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Ferreira J, Tkacz K, Turkiewicz IP, Santos MI, Belas A, Lima A, Wojdyło A, Sousa I. Influence of Particle Size and Extraction Methods on Phenolic Content and Biological Activities of Pear Pomace. Foods 2023; 12:4325. [PMID: 38231877 DOI: 10.3390/foods12234325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The main goal of this research was to investigate how particle size influences the characteristics of pear (Pyrus Communis L.) pomace flour and to examine the impact of different pre-treatment methods on the phenolic content and associated bioactivities. Pear pomace flour was fractionated into different particle sizes, namely 1 mm, 710 µm, 180 µm, 75 µm and 53 µm. Then two extraction methods, namely maceration with methanol and two-step extraction with hexane via Soxhlet followed by ultrasound extraction with methanol, were tested. Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents ranged from 375.0 to 512.9 mg gallic acid/100 g DW and from 24.7 to 34.6 mg quercetin/100 g DW, respectively. Two-step extraction provided antioxidant activity up to 418.8 (in FRAP assay) and 340.0 mg Trolox/100 g DW (in DPPH assay). In order to explore various bioactive properties, this study assessed the inhibitory effects of enzymes, specifically α-amylase and β-glucosidase (associated with antidiabetic effects), as well as angiotensin-converting enzyme (linked to potential antihypertensive benefits). Additionally, the research investigated antibacterial potential against both Gram-negative (E. coli) and Gram-positive (S. aureus) bacteria, revealing significant results (p < 0.05), particularly in the case of the two-step extraction method. This investigation underscores the substantial value of certain food industry wastes, highlighting their potential as bioactive ingredients within the framework of a circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Ferreira
- LEAF-Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Karolina Tkacz
- Department of Fruit, Vegetable and Plant Nutraceutical Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37 Chełmońskiego Street, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Igor Piotr Turkiewicz
- Department of Fruit, Vegetable and Plant Nutraceutical Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37 Chełmońskiego Street, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maria Isabel Santos
- LEAF-Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, 376 Campo Grande, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Adriana Belas
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, 376 Campo Grande, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Lima
- LEAF-Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, 376 Campo Grande, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Aneta Wojdyło
- Department of Fruit, Vegetable and Plant Nutraceutical Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37 Chełmońskiego Street, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Isabel Sousa
- LEAF-Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
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Al-Qudah MA, Al-Jaber HI, Abu Orabi FM, Hasan HS, Aldahoun AK, Alhamzani AG, Alakhras AI, Bataineh TT, Rawashdeh AMM, Abu-Orabi ST. Unveiling the Impact of Drying Methods on Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Anthemis palestina. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:3914. [PMID: 38005810 PMCID: PMC10674521 DOI: 10.3390/plants12223914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Different drying techniques may alter the chemical composition of plant extracts and consequently affect their bioactivity potential. The current study was designed to reveal the effect of four different drying methods on the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of hydrodistilled essential oil (HD-EO) and methanolic (APM) extract obtained from the aerial part of Anthemis palestina from Jordan. Aerial parts of A. palestina in their fresh (FR) form and after drying in shade (ShD), sun (SD), oven at 40 °C (O40D) and 60 °C (O60D), in addition to microwave (MWD), were used to extract their essential oils by hydrodistillation and to prepare the different methanolic extracts (APM). GC/MS analysis of the different HD-EOs revealed qualitative and quantitative differences among the different samples. While FR, O40D, O60D, and MWD EO samples contained mainly sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (35.43%, 29.04%, 53.69%, and 59.38%, respectively), ShD sample was rich in oxygenated monoterpenes (33.57%), and SD-EO contained mainly oxygenated sesquiterpenes (40.36%). Principal component analysis (PCA) and Cluster analysis (CA) grouped the different drying methods based on their impact on the concentration of chemical constituents. SD-EO demonstrated high DPPH and ABTS antioxidant activity (1.31 ± 0.03) × 10-2; (1.66 ± 0.06) × 10-2 μg/mL, respectively). Furthermore, A. paleistina methanolic extracts (APM) obtained after subjecting the plant to different drying methods showed interesting patterns in terms of their TPC, TFC, antioxidant activity, and phytochemical profiling. Of all extracts, SD-APM extract had the highest TPC (105.37 ± 0.19 mg GA/g DE), highest TFC (305.16 ± 3.93 mg Q/g DE) and demonstrated the highest DPPH and ABTS scavenging activities ((4.42 ± 0.02) × 10-2; (3.87 ± 0.02) × 10-2 mg/mL, respectively); all were supported by correlation studies. LC-MS/MS analysis of the different extracts revealed the richness of the SD-APM extract in phenolic acids and flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A. Al-Qudah
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia; (A.G.A.); (A.I.A.)
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yarmouk University, P.O. Box 566, Irbid 21163, Jordan; (A.K.A.); (T.T.B.); (A.M.M.R.); (S.T.A.-O.)
| | - Hala I. Al-Jaber
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt 19117, Jordan;
| | - Faten M. Abu Orabi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of arts and Science, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11937, Jordan;
| | - Hazem S. Hasan
- Department of Plant Production and Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt 19117, Jordan;
| | - Amal K. Aldahoun
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yarmouk University, P.O. Box 566, Irbid 21163, Jordan; (A.K.A.); (T.T.B.); (A.M.M.R.); (S.T.A.-O.)
| | - Abdulrahman G. Alhamzani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia; (A.G.A.); (A.I.A.)
| | - Abbas I. Alakhras
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia; (A.G.A.); (A.I.A.)
| | - Tareq T. Bataineh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yarmouk University, P.O. Box 566, Irbid 21163, Jordan; (A.K.A.); (T.T.B.); (A.M.M.R.); (S.T.A.-O.)
| | - Abdel Monem M. Rawashdeh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yarmouk University, P.O. Box 566, Irbid 21163, Jordan; (A.K.A.); (T.T.B.); (A.M.M.R.); (S.T.A.-O.)
| | - Sultan T. Abu-Orabi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yarmouk University, P.O. Box 566, Irbid 21163, Jordan; (A.K.A.); (T.T.B.); (A.M.M.R.); (S.T.A.-O.)
- Department of Medical Analysis, Faculty of Science, Tishk international University, Erbil 44001, KRG, Iraq
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Nguyen T, Nandasiri R, Fadairo O, Eskin MNA. The effect of pH on the phenolic content and antioxidant properties of three different mustard extracts. J Food Sci 2023. [PMID: 37300555 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mustard seeds are cultivated worldwide due to their substantial agronomic value of their high protein, oil, and phenolic content. The latter bioactive compounds give mustard seeds various applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries, as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and chemoprotective agents. By modifying the pretreatment and extraction conditions, a significant improvement in the quantity and quality of these crucial compounds was obtained. Based on the electrostatic interactions between the solvents and the extracts, an alternative green extraction procedure was used on three varieties of mustard seeds (Oriental, black, and yellow). Preliminary results demonstrated an interesting trend in which the isoelectric pH value affected the antioxidant activity of the extracts. A number of different antioxidant assays together with total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were conducted on the three different mustard seeds as affected by different combinations of times and pHs. With the exception of metal ion chelation assay, the other antioxidant methods, including ferric reducing/antioxidant power assay, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical-scavenging assay and ABTS•+ scavenging assay, significantly (p < 0.05) increased with the pretreatment time for all three pH levels studied. Interestingly, the TPC significantly increased (p < 0.05) with the lower pH level treatments. The highest TPC (2040.32 ± 360.12 mg/g dry weight basis) was obtained from yellow mustard seed under neutral treatment. Conversely, TFC showed no significant differences among the different pretreatment time conditions closer to the neutral pH. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The usage of food-based solvents with the assistance of a home-scale pressurized wet extraction model represents a green technology that can contribute to a wide variety of applications. This method significantly improved the phenolic content, flavonoid content, and antioxidant potential of the mustard extracts, thus making water the most promising extracted solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu Nguyen
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Richardson Centre for Food Technology and Research, 196 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, Canada, Canada
| | - Ruchira Nandasiri
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Richardson Centre for Food Technology and Research, 196 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, Canada, Canada
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders (DND) & Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine (CCARM), St. Boniface Albrechtsen Research Centre, R4036-351 Tache Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Olamide Fadairo
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Richardson Centre for Food Technology and Research, 196 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, Canada, Canada
| | - Michael N A Eskin
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Wang Z, An X, Chitrakar B, Li J, Yuan Y, Liu K, Nie X, Zhang Y, Zhao X, Zhao Z, Liu M, Ao C. Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Phenolic and Flavonoid Compounds in Sour Jujube (Ziziphus. Acidojujuba Cheng et Liu) and Their Antioxidant Activities. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 2023; 78:46-51. [PMID: 36279034 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-022-01015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In order to comprehensively analyze the antioxidant substances in sour jujube, total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoids contents (TFC) in different organs, including stem, leaf, flower, fruit pulp, and seed were analyzed for their contents and antioxidant activities. The results showed that leaves possessed significantly higher TPC and TFC (20.4 and 20.5 mg/g, respectively) than the other organs and have the highest antioxidant activity, which were also higher than the wild blueberry (A well-known for its high TPC). Subsequently, the variations in the antioxidant content and antioxidant activity of leaves were analyzed during leaf development. TPC in leaves sampled in may and august were significantly higher than that in other months, while the highest one was found in may. The n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water fractions obtained from the main methanol extract of sour jujube leaves were evaluated for TPC and TFC and their antioxidant activity and it was found that ethyl acetate fraction displayed the highest TPC and TFC (184.5 and 193.3 mg/g, respectively), as well as the best antioxidant activity. In addition, using LC-MS and HPLC, ethyl acetate fraction was analyzed from qualitative and quantitative aspects; 31-one phenolic compounds, including catechin (33.0 mg/g), epigallocatechin (15.3 mg/g), quercetin 3-O-glucoside (11.4 mg/g), naringenin (6.7 mg/g), esculetin (4.8 mg/g), and chlorogenic acid (4.6 mg/g) were identified. Catechin, esculetin, epigallocatechin, chlorogenic acid, quercetin 3-O-glucoside, and naringenin exhibited high antioxidant activity. These results provide a theoretical basis for further study and utilization of flavonoid and polyphenols in sour jujube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijuan Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, 071000, Baoding, China
| | - Xiaowen An
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, 071000, Baoding, China
| | - Bimal Chitrakar
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, 071000, Baoding, China
| | - Jiamin Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, 071000, Baoding, China
| | - Ye Yuan
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, 071000, Baoding, China
| | - Kexin Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, 071000, Baoding, China
| | - Xinyu Nie
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, 071000, Baoding, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, 071000, Baoding, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, 071000, Baoding, China
| | - Zhihui Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, 071000, Baoding, China
| | - Mengjun Liu
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, 071000, Baoding, China
| | - Changwei Ao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, 071000, Baoding, China.
