid, is widely present in plants, which exerts various pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities.

PURPOSE

This study aimed to explore the therapeutic efficacy of luteolin and the underlying molecular mechanisms in treating the P. aeruginosa-induced acute pneumonia.

METHODS

Network pharmacology was utilized to identify the core targets of luteolin for treating acute P. aeruginosa pneumonia. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis were performed to dissect the potential effects of luteolin and the involved signaling pathways. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assay and molecular docking were employed for studying the binding affinities of luteolin with the key targets. Furthermore, we applied a mouse model of bacterial pneumonia for assessing the therapeutic effects of luteolin in vivo, and an in vitro infection model for specifically investigating the effects of luteolin on macrophages as well as the underlying mechanisms upon P. aeruginosa infection.

RESULTS

Network pharmacology identified TNF, IL-6, EGFR and AKT1 as the key targets of luteolin for treating acute P. aeruginosa pneumonia. Moreover, as revealed by GO and KEGG enrichment analysis, EGFR, MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways were the potential pathways regulated the P. aeruginosa-induced inflammatory response. According to the in vivo results, luteolin effectively mitigated the P. aeruginosa-induced acute lung injury through reducing the pulmonary permeability, neutrophil infiltration, proinflammatory cytokine production (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF and MIP-2) and bacterial burden in lung tissues, which led to increased survival rate of mice. Furthermore, the luteolin-treated mice had diminished EGFR, PI3K, AKT, IκBα, NF-κB p65, ERK, c-Jun and c-Fos phosphorylation, down-regulated M1 macrophage marker levels (iNOS, CD86 and IL-1β) but up-regulated M2 macrophage marker levels (Ym1, CD206 and Arg1) in lung tissues. Consistently, the luteolin-pretreated macrophages exhibited reduced phosphorylation of these regulatory proteins, diminished proinflammatory cytokine production, and down-regulated expression of M1 macrophage markers, but up-regulated expression of IL-10 and M2 macrophage markers.

CONCLUSION

luteolin effectively suppressed the inflammatory responses and M1 macrophage polarization through inhibiting EGFR/PI3K/AKT/NF-κB and EGFR/ERK/AP-1 signaling pathways in the treatment of acute P. aeruginosa pneumonia. This study suggests that luteolin could be a promising candidate for development as a therapeutic agent for acute bacterial pneumonia.

Antioxidant Activity and Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Blood Orange By-Products in Treated HT-29 and Caco-2 Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines

Blood orange peel flour (BO-pf)-a by-product of the citrus supply chain-still contains bioactive molecules with known health benefits, such as antiradical scavenging activity or an antiproliferative activity regarding tumors. In vitro studies have demonstrated that orange polyphenols showed potential involvement in necroptosis. In addition to previous research, we tested BO-pf on two colorectal cancer cell lines. Using HT29 and Caco2 cells, our experiments confirmed the regulation of inflammasome expression. They provided valuable insights into how BO-pf influences the cancer cell features (i.e., viability, proliferation, and pro- and anti-inflammatory activity). Notably, BO-pf extract is a rich source of polyphenolic compounds with antioxidant properties. Western blot and real-time PCR analyses showed that treatment with BO-pf extract demonstrated beneficial effects by influencing the expression of both pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6) through the modulation of the TLR4/NF-kB/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling. Moreover, the results of this study demonstrate that BO-pf extracts can enhance the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-10 and TGFβ, suggesting that BO-pf extracts may represent a promising functional ingredient to counteract the intestinal inflammatory responses involved in IBD.

Synaptic plasticity and neuroprotection: The molecular impact of flavonoids on neurodegenerative disease progression

Flavonoids are a broad family of polyphenolic chemicals that are present in a wide variety of fruits, vegetables, and medicinal plants. Because of their neuroprotective qualities, flavonoids have attracted a lot of interest. The potential of flavonoids to control synaptic plasticity-a crucial process underlying memory, learning, and cognitive function-is becoming more and more clear. Dysregulation of synaptic plasticity is a feature of neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (0.4 %), Parkinson's (1-2 %), Alzheimer's (5-7 %), and Huntington's ((0.2 %)). This review discusses the molecular mechanisms via which flavonoids influence synaptic plasticity as well as their therapeutic potential in neurodegenerative diseases. Flavonoids modulate key signaling pathways such as MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt/mTOR to support neuroprotection, synaptic plasticity, and neuronal health, while also influencing neurotrophic factors (BDNF, NGF) and their receptors (TrkB, TrkA). They regulate neurotransmitter receptors like GABA, AMPA, and NMDA to balance excitatory and inhibitory transmission, and exert antioxidant effects via the Nrf2-ARE pathway and anti-inflammatory actions by inhibiting NF-κB signaling, highlighting their potential for treating neurodegenerative diseases. These varied reactions support the preservation of synapse function and neuronal integrity in the face of neurodegenerative insults. Flavonoids can reduce the symptoms of neurodegeneration, prevent synaptic loss, and enhance cognitive function, according to experimental studies. However, there are still obstacles to using these findings in clinical settings, such as limited bioavailability and the need for consistent dose. The focus of future research should be on improving flavonoid delivery systems and combining them with conventional medications.

Molecular docking, dynamics simulations, and in vivo studies of gallic acid in adenine-induced chronic kidney disease: targeting KIM-1 and NGAL

Gallic acid (GA), a naturally occurring compound with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and regenerative properties, has gained attention for its potential protective role against kidney dysfunction and diseases, though its therapeutic efficacy in this context remains underexplored. The primary objective of this study was to explore the therapeutic effects of GA in treating adenine-induced chronic kidney disease (CKD) in male Wistar rats. The study evaluated GA's therapeutic potential against CKD, along with its pharmacokinetic and drug-likeness properties through a comprehensive analysis. It also assessed GA's inhibitory effects on key kidney proteins, KIM-1 and NGAL, using gene expression analysis, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations. The results demonstrated a range of positive effects, including significant improvement in adenine-induced kidney damage, as shown by changes in urine and serum markers, as well as oxidative stress biomarkers, following GA treatment. The study revealed that GA effectively suppresses the adenine-induced gene expression of KIM-1 and NGAL. Furthermore, GA adhered to Lipinski's Rule of Five, and molecular docking analysis indicated strong interactions and low binding energies between GA and the target proteins KIM-1 and NGAL, further supporting its efficacy in targeting these markers. Additionally, 100 ns molecular dynamics simulations showed that gallic acid has a stronger binding affinity for NGAL than for KIM-1, with higher binding energy, stability, and stronger hydrogen bonds, suggesting that it primarily influences NGAL interactions. This study underscores gallic acid's potential in reducing adenine-induced kidney damage and improving kidney function, with computational evidence supporting its promise as a treatment for CKD.

