Improving Curcumin Bioavailability: Current Strategies and Future Perspectives

Curcumin dispersed with colloidal nano-particles inhibits enteric viruses replication

Acute gastroenteritis remains one of the most common health problems despite the progress in prevention and vaccination. The options for viral diarrhea therapy are limited and there is the need for effective treatment. Recently a novel form of the nano-dispersed curcumin that is highly bioavailable was described. This form of curcumin was well tolerated by the cells in culture and was rapidly absorbed into the blood plasma after oral administration. We tested the antiviral activity of this curcumin formulation in vitro using several viruses associated with gastrointestinal infections, like astrovirus, norovirus rotavirus, adenovirus, echovirus, and coxackievirus. We did observe strong replication inhibition of all tested viruses. These results suggest that the tested form of curcumin is a promising candidate for a broad-spectrum antiviral drug.

From bench to bedside: exploring curcumin-driven signaling pathways in immune cells for cancer management

The use of natural compounds as effective therapeutic agents is an expanding area of health and disease research. Curcumin, a bioactive component derived from the rhizome of the turmeric plant (Curcuma longa L.), has been primarily used in culinary applications for several centuries, but now its potential health benefits are the focus of growing scientific research. Interestingly, some studies have found that curcumin has antitumorigenic effects due to its ability to influence the tumor microenvironment and possibly promote immune system response by modulating specific signaling pathways in immune cells. The interaction of curcumin with immune cells in the field of cancer chemoprevention is a complex area of research. It has been suggested that curcumin might promote T cell recruitment, reduce neutrophil and macrophage accumulation in the tumor microenvironment, and prevent the conversion of infiltrating lymphocytes into immunosuppressive subpopulations. Thus, its possible mechanisms of action also include a shift of the immune balance toward activation by reversing the prevalence of immunosuppressive cells. With innovations and improvements in our understanding of the potential benefits of curcumin on immune cells in cancer prevention and treatment, it is important to have an overview of current findings. Therefore, in this study, we aim to provide a review of the latest discoveries regarding curcumin in the field of cancer and immune cell research.

Extremely Rapid Gelling Curcumin Silk-Tyrosine Crosslinked Hydrogels

Systemic chemotherapy is still the first-line treatment for cancer, and it's associated with toxic side effects, chemoresistance, and ultimately cancer recurrence. Rapid gelling hydrogels can overcome this limitation by providing localized delivery of anti-cancer agents to solid tumors. Silk hydrogels are extremely biocompatible and suitable for anti-cancer drug delivery, but faster gelling formulations are needed. In this study, we introduce a rapid gelling hydrogel formulation (<3 min gelling time) due to chemical crosslinking between silk fibroin and curcumin, initiated by the addition of minute quantities of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The novel observation in this study is that curcumin, while being a free-radical scavenger, also participates in accelerating silk di-tyrosine crosslinking in the presence of HRP and H2O2. Using UV-Vis, rheology, and time-lapse videos, we convincingly show that curcumin accelerates silk di-tyrosine crosslinking reaction in a concentration-dependent manner, and curcumin remains entrapped in the hydrogel post-crosslinking. FTIR results show an increase in secondary beta-sheet structures within hydrogels, with increasing concentrations of curcumin. Furthermore, we show that curcumin-silk di-tyrosine hydrogels are toxic to U2OS osteosarcoma cells, and most cancer cells are dead within short time scales of 4 h post-encapsulation.

Comparative Effects of Turmeric Secondary Metabolites Across Resorptive Bone Diseases

Background: Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) rhizomes, whose secondary metabolites include polyphenols and terpenoids, have been used medicinally for millennia. However, modern scientific inquiry has primarily focused on medicinal effects of turmeric's polyphenolic curcuminoids, including when evaluating turmeric use to maintain bone health. Methods: Disease-specific biological effects of turmeric's major secondary metabolites (polyphenols and/or terpenoids), with or without associated turmeric rhizome-derived polysaccharides, were determined in vivo using pre-clinical models of clinically relevant resorptive bone diseases induced by different mechanisms. These included inflammatory arthritis, cancer-driven osteolytic bone metastases, and hormone deficiency-driven post-menopausal osteoporosis. Results: In the arthritis model, the safety profile of curcuminoids alone was superior. However, curcuminoids and terpenoids each had anti-inflammatory effects and prevented bone resorption, with polysaccharide-containing curcuminoid extracts having greater effect than curcuminoids alone. In the human osteolytic breast cancer bone metastases model, curcuminoid extracts containing polysaccharides tended to yield greater effects in reducing bone osteolysis and tumor progression than curcuminoids alone or more complex extracts. In contrast, only purified curcuminoids prevented bone loss in a post-menopausal osteoporosis model, while polysaccharide-containing curcuminoid extracts were without effect. In vitro metabolite effects on disease-specific mechanistic pathways in synoviocytes, osteoclasts, or breast cancer cells were consistent with documented in vivo outcomes and included differential metabolite-specific effects. Conclusions: In summary, these findings suggest that turmeric's potential medicinal musculoskeletal effects are complex, pathway- and target-specific, and not limited to curcuminoids, with safety concerns potentially limiting certain uses.

Curcumin ameliorates heatstroke-induced lung injury by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway

Heatstroke (HS) poses a significant threat to public health. Curcumin, a polyphenolic compound, has been reported to possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This study aimed to investigate the potential therapeutic effects of curcumin on HS-induced lung injury and to elucidate its underlying molecular mechanisms. We utilized network pharmacology to predict the potential targets of curcumin and determine its possible protective effects against HS. Molecular docking was performed to assess the affinity of curcumin to proteins. Forty mice were used for in vivo experiments to evaluate the therapeutic effects of curcumin, divided into four groups (n = 10 per group): normal control (NC), high-temperature control (HTC), low-dose curcumin heatstroke (H100c, 100 mg/kg/day), and high-dose curcumin heatstroke (H200c, 200 mg/kg/day). Furthermore, we evaluated lung pathology, ultrastructural alterations, and protein expression levels of key molecules. Molecular docking indicated a high binding affinity between curcumin and PIK3R1, AKT, and CASP3. In vivo experiments confirm that curcumin pretreatment significantly mitigates HS-induced lung tissue pathology and ultrastructural damage, with the H200c group showing notably greater improvement. Furthermore, curcumin pretreatment markedly enhances the activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway and suppresses the expression of cleaved caspase3, particularly in the H200c group. Our study suggests curcumin may alleviate HS-induced lung injury via the PI3K/AKT pathway, but limitations exist. We did not test key protein knockdown/overexpression, and PI3K/AKT may not be the only pathway. Human and mouse pharmacokinetic differences could affect clinical translation.

Radioprotection and enhanced efficacy by curcumin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles in mitigating radiation-induced liver injury

INTRODUCTION

This study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of curcumin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (Cur-CsNPs) against radiation-induced liver damage in rats. Curcumin's antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, combined with chitosan's drug delivery potential, were leveraged to mitigate the harmful effects of ionizing radiation (IR) on the liver.

METHODS

Cur-CsNPs were characterized using TEM, XRD, DLS, and FTIR. Spectrophotometry assessed drug loading and curcumin release. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using MTT assay on HepG2 cells. The experimental design involved eight groups: a control group, three groups receiving different doses of Cur-CsNPs (25, 50, 100 mg/kg), three groups receiving the same doses plus irradiation (6Gy), and one group receiving irradiation only. H&E and MTC staining were used for histopathological evaluation. The activity of liver enzymes ALT, AST, ALP, and GGT was measured.

RESULTS

In this study, three types of Cur-CsNPs were synthesized using varying ratios of chitosan to TPP ratios, resulting in average sizes of 660 nm, 230 nm, and 120 nm. Cur-CsNPs which exhibited the highest encapsulation efficiency, was selected for further evaluation. TEM confirmed its spherical shape with an average size of 37 nm. Drug release studies demonstrated an 85 % release at pH 5.4 within 70 h. MTT assays indicated low cytotoxicity, with high cell viability maintained across all concentrations and time points. Liver enzyme analysis in rats revealed that Cur-CsNPs, particularly when combined with radiation, mitigated radiation-induced liver damage. Histological examination showed that treatment with Cur-CsNPs reduced liver damage, inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis in irradiated groups compared to the radiation-only group, which exhibited severe liver damage.

CONCLUSION

The findings of this study show that Cur-CsNPs possess significant potential as a therapeutic agent for protecting against radiation-induced liver injury. The favorable drug release profile, low cytotoxicity, and protective effects observed in enzyme levels and histological assessments highlight the efficacy of Cur-CsNPs. The findings imply that Cur-CsNPs could be an effective strategy for enhancing liver protection in radiation exposure scenarios, warranting further investigation into their mechanisms of action and potential clinical applications.

