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Sitthisang S, Hou X, Treetong A, Xu X, Liu W, He C, Sae-Ueng U, Yodmuang S. Nanomechanical mapping of PLA hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds links surface homogeneity to stem cell differentiation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:21097. [PMID: 39256445 PMCID: PMC11387746 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-72073-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Polymer composite scaffolds hold promise in bone tissue engineering due to their biocompatibility, mechanical properties, and reproducibility. Among these materials, polylactic acid (PLA), a biodegradable plastics has gained attention for its processability characteristics. However, a deeper understanding of how PLA scaffold surface properties influence cell behavior is enssential for advancing its applications. In this study, 3D-printed PLA scaffolds containing hydroxyapatite (HA) were analyzed using atomic force microscopy and nanomechanical mapping. The addition of HA significantly increased key surface properties compared to unmodified PLA scaffols. Notably, the HA-modified scaffold demonstrated Gaussian distribution of stiffness and adhesive forces, in contrast to the bimodal properties observed in the unmodified PLA scaffolds. Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell (hADMSC) seeded on the 3D-printed PLA scaffolds blended with 10% HA (P10) exhibited strong attachment. After four weeks, osteogenic differentiation of hADMSCs was detected, with calcium deposition reaching 6.76% ± 0.12. These results suggest that specific ranges of stiffness and adhesive forces of the composite scaffold can support cell attachement, and mineralization. The study highlights that tailoring suface properties of composite scaffolds is crucial for modulating cellular interactions, thus advancing the development of effective bone replacement materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonthikan Sitthisang
- Research Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Xunan Hou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Alongkot Treetong
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Weilin Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Chaobin He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117575, Singapore.
- Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore, 138634, Singapore.
| | - Udom Sae-Ueng
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand.
| | - Supansa Yodmuang
- Research Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence in Biomaterial Engineering in Medical and Health, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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2
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Giner-Grau S, Lazaro-Hdez C, Pascual J, Fenollar O, Boronat T. Enhancing Polylactic Acid Properties with Graphene Nanoplatelets and Carbon Black Nanoparticles: A Study of the Electrical and Mechanical Characterization of 3D-Printed and Injection-Molded Samples. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2449. [PMID: 39274081 PMCID: PMC11398012 DOI: 10.3390/polym16172449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2024] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the enhancement of polylactic acid (PLA) properties through the incorporation of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) and carbon black (CB) for applications in 3D printing and injection molding. The research reveals that GNPs and CB improve the electrical conductivity of PLA, although conductivity remains within the insulating range, even with up to 10% wt of nanoadditives. Mechanical characterization shows that nanoparticle addition decreases tensile strength due to stress concentration effects, while dispersants like polyethylene glycol enhance ductility and flexibility. This study compares the properties of materials processed by injection molding and 3D printing, noting that injection molding yields isotropic properties, resulting in better mechanical properties. Thermal analysis indicates that GNPs and CB influence the crystallization behavior of PLA with small changes in the melting behavior. Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA) results show how the glass transition temperature and crystallization behavior fluctuate. Overall, the incorporation of nanoadditives into PLA holds potential for enhanced performance in specific applications, though achieving optimal conductivity, mechanical strength, and thermal properties requires careful optimization of nanoparticle type, concentration, and dispersion methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Giner-Grau
- Textile Industry Research Association (AITEX), Plaza Emilio Sala, 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain
| | - Carlos Lazaro-Hdez
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación de Tecnología de Materiales (IUITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain
| | - Javier Pascual
- Textile Industry Research Association (AITEX), Plaza Emilio Sala, 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain
| | - Octavio Fenollar
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación de Tecnología de Materiales (IUITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain
| | - Teodomiro Boronat
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación de Tecnología de Materiales (IUITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain
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3
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Bermudo Gamboa C, Martín-Béjar S, Bañón García F, Sevilla Hurtado L. Enhancing Fatigue Resistance of Polylactic Acid through Natural Reinforcement in Material Extrusion. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2422. [PMID: 39274055 PMCID: PMC11397912 DOI: 10.3390/polym16172422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