Associations between green tea drinking and body mass index, serum lipid profile and prostate-specific antigen in a Ghanaian population: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a major malignancy that affects men worldwide. Obesity, dyslipidemia and elevated serum PSA are common risk factors. Green tea is a popular beverage in some West African communities with a relatively low incidence of PCa. However, the associations of green tea consumption with these PCa risk factors in that population remain unknown. This study therefore aimed at investigating the associations between green tea intake and the serum lipid profile, body mass index (BMI), and serum PSA.

METHODS

An analytical cross-sectional survey was conducted to compare the serum lipid profile, BMI and serum PSA between green tea drinkers (GTD) and non-tea drinkers (NTD). A total of 415 men, 40 years or older, who gave their consent were assigned to four groups on the basis of age: 40-49 years, 50-59 years, 60-69 years, and 70 + years. BMI, serum lipid profile (total cholesterol, HDL-c, LDL-c, and triglycerides), and serum PSA level were determined and compared between GTD and NTD.

RESULTS

Compared with the NTD group, the GTD with normal BMI were significantly greater across all age groups, and the odds of being overweight (obese) were significantly lower in the GTD group than in the NTD group. Compared with those in the NTD, significantly fewer atherogenic lipids in the GTD were observed across all age categories. Furthermore, the odds of dyslipidemia in GTD groups were lower than those in NTD groups across all age groups. A significantly lower mean serum PSA level was observed in the older GTD age groups (60-69 and 70+) than in the NTD group, and significantly lower odds of elevated serum PSA were detected in the GTD group than in the NTD group. However, there were no differences in the mean PSA between the GTD and NTD groups in the younger age groups. Weak positive correlations between serum PSA and BMI were observed in the NTD group regardless of the age category. However, a significantly strong negative correlation between the serum PSA concentration and BMI was observed in the older age GTD group compared with the NTD group.

CONCLUSIONS

Consumption of green tea was associated with reduced atherogenic serum lipids and improved BMI independent of age. Furthermore, GTD was significantly associated with reduced serum PSA in older men but not in younger adults.

Wild grown Portulaca oleracea as a novel magnetite based carrier with in vitro antioxidant and cytotoxicity potential

The latest research on nanotechnology through the new tailored scaffolds encompassed the therapeutic effects of natural compounds, and the unique properties of metallic nanoparticles offer new possibilities in emerging biomedical fields. Various strategies have been developed to address the limitations of existing therapeutic agents concerning specificity, vectorization, bioavailability, drug resistance, and adverse effects. In this study, the medicinal plant Portulaca oleracea L. and magnetite nanoparticles were used to develop an innovative target carrier system, designed to enhance the cytotoxic effect and overcome the main drawbacks (permeability and localization) of the phytoconstituents. The low-metabolite profile of Romanian wild-grown Portulaca oleracea L. exhibits a diverse range of hundred fifty-five compounds across various chemical categories (amino acids, peptides, fatty acids, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolic acids, organic acids, esters, sterols, coumarins, nucleosides, lignans, and miscellaneous compounds). Morpho-structural and magnetic properties of the new phytocarrier were investigated using a variety of methods, including XRD, FTIR, Raman, SEM, DLS), and magnetic determinations. The MTT assay was conducted to evaluate in vitro the potential cytotoxicity on normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF), as well as on two tumoral cell lines: human osteosarcoma (HOS) and cervical cancer (HeLa). Results indicated that significant inhibition of both cancer cell lines' viability was exerted by the new phytocarrier compared to herbal extract. Furthermore, the results obtained for the total phenolic content and the antioxidant potential screening performed using the FRAP and DPPH assays were superior for the new carrier system. These findings suggest the potential biomedical applications of the developed carrier system and its promising implications for future research and development in the field.

Evaluation of the Inhibitory Potential of Apigenin and Related Flavonoids on Various Proteins Associated with Human Diseases Using AutoDock

We used molecular docking to determine the binding energy and interactions of apigenin and 16 related flavonoids, with 24 distinct proteins having diverse biological functions. We aimed to identify potential inhibitors of these proteins and understand the structural configurations of flavonoids impacting their binding energy. Our results demonstrate that apigenin exhibits high binding energies (a surrogate for binding affinity or inhibitory potential) to all tested proteins. The strongest binding energy was -8.21 kcal/mol for p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases, while the weakest was -5.34 kcal/mol for cyclin-dependent kinase 4. Apigenin and many other flavonoids showed high binding energies on xanthine oxidase (1.1-1.5 fold of febuxostat) and DNA methyltransferases (1.1-1.2 fold of azacytidine). We uncovered high binding energies of apigenin and certain flavonoids with mutated Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog at G12D (KRAS G12D), G12V, and G12C. Consequently, apigenin and certain flavonoids have the potential to effectively inhibit pan-KRAS oncogenic activity, not just on specific KRAS mutations. Apigenin and certain flavonoids also have high binding energies with aromatase (involved in estrogen production) and bacterial infections, i.e., DNA gyrase B and 3R-hydroxy acyl-ACP dehydratase (FABZ). Our findings are pivotal in identifying specific flavonoids that can effectively inhibit targeted proteins, paving the way for the development of innovative flavonoid-based drugs.

Flavonoids as Promising Natural Compounds for Combating Bacterial Infections

The increasing emergence and dissemination of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogens have intensified the need for new antibiotics and alternative therapeutic strategies. Flavonoids, a diverse group of bioactive natural compounds found in plants, have shown significant promise as antibacterial agents. Flavonoids inhibit bacterial growth through various mechanisms, including disruption of cell wall synthesis, prevention of biofilm formation, disruption of cell membrane integrity, and inhibition of bacterial efflux pumps. These actions not only reduce bacterial viability but also enhance the efficacy of conventional antibiotics, offering a potential solution to antibiotic resistance. However, challenges such as poor bioavailability limit their clinical application. Recent advances in nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems, chemical modifications, and formulation techniques have shown promise in improving flavonoid bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. This review evaluates the antibacterial mechanisms of flavonoids, explores their potential synergistic effects with antibiotics, and highlights strategies to overcome bioavailability issues. Our findings underscore the importance of continued research on flavonoids as promising candidates for innovative antibacterial therapies aimed at combating MDR bacterial infections.