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Chen PJ, Lin ES, Su HH, Huang CY. Cytotoxic, Antibacterial, and Antioxidant Activities of the Leaf Extract of Sinningia bullata. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:859. [PMID: 36840206 PMCID: PMC9967939 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sinningia bullata is a tuberous member of the flowering plant family Gesneriaceae. Prior to this work, the antibacterial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic properties of S. bullata were undetermined. Here, we prepared different extracts from the leaf, stem, and tuber of S. bullata and investigated their pharmacological activities. The leaf extract of S. bullata, obtained by 100% acetone (Sb-L-A), had the highest total flavonoid content, antioxidation capacity, and cytotoxic and antibacterial activities. Sb-L-A displayed a broad range of antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The inhibition zones of Sb-L-A ranged from 8 to 30 mm and were in the following order: S. aureus > E. coli > P. aeruginosa. Incubation of B16F10 melanoma cells with Sb-L-A at a concentration of 80 μg/mL caused deaths at the rate of 96%, reduced migration by 100%, suppressed proliferation and colony formation by 99%, and induced apoptosis, which was observed in 96% of the B16F10 cells. In addition, the cytotoxic activities of Sb-L-A were synergistically enhanced when coacting with the antitumor drug epothilone B. Sb-L-A was also used to determine the cytotoxic effects against 4T1 mammary carcinoma cells. Sb-L-A of 60 μg/mL boosted the distribution of the G2 phase from 1.4% to 24.4% in the B16F10 cells. Accordingly, Sb-L-A might suppress melanoma cell proliferation by inducing G2 cell-cycle arrest. The most abundant compounds in Sb-L-A were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Overall, the collective data in this study may indicate the pharmacological potentials of Sb-L-A for possible medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Jui Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan;
| | - En-Shyh Lin
- Department of Beauty Science, National Taichung University of Science and Technology, Taichung City 403, Taiwan;
| | - Hsin-Hui Su
- Department of Pharmacy, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan City 717, Taiwan;
| | - Cheng-Yang Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 402, Taiwan
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Yang X, Liu Y, Zhong C, Hu J, Xu S, Zhang P, He L. Total flavonoids of Chrysanthemum indicum L inhibit acute pancreatitis through suppressing apoptosis and inflammation. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:23. [PMID: 36709296 PMCID: PMC9883918 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-03851-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is one of the most common acute abdomen. Inflammation and apoptosis are closely linked with AP development. Total flavonoids of Chrysanthemum indicum L (TFC) has been proved to inhibit inflammation and apoptosis. If TFC could suppress AP remains unclear. AP animal and cell models were established with Cerulein. The pancreatic tissue injury was measured with HE staining. Inflammatory factors were detected with ELISA method. The protein expression was evaluated with Western blotting. Inhibition of AP in vivo was achieved by TFC by inhibiting serum amylase, myeloperoxidase (MPO), and water content of pancreatic tissue. The increased inflammatory response and activation of NF-κB signaling pathway in AP rats were inhibited after TFC treatment. The activation of NF-κB signaling pathway, increase of cell apoptosis and inflammatory factors in AR42J cells were suppressed by TFC. We demonstrated that TFC could significantly inhibit AP through restraining serum amylase, MPO, water content of pancreatic tissue, inflammation levels, apoptosis, and NF-κB signaling pathway activation. This study might clarify the potential inhibition mechanism of TFC in AP development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Yang
- grid.478032.aDepartment of digestive system, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 445, Bayi Avenue, Nanchang, 330000 Jiangxi Province China
| | - Yun Liu
- grid.478032.aCenter of digestive endoscopy, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 445, Bayi Avenue, Nanchang, 330000 Jiangxi Province China
| | - Chao Zhong
- grid.478032.aDepartment of digestive system, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 445, Bayi Avenue, Nanchang, 330000 Jiangxi Province China
| | - Jia Hu
- grid.478032.aDepartment of digestive system, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 445, Bayi Avenue, Nanchang, 330000 Jiangxi Province China
| | - Song Xu
- grid.478032.aDepartment of digestive system, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 445, Bayi Avenue, Nanchang, 330000 Jiangxi Province China
| | - Ping Zhang
- grid.478032.aDepartment of digestive system, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 445, Bayi Avenue, Nanchang, 330000 Jiangxi Province China
| | - Ling He
- grid.478032.aDepartment of digestive system, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 445, Bayi Avenue, Nanchang, 330000 Jiangxi Province China
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Van-Anh Le T, Mai Nga TP, Nhi Nguyen P, Kieu-Oanh Nguyen T. Genotypic and Phenotypic Diversity of Endemic Golden Camellias Collected from the North of Vietnam. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202200843. [PMID: 36574472 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Golden Camellias have recently been used as a food, cosmetic, and traditional medicine in China and Vietnam. Forty-two species have natural distribution in Vietnam, of which thirty-two species were considered endemic species of this country. The morphology of leaves and flowers of these species were similar; therefore, their taxonomic identification usually needed experts and the authentication has often been confused among species. Our study aims to describe the genetic diversity and the relationship of six species Camellia phanii, Camellia tamdaoensis, Camellia tienii, Camellia flava, Camellia petelotii and Camellia euphlebia by using three chloroplast DNA-barcodes: matK, rbcL and trnH-psbA. We also clarified the significant differences in anatomical characteristics of midvein and blade of their leaves, which suggested the possibility to use these criteria in taxonomy. In addition, preliminary chemical profiles of the methanolic extracts of leaves from six Golden Camellias such as total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total anthocyanin content (TAC) and chlorogenic acids content (TCGAs) also showed the diversity among them. Interestingly, the discrimination on the catechins profile among six species followed the same tendency with the genetic distance on the phylogeny tree suggesting that catechins (i. e., discriminative catechins) can be biomarkers for the chemotaxonomy of these six Golden Camellias.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Van-Anh Le
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet - Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - T P Mai Nga
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet - Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - P Nhi Nguyen
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet - Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - T Kieu-Oanh Nguyen
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet - Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Ncube B, Dlamini B, Beswa D. Effect of Common Cooking and Drying Methods on Phytochemical and Antioxidant Properties of Corchorus olitorius Identified Using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS). Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27249052. [PMID: 36558185 PMCID: PMC9785860 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27249052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, Corchorus olitorius leaves were subjected to different thermal treatments (blanching, boiling, drying, frying, and steaming) and analyzed, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity. Furthermore, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to identify functional groups, while metabolites were identified with LC-MC. The TPC and antioxidant activity of C. olitorius were significantly (p < 0.05) increased by cooking and drying. The steam-cooked sample had the highest TPC (18.89 mg GAE/g) and TFC (78.42 mg QE/g). With ABTS, FRAP, and DPPH assays, the steam-cooked sample exhibited the highest antioxidant activity of 119.58, 167.31, and 122.23 µM TE/g, respectively. LC-MS identified forty-two (42) metabolites in C. olitorius that included phenolic acid derivatives, flavonoid derivatives, and amino acid derivatives. Overall, steaming appears to be the best cooking method, with respect to the retention of phytochemical compounds and antioxidant activity.