Behavioral and Biochemical Insights into the Therapeutic Potential of Mitocurcumin in a Zebrafish-Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) Epilepsy Model

Background/Objectives: Epilepsy is a complex neurological disorder with a strong link to oxidative stress, which contributes to seizure susceptibility and neuronal damage. This study aims to investigate the effects of curcumin (Cur), sodium valproate (VPA), and mitocurcumin (MitoCur), a mitochondria-targeted curcumin, on behavioral and oxidative stress parameters in a zebrafish model of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures. Methods: Adult zebrafish were exposed to two concentrations (0.25 and 0.5 µM for Cur and MitoCur; 0.25 and 0.5 mM for VPA). Behavioral assessments, including locomotion, spatial exploration, and directional movement, were conducted using EthoVision XT tracking software. Oxidative stress markers, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and total antioxidant status (TAS), were analyzed in brain homogenates. Results: Behavioral analyses indicated dose-dependent effects, with higher doses generally reducing activity. MitoCur at 0.25 µM enhanced antioxidant defenses and reduced oxidative damage, while higher doses exhibited a pro-oxidant shift. VPA at 0.25 mM improved TAS without significantly altering MDA levels. Conclusions: These findings emphasize the importance of dose optimization in antioxidant-based epilepsy treatments and highlight the potential of MitoCur as a targeted therapeutic option.

Nanocurcumin-enhanced zein nanofibers: Advancing macrophage polarization and accelerating wound healing

Introduction

Chronic wounds continue to pose a significant global challenge, incurring substantial costs and necessitating extensive research in wound healing. Our previous work involved synthesizing zein nanofibers embedded with 5 %, 10 %, and 15 % nano-curcumin (Zein/nCUR 5, 10, and 15 % NFs), and examining their physicochemical and biological properties. This study aims to explore the potential of these nanofibers in macrophage (MØ) polarization and wound healing.

Methods

We assessed the survival of RAW264.7 cells cultured on Zein/nCUR 5, 10, and 15 % NFs using the MTT assay. To evaluate MØ polarization, we measured the expression of iNOS and Arg-1 genes in MØs cultured on Zein/nCUR 10 % NFs through real-time PCR. Furthermore, we examined the nanofibers' impact on pro-inflammatory cytokine expression (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) in MØs via real-time PCR. The wound healing efficacy of Zein/nCUR 10 % NFs was tested on 54 male rats with full-thickness wounds, with assessments conducted on days 3, 7, and 14. Wound closure, re-epithelialization, and collagen secretion were evaluated through photographic analysis and tissue staining. Statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism 6, with significance set at p < 0.05.

Results

Zein/nCUR 10 % NFs significantly enhanced the survival of RAW264.7 cells compared to other groups. They also markedly reduced iNOS expression and increased Arg-1 expression, indicating successful polarization of M1 to M2 MØs. Additionally, these nanofibers decreased the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, and significantly improved wound closure, re-epithelialization, and collagen deposition compared to control and Zein groups.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that Zein/nCUR 10 % NFs effectively polarize MØs from M1 to M2, significantly enhancing wound healing, thus offering a promising therapeutic approach for improved wound care.

Development of a curcumin-piperine nanoparticle system using dissolving microneedles for transdermal drug delivery in malaria treatment: In vitro evaluation

The combination of the active compounds curcumin and piperine (CP) is effective as an antimalarial; however, the solubility and bioavailability of CP are very low. This study aims to formulate CP in nanoparticles (NP), which are then fabricated into dissolving microneedles (DMN). The NPs were prepared with a concentration ratio of CP-Chitosan-So.TPP-So.Alginate (0.1:0.04:0.02:0.03). Subsequently, NPs-CP-DMN were formulated with NPs-CP concentrations (35:40:50 w/w) and a mixture of the polymers polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in a ratio of (35:65, 40:60, 50:50). Characterization of the nanoparticles and microneedles was conducted, including dissolution time tests, permeation studies, hemolysis assessment, dermatokinetics, and in vitro antiplasmodial activity testing. The results showed that NPs-CP had an average size of 446.67 ± 40.27 nm and 367.6 ± 26.31 nm. On the formula NPs-CP-DMN the addition of PVA and PVP polymers (F2) resulted in DMNs with good mechanical strength and penetration ability, capable of penetrating five layers of Parafilm®. This formulation completely dissolved in 10 min without leaving any residue, with a curcumin flux value of 25.7 ± 0,51 µg/mL and piperine flux of 28.5 ± 0,51 µg/mL. The formulation showed no toxicity, with a hemolysis percentage of < 5 %, Tmax of 7 h, and Cmax values of 11.07 ± 0.31 µg/cm3 for curcumin and 17.40 ± 3.3 µg/cm3 for piperine. Moreover, this formulation effectively inhibited the P.falciparum FCR3 strain parasite, with an IC50 value of 35.9 μg/mL. Therefore, this study holds promise as a new strategy for malaria treatment.

Mechanisms and early efficacy data of caloric restriction and caloric restriction mimetics in neurodegenerative disease

Neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs) have been prevalent for more than a decade, and the number of individuals affected per year has increased exponentially. Among these NDDs, Alzheimer's disease, which causes extreme cognitive impairment, and Parkinson's disease, characterized by impairments in motor activity, are the most prevalent. While few treatments are available for clinical practice, they have minimal effects on reversing the neurodegeneration associated with these debilitating diseases. Lifestyle modifications and dietary choices are emerging and promising approaches to combat these disorders. Of the lifestyle changes that one could adopt, a major habit is caloric restriction. Caloric restriction (CR) is a lifestyle modification in which the amount of calories ingested is reduced to a significant amount without resulting in malnutrition. However, maintaining such a lifestyle is challenging. As alternatives, certain compounds have been recognized to mimic the effects produced by CR. These compounds are called caloric restriction mimetics (CRMs). Among these compounds, some have been designated established CRMs, namely, resveratrol, metformin, and rapamycin, whereas several other candidates are termed potential CRMs because of a lack of conclusive evidence of their effects. The potential CRMs discussed in this review are quercetin, chrysin, astragalin, apigenin, curcumin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, and NAD+ precursors. This review aims to provide an overview of these CRMs' effectiveness in preventing neurodegenerative disorders associated with aging. Moreover, we highlight the clinical relevance of these compounds by discussing in detail the results of clinical trials on them.

Targeting epithelial-mesenchymal transition signaling pathways with Dietary Phytocompounds and repurposed drug combinations for overcoming drug resistance in various cancers

The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a crucial step in metastasis formation. It enhances the ability of cancer cells' to self-renew and initiate tumors, while also increasing resistance to apoptosis and chemotherapy. Among the signaling pathways a few signaling pathways such as Notch, TGF-beta, and Wnt-beta catenin are critically involved in the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) acquisition. Therefore, regulating EMT is a key strategy for controlling malignant cell behavior. This is done by interconnecting other signaling pathways in many cancer types. Although there is extensive preclinical evidence regarding EMT's function in the development of cancer, there is still a deficiency in clinical translation at the therapeutic level. Thus, there is a need for medications that are both highly effective and with low cytotoxic for modulating EMT transitions at ground level. Thus, this led to the study of the evaluation and efficiency of phytochemicals found in dietary sources of fruits and vegetables and also the combination of small molecular repurposed drugs that can enhance the effectiveness of traditional cancer treatments. This review summarises major EMT-associated pathways and their cross talks with their mechanistic insights and the role of different dietary phytochemicals (curcumin, ginger, fennel, black pepper, and clove) and their natural analogs and also repurposed drugs (metformin, statin, chloroquine, and vitamin D) which are commonly used in regulating EMT in various preclinical studies. This review also investigates the concept of low-toxicity and broad spectrum ("The Halifax Project") approach which can help for site targeting of several key pathways and their mechanism. We also discuss the mechanisms of action, models for our dietary phytochemicals, and repurposed drugs and their combinations used to identify potential anti-EMT activities. Additionally, we also analyzed existing literature and proposed new directions for accelerating the discovery of novel drug candidates that are safe to administer.