SUV39H1 maintains cancer stem cell chromatin state and properties in glioblastoma

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most lethal brain cancer, with GBM stem cells (GSCs) driving therapeutic resistance and recurrence. Targeting GSCs offers a promising strategy for preventing tumor relapse and improving outcomes. We identify SUV39H1, a histone-3, lysine-9 methyltransferase, as critical for GSC maintenance and GBM progression. SUV39H1 is upregulated in GBM compared with normal brain tissues, with single-cell RNA-seq showing its expression predominantly in GSCs due to super-enhancer-mediated activation. Knockdown of SUV39H1 in GSCs impaired their proliferation and stemness. Whole-cell RNA-seq analysis revealed that SUV39H1 regulates G2/M cell cycle progression, stem cell maintenance, and cell death pathways in GSCs. By integrating the RNA-seq data with ATAC-seq data, we further demonstrated that knockdown of SUV39H1 altered chromatin accessibility in key genes associated with these pathways. Chaetocin, an SUV39H1 inhibitor, mimics the effects of SUV39H1 knockdown, reducing GSC stemness and sensitizing cells to temozolomide, a standard GBM chemotherapy. In a patient-derived xenograft model, targeting SUV39H1 inhibits GSC-driven tumor growth. Clinically, high SUV39H1 expression correlates with poor glioma prognosis, supporting its relevance as a therapeutic target. This study identifies SUV39H1 as a crucial regulator of GSC maintenance and a promising therapeutic target to improve GBM treatment and patient outcomes.

Botanical Flavonoids: Efficacy, Absorption, Metabolism and Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology for Improving Bioavailability

Flavonoids represent a class of natural plant secondary metabolites with multiple activities including antioxidant, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. However, due to their structural characteristics, they often exhibit low bioavailability in vivo. In this review, we focus on the in vivo study of flavonoids, particularly the effects of gut microbiome on flavonoids, including common modifications such as methylation, acetylation, and dehydroxylation, etc. These modifications aim to change the structural characteristics of the original substances to enhance absorption and bioavailability. In order to improve the bioavailability of flavonoids, we discuss two feasible methods, namely dosage form modification and chemical modification, and hope that these approaches will offer new insights into the application of flavonoids for human health. In this article, we also introduce the types, plant sources, and efficacy of flavonoids. In conclusion, this is a comprehensive review on how to improve the bioavailability of flavonoids.

Targeting miRNA with flavonoids: unlocking novel pathways in cardiovascular disease management

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of mortality worldwide, with complex pathophysiological mechanisms such as oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and endothelial dysfunction driving disease progression. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of non-coding RNAs, have emerged as key regulators of gene expression involved in these processes, positioning them as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in CVD management. Simultaneously, flavonoids, naturally occurring polyphenolic compounds found in various plant-based foods, have gained attention for their cardioprotective properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects. Recent studies suggest a novel intersection between flavonoids and miRNAs, where flavonoids may modulate the expression of specific miRNAs implicated in CVD pathogenesis. This review explores the potential of flavonoids as miRNA modulators, focusing on their ability to regulate miRNAs associated with cardiac fibrosis, hypertrophy, and vascular inflammation. By bridging the therapeutic potential of flavonoids with miRNA targeting, this review highlights innovative pathways for advancing CVD treatment strategies. Additionally, preclinical and clinical evidence supporting these interactions is discussed, alongside the challenges and opportunities in developing flavonoid-based miRNA therapies. Unlocking this synergy could pave the way for more effective, personalized approaches to CVD management, addressing unmet needs in contemporary cardiovascular care.

Phytochemical Insights and Therapeutic Potential of Chamaenerion angustifolium and Chamaenerion latifolium

The Chamaenerion genus, particularly Chamaenerion angustifolium and Chamaenerion latifolium, is recognized for its rich phytochemical composition and extensive medicinal properties. These species are abundant in polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins, which contribute to their potent antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of their phytochemical constituents, with an emphasis on how processing methods, including fermentation, influence bioactivity. Notably, fermentation enhances the levels of key bioactive compounds, such as oenothein B, gallic acid, and ellagic acid, thereby increasing their pharmacological potential. Additionally, this review evaluates the biological activities of Chamaenerion species in relation to their chemical composition, while also considering the limitations of current studies, such as the lack of in vivo or clinical trials. The literature for this review was sourced from scientific databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect, covering research from 2010 to 2024. Future studies should focus on optimizing extraction methods, elucidating synergistic bioactivities, and conducting in-depth clinical trials to validate their efficacy and safety.

Comparative Study on Antioxidant Capacity of Diverse Food Matrices: Applicability, Suitability and Inter-Correlation of Multiple Assays to Assess Polyphenol and Antioxidant Status

Antioxidants play a crucial role in mitigating oxidative stress and preventing cellular damage caused by free radicals. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of three antioxidant assays-DPPH, TEAC, and FRAP-in quantifying the antioxidant capacity of 15 plant-based spices, herbs, and food materials from five distinct plant families. The relationship between these assays and total polyphenol content (TPC) as well as total flavonoid content (TFC) was also investigated. The results showed that FRAP exhibited the strongest correlation with TPC (r = 0.913), followed by TEAC (r = 0.856) and DPPH (r = 0.772). Lamiaceae species, such as rosemary and thyme, consistently demonstrated high antioxidant activities across all assays. The study highlights the complementary nature of these assays in assessing antioxidant capacity and underscores their utility in profiling polyphenol- and flavonoid-rich plants for potential nutritional and therapeutic applications.