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Mohammed S, Nassrullah H, Aburabie J, Hashaikeh R. Fabrication of Thin Film Composite Membranes on Nanozeolite Modified Support Layer for Tailored Nanofiltration Performance. Membranes (Basel) 2022; 12:940. [PMID: 36295699 PMCID: PMC9610575 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12100940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Thin-film composite (TFC) structure has been widely employed in polymeric membrane fabrication to achieve superior performance for desalination and water treatment. In particular, TFC membranes with a thin active polyamide (PA) selective layer are proven to offer improved permeability without compromising salt rejection. Several modifications to TFCs have been proposed over the years to enhance their performance by altering the selective, intermediate, or support layer. This study proposes the modification of the membrane support using nanozeolites prepared by a unique ball milling technique for tailoring the nanofiltration performance. TFC membranes were fabricated by the interfacial polymerization of Piperazine (PIP) and 1,3,5-Benzenetricarbonyl trichloride (TMC) on Polysulfone (PSf) supports modified with nanozeolites. The nanozeolite concentration in the casting solution varied from 0 to 0.2%. Supports prepared with different nanozeolite concentrations resulted in varied hydrophilicity, porosity, and permeability. Results showed that optimum membrane performance was obtained for supports modified with 0.1% nanozeolites where pure water permeance of 17.1 ± 2.1 Lm-2 h-1 bar-1 was observed with a salt rejection of 11.47%, 33.84%, 94%, and 95.1% for NaCl, MgCl2, MgSO4, and Na2SO4 respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabin Mohammed
- NYUAD Water Research Center, Department of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 129188, United Arab Emirates
| | - Haya Nassrullah
- NYUAD Water Research Center, Department of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 129188, United Arab Emirates
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Division, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, New York, NY 11201, USA
| | - Jamaliah Aburabie
- NYUAD Water Research Center, Department of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 129188, United Arab Emirates
| | - Raed Hashaikeh
- NYUAD Water Research Center, Department of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 129188, United Arab Emirates
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Zago E, Nandasiri R, Thiyam-Holländer U, Michael Eskin NA. Influence of thermal treatments on the antioxidant activity of hemp cake polar extracts. J Food Sci Technol 2022; 59:3256-3265. [PMID: 35872714 PMCID: PMC9304524 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-021-05325-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The effect of preheating temperature (X1), preheating time (X2) and the nature of the extracting solvents (X3) on the antioxidant activity of ultrasonic extracts of hemp cake was evaluated using a factorial design with a general linear multiple regression method using the three variables (X1, X2, and X3) and three levels including low (-1), intermediate (0) and high (+ 1). The results indicated that the extracting solvent and the preheating temperature levels were the principal effects influencing the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity (DPPH and FRAP). The highest level of preheating temperature (+ 1 = 180 °C) and extracting solvent (+ 1 = Ac80) were the optimal conditions for enhancing the extraction of the total phenolics and providing the highest antioxidant activity in hemp cake extracts. The interaction between temperature (X1), and the type of solvent (X3) significantly (p < 0.05) affected all the dependent variables examined. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-021-05325-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Zago
- BioMatter Unit - École Polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50 - CP 165/61, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ruchira Nandasiri
- Department of Foods and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, W383 Duff Robin Building, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2 Canada
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, 196 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB R3T 6C5 Canada
| | - Usha Thiyam-Holländer
- Department of Foods and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, W383 Duff Robin Building, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2 Canada
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, 196 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB R3T 6C5 Canada
| | - N A Michael Eskin
- Department of Foods and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, W383 Duff Robin Building, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2 Canada
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Borowiec K, Stachniuk A, Szwajgier D, Trzpil A. Polyphenols composition and the biological effects of six selected small dark fruits. Food Chem 2022; 391:133281. [PMID: 35617757 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The health-promoting activities of fruits are in the limelight in view of the growing risks posed by civilisational diseases and are connected with polyphenols. The present study examined bilberry, blueberry, blackcurrant, redcurrant, cherry and plum for their polyphenolic content and biological activities. The contents of total polyphenolic compounds and their subclasses were determined. Liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry was used to characterise the polyphenolic profiles. Small dark fruits' antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cholinesterase activities were also extensively determined. Significant qualitative and quantitative differences in the analysed fruits' polyphenols composition and biological activities were demonstrated. The highest polyphenolic contents and antioxidant activities were established in blackcurrant fruit, but bilberry also had our attention due to an additional mild influence on antioxidant enzymes. The condensed tannin content in small dark fruits is developed. All tested fruits exhibit anti-inflammatory and anti-cholinesterase activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Borowiec
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Human Nutrition, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, ul. Skromna 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Anna Stachniuk
- Department of Bioanalytics, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Dominik Szwajgier
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Human Nutrition, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, ul. Skromna 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland
| | - Alicja Trzpil
- Department of Bioanalytics, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
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Wang Y, Liu Y, Han Q, Lin H, Liu F. A novel poly (4-methyl-1-pentene)/polypropylene (PMP/PP) thin film composite ( TFC) artificial lung membrane for enhanced gas transport and excellent hemo-compatibility. J Memb Sci 2022; 649:120359. [PMID: 36570331 DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is a technique that provides short-term supports to the heart and lungs. It removes CO2 from the blood and provides enough oxygen, which is a huge help in the fight against COVID-19. As the key component, the artificial lung membranes have evolved in three generations including silicon, polypropylene and poly (4-methyl-1-pentene). Herein, we for the first time design and fabricate a novel poly (4-methyl-1-pentene)/polypropylene (PMP/PP) thin film composite (TFC) membrane with the anticoagulant coating composed of poly (sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) and cross-linked poly (vinyl alcohol). Poly (sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) provides sulfonic acid groups to inhibit the coagulant factors (FVIII and FXII), and cross-linked poly (vinyl alcohol) increase the stability of the anticoagulant coating and further improve the hydrophilicity via abundant hydroxyl groups to depress the protein adsorption. Long-term anticoagulant property was demonstrated by whole human blood for 28 days. Blood compatibility was evaluated by hemolysis rate, anticoagulation activity (APTT, TT and PT), complement activation, platelet activation and contact activation. Pure CO2, O2 and N2 permeation rates were determined to evaluate the mass transfer properties of PMP/PP TFC membranes. Gas permeation results revealed that gas permeation flux increased in the TFC membranes because of the decrease of crystallinity. Overall, the so prepared PMP/PP membrane shows good CO2/O2 selectivity and blood compatibility as novel TFC artificial lung membrane.
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Wang Z, Zhu X, Cheng X, Bai L, Luo X, Xu D, Ding J, Wang J, Li G, Shao P, Liang H. Nanofiltration Membranes with Octopus Arm-Sucker Surface Morphology: Filtration Performance and Mechanism Investigation. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:16676-16686. [PMID: 34878772 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Precisely tailoring the surface morphology characteristics of the active layers based on bionic inspirations can improve the performance of thin-film composite (TFC) membranes. The remarkable water adsorption and capture abilities of octopus tentacles inspired the construction of a novel TFC nanofiltration (NF) membrane with octopus arm-sucker morphology using carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) during interfacial polymerization (IP). The surface morphology, chemical elements, water contact angle (WCA), interfacial free energy (ΔG), electronegativity, and pore size of the membranes were systematically investigated. The optimal membrane exhibited an enhanced water permeance of 22.6 L·m-2·h-1·bar-1, 180% better than that of the TFC-control membrane. In addition, the optimal membrane showed improved single salt rejections and monovalent/divalent ion selectivity and can break the trade-off effect. The antiscaling performance and stability of the membranes were further explored. The construction mechanism of the octopus arm-sucker structure was excavated, in which CNTs and β-CD acted as arm skeletons and suckers, respectively. Furthermore, the customization of the membrane surface and performance was achieved through tuning the individual effects of the arm skeletons and suckers. This study highlights the noteworthy potential of the design and construction of the surface morphology of high-performance NF membranes for environmental application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Xuewu Zhu
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250101, PR China
| | - Xiaoxiang Cheng
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250101, PR China
| | - Langming Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Xinsheng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Daliang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Junwen Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Jinlong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Guibai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Penghui Shao
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, PR China
| | - Heng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
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Ali M, Iqbal R, Safdar M, Murtaza S, Mustafa M, Sajjad M, Bukhari SA, Huma T. Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Artemisia absinthium and Citrus paradisi extracts repress viability of aggressive liver cancer cell line. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:7703-10. [PMID: 34755263 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06777-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous reports show that herbal medicines can be utilized in the treatment of different liver disorders. In this study, antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer activities of individual as well as combined 80% ethanolic extracts of Artemisia absinthium leaves and Citrus paradisi peels were investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS Values of total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), DPPH-radical scavenging activity, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were measured to explore the antioxidant capacity. To assess antibacterial activity, four bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica, and Klebsiella pneumoniae) were used. Anticancer activity was assessed on Huh-7 (liver cancer) and Vero (non-cancerous) cell lines. FRAP activity of combined plants extract was higher as compared to their individual effect; the trend did not hold in the case of DPPH-radical scavenging activity. Antibacterial activity of combined extracts by disk diffusion method was observed only against E.coli. MTT results indicated that both plants had a cytotoxic effect on Huh-7 cell line but did not show any effect on Vero cell line. Our data showed a strong negative correlation between the amount of TPC, TFC, & DPPH radicals-scavenging activity and viability of Huh-7 cell line.However, no effect was shown on the non-cancerous cell line. CONCLUSION The ethanolic extracts of Artemisia absinthium leaves and Citrus paradisi peels can be used against liver cancer because of their antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer activities.