Therapeutic Potential of Medicinal Plants and Their Phytoconstituents in Diabetes, Cancer, Infections, Cardiovascular Diseases, Inflammation and Gastrointestinal Disorders

Conditions like diabetes mellitus (DM), cancer, infections, inflammation, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and gastrointestinal (GI) disorders continue to have a major global impact on mortality and morbidity. Medicinal plants have been used since ancient times in ethnomedicine (e.g., Ayurveda, Unani, Traditional Chinese Medicine, and European Traditional Medicine) for the treatment of a wide range of disorders. Plants are a rich source of diverse phytoconstituents with antidiabetic, anticancer, antimicrobial, antihypertensive, antioxidant, antihyperlipidemic, cardioprotective, immunomodulatory, and/or anti-inflammatory activities. This review focuses on the 35 plants most commonly reported for the treatment of these major disorders, with a particular emphasis on their traditional uses, phytoconstituent contents, pharmacological properties, and modes of action. Active phytomolecules with therapeutic potential include cucurbitane triterpenoids, diosgenin, and limonoids (azadiradione and gedunin), which exhibit antidiabetic properties, with cucurbitane triterpenoids specifically activating Glucose Transporter Type 4 (GLUT4) translocation. Capsaicin and curcumin demonstrate anticancer activity by deactivating NF-κB and arresting the cell cycle in the G2 phase. Antimicrobial activities have been observed for piperine, reserpine, berberine, dictamnine, chelerythrine, and allitridin, with the latter two triggering bacterial cell lysis. Quercetin, catechin, and genistein exhibit anti-inflammatory properties, with genistein specifically suppressing CD8+ cytotoxic T cell function. Ginsenoside Rg1 and ginsenoside Rg3 demonstrate potential for treating cardiovascular diseases, with ginsenoside Rg1 activating PPARα promoter, and the PI3K/Akt pathway. In contrast, ternatin, tannins, and quercitrin exhibit potential in gastrointestinal disorders, with quercitrin regulating arachidonic acid metabolism by suppressing cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase activity. Further studies are warranted to fully investigate the clinical therapeutic benefits of these plants and their phytoconstituents, as well as to elucidate their underlying molecular mechanisms of action.

Deciphering the importance of nanoencapsulation to improve the availability of bioactive molecules in food sources to the human body

Various bodily functions are maintained, and health benefits are provided by food-derived bioactive components. Fruits and vegetables contain numerous beneficial components, including vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, enzymes, and phytonutrients. However, the body's ability to absorb these substances at a given rate and degree frequently limits their bioavailability. If food-derived bio actives are used as therapeutic or dietary interventions, this limitation can result in low efficacy and suboptimal results. Recently, nanotechnology has been a useful method for increasing the bioavailability of bioactive compounds produced from food. Active ingredients can be delivered and absorbed more efficiently with the help of nanotechnology. By altering their size or surface properties, bioactive components can be made more soluble, permeable, and bioavailable through nanotechnology. The present review will provide an overview of the various bioactive components, the application of nanotechnology to improve the availability of bioactive molecules to humans and animals, and the challenges and safety concerns associated with nanotechnology in the production of food-derived bioactive molecules.

Boosting Therapeutic Effect of Turmeric, Coffee, and Chili Extracts Through Experimental Design and Encapsulation as Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Novel Heath Supplements

This study investigates the potential synergistic effects of extracts from Curcuma longa (turmeric), Coffea arabica (Arabica coffee beans), and Capsicum annuum (chili peppers) in reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, which are associated with metabolic disorders such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Using a systematic design of experiment (DoE) optimization approach, an optimal extract ratio of 1:3:4 (turmeric: coffee: chili) was identified. The efficacy of the extract combination was assessed through various antioxidant assays, inhibition of inflammation-related gene expression, and safety testing via the 3-(4,5-dimethylthazolk-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The extract combination showed higher antioxidant activity and comparable anti-inflammatory effects relative to each single extract. Additionally, the extract combination demonstrated effective activity compared with turmeric extract while using a lower concentration, resulting in reduced cytotoxicity. The optimized extract combination was successfully incorporated into nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) with a hydrodynamic diameter of 258.0 ± 10.2 nm, which effectively redisperses after the spray-drying process with increased diameter to 349.8 ± 49.6 nm. Under stress conditions, the stability of curcumin and capsaicin in dried-NLCs was maintained. In summary, the optimized extract-loaded NLCs formulation, achieved through a multistage approach, shows promise in mitigating oxidative stress and inflammation, suggesting its potential as a valuable daily dietary supplement.

Lipid-based nanodelivery systems of curcumin: Recent advances, approaches, and applications

Despite its many beneficial effects, pharmaceutical applications of curcumin (CUR) are limited due to its chemical instability, low solubility/absorption and weak bioavailability. Recent advances in nanotechnology have enabled the development of CUR-loaded nanodelivery systems to tackle those issues. Within many different nanocarriers developed for CUR up to date, lipid-based nanocarriers (LBNs) are among the most extensively studied systems. LBNs such as nanoemulsions, solid lipid carriers, nanostructured phospholipid/surfactant carriers are shown to be potential delivery systems capable of improving the solubility, bioavailability, and chemical stability of CUR. The particle characteristics, stability, bioavailability, and release properties of CUR-loaded LBNs can be tailored via optimizing the formulation and processing parameters. This paper reviews the most recent studies on the development of various CUR-loaded LBNs. Approaches to the improvement of CUR bioavailability and release characteristics of LBNs are discussed. Furthermore, challenges in the development of CUR-loaded LBNs and their potential applications are presented.

Insights into the Mode of Action of Novel Morpholinated Curcumin Derivatives Exhibiting Potent Antitumor Activity in Bladder Cancer Cells In Vitro

Although curcumin is a well-known natural polyphenol with many biological activities, its clinical application has been limited by low aqueous solubility and stability. Therefore, curcumin derivatives have been proposed to overcome these limitations and increase anticancer activity. This study tested curcumin derivatives with modified feruloyl moieties (2a and 2a-B) and the β-diketo moiety (2a-B) to better understand their anticancer mechanism against human bladder cancer cells. The anticancer activity of 2a and 2a-B was determined using MTT (hypoxic conditions) and LDH (normoxic conditions) assays. An ELISA-based protein panel was used to find the potential molecular targets, while flow cytometric, colorimetric, fluorescent, and luminescent assays were used to investigate the cell death mechanism. It was shown that compound 2a exerted a more potent cytotoxic effect under hypoxic conditions, while compound 2a-B demonstrated a comparable effect in normoxic and hypoxic conditions. The potential molecular targets modified by 2a and 2a-B depending on oxygen concentration were also proposed. Both compounds alter cell cycle progression by blocking the cell cycle in the G2/M phase and decreasing the percentage of cells in the G0/G1 phase. Compound 2a-B led to phosphatidylserine translocation, increased caspase 3/7 activity, and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, suggesting a mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. We found that the Akt signaling pathway may modulate the activity of compound 2a-B, as evidenced by enhanced cytotoxic activity in combination with MK-2206, an Akt 1/2/3 inhibitor. Thus, our results provide new insights into the anticancer activity of compounds 2a and 2a-B; however, further studies are needed to better understand their therapeutic potential.

Novel Development and Sensory Evaluation of Extruded Snacks from Unripe Banana (Musa ABB cv. Kluai 'Namwa') and Rice Flour Enriched with Antioxidant-Rich Curcuma longa Microcapsules

With the growing consumer demand for natural functional ingredients that promote health and well-being while preventing age-related diseases, this study aimed to develop extruded snacks enriched with Curcuma longa (turmeric) microcapsules, recognized for their significant antioxidant properties. Unripe banana flour (Musa ABB cv. Kluai 'Namwa') and rice (Oryza sativa) flour were employed as a gluten-free base to create this novel extruded snack. Curcuma longa extract microcapsules were prepared using a spray-drying technique with varying core-to-wall ratios. Antioxidant capacities were assessed through DPPH, ABTS, superoxide radical scavenging, metal chelating, and ferric-reducing assays. The CM6 microcapsules, prepared at 140 °C with a 1:10 core-to-wall ratio, exhibited potent antioxidant activity, with 58.93 ± 3.31% inhibition for DPPH radicals, 87.58 ± 1.33% for ABTS, and 78.41 ± 1.40% for superoxide radicals. Snacks enriched with 0.25% CM6 microcapsules received high consumer acceptance, with an average liking score of 7.5 out of 9. These findings suggest that snacks made with these gluten-free flours and Curcuma longa microcapsules could be novel, convenient, and appealing functional food products that offer an attractive way to deliver antioxidant benefits with high consumer acceptance. Further research on evaluating the active constituents in the snack, its long-term health benefits, and shelf-life stability is recommended for commercialization.

The Multifaceted Role of the Polyphenol Curcumin: A Focus on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, which often co-exists with other metabolic impairments. This condition can damage various tissues and organs, resulting in the development of severe complications, both microvascular, such as retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy, and macrovascular, responsible for an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Curcumin is the main bioactive molecule found in the rhizomes of turmeric. Many studies have reported curcumin to exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-infectious, and anti-cancer properties; thus, there is an increasing interest in exploiting these properties in order to prevent the rise or the progression of T2DM, as well as its possible associated conditions. In this review, we have presented the current state-ofart regarding the clinical trials that have involved curcumin administration and analyzed the possible mechanisms by which curcumin might exert the beneficial effects observed in literature.