This research paper aims to enhance the fatigue resistance of polylactic acid (PLA) in Material Extrusion (ME) by incorporating natural reinforcement, focusing on rotational bending fatigue. The study investigates the fatigue behavior of PLA in ME, using various natural fibers such as cellulose, coffee, and flax as potential reinforcements. It explores the optimization of printing parameters to address challenges like warping and shrinkage, which can affect dimensional accuracy and fatigue performance, particularly under the rotational bending conditions analyzed. Cellulose emerges as the most promising natural fiber reinforcement for PLA in ME, exhibiting superior resistance to warping and shrinkage. It also demonstrates minimal geometrical deviations, enabling the production of components with tighter dimensional tolerances. Additionally, the study highlights the significant influence of natural fiber reinforcement on the dimensional deviations and rotational fatigue behavior of printed components. The fatigue resistance of PLA was significantly improved with natural fiber reinforcements. Specifically, PLA reinforced with cellulose showed an increase in fatigue life, achieving up to 13.7 MPa stress at 70,000 cycles compared to unreinforced PLA. PLA with coffee and flax fibers also demonstrated enhanced performance, with stress values reaching 13.6 MPa and 13.5 MPa, respectively, at similar cycle counts. These results suggest that natural fiber reinforcements can effectively improve the fatigue resistance and dimensional stability of PLA components produced by ME. This paper contributes to the advancement of additive manufacturing by introducing natural fiber reinforcement as a sustainable solution to enhance PLA performance under rotational bending fatigue conditions. It offers insights into the comparative effectiveness of natural fibers and synthetic counterparts, particularly emphasizing the superior performance of cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Bermudo Gamboa
- Department of Civil, Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, Engineering School, University of Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Sergio Martín-Béjar
- Department of Civil, Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, Engineering School, University of Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Fermín Bañón García
- Department of Civil, Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, Engineering School, University of Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Sevilla Hurtado
- Department of Civil, Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, Engineering School, University of Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
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4
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Shahbazi M, Jäger H, Ettelaie R, Chen J, Kashi PA, Mohammadi A. Dispersion strategies of nanomaterials in polymeric inks for efficient 3D printing of soft and smart 3D structures: A systematic review. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 333:103285. [PMID: 39216400 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 08/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Nanoscience-often summarized as "the future is tiny"-highlights the work of researchers advancing nanotechnology through incremental innovations. The design and innovation of new nanomaterials are vital for the development of next-generation three-dimensional (3D) printed structures characterized by low cost, high speed, and versatile capabilities, delivering exceptional performance in advanced applications. The integration of nanofillers into polymeric-based inks for 3D printing heralds a new era in additive manufacturing, allowing for the creation of custom-designed 3D objects with enhanced multifunctionality. To optimize the use of nanomaterials in 3D printing, effective disaggregation techniques and strong interfacial adhesion between nanofillers and polymer matrices are essential. This review provides an overview of the application of various types of nanomaterials used in 3D printing, focusing on their functionalization principles, dispersion strategies, and colloidal stability, as well as the methodologies for aligning nanofillers within the 3D printing framework. It discusses dispersive methods, synergistic dispersion, and in-situ growth, which have yielded smart 3D-printed structures with unique functionality for specific applications. This review also focuses on nanomaterial alignment in 3D printing, detailing methods that enhance selective deposition and orientation of nanofillers within established and customized printing techniques. By emphasizing alignment strategies, we explore their impact on the performance of 3D-printed composites and highlight potential applications that benefit from ordered nanoparticles. Through these continuing efforts, this review shows that the design and development of the new class of nanomaterials are crucial to developing the next generation of smart 3D printed architectures with versatile abilities for advanced structures with exceptional performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdiyar Shahbazi
- Institute of Material Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Henry Jäger
- Institute of Material Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Rammile Ettelaie
- Food Colloids and Bioprocessing Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Jianshe Chen
- Food Oral Processing Laboratory, School of Food Science & Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peyman Asghartabar Kashi
- Faculty of Biosystem, College of Agricultural and Natural Resources Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Adeleh Mohammadi
- Department of Chemistry, University Hamburg, Institute of Food Chemistry, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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5
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Yun JH, Yoon GW, Jeon YJ, Kang MS. Evaluation of the Properties of 3D-Printed Onyx-Fiberglass Composites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:4140. [PMID: 39203316 PMCID: PMC11356615 DOI: 10.3390/ma17164140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2024] [Revised: 08/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024]
Abstract
This study evaluated the properties of 3D-printed Onyx-fiberglass composites. These composites were 3D-printed with zero, one, two, three, and four layers of fiberglass. Ten samples of each configuration were printed for the tensile and flexural tests. The average tensile strength of the Onyx specimens was calculated to be 44.79 MPa, which increased linearly by approximately 20-25 MPa with each additional fiberglass layer. The elastic moduli calculated from the micromechanics models were compared with the experimental values obtained from the tensile tests. The experimental elastic modulus increased more significantly than the model prediction when more fiberglass layers were added. The flexural modulus of Onyx was 17.6 GPa, which increased with each additional fiberglass layer. This quantitative analysis of composites fabricated using 3D printing highlights their potential for commercialization and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hwan Yun