Synthesis, physicochemical characterization and biological activity of novel pyrrole flavones

Cancer remains one of the most significant health issues worldwide. By designing compounds with anticancer activity characterized by high selectivity towards cancer cells, medicinal chemistry focuses on the protection of healthy cells and tissues. In this study, we present the hybrid pharmacophore approach, which afforded a series of new pyrrole flavones. The synthetic strategy was based on the Paal-Knorr pyrrole synthesis, starting from aminoflavones through their condensation with 1,4-diketones and leading to 6- and 7-(pyrrol-1-yl) flavones. The isolated products underwent characterization using NMR and UV-VIS spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, TGA, DSC, and Microtox analyses. For all pyrrole flavones, single crystals were obtained and subjected to X-ray diffraction experiments. Their cytotoxic activity was assessed on two human bladder cancer cell lines (5637 and HT-1376) and one non-cancerous (MRC-5) cell line, showing the potential as anticancer agents. Flavone derivative with the 6-(2-methyl-5-phenylpyrrol-1-yl) moiety was active in the MTT assay towards 5637 and HT-1376 cancer cells after 24 h of incubation with IC50 values of 2.97 µM and 5.89 µM, respectively. Notably, flavone derivative with 7-(2-methyl-5-phenylpyrrol-1-yl) revealed cytotoxic activity towards 5637 and HT-1376 cells with IC50 values of 7.39 µM and 13.54 µM, respectively, without any effect on the viability of MRC-5 cells.

Anticryptosporidial action mechanisms of Launaea spinosa extracts in Cryptosporidium parvum experimentally infected mice in relation to its UHPLC-MS metabolite profile and biochemometric tools

BACKGROUND

Cryptosporidium parvum, a leading cause of diarrhea, is responsible for millions of food and waterborne illnesses in humans and animals worldwide. Launaea spinosa (Asteraceae family) is a common herb found in the desert of the Mediterranean region, encompassing the peninsula of Sinai. Traditionally, it has been utilized for managing gastrointestinal issues and inflammation.

METHODS AND FINDINGS

The present study aimed to assess Launaea spinosa (LS) extracts viz. ethyl acetate (LS-EtOAc), ethanol (LS-EtOH), and n-butanol (LS-BuOH), of different polarities against C. parvum in experimentally infected mice based on immunological, biochemical, histo- and immunohistochemical assays. Extracts were characterized via UHPLC-ESI-LIT-Orbitrap-MS and metabolite profiles were subjected to correlation modeling with bioactivities via supervised Partial Least Square (PLS) to identify active agents. Most L. spinosa extracts reduced fecal C. parvum oocyst count and mucosal burden (P < 0.05) than untreated infected mice, with LS-BuOH (200 mg/kg) exerting the highest reduction percentage (97%). These extracts increased immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels in infected and treated mice at all examined days post treatment. Also, the highest Interferon-Gamma (IFN-γ) and Interleukin-15 (IL-15) levels were obtained after 10 days of post inoculation (dPI), which were restored to a healthy state after 21 days, concurrent with a decrease in Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-α) (P < 0.001). The increased liver enzyme (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase) levels with infection were likewise reduced with extract administration. The LS extracts caused a significant increase in antioxidant glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (P < 0.001). Examination of colon tissue revealed that infected-treated mice with LS extracts exhibited a reduction in the expression of cleaved caspase-3, damage score, and degenerative changes. Metabolite profiling of different L. spinosa extracts led to the identification of 86 components, primarily phenolic acids, flavonoids, triterpenoid saponins, and fatty acids, with the first report of sulfated triterpenoid saponins in Launaea genus. PLS regression analysis revealed that bioeffects were significantly positioned close to LS-BuOH extract (R2: 0.9) mostly attributed to triterpenoid saponins and flavonoid glycosides.

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrated potential anti-cryptosporidial effects of LS extracts, especially LS-BuOH, suggesting its potential for inclusion in future nutraceuticals aimed at C. parvum treatment.

Naringenin loaded solid lipid nanoparticles alleviate oxidative stress and enhance oral bioavailability of naringenin

Naringenin (Nrg) is the most abundant natural dietary flavonoid with promising anti-inflammatory potential. However, its therapeutic application is limited due to poor absorption, low bioavailability, and inability to cross physiological barriers. Herein, we designed biocompatible solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) to overcome these challenges and to enhance the oral bioavailability and therapeutic potential of Nrg. Nrg-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (Nrg-SLNs) were fabricated from natural fatty acids, stearic (Nrg-SANPs), or a combination of stearic and lauric acid as binary nanoparticles (Nrg-SLNPs) by the hot melt encapsulation technique. The optimized Nrg-loaded nanoparticles exhibited a hydrodynamic diameter of 74 nm for SANPs and 91 nm for SLNPs, a zeta potential of -25 mV to -37 mV, and entrapment efficiency ranging from 79 % to 85 %. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy indicated an in vitro radical protection factor (RPF) of 215 ± 2 × 1014 radicals/mg for Nrg-SLNPs, which was significantly higher than free Nrg and Nrg-SANPs. Almost 87 % reduction in oxidative stress was recorded with Nrg-SLNPs in a stress-induced lymphocyte model. In vivo studies using the Wistar rat model exhibited around 9-12-fold higher oral bioavailability of Nrg after nanoencapsulation in SLNs, as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Whereas, hematological and histopathological analysis did not show any damage to the vital organs in vivo. This study presents Nrg-SLNPs as an efficient and biocompatible carrier to enhance the oral bioavailability and therapeutic activity of the natural flavonoids and warrants their further exploration in humans.

Flavonoid Based Development of Synthetic Drugs: Chemistry and Biological Activities

The toxicity associated with synthetic drugs used for treating various diseases is common. This led to a growing interest in searching and incorporating natural functional core structures such as flavonoid and their derivatives via chemical modifications to overcome the toxicity problems and enhance their biological spectrum. Natural core structures such as flavonoids are accepted due to their safety to the environment and owing to their varieties of biological activities such as anti-Alzheimer, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetics, and antiviral properties. Based on their chemical structure, flavonoids are classified into various classes such as flavone, flavanol, flavanone, isoflavone, and Anthocyanin, etc. The present review focuses on the potential role of the flavonoid ring-containing derivatives, highlighting their ability to prevent and treat non-communicable diseases such as diabetes, Alzheimer's, and cancer. The pharmacological activities of the flavonoid's derivatives are mainly attributed to their antioxidant effects against free radicals, and reactive oxygen species as well as their ability to act as enzymes inhibitors. The review covers the synthetic strategies of flavonoid derivatives, structure activity relationship (SAR), and in silico studies to improve the efficacy of these compounds. The SAR, molecular docking analysis will enable medicinal chemists to search further, develop potent and newer therapeutic agents.