Curcumin and its Analogues in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: State-of-the-art and Therapeutic Potential

Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common cancer arising from squamous epithelium in the oral cavity and is characterized by high aggressiveness and metastatic potential, which together with a late diagnosis results in a 5-year survival rate of only 50% of patients. The therapeutic options for OSCC management are limited and largely influenced by the cancer stage. While radical surgery can be curative in early stage of disease, most cases require adjuvant therapies, including chemotherapy and radiotherapy which, however, often achieve poor curative rates and are associated with important negative effects. Therefore, there is an urgent need to discover new alternative treatment strategies to improve patients' outcomes. Several medicinal herbs are being studied for their preventive or therapeutic effect in several diseases, including cancer. In particular, the Indian spice curcumin, largely used in oriental countries, has been studied as a chemopreventive or adjuvant agent for different malignancies. Indeed, curcumin is characterized by important biological properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects, which could also be exploited in OSCC. However, due to its limited bioavailability and poor aqueous solubility, this review is focused on studies designing new synthetic analogues and developing novel types of curcumin delivery systems to improve its pharmacokinetic and biological properties. Thus, this review analyses the potential therapeutic role of curcumin in OSCC by providing an overview of current in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrating the beneficial effects of curcumin and its analogues in OSCC.

Potential interventions and interactions of bioactive polyphenols and functional polysaccharides to alleviate inflammatory bowel disease - A review

Inflammatory bowel disease is a multifaceted condition that is influenced by nutritional, microbial, environmental, genetic, psychological, and immunological factors. Polyphenols and polysaccharides have gained recognition for their therapeutic potential. This review emphasizes the biological effects of polyphenols and polysaccharides, and explores their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and microbiome-modulating properties in the management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, polyphenols encounter challenges, such as low stability and low bioavailability in the colon during IBD treatment. Hence, polysaccharide-based encapsulation is a promising solution to achieve targeted delivery, improved bioavailability, reduced toxicity, and enhanced stability. This review also discusses the significance of covalent and non-covalent interactions, and simple and complex encapsulation between polyphenols and polysaccharides. The administration of these compounds in appropriate quantities has proven beneficial in preventing the development of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, ultimately leading to the management of IBD. The use of polyphenols and polysaccharides has been found to reduce histological scores and colon injury associated with IBD, increase the abundance of beneficial microbes, inhibit the development of colitis-associated cancer, promote the production of microbial end-products, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and improve anti-inflammatory properties. Despite the combined effects of polyphenols and polysaccharides observed in both in vitro and in vivo studies, further human clinical trials are needed to comprehend their effectiveness on inflammatory bowel disease.

Comparison of the efficacy of curcumin and its nano formulation on dexamethasone-induced hepatic steatosis, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia in Wistar rats

Background and objective

Insulin resistance is a primary feature of type 2 diabetes. This study compared the effects of curcumin and its nanoformulation on insulin resistance, fasting blood sugar, liver function, GLUT4, lipid profile, and oxidative stress in the liver and pancreas in a diabetic model.

Methods

Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into five groups: a control group, a diabetic group, a diabetic group treated with metformin (40 mg/kg), a diabetic group treated with curcumin (100 mg/kg), and a diabetic group treated with curcumin NPs (100 mg/kg). Diabetes was induced by injecting dexamethasone daily for 14 days. Treatment with curcumin and curcumin NPs was administered by gavage for 14 days. Body weight and fasting blood sugar levels were measured on days 1, 14, and 28.

Results

The metformin, curcumin, and curcumin NPs groups showed significantly greater body weight gain than the untreated diabetic group (P < 0.001). In diabetic rats treated with curcumin and curcumin NPs, insulin resistance decreased by approximately 40 %, while fasting blood sugar levels dropped by 35-40 % (P < 0.001). The levels of liver enzymes (AST, ALT), cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and the oxidative stress marker MDA in liver and pancreatic tissues were reduced by 30-50 %. Additionally, beneficial markers such as albumin, HDL, antioxidants (GSH, SOD), and GLUT4 levels were increased by 25-45 % (P < 0.001). Nano-curcumin consistently showed greater improvements than curcumin, especially in reducing oxidative stress and supporting liver and pancreatic health.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that curcumin NPs has a superior effect on reducing oxidative stress and improving metabolic parameters in diabetes compared to curcumin. by enhancing the bioavailability and stability of curcumin, the nanoformulation showed stronger therapeutic potential for managing high blood sugar, cholesterol issues, and liver health, positioning curcumin NPs as a promising alternative to conventional treatments for diabetes and its complications.

Curcumin-based nanofibers: A promising approach for cancer therapy

Nanofibers are among the promising platforms for efficient delivery of drugs (both hydrophilic and hydrophobic) through harnessing polymers with different natures as their base. Hydrophobic low-solubility agents such as curcumin could be incorporated in various types of electrospun nanofibers for different aims in drug delivery, such as enhancing its solubility, making this agent sustained release with improved pharmacological efficacy. Through using this nanoplatform, curcumin may become more bioavailable and more efficcious in the field of cancer therapy as well as tissue engineering and wound healing for local delivery of this anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent. In this review, the characteristics of curcumin-loaded nanofibers, their targeting potential or stimuli-responsiveness accompanied with therapeutic anti-cancerous applications of them (mostly in local application) are securitized. These nanofibers follow the aim of enhancing curcumin's therapeutic effectiveness and release profile. We laso elaborate on the mechanisms of action through which curcumin exerts its effect on various cancerous cells after its incorporation in various types of nanofibers which have been prepared by exploiting different polymers.

The Role of Phytochemicals in Managing Neuropathic Pain: How Much Progress Have We Made?

Neuropathic pain is a complex and debilitating condition resulting from nerve damage, characterized by sensations such as burning, tingling, and shooting pain. It is often associated with conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS), Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), and diabetic polyneuropathy. Conventional pain therapies frequently provide limited relief and are accompanied by significant side effects, emphasizing the need to explore alternative treatment options. Phytochemicals, which are bioactive compounds derived from plants, have gained attention for their potential in neuropathic pain management due to their diverse pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects. This review evaluates the mechanisms by which specific phytochemicals, such as curcumin, resveratrol, and capsaicin, influence neuropathic pain pathways, particularly their role in modulating inflammatory processes, reducing oxidative stress, and interacting with ion channels and signaling pathways. While curcumin and resveratrol are primarily considered dietary supplements, their roles in managing neuropathic pain require further clinical investigation to establish their efficacy and safety. In contrast, capsaicin is an active ingredient derived from chili peppers that has been developed into approved topical treatments widely used for managing neuropathic and musculoskeletal pain. However, not all phytochemicals have demonstrated consistent efficacy in managing neuropathic pain, and their effects can vary depending on the compound and the specific condition. The pathophysiology of neuropathic pain, involving maladaptive changes in the somatosensory nervous system, peripheral and central sensitization, and glial cell activation, is also outlined. Overall, this review emphasizes the need for continued high-quality clinical studies to fully establish the therapeutic potential of phytochemicals in neuropathic pain management.

Synergistic effect of curcumin and Piperine loaded Niosomal nanoparticles on acute pulmonary toxicity induced by Paraquat in mice

Objective

Paraquat (PQ), a widely used non-selective herbicide, induces severe lung toxicity by promoting cell death and tissue necrosis through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals. This study aimed to develop and evaluate novel niosomal nanoparticles (NPs) encapsulating curcumin and piperine to mitigate PQ-induced acute pulmonary toxicity in Balb/c mice.

Methods

The NPs were prepared using non-ionic surfactants and cholesterol via the thin film hydration method.

Results

Characterization revealed high encapsulation efficiency (>85%), proper particle sizes (264-286 nm), narrow polydispersity index (PDI) (0.19 ± 0.04 to 0.23 ± 0.02), and good stability over 90 days. Thermal analysis confirmed successful encapsulation of curcumin and piperine within the niosomal NPs. In vivo studies showed that PQ exposure significantly elevated ROS, lipid peroxidation (LPO), and protein carbonylation (PC) levels, while reducing glutathione (GSH) levels and impairing mitochondrial function (P < 0.001). However, co-treatment with curcumin- and piperine-loaded niosomal NPs effectively reversed these effects (P < 0.001), improving mitochondrial function.

Conclusion

The combined formulation of curcumin and piperine in niosomal NPs offers a promising therapeutic strategy for treating PQ-induced pulmonary toxicity, likely due to enhanced bioavailability and potent antioxidant activity.