- Regional Innovation Platform Project of Kongju National University, Kongju National University, Cheonan 31080, Republic of Korea;
| | - Gun-Woong Yoon
- Division of Smart Automotive Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asan 31460, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yu-Jae Jeon
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation Science, Yeoju Institute of Technology, Yeoju 12652, Republic of Korea;
| | - Min-Soo Kang
- Division of Smart Automotive Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asan 31460, Republic of Korea;
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6
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Hozdić E, Hasanagić R. Analysis of the Impact of Cooling Lubricants on the Tensile Properties of FDM 3D Printed PLA and PLA+CF Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2228. [PMID: 39125254 PMCID: PMC11315003 DOI: 10.3390/polym16152228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the impact of infill density on the mechanical properties of fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D-printed polylactic acid (PLA) and PLA reinforced with carbon fiber (PLA+CF) specimens, which hold industrial significance due to their applications in industries where mechanical robustness and durability are critical. Exposure to cooling lubricants is particularly relevant for environments where these materials are frequently subjected to cooling fluids, such as manufacturing plants and machine shops. This research aims to explore insights into the mechanical robustness and durability of these materials under realistic operating conditions, including prolonged exposure to cooling lubricants. Tensile tests were performed on PLA and PLA+CF specimens printed with varying infill densities (40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%). The specimens underwent tensile testing before and after exposure to cooling lubricants for 7 and 30 days, respectively. Mechanical properties such as tensile strength, maximum force, strain, and Young's modulus were measured to evaluate the effects of infill density and lubricant exposure. Higher infill densities significantly increased tensile strength and maximum force for both PLA and PLA+CF specimens. PLA specimens showed an increase in tensile strength from 22.49 MPa at 40% infill density to 45.00 MPa at 100% infill density, representing a 100.09% enhancement. PLA+CF specimens exhibited an increase from 23.09 MPa to 42.54 MPa, marking an 84.27% improvement. After 30 days of lubricant exposure, the tensile strength of PLA specimens decreased by 15.56%, while PLA+CF specimens experienced an 18.60% reduction. Strain values exhibited minor fluctuations, indicating stable elasticity, and Young's modulus improved significantly with higher infill densities, suggesting enhanced material stiffness. Increasing the infill density of FDM 3D-printed PLA and PLA+CF specimens significantly enhance their mechanical properties, even under prolonged exposure to cooling lubricants. These findings have significant implications for industrial applications, indicating that optimizing infill density can enhance the durability and performance of 3D-printed components. This study offers a robust foundation for further research and practical applications, highlighting the critical role of infill density in enhancing structural integrity and load-bearing capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvis Hozdić
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Novo Mesto, Na Loko 2, 8000 Novo Mesto, Slovenia
| | - Redžo Hasanagić
- Faculty of Technical Engineering, University of Bihać, Irfana Ljubijankića bb, 77000 Bihać, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
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7
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Rezaei A, Izadi R, Fantuzzi N. A Hierarchical Nano to Micro Scale Modelling of 3D Printed Nano-Reinforced Polylactic Acid: Micropolar Modelling and Molecular Dynamics Simulation. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:1113. [PMID: 38998718 PMCID: PMC11243012 DOI: 10.3390/nano14131113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Fused deposition modelling (FDM) is an additive manufacturing technique widely used for rapid prototyping. This method facilitates the creation of parts with intricate geometries, making it suitable for advanced applications in fields such as tissue engineering, aerospace, and electronics. Despite its advantages, FDM often results in the formation of voids between the deposited filaments, which can compromise mechanical properties. However, in some cases, such as the design of scaffolds for bone regeneration, increased porosity can be advantageous as it allows for better permeability. On the other hand, the introduction of nano-additives into the FDM material enhances design flexibility and can significantly improve the mechanical properties. Therefore, modelling FDM-produced components involves complexities at two different scales: nanoscales and microscales. Material deformation is primarily influenced by atomic-scale phenomena, especially with nanoscopic constituents, whereas the distribution of nano-reinforcements and FDM-induced heterogeneities lies at the microscale. This work presents multiscale modelling that bridges the nano and microscales to predict the mechanical properties of FDM-manufactured components. At the nanoscale, molecular dynamic simulations unravel the atomistic intricacies that dictate the behaviour of the base material containing nanoscopic reinforcements. Simulations are conducted on polylactic acid (PLA) and PLA reinforced with silver nanoparticles, with the properties derived from MD simulations transferred to the microscale model. At the microscale, non-classical micropolar theory is utilised, which can account for materials' heterogeneity through internal scale parameters while avoiding direct discretization. The developed mechanical model offers a comprehensive framework for designing 3D-printed PLA nanocomposites with tailored mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- AbdolMajid Rezaei