Investigating the Tumor-Suppressive, Antioxidant Effects and Molecular Binding Affinity of Quercetin-Loaded Selenium Nanoparticles in Breast Cancer Cells

In 2023, breast cancer is expected to have nearly 2 million new cases, making it the second most common cancer overall and the most prevalent among women. Multidrug resistance limits the effectiveness of chemotherapy; however, quercetin, a natural flavonoid, helps combat this issue. The goal of the current investigation is to determine the impact of a novel composite of quercetin and selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) on the breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 in order to enhance quercetin’s tumor-suppressive action and decrease selenium (Se) toxicity. Particle size, zeta potential, FTIR, SEM, UV–VIS spectroscopy, and EDX were used to characterize quercetin-selenium nanoparticles (Que-SeNPs), in addition to evaluation of the antioxidant, apoptotic, and anticancer properties. Moreover, autophagy (Atg-13) protein receptors and PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint were targeted using molecular docking modeling and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to assess the interaction stability between Que-SeNPs and three targets: PDL-1, PD-1, and Atg-13HORMA domain. Que-SeNPs, synthesized with quercetin, were stable, semi-spherical (80–117 nm), and had a zeta potential of − 37.8 mV. They enhanced cytotoxicity, antioxidant activity, and apoptosis compared to quercetin alone in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Docking simulations showed strong binding to the PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint and Atg-13HORMA protein receptors. Moreover, the molecular dynamics simulation revealed that the behavior of the PD-L1 intriguing insights into its structural dynamics, therefore, suggesting a stable phase where the complex is adjusting to the simulation environment. The present data confirmed that the stable formula of Que-SeNPs is cytotoxic, antioxidant, and has a potential activity to increase apoptosis in breast cancer cells, with the potential to inhibit PD-1/PD-L1 and Atg-13 proteins.

Graphical Abstract

Role of Que-SeNPs on breast cancer cells in vitro against two breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7.

Flavonoids Mitigate Nanoplastic Stress in Ginkgo biloba

Microplastics/nanoplastics are a top global environmental concern and have stimulated surging research into plant-nanoplastic interactions. Previous studies have examined the responses of plants to nanoplastic stress at various levels. Plant-specialized (secondary) metabolites play crucial roles in plant responses to environmental stress, whereas their roles in response to nanoplastic stress remain unknown. Here, we systematically examined the physiological and biochemical responses of Ginkgo biloba, a species with robust metabolite-driven defenses, to polystyrene nanoplastics (PSNPs). PSNPs negatively affected seedling growth and induced phytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and nuclear damage. Notably, PSNPs caused significant flavonoid accumulation, which enhances plant tolerance and detoxification against PSNP stress. To determine whether this finding is universal in plants, we subjected Arabidopsis, poplar, and tomato to PSNP stress and verified the common response of enhanced flavonoids across these species. To further confirm the role of flavonoids, we employed genetic transformation and staining techniques, validating the importance of flavonoids in mitigating excessive oxidative stress induced by NPs. Matrix analysis of transgenic plants with enhanced flavonoids further demonstrated altered downstream pathways, allocating more energy towards resilience against nanoplastic stress. Collectively, our results reveal the flavonoid multifaceted roles in enhancing plant resilience to nanoplastic stress, providing new knowledge about plant responses to nanoplastic contamination.

One-Pot Synthesis and Characterization of Naringenin-Capped Silver Nanoparticles with Enhanced Biological Activities

Flavonoids are known to possess biological effects like anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, and antidiabetic properties. Similarly, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been widely used in the biomedical industry for therapy and diagnostics for a long time. This study investigates the potential of naringenin functionalized silver nanoparticles (AgN NPs) as a potential wound healing agent. The synthesis of AgN NPs was carried out using the one-pot synthesis method in the alkaline pH. Naringenin is used as the capping and the reducing agent. The naringenin-capped AgNPs were synthesized in six different concentrations. The structural, morphological, and spectroscopic characterization for each sample was conducted. The size of the nanoparticles was studied using the dynamic light scattering (DLS) experiment and further confirmed using TEM. The crystalline structure was investigated using X-ray diffraction, and AgN NPs exhibited a fcc crystal structure. The FTIR confirmed the capping of naringenin on AgNPs. All samples were tested for antibacterial activity, and the results demonstrated zones of inhibition against both Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Also, AgN NPs exhibited dose-dependent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antidiabetic properties. The wound healing potential of AgN NPs was evaluated using a scratch wound assay in L929 cell lines. After 24 h, the scratch area was significantly reduced in the AgN NPs-treated sample, indicating enhanced cell migration compared to naringenin. Hence, these findings suggest that AgN NPs may serve as a more promising wound-healing agent than naringenin.

Naringenin-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: Physical-Chemical Characterization and In Vitro Antibacterial Activity

Currently, problems related to antibiotic resistance are shifting the focus of pharmaceutical research towards natural molecules with antibacterial properties. Among them, flavonoids represent promising molecules with strong antibacterial features; however, they have poor biopharmaceutical properties. In this study, we developed solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) loaded with the flavanone naringenin (NRG) to offer an option for treating bacterial infections. NRG-SLNs systems were prepared by a solvent emulsification/diffusion and ultrasonication method, using Compritol® 888 ATO (COM) as the lipid. The optimal formulation was obtained using a 10% (w/w) theoretical amount of NRG (NRG10-SLNs), exhibiting homogeneous sizes (approximately 50 nm and 0.15 polydispersity index), negative zeta potential (-30 mV), and excellent encapsulation parameters (an encapsulation efficiency percentage of 97.9% and a drug content of 4%). NRG10-SLNs presented good physical stability over 4 weeks. A cumulative drug release of 55% in 24 h and the prolonged release of the remaining amount over 10 days was observed. In addition, µ-Raman spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and X-ray diffraction measurements were carried out to characterize the drug-lipid interactions. Finally, the in vitro antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of NRG10-SLNs were assayed and compared to free NRG. NRG10-SLNs were bacteriostatic against Staphylococcus aureus, including the methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and Escherichia coli strains. An improvement in the antibacterial activity of NRG-loaded SLNs compared to the free molecule was observed against S. aureus strains, probably due to the interaction of the surfactant-coated SLNs with the bacterial surface. A similar trend was observed for the biofilm inhibition.