Efficient delivery of curcumin by functional solid lipid nanoparticles with promoting endosomal escape and liver targeting properties

In the realm of intracellular drug delivery, overcoming the barrier of endosomal entrapment stands as a critical factor influencing the effectiveness of nanodrug delivery systems. This study focuses on the synthesis of an acid-sensitive fatty acid derivative called imidazole-stearic acid (IM-SA). Leveraging the proton sponge effect attributed to imidazole groups, IM-SA was anticipated to play a pivotal role in facilitating endosomal escape. Integrated into the lipid core of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), IM-SA was paired with hyaluronic acid (HA) coating on the surface of SLNs loading with curcumin (CUR). The presence of IM-SA and HA endowed HA-IM-SLNs@CUR with dual functionalities, enabling the promotion of endosomal escape, and specifical targeting of liver cancer. HA-IM-SLNs@CUR exhibited a particle size of ∼228 nm, with impressive encapsulation efficiencies (EE) of 87.5 % ± 2.3 % for CUR. Drugs exhibit significant pH sensitive release behavior. Cellular experiments showed that HA-IM-SLN@CUR exhibits enhanced drug delivery capability. The incorporation of IM-SA significantly improved the endosomal escape of HA-IM-SLN@CUR, facilitating accelerated intracellular drug release and increasing intracellular drug concentration, exhibiting excellent growth inhibitory effects on HepG2 cells. Animal experiments revealed a 3.4-fold increase in CUR uptake at the tumor site with HA-IM-SLNs@CUR over the free CUR, demonstrating remarkable tumor homing potential with the tumor growth inhibition rate of 97.2 %. These findings indicated the significant promise of HA-IM-SLNs@CUR in the realm of cancer drug delivery.

Curcumin Inhibits Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis Induced by H2O2 in Bovine Adipose-Derived Stem Cells (bADSCs)

In livestock production, oxidative stress (OS) is ubiquitous, reducing animal productivity and product quality. Hence, investigating the mechanisms of oxidative stress in livestock and inhibiting oxidative stress-induced damage is crucial. Curcumin, a plant-derived bioactive compound, exhibits antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) from animal adipose tissue are easily accessible and possess multilineage differentiation potential. Therefore, this work utilized bovine ADSCs to establish an oxidative stress model and investigated the effects of curcumin on oxidative stress and apoptosis. Firstly, bovine ADSCs were isolated and cultured from fetal calf subcutaneous adipose tissue. Their surface markers were identified by immunofluorescence, confirming the expression of CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105 and Vimentin, but not CD34, indicative of mesenchymal stem/progenitor cell characteristics. Secondly, to explore the effects of curcumin on oxidative damage and apoptosis in bovine ADSCs, an oxidative stress model was induced using H2O2. CCK-8 assays showed significantly reduced cell viability and SOD activity, along with increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, indicating successful modeling. RT-qPCR further confirmed that 500 μM of H2O2 treatment for 24 h promoted apoptosis. Herein, CCK-8 assays indicated a significant reduction in cell viability at >8 μM of curcumin. Thirdly, using 4 μM and 8 μM of curcumin for pre-protection, 8 μM maintained SOD activity, reduced MDA and ROS, inhibited apoptosis-related gene changes (Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase-3), and suppressed apoptosis according to a TUNEL assay. Fourthly, curcumin's autophagy-inducing potential was hypothesized, which was confirmed by increased LC3-II and decreased P62 expression upon co-treatment with 3-MA. 3-MA inhibited curcumin's antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects, suggesting that curcumin's antioxidant and anti-apoptotic roles may involve autophagy induction. In conclusion, bovine ADSCs are abundant, easily accessible, and multipotent, making them suitable for in vitro expansion. Curcumin alleviated H2O2-induced oxidative stress in bovine ADSCs, with curcumin also inhibiting apoptosis, likely through autophagy induction. This study validates the protective role of curcumin in bovine ADSCs, with potential applications in livestock production.

Neuroprotective role of curcumin on the hippocampus against the oxidative stress and inflammation of streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats

In recent years, it has gained importance to determine the effects of diabetes on central nervous system complications. This study aimed to assess the neuroprotective properties of curcumin against neuronal damage in the rat hippocampus caused by diabetes. In accordance with this purpose, we investigated the effects of curcumin on oxidative/antioxidative parameters and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampal tissue of diabetic Wistar rats. For this purpose, 32 adults, male and healthy Wistar Albino rats were used. Animals were randomly divided into four separate groups: control (C), curcumin(Cu), diabetes (D) and Diabetes + Curcumin (DCu)-treated groups. 60 mg/kg STZ i.p. A single dose was administered to D and DCu groups. Cu and DCu groups were given 50 mg/kg/day curcumin by gavage. After four weeks of treatment, the animals were decapitated under anesthesia and tissue samples were taken for analyses of the parameters (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1, IL-10, MDA, SOD, catalase, and GSH activities) in the hippocampal tissue. TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1, and MDA levels were increased significantly (p < 0.05) in rats with diabetes compared to the other three groups. TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1, and MDA levels were lower in DCu group animals compared to the D group. It was determined that IL-10, SOD, Catalase, and GSH levels, which were significantly decreased in the D group, increased in the curcumin-supplemented diabetic group (DCu). The relevant sentence has been changed as follows. In conclusion, our findings from this study prove the protective effect of curcumin against diabetes-induced neuropathy in the hippocampus in rats with STZ-induced diabetes.

Revolutionizing neurotherapeutics: Nanocarriers unveiling the potential of phytochemicals in Alzheimer's disease

Neurological disorders pose a huge worldwide challenge to the healthcare system, necessitating innovative strategies for targeted drug delivery to the central nervous system. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an untreatable neurodegenerative condition characterized by dementia and alterations in a patient's physiological and mental states. Since ancient times, medicinal plants have been an important source of bioactive phytochemicals with immense therapeutic potential. This review investigates new and safer alternatives for prevention and treatment of disease related to inevitable side effects associated with synthetic compounds. This review examines how nanotechnology can help in enhancing the delivery of neuroprotective phytochemicals in AD. Nevertheless, despite their remarkable neuroprotective properties, these natural products often have poor therapeutic efficacy due to low bioavailability, limited solubility and imperfect blood brain barrier (BBB) penetration. Nanotechnology produces personalized drug delivery systems which are necessary for solving such problems. In overcoming these challenges, nanotechnology might be employed as a way forward whereby customized medication delivery systems would be established as a result. The use of nanocarriers in the design and application of important phytochemicals is highlighted by this review, which indicate potential for revolutionizing neuroprotective drug delivery. We also explore the complications and possibilities of using nanocarriers to supply nutraceuticals and improve patients' standard of living, and preclinical as well as clinical investigations displaying that these techniques are effective in mitigating neurodegenerative diseases. In order to fight brain diseases and improve patient's health, scientists and doctors can employ nanotechnology with its possible therapeutic interventions.

The interplay of oxidative stress, apoptotic signaling, and impaired mitochondrial function in the pyrethroid-induced cardiac injury: Alleviative role of curcumin-loaded chitosan nanoparticle

This study assessed the consequence of exposure to a pyrethroid insecticide, fenpropathrin (FPN), on the heart and the probable underlying mechanisms in rats. Moreover, the probable protective effect of curcumin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CMN-CNP) was evaluated. Forty male Sprague Dawley rats were distributed into four groups orally given corn oil, CMN-CNP (50 mg/kg b.wt), FPN (15 mg/kg b.wt), or CMN-CNP + FPN for 60 days. The results revealed that FPN exposure increased serum cardiac damage indicators. In addition, a substantial increase in the reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde content but reduced enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and altered architecture was recorded in the cardiac tissue of FPN-exposed rats. Additionally, a significant down-regulation of expression of the mitochondrial complexes I-V, mitochondrial dynamics, and antioxidants-related genes but up-regulation of apoptosis-related genes was detected in the FPN-exposed group. Immunofluorescence analyses revealed higher amounts of the harmful protein 4-hydroxynonenal in the heart tissue of FPN-exposed rats. Nevertheless, the earlier disturbances were significantly rescued in the FPN + CMN-CNP treated group. Conclusively, our findings reported the cardiotoxic activity of FPN and the involvement of several mitochondrial imbalances as a probable underlying mechanism. Also, the study findings proved the efficacy of CMN-CNP in combating FPN cardiotoxic effects.

The National Center for Natural Products Research (NCNPR) at 30: A Legacy of Pioneering Research in Natural Products and Dietary Supplements

Since its establishment in 1994, the National Center for Natural Products Research (NCNPR) at the University of Mississippi has made notable contributions to the field of natural product research, coinciding with the passage of the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act. Over the past three decades, the Center has focused on studying plants, herbs, and other natural materials for applications in medicine, agriculture, and nutraceuticals, particularly in the area of botanical dietary supplements. NCNPR scientists have been actively engaged in developing and improving quality control measures to help ensure the safety of dietary supplements in response to a growing market. The Center's research efforts have led to its designation as a U.S. Food and Drug Administration Center of Excellence, reflecting its role in advancing scientific understanding of natural products. Through collaborations with various stakeholders and regulators, NCNPR has contributed to shaping the regulatory landscape for botanical dietary supplements, highlighting both their potential health benefits and associated risks, such as product adulteration. The Center's influence is also evident internationally, as demonstrated by its annual International Conference on the Science of Botanicals, which will mark its 26th year in April 2025. This overview outlines NCNPR's role in supporting research, regulation, and safety in the natural products field.