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Nayak PK, Chandrasekar CM, Sundarsingh A, Kesavan RK. Effect of in-vitro digestion on the bio active compounds and biological activities of fruit pomaces. J Food Sci Technol 2020; 57:4707-4715. [PMID: 33087981 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-020-04507-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The effect of gastro intestinal digestion on total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), radical scavenging activity (RSA) and vitamin C levels of apple (Malus domestica) pomace and a local variety of jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana) pomace was evaluated after drying at 110 °C for 3 h in a hot air oven. The physicochemical properties and functional properties of apple and jujube pomaces were also assessed. Prior to digestion, apple pomace displayed greater levels of TPC, RSA and vitamin C (17.30 ± 0.59 GAE/g DW, 81.16 ± 3.27%, 0.078 ± 0.01 g/L, respectively) in comparison with jujube pomace (16.90 ± 0.66 GAE/g DW, 54.65 ± 2.09%, 0.069 ± 0.01 g/L, respectively), whereas, TFC level was found to be higher in jujube pomace (19.22 ± 0.87 QE/g DW). After digestion, both samples showed an increase in TPC (56.17 ± 2.14 and 52.01 ± 2.18 GAE/g DW for apple and jujube pomaces) and TFC levels (48.45 ± 1.87 and 53.82 ± 2.34 QE/g DW for apple and jujube pomaces) and it was perceived almost 3 to 4 times higher than the TPC and TFC of the samples before digestion. But, RSA of the fruit pomaces were found to be affected by the in vitro digestion which was observed as 54.65 ± 2.09 and 81.16 ± 3.27% respectively for apple and jujube pomaces. It may be suggested that the fruit powders may be incorporated in developing new functional foods rich in bio active compounds and thus can be utilized in different food applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Kumar Nayak
- Department of FET, Central Institute of Technology, Kokrajhar, BTAD, Assam 783370 India
| | | | - Anjelina Sundarsingh
- Department of FET, Central Institute of Technology, Kokrajhar, BTAD, Assam 783370 India.,Department of FEBT, SERD, Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Khlong Luang, 12120 Thailand
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Kwa L, Larson D, Yeh C, Bega D. Influence of Age of Onset on Huntington's Disease Phenotype. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y) 2020; 10:21. [PMID: 32775035 PMCID: PMC7394225 DOI: 10.5334/tohm.536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Older patients with Huntington's disease (HD) are often thought to have a slower progressing disease course with less behavioral symptoms than younger patients. However, phenotypic differences based on age of onset have not been well characterized in a large HD population. This study will determine the difference in manifestations and disease progression between patients with young, typical, and late onset adult HD at different stages of disease. Methods Data obtained from Enroll-HD. Adults with manifest HD were included. Age groups were defined as young onset (YO: 20-29 years), typical onset (TO: 30-59 years), and late onset (LO: 60+ years). Subjects were categorized by TFC score, from Stage I (least severe) to Stage V (most severe). Motor, cognitive, and behavioral symptoms were analyzed. Descriptive statistics and Bonferroni p-value correction for pairwise comparison were calculated. Results 7,311 manifest HD participants were included (612 YO, 5,776 TO, and 923 LO). The average decline in TFC score from baseline to second visit (1.5-2.5 years) was significantly faster for YO (-1.75 points) compared to TO (-1.23 points, p = 0.0105) or LO (-0.97 points, p = 0.0017). Motor deficits were worse for LO participants at early stages of HD, and worse for YO participants at advanced stages. YO and TO participants had greater burden of behavioral symptoms at early stages of disease compared to LO. Discussion YO is predictive of a faster functional decline for adults with HD when compared to those with TO and LO. Motor and behavioral manifestations differ based on age of onset. Highlights This study compares HD manifestations while controlling for disease severity, detailing robust phenotypic differences by age of onset alone. These findings have implications for the clinical management of HD symptoms and have the possibility to improve prognostic and treatment precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Kwa
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, US
| | - Danielle Larson
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, US
| | - Chen Yeh
- Department of Preventive Medicine-Biostatistics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, US
| | - Danny Bega
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, US
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Lu W, Wen J. Neuroprotective roles of total flavones of Camellia on early brain injury andcognitive dysfunction following subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats. Metab Brain Dis 2020; 35:775-783. [PMID: 32219683 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-020-00567-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to explore the role of total flavones of Camellia (TFC) on cerebral injury following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in rats. We showed that the increase of malondialdehyde (MDA) level in brain tissues, leakages of neuron-specifc enolase (NSE) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from brain tissues to serum at 48 h after SAH were significantly blocked by TFC treatment. Besides, TFC treatment could reduce brain edema and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in hippocampal tissues at mRNA and protein levels at 48 h after SAH. In addition, and the reduction of neurological scores at 7d after SAH were significantly inhibited by TFC treatment. We next sought to demonstrate the role of TFC on cognitive rehabilitation and the tau phosphorylation in hippocampal tissues at 30d after SAH. Not surprisingly, cognitive dysfunction and the upregulation of tau phosphorylation at Ser262 (p-tau-Ser262) in hippocampal tissues were markedly reduced by TFC treatment. These findings suggested that TFC has protective effect on SAH-induced EBI and subsequent cognitive dysfunction, which may be related to downregulating the Bax/Bcl-2-related apoptosis pathway and inhibition of tau phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhuo Lu
- Medical Branch, Hefei Technology College, Hefei, China
| | - Jiyue Wen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
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Mohammad Ghasemi V, Siavash Moghaddam S, Rahimi A, Pourakbar L, Popović-Djordjević J. Winter Cultivation and Nano Fertilizers Improve Yield Components and Antioxidant Traits of Dragon's Head ( Lallemantia iberica (M.B.) Fischer & Meyer). Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:plants9020252. [PMID: 32079133 PMCID: PMC7076703 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Balangu (Lallemantia sp.) is a medicinal herb with a variety of applications, all parts of which have economic uses, including leaf for extraction of essential oils, as a vegetable and potherb, seed for extraction of mucilage and edible or industrial oil. To investigate the effect of cultivation season and standard chemical and nano fertilizers (n) on the yield components and antioxidant properties of Dragon’s head, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design was conducted with 12 treatments and three replications. Experimental treatments consisted of two seasons (spring and winter cultivation) and six levels of fertilizer (control, NPK-s, NPK-n, Fe-chelated-n, NPK-n + Fe-chelated-n, NPK-s + NPK-n + Fe-chelated-n). The traits included grain yield per plant, essential oil percentage and yield, mucilage percentage and yield, antioxidant properties in the seeds and leaves, including total phenols and flavonoids content, DPPH radical scavenging, and nitric oxide and superoxide radical scavenging. The results showed that winter cultivation had a noticeable advantage over spring cultivation across all of the traits. The highest grain yield per plant was obtained in winter cultivation using NPK-n + Fe-chelated-n fertilizer treatment. The highest essential oil percentage was in NPK-n + Fe-chelated-n. The highest mucilage percentage was observed in NPK-s + NPK-n + Fe-chelated-n fertilizer treatment, which was not statistically different to NPK-n + Fe-chelated-n treatment. The combined effects of winter cultivation and NPK-n + Fe-chelated-n fertilizers resulted in improving antioxidant activity traits. Overall, the results indicated that the combination of winter cultivation and NPK-n + Fe-chelated-n fertilizers are the most appropriate treatment to acquire highest qualitative and quantitative yield of Dragon’s head, in the Azerbaijan region (Iran).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vida Mohammad Ghasemi
- Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia 5756151818, Iran; (V.M.G.); (A.R.)