Salty Biscuits Enriched with Fresh and Dried Bee Pollen: Chemical, Technological, and Sensory Characterization

Bee pollen is a potential functional food ingredient as it contains essential nutrients and a wide range of bioactive compounds. Among bakery products, sweet or salty biscuits are very popular, because they can be consumed quickly, have a long shelf life, and have a favorable taste and texture. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the enrichment of salty biscuits with bee pollen (fresh and dried) through their chemical-technological and sensory characteristics. The biscuit formulations were created by replacing the flour with an increasing amount (5% and 10%) of fresh (FP) and dried (DP) pollen. A formulation without pollen was used as the control (CB). To evaluate its potential as a fortification ingredient, pollen as well as salty biscuits were analyzed in terms of their chemical composition and sensory characteristics. In particular, biscuits with 5% fresh pollen (FPB5%) proved to be the formulation with the optimal combination of chemical-compositional and sensory characteristics. Given the increase in their antioxidant component, fortified biscuits can represent an interesting vehicle for phenolic compounds and carotenoids, with a characteristic sensory profile.

Ultrafast Intersystem Crossing in Naturally Occurring Plant Pigments 5-Hydroxyflavones under Direct UV Excitation

Flavonoids, a group of natural pigments, have attracted notable attention for their intrinsic fluorescent bioactive properties and potential therapeutic implications. Recent studies have suggested that the photoexcitation of specific flavonoids can also lead to the formation of triplet states, thereby potentially enhancing their applications in photoactivated antioxidant mechanisms. However, the crucial mechanism details about triplet state formation are still poorly understood. In this Letter, the ultrafast excited state relaxation mechanism for a series of 5-hydroxyflavone derivatives was studied by femtosecond time-resolved spectroscopy combined with quantum chemical calculations. Our results reveal the ultrafast ISC (kISC ≈ 1011 s-1) channel, which is sensitive to molecular structure and solvent environment, in 5-hydroxyflavones for the first time. Notably, the triplet excited state quantum yield of 4',7-dimethoxy-5-hydroxyflavone can reach up to 8% in acetonitrile solution. These results are essential for understanding the triplet state generation mechanism in 5-hydroxyflavone derivatives and could help the further development of 5-hydroxyflavone scaffold antioxidant agents.

Personalizing Dietary Polyphenols for Health Maintenance and Disease Management: A Nutrigenetic Approach

PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW

This literature review provides examples of the influence of certain genetic variants on health outcomes after dietary polyphenol consumption or supplementation. Available evidence is organized according to the major classes of polyphenols (flavonoids, phenolic acids, stilbenes, lignans, and tannins) and their derived subgroups.

RECENT FINDINGS

Nutrigenetic studies have identified mainly single nucleotide polymorphisms located within genes involved in the biotransformation of phenolic acids, stilbenes, lignans and several flavonoid molecules. These genetic variants may affect polyphenol metabolism rates and related predisposition to chronic non-communicable diseases. Moreover, differential cardiometabolic outcomes upon polyphenol supplementation as dietary sources or nutraceuticals have been modulated by specific genotypes. Although current evidence is still limited, growing gene-polyphenol interactions are contributing to systematically elucidate the biological functions of polyphenols; determine individual risk phenotypes to specific diseases or particular responses upon polyphenol exposure; and facilitate the prescription of personalized genotype-based doses of dietary polyphenols to optimize related health benefits. Additionally, the integration of genetics with other omics insights (epigenomics, transcriptomics, metagenomics, and metabolomics) trough biological systems and high-dimensional data analyses and interpretation may provide a more comprehensive understanding of polyphenol metabolism for precision nutrition applications in health and disease.

Enhancing Cassava Starch Bioplastics with Vismia guianensis Alcoholic Extract: Characterization with Potential Applications

This work investigates the incorporation of Vismia guianensis alcoholic extract (EAVG) into cassava starch, with the aim of improving its bioplastic properties. Cassava starch was dissolved into distilled water and doped with 0.2%, 0.5%, and 1.0% EAVG under a temperature controlled at the gelatinization point (∼70 °C) and then cast to form bioplastics. The resulting samples were characterized via attenuated total reflectance/Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR/FTIR), thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TGA-DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and mechanical essays, providing insights into chemical composition, thermal stability, crystallinity, surface morphology, and mechanical properties. The results demonstrated that EAVG played an effective role, enhancing the flexibility and stability of the bioplastic with potential use in biomedical applications. Moreover, the results also showed significant improvements in mechanical and thermal properties, suggesting that EAVG is a valuable addition to bioplastics. Therefore, EAVG presents a pathway for advancing bioplastics with enhanced mechanical, thermal, and functional characteristics, with the potential for further advancements in these fields.

Nanoparticle-Encapsulated Plant Polyphenols and Flavonoids as an Enhanced Delivery System for Anti-Acne Therapy

This study conducted a literature review by searching for articles related to the treatment of skin infections/wrinkles using nano-delivery systems containing natural compounds. The search was conducted in various databases for articles published in the last 10 years, with strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. Of the 490 articles found, 40 were considered relevant. Acne vulgaris is a common dermatological disorder characterised by inflammation of the sebaceous glands, often resulting in the development of pimples, cysts, and scarring. Conventional treatments, including antibiotics and topical retinoids, frequently demonstrate limitations such as side effects, resistance, and insufficient skin absorption. Recent advancements in nanotechnology have enabled the creation of innovative drug-delivery systems that enhance the effectiveness and reduce the adverse effects of anti-acne medications. Polyphenols and flavonoids, natural bioactive compounds with notable anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties, are recognised for their therapeutic effectiveness in acne treatment. However, their practical application is hindered by insufficient solubility, stability, and bioavailability. The incorporation of these compounds into nanoparticle-based delivery systems has shown promise in resolving these challenges. Various nanoparticle platforms, including lipid-based nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, and solid lipid nanoparticles, are evaluated for their ability to improve the stability, controlled release, and targeted delivery of polyphenols and flavonoids to the skin. The advent of polyphenol and flavonoid-loaded nanoparticles marks a new acne therapy era.