Drug Combination Studies of Isoquinolinone AM12 with Curcumin or Quercetin: A New Combination Strategy to Synergistically Inhibit 20S Proteasome

In the eukaryotic cells, the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) plays a crucial role in the intracellular protein turnover. It is involved in several cellular functions such as the control of the regular cell cycle progression, the immune surveillance, and the homeostasis. Within the 20S proteasome barrel-like structure, the catalytic subunits, β1, β2 and β5, are responsible for different proteolytic activities: caspase-like (C-L), trypsin-like (T-L) and chymotrypsin-like (ChT-L), respectively. The β5 subunit is particularly targeted for its role in antitumor activity: the synthesis of β5 subunit inhibitors could be a promising strategy for the treatment of solid and hematologic tumors. In the present work, we performed two combination studies of AM12, a recently developed synthetic proteasome inhibitor, with curcumin and quercetin, two nutraceuticals endowed of many pharmacological properties. We measured the combination index (CI), applying the Chou and Talalay method, comparing the two studies, from 50% to 90% of proteasome inhibition. In the case of the combination AM12 + curcumin, an increasing synergism was observed from 50% to 90% of proteasome inhibition, while in the case of the combination AM12 + quercetin an additive effect was observed only from 50% to 70% of β5 subunit inhibition. These results suggest that combining AM12 with curcumin is a more promising strategy than combining it with quercetin for potential therapeutic applications, especially in treating tumors.

The beneficial impact of curcumin on cardiac lipotoxicity

Lipotoxicity is defined as a prolonged metabolic imbalance of lipids that results in ectopic fat distribution in peripheral organs such as the liver, heart, and kidney. The harmful consequences of excessive lipid accumulation in cardiomyocytes cause cardiac lipotoxicity, which alters the structure and function of the heart. Obesity and diabetes are linked to lipotoxic cardiomyopathy. These anomalies might be caused by a harmful metabolic shift that accumulates toxic lipids and shifts glucose oxidation to less fatty acid oxidation. Research has linked fatty acids, fatty acyl coenzyme A, diacylglycerol, and ceramide to lipotoxic stress in cells. This stress can be brought on by apoptosis, impaired insulin signaling, endoplasmic reticulum stress, protein kinase C activation, p38 Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, or modification of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) family members. Curcuma longa is used to extract curcumin, a hydrophobic polyphenol derivative with a variety of pharmacological characteristics. Throughout the years, curcumin has been utilized as an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, anti-diabetic, and anti-obesity drug. Curcumin reduces cardiac lipotoxicity by inhibiting apoptosis and decreasing the expression of apoptosis-related proteins, reducing the expression of inflammatory cytokines, activating the autophagy signaling pathway, and inhibiting the expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress marker proteins.

The effects of curcumin supplementation on biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial function: A meta-analysis of meta-analyses

Numerous interventional studies have revealed the beneficial impact of curcumin supplementation on inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial function biomarkers, but the findings are still inconsistent. Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of curcumin supplementation on inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial function biomarkers. A meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials was performed by searching PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science up to March 31, 2024. Pooled estimates of 21 meta-analyses revealed that curcumin significantly reduced CRP (weighted mean difference (WMD) = -0.87; 95 % CI: - 1.14, - 0.59, P< 0.001), tumor-necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) (WMD = -2.72; 95 % CI: -4.05, -1.38; P< 0.001), interleukin-6 (IL-6) (WMD = -0.97, 95 % CI: -1.40, -0.54; P< 0.001), malondialdehyde (MDA) (Effect size (ES) = -0.81; 95 % CI: -1.39, -0.23, P = 0.006) and pulse wave velocity (PWV) (WMD = -45.60; 95 % CI: -88.16, -3.04, P = 0.036), and increased flow-mediated dilation (FMD) (WMD = 1.64, 95 % CI: 1.06, 2.22, P < 0.001), catalase (CAT) (WMD = 10.26; 95 % CI: 0.92, 19.61, P= 0.03), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) (WMD = 8.90; 95 % CI: 6.62, 11.19, P <0.001), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels (WMD = 20.51; 95 % CI: 7.35, 33.67, P= 0.002 and SMD = 0.82; 95 % CI: 0.27, 1.38, P= 0.004). However, curcumin did not significantly change total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (ES = 0.29; 95 % CI: -0.09, 0.66, P= 0.059). These results suggest that curcumin has a beneficial effect on CRP, IL-6, TNF-α, SOD, GPx, CAT, MDA, PWV, and FMD levels and may be an effective adjunctive therapy for improving inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial function. Registration number: PROSPERO, CRD42024539018.

Double-network polyphenol chitosan hydrogels with instant aldehyde-β-cyclodextrin-based structure as potential for treating bacterially infected wounds

Treatment of multiple bacterial infected wounds by eliminating bacteria and promoting tissue regeneration remains a clinical challenge. Herein, dual-network hydrogels (CS-GA/A-β-CD) with snap-structure were designed to achieve curcumin immobilization, using gallic acid-grafted chitosan (CS-GA) and aldehyde-β-cyclodextrin (A-β-CD) crosslinked. A-β-CD were able to achieve rapid dissolution (≥222.35 mg/mL H2O), and helped CS-GA/A-β-CD achieve rapid gelation (≤66.23 s). By adjusting the ratio of aldehyde groups of A-β-CD, mechanical properties and drug release can be controlled. CS-GA/A-β-CD/Cur exhibited excellent antimicrobial properties against S. aureus, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa. In vivo experiments demonstrated that CS-GA/A-β-CD/Cur achieved acute bacterial infection wound healing after 20th days, proving its great potential for wound dressing.

Novel targeting liposomes with enhanced endosomal escape for co-delivery of doxorubicin and curcumin

Effective endosomal escape is crucial for enhancing the efficiency of nanodrug delivery systems. In this study, we developed a novel liposomal system utilizing acid-sensitive N-(3-amino-propyl) imidazole cholesterol (IM-Chol), specifically designed for the targeted co-delivery of doxorubicin (DOX) and curcumin (CUR) to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Designated as GA-IM-LIP@DOX/CUR, this liposomal system incorporates glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) to improve target specificity toward HCC cells. Notably, both drugs exhibited pH-sensitive release profiles, facilitating precise drug release within acidic environments. Our investigation into cellular uptake demonstrated that modified liposomes, GA-IM-LIP@FITC and IM-LIP@FITC, achieved progressively enhanced intracellular accumulation of FITC compared to unmodified liposomes. Competitive inhibition assays utilizing free GA further validated the targeting efficacy of GA. Moreover, the GA-IM-LIP@FITC and IM-LIP@FITC groups exhibited rapid endosomal escape of FITC within the first two hours, in contrast to delayed escape observed in the LIP@FITC group, confirming that the protonation of IM-Chol promotes drug release into the cytosol. In vivo studies substantiated that GA-IM-LIP@DOX/CUR effectively inhibited tumor growth. This research provides significant insights into the design and functionality of the GA-IM-LIP@DOX/CUR liposomal system, underscoring its potential to enhance drug delivery strategies in the treatment of HCC.

The Association between Food Groups, Nutraceuticals, and Food Supplements Consumption on Vascular Health Outcomes: A Literature Review

Vascular aging, marked by alterations in the structure and function of blood vessels, including heightened arterial stiffness and impaired endothelial function, is linked to a higher likelihood of developing cardiovascular and age-associated pathological conditions. Oxidative stress and inflammation are key stimulation factors in vascular aging. Engaging in healthy dietary habits could enhance the functioning of blood vessels. The aim of this study was to conduct a literature review of the evidence regarding the relationship between food regimens, nutraceuticals, and dietary supplements and vascular health. A search of electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science Core Collection, was performed. Experimental and observational studies evaluating the association between food groups, nutraceuticals, supplements, and endothelial function and/or arterial stiffness were deemed eligible for this narrative review. Based on the current body of the included studies, food groups, nutraceuticals, and dietary supplements may not demonstrate superiority over placebos in enhancing markers of vascular health. To obtain more reliable evidence on the effectiveness of interventions in vascular health, additional RCTs with larger sample sizes, extended follow-up periods, and multi-center participation are necessary. Enhancing the credibility of these RCTs requires better control of dietary variables and more precise measurement of vascular health markers.

[Experimental Study on Biomimetic Curcumin-Mediated Sonodynamic Therapy of Melanoma]

Objective

To study the role of curcumin-mediated sonodynamic therapy in the treatment of malignant melanoma, and to provide a new strategy for the treatment of malignant melanoma.