- Department of Structural and Geotechnical Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Razie Izadi
- Department of Structural and Geotechnical Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Nicholas Fantuzzi
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 2, 40136 Bologna, Italy
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8
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Islam MZ, Rahman MA, Gibbon L, Hall E, Ulven CA, La Scala JJ. Mechanical Characterization and Production of Various Shapes Using Continuous Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Thermoset Resin-Based 3D Printing. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1828. [PMID: 39000682 PMCID: PMC11243913 DOI: 10.3390/polym16131828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Continuous carbon fiber-reinforced (CCFR) thermoset composites have received significant attention due to their excellent mechanical and thermal properties. The implementation of 3D printing introduces cost-effectiveness and design flexibility into their manufacturing processes. The light-assisted 3D printing process shows promise for manufacturing CCFR composites using low-viscosity thermoset resin, which would otherwise be unprintable. Because of the lack of shape-retaining capability, 3D printing of various shapes is challenging with low-viscosity thermoset resin. This study demonstrated an overshoot-associated algorithm for 3D printing various shapes using low-viscosity thermoset resin and continuous carbon fiber. Additionally, 3D-printed unidirectional composites were mechanically characterized. The printed specimen exhibited tensile strength of 390 ± 22 MPa and an interlaminar strength of 38 ± 1.7 MPa, with a fiber volume fraction of 15.7 ± 0.43%. Void analysis revealed that the printed specimen contained 5.5% overall voids. Moreover, the analysis showed the presence of numerous irregular cylindrical-shaped intra-tow voids, which governed the tensile properties. However, the inter-tow voids were small and spherical-shaped, governing the interlaminar shear strength. Therefore, the printed specimens showed exceptional interlaminar shear strength, and the tensile strength had the potential to increase further by improving the impregnation of polymer resin within the fiber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Zahirul Islam
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, North Dakota State University (NDSU), Dept 2490, P.O. Box 6050, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Md Atikur Rahman
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, North Dakota State University (NDSU), Dept 2490, P.O. Box 6050, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Luke Gibbon
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, North Dakota State University (NDSU), Dept 2490, P.O. Box 6050, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Eric Hall
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, North Dakota State University (NDSU), Dept 2490, P.O. Box 6050, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Chad A. Ulven
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, North Dakota State University (NDSU), Dept 2490, P.O. Box 6050, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - John J. La Scala
- Combat Capabilities Development Command Army Research Laboratory, FCDD-RLW-MD, Aberdeen, MD 57401, USA
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Md Yasir ASH, Sukindar NA, Abdul Rahman Putra AA, Choong YC, Kamaruddin S, Aziz A, Aminanda Y, Sulaiman MH. Effect of heat treatment on mechanical properties and dimensional accuracy of 3D-Printed black carbon fiber HTPLA. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32282. [PMID: 38912502 PMCID: PMC11190666 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This present study investigated how heat treatment affects the mechanical properties of 3D-printed black carbon fiber HTPLA by manipulating two parameters: heating temperature and holding time. The mechanical properties of 3D-printed black carbon fiber HTPLA components are crucial for assessing their structural integrity and performance. The shrinkage and dimensional accuracy of the 3D-printed parts were also explored using a vernier caliper. The microstructure of both heat-treated and non-heat-treated HTPLA black carbon fiber 3D-printed parts was examined using scanning electron microscopy. Samples were prepared, printed, heat-treated, and mechanically tested, and their microstructure was observed and recorded. The results showed that heat treatment improved the material's strength, hardness, and crystallinity, leading to better mechanical properties. However, statistical analysis indicates no clear evidence that the two factors, optimum heating temperature and holding time, affect the mechanical properties of heat-treated printed parts. Nonetheless, further study suggests that these factors might be important in optimizing the heat treatment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Shah Hizam Md Yasir
- Faculty of Resilience Rabdan Academy, 65, Al Inshirah, Al Sa'adah, Abu Dhabi, 22401, PO Box:114646, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nor Aiman Sukindar
- School of Design, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Jalan Tungku Link Gadong BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Ahmad Afif Abdul Rahman Putra
- Department of Manufacturing and Materials Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, 53100 Jalan Gombak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yang Chuan Choong
- Department of Manufacturing and Materials Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, 53100 Jalan Gombak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shafie Kamaruddin
- Department of Manufacturing and Materials Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, 53100 Jalan Gombak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Azlan Aziz
- Engineering Faculty, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Jalan Tungku Link Gadong BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Yulfian Aminanda
- School of Design, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Jalan Tungku Link Gadong BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Mohd Hafis Sulaiman