Aqueous Vernonia amygdalina leaf extract in drinking water mitigates aflatoxin B1 toxicity in broilers: effects on performance, biomarker analysis, and liver histology

This study evaluated aqueous Vernonia amygdalina leaf extract in drinking water as a mitigation strategy against Aflatoxin B1-induced toxicity in broilers, focusing on performance, haematology, serum biochemistry, pro-inflammatory cytokines, cellular stress markers, and liver histology. Two hundred and forty (240) day-old chicks (mixed sex), of the Cobb 500 breed were divided into four groups: control (CONT), AFB1-exposed (AFLB1), and two treatment groups (VE1AF and VE2AF) receiving 0.5 mg/kg AFB1 and Vernonia amygdalina aqueous extract at 1 g/L and 2 g/L, respectively. At 42 days, VE1AF and VE2AF chickens showed higher (P < 0.05) final weights and weight gains than CONT and AFLB1 groups. The red blood cells, packed cell volume, haemoglobin, and white blood cell counts were higher (P < 0.05) in CONT, VE1AF, and VE2AF groups compared to AFLB1. Mean cell volume, and mean cell haemaoglobin were higher (P < 0.05) in AFLB1 and VE2AF. Serum analysis revealed lower (P < 0.05) total protein, globulin, and albumin in AFLB1, which were restored by the extract. The tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, and interferon-γ, were elevated (P < 0.05) in AFLB1 but reduced in VE1AF and VE2AF. The heat shock protein 70, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine and adiponectin levels were higher (P < 0.05) in AFLB1, but were normalized by the extract in VE1AF and VE2AF. Leptin and triiodothyronine levels were significantly (P < 0.05) better in VE1AF and VE2AF, compared to AFLB1. Liver histology showed reduced inflammation in VE1AF and VE2AF, with near-normal hepatic architecture. In conclusion, Vernonia amygdalina leaf extract effectively counteracts AFB1 toxicity, enhancing overall health and performance in broiler chickens.

Quercetin protective potential against nanoparticle-induced adverse effects

The rapid development of nanotechnology has resulted in the widespread use of nanoparticles (NPs) in various sectors due to their unique properties and diverse applications. However, the increased exposure of humans to NPs raises concerns about their potential negative impact on human health and the environment. The pathways through which NPs exert adverse effects, including inflammation and oxidative stress, are primarily influenced by their size, shape, surface charge, and chemistry, underscoring the critical need to comprehend and alleviate their potential detrimental impacts. In this context, the natural flavonoid quercetin is a promising candidate for counteracting the toxicity induced by NPs due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This review provides an overview of the existing literature on quercetin's protective effects against NPs-induced toxicity, highlighting its therapeutic benefits and mechanisms of action, focusing on its ability to alleviate oxidative stress, inflammation, and cellular damage caused by various types of NPs. Insights from both in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate the effectiveness of quercetin in preserving cellular function, modulating apoptotic pathways, and maintaining tissue integrity in the presence of NPs. The potential of quercetin as a natural therapeutic agent against NPs-induced toxicity provides valuable insights for safer use of NPs in various daily applications.

Oxidative stress caused by 3-monochloro-1,2-propanediol provokes intestinal stem cell hyperproliferation and the protective role of quercetin

Recently, the contaminant 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) found in food and the environment has garnered significant global attention due to its detrimental health effects on animals, including reproductive toxicity, neurotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity. However, the specific impacts and mechanisms of 3-MCPD on intestinal health remain elusive. Here, we employed the adult intestine of Drosophila melanogaster, a notable invertebrate model organism, to investigate the intestinal toxicity of 3-MCPD and its underlying mechanisms. Our findings revealed that exposure to 3-MCPD led to a decrease in the number of enterocyte cells and an elevation in apoptosis levels, ultimately disrupting the intestinal epithelial barrier and its function. This disruption subsequently triggered hyperproliferation and differentiation of intestinal stem cells (ISCs). Mechanistically, 3-MCPD induced oxidative stress in the Drosophila intestine, which was likely responsible for ISC hyperproliferation and intestinal damage. Intriguingly, quercetin, a natural antioxidant derived from dietary fruits and vegetables, alleviated 3-MCPD-induced intestinal toxicity by inhibiting the JNK pathway. Our findings uncover a mechanism whereby suppression of undesirable ISC hyperproliferation, caused by 3-MCPD-induced oxidative stress, maintains intestinal homeostasis, and provide a theoretical basis for exploiting quercetin, a natural antioxidant, as a dietary antidote against the intestinal hazards posed by environmental toxicants.

Impact of Bambusa vulgaris-supplemented diet on Nile tilapia challenged with Pseudomonas putida: Hematological, immune, and oxidative responses

This study investigated the effects of bamboo shoot extract (Bambusa vulgaris) as a feed additive on the health profiles and infection resistance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) against Pseudomonas putida. Bamboo shoot extract was added at levels of 0 g, 40 g, and 60 g per 1000 g of diet over a 60-day period. The fish were then challenged with a pathogenic P. putida strain. Chemical analysis of the bamboo shoot extract identified 3,5-dinitrophenol and hydroquinone as the two most abundant compounds. Results showed that fish fed bamboo-enriched diets exhibited significantly enhanced levels of red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, white blood cells, and platelets, and improved erythrocyte cellular and nuclear morphologies, indicating improved health profiles after the challenge. Liver function indicators, including AST, ALT, and ALP, were notably balanced in fish receiving bamboo shoot extract post-challenge (p < 0.05). Blood levels of K+ were lower in the bamboo-fed groups. Additionally, blood levels of Ca++ and Na+ were reduced in fish fed 40 g and 60 g of bamboo, respectively, compared to the control group (p < 0.01). The bamboo extract also enhanced immune and oxidative capacities, as demonstrated by increased catalase, superoxide dismutase, lysozyme activity, and phagocytic activity, along with reduced malondialdehyde levels and elevated serum immunoglobulin M (p < 0.01). Gene expression analysis revealed significant effects of Bambusa vulgaris extract, Pseudomonas infection, and their interaction on the expression of interleukin-1β, interleukin-10, and NK-lysin genes, with varying expression levels at 1, 3, and 7 days post-challenge (p < 0.05). The liver bacterial load in fish exposed to P. putida significantly decreased in the bamboo-fed groups, with the lowest count observed in the 60 g bamboo group. Additionally, survival rates were markedly higher in the bamboo-fed groups compared to the control, with no significant difference between the two bamboo-fed groups. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with bamboo shoot extract enhances hematological parameters, blood cell and nuclear morphology, and increases survival rates in Nile tilapia following infection.