Methods

The ultrasonic sound and vibration method was applied to coat curcumin with mouse melanoma cell membrane, thereby forming biomimetic curcumin. The morphology of biomimetic curcumin was observed by transmission electron microscope. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the effect of biomimetic curcumin in terms of in vitro targeting, apoptosis, and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The in vivo experiment was divided into control group, US group, turmeric group, imitation turmeric group, and imitation turmeric+US group, with 3 mice in each group. The in vivo safety of biomimetic curcumin was evaluated by HE staining. In addition, HE, CD31, Ki67, and TUNEL stainings were performed to evaluate the in vivo anti-melanoma therapeutic effect of ultrasound combined with biomimetic curcumin.

Results

The biomimetic curcumin had a generally uniform morphology and possessed a core-shell structure. Flow cytometry analysis performed with FlowJo showed that the biomimetic curcumin could be effectively taken up by melanoma cells. The apoptosis rate was (10.30±0.61)% in the control group, (10.41±3.13)% in the ultrasound group, (24.97±1.38)% in the curcumin group, (31.39±3.84)% in the biomimetic curcumin group, and (40.89±0.79)% in the biomimetic curcumin and ultrasound combination group. The apoptosis rate in the biomimetic curcumin and ultrasound combination group was higher than those in the other groups (P<0.05). The results of ROS flow cytometry showed that, compared with the control group, the ultrasound group demonstrated almost no increase in the fluorescence intensity, while the other groups showed an increase in the fluorescence intensity to varying degrees. There was no significant difference in the fluorescence intensity between the biomimetic curcumin group ([1.10±0.38]%) and the curcumin group ([0.73±0.26]%) (P>0.05). The fluorescence intensity of the biomimetic curcumin and ultrasound combination group ([3.35±0.04]%) was higher than those of the other groups (P<0.05). HE staining showed no obvious abnormalities in the morphology of heart, liver, spleen, lung, and kidney tissues in any of the treatment groups. HE staining showed the most significant changes in cell morphology in the biomimetic curcumin and ultrasound combination group, followed by the biomimetic curcumin group and the curcumin group. No obvious abnormalities in tumor cell morphology were observed in the ultrasound group. According to the respective results of CD31 staining, Ki67 staining, and TUNEL staining, the biomimetic curcumin and ultrasound combination group had the largest brown area, the highest number of red fluorescence, and the highest number of green fluorescence, followed by the biomimetic curcumin group and the curcumin group.

Conclusion

The biomimetic curcumin displays uniform morphology, a core-shell structure, and good targeting properties. When it is used in combination with ultrasound, biomimetic curcumin demonstrates a good anti-tumor therapeutic effect both in vivo and in vitro.

The potential of using curcumin in dairy and milk-based products-A review

This review examines the potential of curcumin as a technological and functional food additive in dairy and milk-based products. The advantages of incorporating curcumin in these products include its antimicrobial properties, support for the activity of lactic acid bacteria, improvement in sensory characteristics, and shelf-life extension. Curcumin notably enhances antioxidant activity and acts as a natural preservative in cheese, cheese-like products, and butter. In ice cream and dairy desserts, curcumin contributes to attractive color formation and offers functional benefits such as antioxidant activity, photostability, and increased nutritional value. However, the use of turmeric extract, a common source of curcumin, presents challenges including low bioavailability, color instability, and the formation of insoluble precipitates. The application of specialized curcumin formulations with enhanced water dispersion, purity, and bioavailability can mitigate these issues, improve the product's technological properties, and ensure compliance with local regulations. This review highlights the importance of continued research and development to optimize the use of curcumin in dairy and milk-based products, offering valuable insights for scientists and food industry professionals.

Preparation and characterization of zein-caseinate-pectin complex nanoparticles for encapsulation of curcumin: pectin extracted by high-speed shearing from passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) peel

BACKGROUND

Pectin extracted by high-speed shearing from passion fruit peel (HSSP) is a potentially excellent wall material for encapsulating curcumin, which has multiple advantages over pectin prepared by heated water extraction. HSSP was used to fabricate complex nanoparticles of zein-sodium caseinate-pectin for encapsulation of curcumin in this study. The influence of heating on the physicochemical properties of the composite nanoparticles was also investigated, as well as the effect of composite nanoparticles on the encapsulation efficiency, antioxidant activity and release characteristics of curcumin.

RESULTS

The nanoparticles were formed through electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions between the proteins and HSSP. A temperature of 50 °C was more favorable for generating compact and small-sized nanoparticles, which could effectively improve the encapsulation efficiency and functional properties. Moreover, compared to other pectin used in the study, the nanoparticles prepared with HSSP showed the best functionality with a particle size of 234.28 ± 0.85 nm, encapsulation rate of 90.22 ± 0.54%, free radical scavenging rate of 78.97% and strongest protective capacity in simulated gastric fluid and intestinal release effect.

CONCLUSION

Zein-sodium caseinate-HSSP is effective for encapsulating and delivering hydrophobic bioactive substances such as curcumin, which has potential applications in the functional food and pharmaceutical industries. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Role of Curcuma longae Rhizoma in medical applications: research challenges and opportunities

Curcuma longae Rhizoma, commonly known as turmeric, is extensively utilized not only in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) but also across various traditional medicine systems worldwide. It is renowned for its effectiveness in removing blood stasis, promoting blood circulation, and relieving pain. The primary bioactive metabolites of Curcuma longae Rhizoma-curcumin, β-elemene, curcumol, and curdione-have been extensively studied for their pharmacological benefits. These include anti-tumor properties, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular protection, immune regulation, liver protection, and their roles as analgesics, anti-inflammatories, antivirals, antibacterials, hypoglycemics, and antioxidants. This review critically examines the extensive body of research regarding the mechanisms of action of Curcuma longae Rhizoma, which engages multiple molecular targets and signaling pathways such as NF-κB, MAPKs, and PI3K/AKT. The core objective of this review is to assess how the main active metabolites of turmeric interact with these molecular systems to achieve therapeutic outcomes in various clinical settings. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges related to the bioavailability of these metabolites and explore potential methods to enhance their therapeutic effects. By doing so, this review aims to provide fresh insights into the optimization of Curcuma longae Rhizoma for broader clinical applications.

Advances in metabolism pathways of theaflavins: digestion, absorption, distribution and degradation

Theaflavins, a major kind of component in black tea, have been reported to show a variety of biological activities and health effects. However, the unstable chemical properties, low bioavailability and unclear metabolism pathways of theaflavins have left much to be desired in terms of its specific efficacy and applications. This paper provides a comprehensive knowledge on the digestion, absorption, metabolism, distribution and excretion of theaflavins. We find that pH-dependent stability, efflux transport proteins are closely related to the low absorption rate and low bioavailability of theaflavins. When pass through the gastrointestinal tract, TFDG, TF2A and TF2B are gradually degraded to TF1, and release gallic acid. Then, the theaflavins skeleton are degraded into small molecular phenolic substances under the action of enzymes and microorganisms. In addition, theaflavins are widely distributed in the human body including brain, lung, heart, kidney, liver, blood tissue in a low content and can be excreted through feces. However, the influence of digestive enzymes barrier and gut microbial barrier on theaflavins are still unclear. Importantly, most findings are reported by in vitro methods and animal experiments, the metabolites and metabolic pathways of theaflavins in human body are not fully understood and need to be further investigated. We hope to lay a theoretical basis for exploring methods to improve the bioavailability of theaflavins and expanding the application of theaflavins in health foods as well as pharmaceuticals.

Curcumin-loaded polymeric nanomaterials as a novel therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer's disease: A comprehensive review

Alzheimer's disease (AD) stands as a formidable challenge in modern medicine, characterized by progressive neurodegeneration, cognitive decline, and memory impairment. Despite extensive research, effective therapeutic strategies remain elusive. The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties of curcumin, found in turmeric, have demonstrated promise. The poor bioavailability and rapid systemic clearance of this drug limit its clinical application. This comprehensive review explores the potential of curcumin-loaded polymeric nanomaterials as an innovative therapeutic avenue for AD. It delves into the preparation and characteristics of diverse polymeric nanomaterial platforms, including liposomes, micelles, dendrimers, and polymeric nanoparticles. Emphasis is placed on how these platforms enhance curcumin's bioavailability and enable targeted delivery to the brain, addressing critical challenges in AD treatment. Mechanistic insights reveal how these nanomaterials modulate key AD pathological processes, including amyloid-beta aggregation, tau phosphorylation, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. The review also highlighted the preclinical studies demonstrate reduced amyloid-beta plaques and neuroinflammation, alongside improved cognitive function, while clinical trials show promise in enhancing curcumin's bioavailability and efficacy in AD. Additionally, it addresses the challenges of clinical translation, such as regulatory issues, large-scale production, and long-term stability. By synthesizing recent advancements, this review underscores the potential of curcumin-loaded polymeric nanomaterials to offer a novel and effective therapeutic approach for AD, aiming to guide future research and development in this field.