| | - Sina Siavash Moghaddam
- Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia 5756151818, Iran; (V.M.G.); (A.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +98-9113335716
| | - Amir Rahimi
- Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia 5756151818, Iran; (V.M.G.); (A.R.)
| | - Latifeh Pourakbar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Urmia University, Urmia 5756151818, Iran;
| | - Jelena Popović-Djordjević
- Department of Food Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of, University of Belgrade, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia;
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Wekre ME, Kåsin K, Underhaug J, Holmelid B, Jordheim M. Quantification of Polyphenols in Seaweeds: A Case Study of Ulva intestinalis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8120612. [PMID: 31816918 PMCID: PMC6943488 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8120612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this case study, we explored quantitative 1H NMR (qNMR), HPLC-DAD, and the Folin-Ciocalteu assay (TPC) as methods of quantifying the total phenolic content of a green macroalga, Ulva intestinalis, after optimized accelerated solvent extraction. Tentative qualitative data was also acquired after multiple steps of purification. The observed polyphenolic profile was complex with low individual concentrations. The qNMR method yielded 5.5% (DW) polyphenols in the crude extract, whereas HPLC-DAD and TPC assay yielded 1.1% (DW) and 0.4% (DW) respectively, using gallic acid as the reference in all methods. Based on the LC-MS observations of extracts and fractions, an average molar mass of 330 g/mol and an average of 4 aromatic hydrogens in each spin system was chosen for optimized qNMR calculations. Compared to the parallel numbers using gallic acid as the standard (170 g/mol, 2 aromatic H), the optimized parameters resulted in a similar qNMR result (5.3%, DW). The different results for the different methods highlight the difficulties with total polyphenolic quantification. All of the methods contain assumptions and uncertainties, and for complex samples with lower concentrations, this will be of special importance. Thus, further optimization of the extraction, identification, and quantification of polyphenols in marine algae must be researched.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Emilie Wekre
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégt. 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
- Alginor ASA, Haraldsgata 162, N-5525 Haugesund, Norway
| | - Karoline Kåsin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégt. 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Science, Universitetstunet 3, N-1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Jarl Underhaug
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégt. 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Bjarte Holmelid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégt. 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Monica Jordheim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégt. 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +47-55-58-35-48
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Mocan A, Cairone F, Locatelli M, Cacciagrano F, Carradori S, Vodnar DC, Crișan G, Simonetti G, Cesa S. Polyphenols from Lycium barbarum (Goji) Fruit European Cultivars at Different Maturation Steps: Extraction, HPLC-DAD Analyses, and Biological Evaluation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:E562. [PMID: 31744071 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8110562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Goji berries are undoubtedly a source of potentially bioactive compounds but their phytochemical profile can vary depending on their geographical origin, cultivar, and/or industrial processing. A rapid and cheap extraction of the polyphenolic fraction from Lycium barbarum cultivars, applied after homogenization treatments, was combined with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses based on two different methods. The obtained hydroalcoholic extracts, containing interesting secondary metabolites (gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, catechin, sinapinic acid, rutin, and carvacrol), were also submitted to a wide biological screening. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents, the antioxidant capacity using three antioxidant assays, tyrosinase inhibition, and anti-Candida activity were evaluated in order to correlate the impact of the homogenization treatment, geographical origin, and cultivar type on the polyphenolic and flavonoid amount, and consequently the bioactivity. The rutin amount, considered as a quality marker for goji berries according to European Pharmacopeia, varied from ≈200 to ≈400 µg/g among the tested samples, showing important differences observed in relation to the influence of the evaluated parameters.
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He Q, Li S, Li L, Hu F, Weng N, Fan X, Kuang S. Total Flavonoids in Caragana ( TFC) Promotes Angiogenesis and Enhances Cerebral Perfusion in a Rat Model of Ischemic Stroke. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:635. [PMID: 30258350 PMCID: PMC6143657 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that total flavonoid extracts from Caragana sinica (TFC) exert multiple therapeutic effects, promote blood flow, and exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The present study aimed to investigate whether TFC promotes angiogenesis and exerts neuroprotective effects in a rat model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). Male Wistar rats were subjected to tMCAO for 1.5 h, followed by 24 h of reperfusion. TFC (15, 30, 60 mg/kg) was administered for 14 days. Evaluations of neurological function were performed following reperfusion, and infarct volumes were assessed in brain slices stained with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC). Our results indicated that TFC significantly attenuated cerebral infarct volume and neurological deficits following tMCAO. Laser Doppler, micro-PET/CT, and MRI analyses further demonstrated that TFC reduced infarct volume and enhanced cerebral blood flow in a dose-dependent manner, with the most significant effects occurring at a concentration of 60 mg/kg. Significant up-regulation of CD31, VEGF, Ang-1, HIF-1α, delta-like 4 (Dll4), and Notch1 expression was also observed in the experimental groups, relative to that in the vehicle group. In summary, the results of the present study indicate that TFC (15, 30, 60 mg/kg) attenuates neurological deficits, reduces infarct volume, and promotes angiogenesis following MCAO in a concentration-dependent manner, likely via increases in the expression of CD31, VEGF, Ang-1, HIF-1α, Dll4, and Notch1. Further studies are required to determine the clinical usefulness and potential mechanisms of TFC in patients with cerebral focal ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiansong He
- Guiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Shirong Li
- Department of Neurology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Lailai Li
- Guiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Feiran Hu
- Guiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Ning Weng
- Guiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaodi Fan
- Department of Experimental Research Center, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shixiang Kuang
- Guiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
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Ragab D, Taema KM, Farouk W, Saad M. Continuous infusion of furosemide versus intermittent boluses in acute decompensated heart failure: Effect on thoracic fluid content. Egypt Heart J 2018; 70:65-70. [PMID: 30166884 PMCID: PMC6112354 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehj.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The administration of loop diuretics in the management of acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) whether IV boluses or continuous infusion is still controversial. We intended to evaluate differences between the two administration routes on the thoracic fluid content (TFC) and the renal functions. METHODS Sixty patients with ADHF admitted to the critical care medicine department (Cairo University, Egypt) were initially enrolled in the study. Twenty patients were excluded due to EF > 40%, myocardial infarction within 30 days, and baseline serum creatinine level > 4.0 mg/dL. Furosemide (120 mg/day) was given to the remaining 40 pts who continued the study after 1:1 randomization to either continuous infusion (group-I, 20 pts) or three equal intermittent daily doses (group-II, 20 pts). Subsequent dose titration was allowed after 24 h, but not earlier, according to patient's response. No other diuretic medications were allowed. All patients were daily evaluated for NYHA class, urine output, TFC, body weight, serum K+, and renal chemistry. RESULTS The median age (Q1-Q3) was 54.5 (43.8-63.8) years old with 24 (60%) males. Apart from TFC which was significantly higher in group-I, the admission demographic, clinical, laboratory and co-morbid conditions were similar in both groups. There was statistically insignificant tendency for increased urine output during the 1st and 2nd days in group-I compared to group-II (p = .08). The body weight was decreased during the 1st day by 2 (1.5-2.5) kg in group-I compared to 1.5 (1-2) kg in group-II, (p = .03). These changes became insignificant during the 2nd day (p = .4). The decrease of TFC was significantly higher in group-I than in group-II [10 (6.3-14.5) vs 7 (3.3-9.8) kΩ-1 during the first day and 8 (6-11) vs 6 (3.3-8.5) kΩ-1 during the second day in groups-I&II respectively, P = .02 for both]. There was similar NYHA class improvement in both groups (p = .7). The serum creatinine was increased by 0.2 (0.1-0.5) vs 0 (-0.1 to 0.2) mg% and the CrCl was decreased by 7.4 (4.5-12.3) vs 3.1 (0.2-8.8) ml/min in groups-I&II respectively (p = .009 and .02 respectively). CONCLUSIONS We concluded that continuous furosemide infusion in ADHF might cause greater weight loss and more decrease in TFC with no symptomatic improvement and possibly with more nephrotoxic effect.