In vitro and in vivo evidence of the antineoplastic activity of quercetin against endothelial cells transformed by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus G protein-coupled receptor

Quercetin (QUE) is a natural flavonoid with well-known anticancer capabilities, although its effect on viral-induced cancers is less studied. Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a viral cancer caused by the human herpesvirus-8, which, during its lytic phase, expresses a constitutively activated viral G protein-coupled receptor (vGPCR) able to induce oncogenic modifications that lead to tumor development. The aim of this work was to investigate the potential effect of QUE on in vitro and in vivo models of Kaposi's sarcoma, developed by transforming endothelial cells with the vGPCR of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Initially, the antiproliferative effect of QUE was determined in endothelial cells stably expressing the vGPCR (vGPCR cells), with an IC50 of 30 μM. Additionally, QUE provoked a decrease in vGPCR cell viability, interfered with the cell cycle progression, and induced apoptosis, as revealed by annexin V/PI analysis and caspase-3 activity. The presence of apoptotic bodies and disorganized actin filaments was observed by SEM and phalloidin staining. Furthermore, tumors from vGPCR cells were induced in nude mice, which were treated with QUE (50 or 100 mg/kg/d) resulting in retarded tumor progression and reduced tumor weight. Notably, neither kidney nor liver damage was observed, as indicated by biochemical parameters in serum. In conclusion, this study suggests for the first time that QUE exhibits antineoplastic activity in both in vitro and in vivo models of KS, marking a starting point for further investigations and protocols for therapeutic purpose.

The Complex Relationship Between Cannabis Use and Mental Health: Considering the Influence of Cannabis Use Patterns and Individual Factors

The relationship between cannabis use and mental health is complex, as studies often report seemingly contradictory findings regarding whether cannabis use results in more positive or negative treatment outcomes. With an increasing number of individuals using cannabis for both recreational (i.e., non-medical) and medical purposes, it is critical to gain a deeper understanding of the ways in which cannabis may be helpful or harmful for those diagnosed with psychiatric disorders. Although cannabis is composed of hundreds of compounds, studies assessing the effects of "cannabis" most often report the impact of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (d9-THC), the primary intoxicating constituent of the plant. While d9-THC has documented therapeutic properties, negative clinical outcomes commonly associated with cannabis are generally related to d9-THC exposure. In contrast, non-intoxicating cannabinoids such as cannabidiol (CBD) show promise as potential treatment options for psychiatric symptoms. In this article, findings from studies and reviews examining the relationship between mental health conditions (mood, anxiety, psychosis, and post-traumatic stress disorder [PTSD]) and cannabis use are summarized to highlight critical variables that are often overlooked, including those associated with cannabis use patterns (e.g., frequency of use, amount used, cannabinoid exposure, product choice, and route of administration). Further, this article explores individual factors (e.g., age, sex, genetics/family history) that likely impact cannabis-related outcomes. Research to date suggests that youth and those with a family history or genetic liability for psychiatric disorders are at higher risk for negative outcomes, while more research is needed to fully understand unique effects related to sex and older age.

Inhibition potential of natural flavonoids against selected omicron (B.1.19) mutations in the spike receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2: a molecular modeling approach

The omicron (B.1.19) variant of contagious severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is considered a variant of concern (VOC) due to its increased transmissibility and highly infectious nature. The spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) is a hotspot of mutations and is regarded as a prominent target for screening drug candidates owing to its crucial role in viral entry and immune evasion. To date, no effective therapy or antivirals have been reported; therefore, there is an urgent need for rapid screening of antivirals. An extensive molecular modelling study has been performed with the primary goal to assess the inhibition potential of natural flavonoids as inhibitors against RBD from a manually curated library. Out of 40 natural flavonoids, five natural flavonoids, namely tomentin A (-8.7 kcal/mol), tomentin C (-8.6 kcal/mol), hyperoside (-8.4 kcal/mol), catechin gallate (-8.3 kcal/mol), and corylifol A (-8.2 kcal/mol), have been considered as the top-ranked compounds based on their binding affinity and molecular interaction profiling. The state-of-the-art molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of these top-ranked compounds in complex with RBD exhibited stable dynamics and structural compactness patterns on 200 nanoseconds. Additionally, complexes of these molecules demonstrated favorable free binding energies and affirmed the docking and simulation results. Moreover, the post-simulation validation of these interacted flavonoids using principal component analysis (PCA) revealed stable interaction patterns with RBD. The integrated results suggest that tomentin A, tomentin C, hyperoside, catechin gallate, and corylifol A might be effective against the emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2 and should be further evaluated using in-vitro and in-vivo experiments.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Invasive Candidiasis: A Promising Approach Using Jatropha Dioica Extracts and Nanotechnology

Candida albicans, a common fungal organism, often lives harmlessly in the human body. However, under certain conditions, it can turn into a dangerous pathogen, causing infections that range from mild to life-threatening. With rising resistance to antifungal treatments, understanding and controlling this opportunistic fungus has never been more crucial. This study highlights the potential of combining natural plant extracts, specifically the aqueous (JdextAq) and ethanolic (JdextEt) extracts of Jatropha dioica, with nanotechnology in the form of magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) to combat this persistent pathogen. FTIR spectra revealed significant interactions between the metabolites and MNPs, specifically through binding to the Fe3+ and Fe2+ sites. The average size of the MNPs was 11±3 nm, and they are non-toxic even at high concentration (500 μg/ml). The same effect is observed with JdextEt; however, JdextAq is cytotoxic at this concentration. The JdextAq-MNPs hybrid is toxic even at very low concentrations (250-50 μg/ml). All materials demonstrated high inhibition against C. albicans. At safe concentrations for cell viability, MNPs (500 μg/ml) and JdextEt-MNPs (500-50 μg/ml) achieved the highest inhibition rates of 97.13 % and 97.56 %, respectively. As antifungal resistance rises, these findings pave the way for innovative therapeutic strategies against this opportunistic pathogen.