Natural Compounds for Preventing Age-Related Diseases and Cancers

Aging is a multifaceted process influenced by hereditary factors, lifestyle, and environmental elements. As time progresses, the human body experiences degenerative changes in major functions. The external and internal signs of aging manifest in various ways, including skin dryness, wrinkles, musculoskeletal disorders, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. Additionally, cancer, like aging, is a complex disease that arises from the accumulation of various genetic and epigenetic alterations. Circadian clock dysregulation has recently been identified as an important risk factor for aging and cancer development. Natural compounds and herbal medicines have gained significant attention for their potential in preventing age-related diseases and inhibiting cancer progression. These compounds demonstrate antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, anti-metastatic, and anti-angiogenic effects as well as circadian clock regulation. This review explores age-related diseases, cancers, and the potential of specific natural compounds in targeting the key features of these conditions.

Gelatin-nanocellulose stabilized emulsion-filled hydrogel beads loaded with curcumin: Preparation, encapsulation and release behavior

In this study, the curcumin was firstly encapsulated in gelatin (GLT) and/or cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) stabilized emulsions, then further mixed with sodium alginate (SA) to form emulsion-filled hydrogel beads loaded with curcumin (Cur). The Cur-loaded emulsions showed a droplet size of 20.3-24.4 μm with a uniform distribution. Introducing CNC and/or SA increased the viscosity of emulsions accompanied by viscoelastic transition, while the modulus was reduced due to destruction of GLT gel. Cur was doubly immobilized in the hydrogel beads with >90 % of encapsulation efficiency. The results of simulated gastrointestinal tract experiments revealed that the beads possessed a good pH sensitivity and controlled release behavior to prolong the retention of Cur in the gastrointestinal tract. After 6 h of UV irradiation, the Cur-loaded emulsion-filled hydrogel beads showed a higher antioxidant activity than that of pure Cur, effectively delaying the photodegradation of Cur. In addition, the beads had better stability in aqueous and acidic environments, which was favorable for prolonging the release of Cur. These results suggest that the emulsion-filled hydrogel beads have great potential for the delivery of lipophilic bioactive molecules.

Anti-gouty arthritis and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin nanoparticles in monosodium urate crystals induced Balb/C mice

Gout is a metabolic condition characterized by the accumulation of urate crystals in the synovial joints. These crystal depositions result in joint swelling and increased concentration of serum uric acid in blood. The commercially available drugs lower serum uric acid levels and reduce inflammation, but these standard therapies have many side effects. This study aimed to investigate anti-gout and anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin nanoparticles (CNPs). For this purpose, CNPs were prepared by dissolving curcumin into dichloromethane. Then, gout was induced by injecting monosodium urate crystals (MSU) in the ankle joint and in the intra-peritoneal cavity which caused ankle swelling and increased blood uric acid levels. CNPs in different concentrations (5, 10, and 20 ppm) and allopurinol were orally administered. The MSU crystals increased the xanthine oxidase levels both in serum and the liver. Moreover, MSU crystals increased the serum levels of interleukin 1β, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, liver function tests markers, renal function tests markers, and lipid profiles. However, the administration of CNPs decreased the levels of all these variables. CNPs increased the serum high-density lipoprotein and interleukin-10 levels. Moreover, CNPs also reduced ankle swelling significantly. Hence, the levels of xanthine oxidase, uric acid and ankle swelling were reduced significantly by oral administration of CNPs. Our findings indicate that CNPs through their anti-inflammatory properties significantly alleviate gouty arthritis. Thus, the study concluded that CNPs can be developed as an efficient anti-gout agent with minimal side effects.

Turmeric: from spice to cure. A review of the anti-cancer, radioprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of turmeric sourced compounds

Turmeric (Curcuma longa) has been extensively studied for its diverse pharmacological properties, including its potential role as an anticancer agent, antioxidant, and radioprotector. This review provides an overview of the chemical composition of turmeric, focusing on its main bioactive compounds, such as curcuminoids and volatile oils. Curcumin, the most abundant curcuminoid in turmeric, has been widely investigated for its various biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer effects. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the ability of curcumin to modulate multiple signaling pathways involved in carcinogenesis, leading to inhibition of cancer cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis, and suppression of metastasis. Furthermore, curcumin has shown promising potential as a radioprotective agent by mitigating radiation-induced oxidative stress and DNA damage. Additionally, turmeric extracts containing curcuminoids have been reported to exhibit potent antioxidant activity, scavenging free radicals and protecting cells from oxidative damage. The multifaceted pharmacological properties of turmeric make it a promising candidate for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for cancer prevention and treatment, as well as for the management of oxidative stress-related disorders. However, further research is warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of action and to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of turmeric and its bioactive constituents in cancer therapy and radioprotection. This review consolidates the most recent relevant data on turmeric's chemical composition and its therapeutic applications, providing a comprehensive overview of its potential in cancer prevention and treatment, as well as in radioprotection.

Analgesic Potential Comparison Between Piperine-Combined Curcumin Patch and Non-Piperine Curcumin Patch: A Pragmatic Trial on Post-Cleft Lip/Palate Surgery Pediatric Patients

Purpose

Despite its well-acknowledged analgesic potential, curcumin's low bioavailability has been recognized. Piperine, a substance naturally contained in pepper, has been known for its effect on increasing curcumin bioavailability. To investigate the analgesic potential of curcumin and piperine addition to curcumin patch used as adjuvant therapy in the management of acute postoperative orofacial pain.

Patients and Methods

This pragmatic trial recruited 75 patients that underwent oromaxillofacial surgery at Unpad Dental Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia. Research participants were randomly assigned to three different groups: the first group that did not receive any intervention other than the post-operative standard treatment (POST), the second group that received POST and non-piperine curcumin patch, and the third group that received POST and piperine-combined curcumin patch. Participants' pain intensity was evaluated by using the face, leg, activity, cry, and consolability (FLACC) pain scale and salivary prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) level for two-time points, which were eight hours apart. All data were gathered and analyzed to compare the within and between-group differences.

Results

Within groups comparison of the FLACC scores for two evaluation points showed significant differences for all groups (p < 0.01). For salivary PGE2 analysis, a comparison of the non-piperine group to the piperine group also showed significant results. Yet, when all three groups were compared, regardless of the differences, the results were not statistically significant.

Conclusion

Despite of the proven efficacy of curcumin patch, the addition of piperine to the curcumin patch in the current study did not provide any significant effects. Further investigation is of importance.

Stability and gastrointestinal behavior of curcumin-loaded emulsion stabilized by multi-conformation soy proteins: Influence of oil volume fraction

The aim of this work was to assess the potential of nanoemulsions stabilized by mixed soy protein with multi-conformation as curcumin carrier, and the influence of oil volume fraction on stability and gastrointestinal behavior of curcumin-loaded emulsion was investigated. Loading efficiency showed a slight increase with higher oil content, though the difference was not statistically significant. With the increase of oil, the viscosity (Pa‧s), thixotropy (area of hysteresis loop) and particle size of the emulsion increased, which facilitated the physical and chemical stability of curcumin-loaded emulsion. However, the free fatty acid release rate and bioaccessibility of curcumin was negatively correlated with the oil volume fraction and the particle size of emulsion after gastric digestion. Notably, the digestion in stomach did not affect the structure of interfacial protein, demonstrating that protein-based nanoemulsions exhibited resistance to gastric digestion. This study provides theoretical guidance for the application of protein-based emulsion in curcumin delivery.

Unraveling the protective effects of curcumin against drugs of abuse

Curcumin, a natural compound derived from the turmeric plant (Curcuma longa), has garnered significant attention for its diverse neuroprotective properties. Curcumin has been widely recognized for its remarkable anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic effects, which have shown great potential in the treatment of various disorders, encompassing psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we delve into the protective effects of curcumin against drugs of abuse, including morphine, methamphetamine, cocaine, nicotine, and alcohol, with a particular focus on the underlying mechanisms from a neuroscience perspective. Overall, curcumin demonstrates promising effects against the neurotoxicity induced by abused drugs through a wide range of mechanisms. These include the modulation of inflammatory cytokines, maintenance of ion homeostasis, epigenetic regulation, enhancement of antioxidant capacity, as well as the activation of the cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling pathways. These findings suggest that curcumin emerges as a promising therapeutic agent in combatting the detrimental effects induced by drugs of abuse, and further research is warranted to fully comprehend the molecular pathways and optimize its utilization for the prevention and treatment of substance abuse-related neurotoxicity.