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Nikkhah E, Heshmati Afshar F, Babaei H, Asgharian P, Delazar A. Phytochemical Analysis and In-vitro Bioactivity of Scrophularia umbrosa Rhizome ( Scrophulariaceae). Iran J Pharm Res 2018; 17:685-694. [PMID: 29881426 PMCID: PMC5985186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Scrophularia umbrosa is a medicinal plant used as a traditional herb. This study was designed to investigate the phytochemical analysis of methanol (MeOH), DCM, and n-Hexane extracts of rhizome as well as total phenol and total flavonoid contents (TPC and TFC). In-vitro β-hematin formation assay and DPPH method were applied for analyzing antimalarial and free-radical scavenging activities of the extracts, respectively. The formation of hemozoin has been proposed as an ideal drug target for antimalarial screening programs. The results showed that n-hexane and MeOH extracts of rhizome had no significant inhibitory effect on heme biocrystallization whereas the DCM extract of rhizome showed moderate antimalarial activity in comparison with chloroquine. GC-MS data showed that volatile portions of DCM and n-Hexane extracts from Scrophularia umbrosa (S. umbrosa) contained a few identifiable compounds. Moreover, fractions 20% and 40% MeOH-Water of MeOH extract of S. umbrosa displayed moderate to strong free radical scavenging activity which showed a positive relation between phenolic and flavonoid contents and free radical scavenging activity. Based on the results, the fractions of MeOH extract were evaluated by 1HNMR for predicting the groups of natural compounds and interfacing of chemical and biological assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elhameh Nikkhah
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Fariba Heshmati Afshar
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Hossein Babaei
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Parina Asgharian
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Abbas Delazar
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Ghasemzadeh A, Ashkani S, Baghdadi A, Pazoki A, Jaafar HZE, Rahmat A. Improvement in Flavonoids and Phenolic Acids Production and Pharmaceutical Quality of Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) by Ultraviolet-B Irradiation. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21091203. [PMID: 27618000 PMCID: PMC6274208 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21091203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum Linnaeus) is aromatic herb that has been utilized in traditional medicine. To improve the phytochemical constituents and pharmaceutical quality of sweet basil leaves, ultraviolet (UV)-B irradiation at different intensities (2.30, 3.60, and 4.80 W/m²) and durations (4, 6, 8, and 10-h) was applied at the post-harvest stage. Total flavonoid content (TFC) and total phenolic content (TPC) were measured using spectrophotometric method, and individual flavonoids and phenolic acids were identified using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography. As a key enzyme for the metabolism of flavonoids, chalcone synthase (CHS) activity, was measured using a CHS assay. Antioxidant activity and antiproliferative activity of extracts against a breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) were evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays and MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assays, respectively. UV-B irradiation at an intensity of 3.60 W/m² increased TFC approximately 0.85-fold and also increased quercetin (0.41-fold), catechin (0.85-fold), kaempferol (0.65-fold) rutin (0.68-fold) and luteolin (1.00-fold) content. The highest TPC and individual phenolic acid (gallic acid, cinnamic acid and ferulic acid) was observed in the 3.60 W/m² of UV-B treatment. Cinnamic acid and luteolin were not detected in the control plants, production being induced by UV-B irradiation. Production of these secondary metabolites was also significantly influenced by the duration of UV-B irradiation. Irradiation for 8-h led to higher TFC, TPC and individual flavonoids and phenolic acids than for the other durations (4, 8, and 10-h) except for cinnamic acid, which was detected at higher concentration when irradiated for 6-h. Irradiation for 10-h significantly decreased the secondary metabolite production in sweet basil leaves. CHS activity was induced by UV-B irradiation and highest activity was observed at 3.60 W/m² of UV-B irradiation. UV-B treated leaves presented the highest DPPH activity and antiproliferative activity with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 56.0 and 40.8 µg/mL, respectively, over that of the control plants (78.0 and 58.2 µg/mL, respectively). These observations suggest that post-harvest irradiation with UV-B can be considered a promising technique to improve the healthy-nutritional and pharmaceutical properties of sweet basil leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ghasemzadeh
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Sadegh Ashkani
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Yadegar-e-Imam Khomeini (RAH) Shahre Rey Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali Baghdadi
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Alireza Pazoki
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Yadegar-e-Imam Khomeini (RAH) Shahre Rey Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hawa Z E Jaafar
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Asmah Rahmat
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Vats S. Effect of Initial Temperature Treatment on Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activity of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 178:504-12. [PMID: 26467740 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1890-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of initial temperature treatment on phytochemical and antioxidant potential of commercially important plant Azadirachta indica A. Juss. The leaves were differentially treated after harvest at temperatures 4, -20, and 110 °C and at room temperature, separately. It was found that a quick drying process at 110 °C followed by air-drying helped in maximum retention of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity, which was significantly higher than other processing methods. Correlation analysis revealed that total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) can be a measure to assess the antioxidant potential using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Nitric oxide scavenging assay (NOSA) was insignificantly related to DPPH and FRAP. Also, FRAP and DPPH can be a predictive assay for each other, but not with NOSA. Thus, a quick drying process at 110 °C using an oven can be a cost-effective venture, especially in developing countries, for retaining the nutritive value and antioxidant activity of A. indica.
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Iqbal P, Ahmed D, Asghar MN. A comparative in vitro antioxidant potential profile of extracts from different parts of Fagonia cretica. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2014; 7S1:S473-80. [PMID: 25312170 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(14)60277-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate antioxidant and radical scavenging activities of organic extracts from fruit, roots and aerial parts of Fagonia cretica. METHODS Shed dried and powdered plant parts were initially extracted in methanol and subsequently partitioned in n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and 1-butanol successively. Antioxidant and radical scavenging potential of the methanol extracts and the fractions of each part were evaluated using total phenolic contents (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation radicals scavenging, reducing power (potassium ferricyanide-trichloroacetic acid system), ferric ion reducing antioxidant potential, lipid peroxidation inhibition activity (linoleic acid system) and total antioxidant activity (phosphomolybdate) assays. RESULTS TPC and TFC values for methanol extracts and various fractions ranged from 0.23-4.30 mg/L gallic acid equivalents and from 30-545 mg/L rutin equivalents, respectively. Overall, methanol extracts and all the fractions of root and aerial parts showed higher TPC and TFC values. Methanol extracts and aqueous fractions of root and aerial parts and the n-butanol fraction of root showed lower EC50 values for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging than the other plant extracts. The 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging, total antioxidant potential and ferric ion reducing antioxidant potential values confirmed the presence of potent antioxidant principles in the methanol extract of roots. In general, all the extracts/fractions and especially those of root showed high antioxidant and radical scavenging activities. CONCLUSIONS The crude methanol extract of root can be explored further for in vivo studies. This study revealed the potent antioxidant potential of Fagonia cretica and its prospective efficacy against various reactive oxygen species-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pervaiz Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Dildar Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nadeem Asghar
- Department of Chemistry, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore 54600, Pakistan.
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Antonelli A, Ferrari SM, Giuggioli D, Ferrannini E, Ferri C, Fallahi P. Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand (CXCL)10 in autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2013; 13:272-80. [PMID: 24189283 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
(C-X-C motif) ligand (CXCL)10 (CXCL10) belongs to the ELR(-) CXC subfamily chemokine. CXCL10 exerts its function through binding to chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 3 (CXCR3), a seven trans-membrane receptor coupled to G proteins. CXCL10 and its receptor, CXCR3, appear to contribute to the pathogenesis of many autoimmune diseases, organ specific (such as type 1 diabetes, autoimmune thyroiditis, Graves' disease and ophthalmopathy), or systemic (such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, mixed cryoglobulinemia, Sjögren syndrome, or systemic sclerosis). The secretion of CXCL10 by cluster of differentiation (CD)4+, CD8+, natural killer (NK) and NK-T cells is dependent on interferon (IFN)-γ, which is itself mediated by the interleukin-12 cytokine family. Under the influence of IFN-γ, CXCL10 is secreted by several cell types including endothelial cells, fibroblasts, keratinocytes, thyrocytes, preadipocytes, etc. Determination of high level of CXCL10 in peripheral fluids is therefore a marker of host immune response, especially T helper (Th)1 orientated T-cells. In tissues, recruited Th1 lymphocytes may be responsible for enhanced IFN-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α production, which in turn stimulates CXCL10 secretion from a variety of cells, therefore creating an amplification feedback loop, and perpetuating the autoimmune process. Further studies are needed to investigate interactions between chemokines and cytokines in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and to evaluate whether CXCL10 is a novel therapeutic target in various autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Antonelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi, 10, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Silvia Martina Ferrari
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi, 10, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Dilia Giuggioli
- Department of Medical, Surgical, Maternal, Pediatric and Adult Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo, 71, 41100 Modena, Italy.
| | - Ele Ferrannini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi, 10, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Clodoveo Ferri
- Department of Medical, Surgical, Maternal, Pediatric and Adult Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo, 71, 41100 Modena, Italy.
| | - Poupak Fallahi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi, 10, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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Pelgrift RY, Friedman AJ. Nanotechnology as a therapeutic tool to combat microbial resistance. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:1803-1815. [PMID: 23892192 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.07.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Use of nanoparticles is among the most promising strategies to overcome microbial drug resistance. This review article consists of three parts. The first part discusses the epidemiology of microbial drug resistance. The second part describes mechanisms of drug resistance used by microbes. The third part explains how nanoparticles can overcome this resistance, including the following: Nitric oxide-releasing nanoparticles (NO NPs), chitosan-containing nanoparticles (chitosan NPs), and metal-containing nanoparticles all use multiple mechanisms simultaneously to combat microbes, thereby making development of resistance to these nanoparticles unlikely. Packaging multiple antimicrobial agents within the same nanoparticle also makes development of resistance unlikely. Nanoparticles can overcome existing drug resistance mechanisms, including decreased uptake and increased efflux of drug from the microbial cell, biofilm formation, and intracellular bacteria. Finally, nanoparticles can target antimicrobial agents to the site of infection, so that higher doses of drug are given at the infected site, thereby overcoming resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Y Pelgrift
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Abstract
Use of nanoparticles is among the most promising strategies to overcome microbial drug resistance. This review article consists of three parts. The first part discusses the epidemiology of microbial drug resistance. The second part describes mechanisms of drug resistance used by microbes. The third part explains how nanoparticles can overcome this resistance, including the following: Nitric oxide-releasing nanoparticles (NO NPs), chitosan-containing nanoparticles (chitosan NPs), and metal-containing nanoparticles all use multiple mechanisms simultaneously to combat microbes, thereby making development of resistance to these nanoparticles unlikely. Packaging multiple antimicrobial agents within the same nanoparticle also makes development of resistance unlikely. Nanoparticles can overcome existing drug resistance mechanisms, including decreased uptake and increased efflux of drug from the microbial cell, biofilm formation, and intracellular bacteria. Finally, nanoparticles can target antimicrobial agents to the site of infection, so that higher doses of drug are given at the infected site, thereby overcoming resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Y Pelgrift
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Järlestedt K, Naylor AS, Dean J, Hagberg H, Mallard C. Decreased survival of newborn neurons in the dorsal hippocampus after neonatal LPS exposure in mice. Neuroscience 2013; 253:21-8. [PMID: 23994184 PMCID: PMC3824076 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal inflammation reduces the survival of dividing neurons and astrocytes. Neonatal inflammation does not affect the survival of post-mitotic cells. Decrease in cell survival was specific for the granule cells of the dorsal blade of the hippocampus.
Experimental studies show that inflammation reduces the regenerative capacity in the adult brain. Less is known about how early postnatal inflammation affects neurogenesis, stem cell proliferation, cell survival and learning and memory in young adulthood. In this study we examined if an early-life inflammatory challenge alters cell proliferation and survival in distinct anatomical regions of the hippocampus and whether learning and memory were affected. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 mg/kg) was administered to mice on postnatal day (P) 9 and proliferation and survival of hippocampal cells born either prior to (24 h before LPS), or during the inflammatory insult (48 h after LPS) was evaluated. Long-term cell survival of neurons and astrocytes was determined on P 41 and P 60 in the dorsal and ventral horns of the hippocampus. On day 50 the mice were tested in the trace fear conditioning (TFC) paradigm. There was no effect on the survival of neurons and astrocytes that were born before LPS injection. In contrast, the number of neurons and astrocytes that were born after LPS injection were reduced on P 41. The LPS-induced reduction in cell numbers was specific for the dorsal hippocampus. Neither early (48 h after LPS) or late (33 days after LPS) proliferation of cells was affected by neonatal inflammation and neonatal LPS did not alter the behavior of young adult mice in the TFC test. These data highlight that neonatal inflammation specifically affects survival of dividing neurons and astrocytes, but not post-mitotic cells. The reduction in cell survival could be attributed to less cell survival in the dorsal hippocampus, but had no effect on learning and memory in the young adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Järlestedt
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Camm CF, James CA, Tichnell C, Murray B, Bhonsale A, te Riele ASJM, Judge DP, Tandri H, Calkins H. Prevalence of atrial arrhythmias in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy. Heart Rhythm 2013; 10:1661-8. [PMID: 23994726 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2013.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVD/C) is an inherited cardiomyopathy, characterized by right ventricular dysfunction and ventricular arrhythmias. Limited information is available concerning atrial arrhythmias in ARVD/C. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to characterize spontaneous atrial arrhythmias in a large registry population of ARVD/C patients. METHODS Patients (n = 248) from the Johns Hopkins ARVD/C registry who met the diagnostic criteria and had undertaken genotype analysis were included. Medical records of each were reviewed to ascertain incidence and characteristics of atrial arrhythmia episodes. Detailed demographic, phenotypic, and structural information was obtained from registry data. RESULTS Thirty-five patients with ARVD/C (14%) experienced one or more types of atrial arrhythmia during median follow-up of 5.78 (interquartile range 8.52) years. Atrial fibrillation was the most common atrial arrhythmia, occurring in 80% of ARVD/C patients with atrial arrhythmias. Patients developed atrial arrhythmias at a mean age of 43.0 ± 14.0 years. Atrial arrhythmia patients obtained a total of 22 inappropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator shocks during follow-up. Older age at last follow-up (P <.001) and male gender (P = .044) were associated with atrial arrhythmia development. Patients with atrial arrhythmias had a higher occurrence of death (P = .028), heart failure (P <.001), and left atrial enlargement on echocardiography (P = .004). CONCLUSION Atrial arrhythmias are common in ARVD/C and present at a younger age than in the general population. They are associated with male gender, increasing age, and left atrial enlargement. Atrial arrhythmias are clinically important as they are associated with inappropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator shocks and increased risk of both death and heart failure.
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James CA, Bhonsale A, Tichnell C, Murray B, Russell SD, Tandri H, Tedford RJ, Judge DP, Calkins H. Exercise increases age-related penetrance and arrhythmic risk in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy-associated desmosomal mutation carriers. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 62:1290-1297. [PMID: 23871885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 456] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study sought to determine how exercise influences penetrance of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVD/C) among patients with desmosomal mutations. BACKGROUND Although animal models and anecdotal evidence suggest that exercise is a risk factor for ARVD/C, there have been no systematic human studies. METHODS Eighty-seven carriers (46 male; mean age, 44 ± 18 years) were interviewed about regular physical activity from 10 years of age. The relationship of exercise with sustained ventricular arrhythmia (ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation [VT/VF]), stage C heart failure (HF), and meeting diagnostic criteria for ARVD/C (2010 Revised Task Force Criteria [TFC]) was studied. RESULTS Symptoms developed in endurance athletes (N = 56) at a younger age (30.1 ± 13.0 years vs. 40.6 ± 21.1 years, p = 0.05); they were more likely to meet TFC at last follow-up (82% vs. 35%, p < 0.001) and have a lower lifetime survival free of VT/VF (p = 0.013) and HF (p = 0.004). Compared with those who did the least exercise per year (lowest quartile) before presentation, those in the second (odds ratio [OR]: 6.64, p = 0.013), third (OR: 16.7, p = 0.001), and top (OR: 25.3, p < 0.0001) quartiles were increasingly likely to meet TFC. Among 61 individuals who did not present with VT/VF, the 13 subjects experiencing a first VT/VF event over a mean follow-up of 8.4 ± 6.7 years were all endurance athletes (p = 0.002). Survival from a first VT/VF event was lowest among those who exercised most (top quartile) both before (p = 0.036) and after (p = 0.005) clinical presentation. Among individuals in the top quartile, a reduction in exercise decreased VT/VF risk (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Endurance exercise and frequent exercise increase the risk of VT/VF, HF, and ARVD/C in desmosomal mutation carriers. These findings support exercise restriction for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A James
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Aditya Bhonsale
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Crystal Tichnell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Brittney Murray
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Stuart D Russell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Harikrishna Tandri
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ryan J Tedford
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Daniel P Judge
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hugh Calkins
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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te Riele AS, James CA, Bhonsale A, Groeneweg JA, Camm CF, Murray B, Tichnell C, van der Heijden JF, Dooijes D, Judge DP. Malignant arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy with a normal 12-lead electrocardiogram: a rare but underrecognized clinical entity. Heart Rhythm. 2013;10:1484-1491. [PMID: 23816439 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2013.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/Cardiomyopathy (ARVD/C), a normal electrocardiogram (ECG) is considered reassuring. However, some patients with ARVD/C experiencing ventricular arrhythmias have a normal ECG. OBJECTIVES To estimate how often patients with ARVD/C experiencing ventricular arrhythmias have a normal ECG during sinus rhythm, and to provide a clinical profile of these patients. METHODS We included 145 patients with ARVD/C experiencing a documented sustained ventricular arrhythmia. Conventional 12-lead sinus rhythm ECGs within 6 months of the event were reviewed for diagnostic Task Force Criteria (TFC). ECGs were classified as abnormal (≥1 TFC), nonspecific (abnormal, no TFC), or normal. Cardiologic investigations within 6 months of the event were evaluated as per TFC in those with a nonspecific or normal ECG. RESULTS The ECG was nonspecific or normal in 17 of 145 (12%) subjects. Mean age of these patients was 41.3 ± 12.4 years and 14 (82%) were men, comparable to those with an abnormal ECG. Most patients with a nonspecific or normal ECG showed ≥1 TFC on Holter monitoring (n = 9 of 10) and signal-averaged ECG (n = 4 of 5), and all had nonsustained ventricular tachycardia recorded. Among 15 patients who underwent structural evaluation, 11 (73%) showed structural TFC (9 major and 2 minor). CONCLUSIONS Although most patients with ARVD/C experiencing arrhythmias have an abnormal ECG, a nonspecific or normal ECG does not preclude ARVD/C diagnosis. All patients with a nonspecific or normal ECG had alternative evidence of disease expression. These results alert the physician not to rely exclusively on ECG in ARVD/C, but to assess arrhythmic risk by comprehensive clinical evaluation.
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te Riele AS, Bhonsale A, James CA, Rastegar N, Murray B, Burt JR, Tichnell C, Madhavan S, Judge DP, Bluemke DA. Incremental value of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in arrhythmic risk stratification of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy-associated desmosomal mutation carriers. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62:1761-1769. [PMID: 23810894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.11.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to identify the incremental value and optimal role of cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging in arrhythmic risk stratification of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVD/C)-associated desmosomal mutation carriers without histories of sustained ventricular arrhythmia. BACKGROUND Risk stratification of ARVD/C mutation carriers is challenging. METHODS Sixty-nine patients (mean age 27.0 ± 15.3 years, 42% men) harboring ARVD/C-associated pathogenic mutations (83% plakophilin 2) without prior sustained ventricular arrhythmias were included. Electrocardiographic and 24-h Holter monitoring findings closest to presentation were analyzed for electrical abnormalities per revised task force criteria. CMR studies were done to identify abnormal cardiac structure and function according to the revised task force criteria. RESULTS Overall, 42 patients (61%) presented with electrical abnormalities on the basis of electrocardiography and Holter monitoring, of whom 20 (48%) had abnormal results on CMR. Only 1 of 27 patients (4%) without electrical abnormalities at initial evaluation had abnormal CMR results. Over a mean follow-up period of 5.8 ± 4.4 years, 11 patients (16%) experienced sustained ventricular arrhythmias, exclusively in patients with both electrical abnormalities (electrocardiography and/or Holter monitoring) and abnormal CMR results. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that electrical abnormalities on electrocardiography and Holter monitoring precede detectable structural abnormalities in ARVD/C mutation carriers. Therefore, evaluation of cardiac structure and function using CMR is probably not necessary in the absence of baseline electrical abnormalities. Among ARVD/C mutation carriers, the presence of both electrical and CMR abnormalities identifies patients at high risk for events and thus patients who might benefit from prophylactic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator placement.
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Nakase-Richardson R, Tran J, Cifu D, Barnett SD, Horn LJ, Greenwald BD, Brunner RC, Whyte J, Hammond FM, Yablon SA, Giacino JT. Do rehospitalization rates differ among injury severity levels in the NIDRR Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems program? Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2013; 94:1884-90. [PMID: 23770278 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2012.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the rate and nature of rehospitalization in a cohort of patients enrolled in the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems (TBIMS) who have disorders of consciousness (DOC) at the time of rehabilitation admission with those in persons with moderate or severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) but without DOC at rehabilitation admission. DESIGN Prospective observational study. SETTING Inpatient rehabilitation within TBIMS with annual follow-up. PARTICIPANTS Of 9028 persons enrolled from 1988 to 2009 (N=9028), 366 from 20 centers met criteria for DOC at rehabilitation admission and follow-up data, and another 5132 individuals met criteria for moderate (n=769) or severe TBI (n=4363). INTERVENTIONS Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Participants and/or their family members completed follow-up data collection including questions about frequency and nature of rehospitalizations at 1 year postinjury. For the subset of participants with DOC, additional follow-up was conducted at 2 and 5 years postinjury. RESULTS The DOC group demonstrated an overall 2-fold increase in rehospitalization in the first year postinjury relative to those with moderate or severe TBI without DOC. Persons with DOC at rehabilitation admission have a higher rate of rehospitalization across several categories than persons with moderate or severe TBI. CONCLUSIONS Although the specific details of rehospitalization are unknown, greater injury severity resulting in DOC status on rehabilitation admission has long-term implications. Data highlight the need for a longitudinal approach to patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Nakase-Richardson
- Division of MHBS, James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL; Center of Excellence for Maximizing Rehabilitation Outcomes, Tampa, FL; Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL.
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Mahmood T, Anwar F, Abbas M, Saari N. Effect of maturity on phenolics (phenolic acids and flavonoids) profile of strawberry cultivars and mulberry species from Pakistan. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:4591-4607. [PMID: 22605997 PMCID: PMC3344233 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13044591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 03/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated how the extent of ripeness affects the yield of extract, total phenolics, total flavonoids, individual flavonols and phenolic acids in strawberry and mulberry cultivars from Pakistan. In strawberry, the yield of extract (%), total phenolics (TPC) and total flavonoids (TFC) ranged from 8.5–53.3%, 491–1884 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 g DW and 83–327 mg catechin equivalents (CE)/100 g DW, respectively. For the different species of mulberry the yield of extract (%), total phenolics and total flavonoids of 6.9–54.0%, 201–2287 mg GAE/100 g DW and 110–1021 mg CE/100 g DW, respectively, varied significantly as fruit maturity progressed. The amounts of individual flavonols and phenolic acid in selected berry fruits were analyzed by RP-HPLC. Among the flavonols, the content of myricetin was found to be high in Morus alba (88 mg/100 g DW), the amount of quercetin as high in Morus laevigata (145 mg/100 g DW) while kaempferol was highest in the Korona strawberry (98 mg/100 g DW) at fully ripened stage. Of the six phenolic acids detected, p-hydroxybenzoic and p-coumaric acid were the major compounds in the strawberry. M. laevigata and M. nigra contained p-coumaric acid and vanillic acid while M. macroura and M. alba contained p-hydroxy-benzoic acid and chlorogenic acid as the major phenolic acids. Overall, a trend to an increase in the percentage of extraction yield, TPC, TFC, flavonols and phenolic acids was observed as maturity progressed from un-ripened to fully-ripened stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Mahmood
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040, Pakistan; E-Mail:
- Department of Chemistry, Govt. Post Graduate College Samanabad, Faisalabad-38040, Pakistan
| | - Farooq Anwar
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040, Pakistan; E-Mail:
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha-40100, Pakistan
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (F.A.); (N.S.); Tel.: +92-48-9230546 (F.A.); +6-038-946-838-5 (N.S.); Fax: +92-48-3222121 (F.A.); +6-038-942-355-2 (N.S.)
| | - Mateen Abbas
- Quality Operation Laboratory, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences-54000, Lahore, Pakistan; E-Mail:
| | - Nazamid Saari
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM-43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (F.A.); (N.S.); Tel.: +92-48-9230546 (F.A.); +6-038-946-838-5 (N.S.); Fax: +92-48-3222121 (F.A.); +6-038-942-355-2 (N.S.)
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Kwon YM, Chin DK, Jin BH, Kim KS, Cho YE, Kuh SU. Long Term Efficacy of Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion with Standard Cages alone in Lumbar Disc Diseases Combined with Modic Changes. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2009; 46:322-7. [PMID: 19893720 DOI: 10.3340/jkns.2009.46.4.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Revised: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 10/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) is considered to have the best theoretical potential in promoting bony fusion of unstable vertebral segments by way of a load sharing effect of the anterior column. This study was undertaken to investigate the efficacy of PLIF with cages in chronic degenerative disc disease with Modic degeneration (changes of vertebral end plate). METHODS A total of 597 patients underwent a PLIF with threaded fusion cages (TFC) from 1993 to 2000. Three-hundred-fifty-one patients, who could be followed for more than 3 years, were enrolled in this study. Patients were grouped into 4 categories according to Modic classification (no degeneration : 259, type 1 : 26, type 2 : 55, type 3 : 11). Clinical and radiographic data were evaluated retrospectively. RESULTS The clinical success rate according to the Prolo's functional and economic outcome scale was 86% in patients without degeneration and 83% in patients with Modic degeneration. The clinical outcomes in each group were 88% in type 1, 84% in type 2, and 73% in type 3. The bony fusion rate was 97% in patients without degeneration and 83% in patients with Modic degeneration. The bony fusion rate in each group was 81% in type 1, 84% in type 2, and 55% in type 3. The clinical success and fusion rates were significantly lower in patients with type 3 degeneration. CONCLUSION The PLIF with TFC has been found to be an effective procedure for lumbar spine fusion. But, the clinical outcome and bony fusion rates were significantly low in the patients with Modic type 3. The authors suggest that PLIF combined with pedicle screw fixation would be the better for them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Min Kwon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Spine and Spinal Cord Institute, Gangnam Severance Spine Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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