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, 43400 Serdang, Universiti Putra Malaysia
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10
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Jamal MA, Shah OR, Ghafoor U, Qureshi Y, Bhutta MR. Additive Manufacturing of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites via Fused Deposition Modelling: A Comprehensive Review. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1622. [PMID: 38931971 PMCID: PMC11207325 DOI: 10.3390/polym16121622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) has arisen as a transformative technology for manufacturing complex geometries with enhanced mechanical properties, particularly in the realm of continuous fiber-reinforced polymer composites (CFRPCs). Among various AM techniques, fused deposition modeling (FDM) stands out as a promising method for the fabrication of CFRPCs due to its versatility, ease of use, flexibility, and cost-effectiveness. Several research papers on the AM of CFRPs via FDM were summarized and therefore this review paper provides a critical examination of the process-printing parameters influencing the AM process, with a focus on their impact on mechanical properties. This review covers details of factors such as fiber orientation, layer thickness, nozzle diameter, fiber volume fraction, printing temperature, and infill design, extracted from the existing literature. Through a visual representation of the process parameters (printing and material) and properties (mechanical, physical, and thermal), this paper aims to separate out the optimal processing parameters that have been inferred from various research studies. Furthermore, this analysis critically evaluates the current state-of-the-art research, highlighting advancements, applications, filament production methods, challenges, and opportunities for further development in this field. In comparison to short fibers, continuous fiber filaments can render better strength; however, delamination issues persist. Various parameters affect the printing process differently, resulting in several limitations that need to be addressed. Signifying the relationship between printing parameters and mechanical properties is vital for optimizing CFRPC fabrication via FDM, enabling the realization of lightweight, high-strength components for various industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Azfar Jamal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (M.A.J.); (O.R.S.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Owaisur Rahman Shah
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (M.A.J.); (O.R.S.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Usman Ghafoor
- Department of Logistics & Supply Chain Management, NUST Business School, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Yumna Qureshi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (M.A.J.); (O.R.S.); (Y.Q.)
| | - M. Raheel Bhutta
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Asia Campus, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea
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11
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Patti A. Challenges to Improve Extrusion-Based Additive Manufacturing Process of Thermoplastics toward Sustainable Development. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2400249. [PMID: 38818529 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
This review aims to present the different approaches to lessen the environmental impact of the extrusion-based additive manufacturing (MEX) process of thermoplastic-based resins and protect the ecosystem. The benefits and drawbacks of each alternative, including the use of biomaterials or recycled materials as feedstock, energy efficiency, and polluting emissions reduction, have been examined. First, the technological option of using a pellet-fed printer was compared to a filament-fed printer. Then, common biopolymers utilized in MEX applications are discussed, along with methods for improving the mechanical properties of associated printed products. The introduction of natural fillers in thermoplastic resins and the use of biocomposite filaments have been proposed to improve the specific performance of printed items, highlighting the numerous challenges related to their extrusion. Various polymers and fillers derived from recycling are presented as feeding raw materials for printers to reduce waste accumulation, showing the inferior qualities of the resulting goods when compared to printed products made from virgin materials. Finally, the energy consumption and emissions released into the atmosphere during the printing process are discussed, with the potential for both aspects to be controlled through material selection and operating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Patti
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture (DICAr), University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, Catania, CT, 95125, Italy
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12
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Ralls AM, Monette Z, Kasar AK, Menezes PL. Enhancing Tribological Performance of Self-Lubricating Composite via Hybrid 3D Printing and In Situ Spraying. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2601. [PMID: 38893868 PMCID: PMC11173934 DOI: 10.3390/ma17112601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
In this work, a self-lubricating composite was manufactured using a novel hybrid 3D printing/in situ spraying process that involved the printing of an acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) matrix using fused deposition modeling (FDM), along with the in situ spraying of alumina (Al2O3) and hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) reinforcements during 3D printing. The results revealed that the addition of the reinforcement induced an extensive formation of micropores throughout the ABS structure. Under tensile-loading conditions, the mechanical strength and cohesive interlayer bonding of the composites were diminished due to the presence of these micropores. However, under tribological conditions, the presence of the Al2O3 and hBN reinforcement improved the frictional resistance of ABS in extreme loading conditions. This improvement in frictional resistance was attributed to the ability of the Al2O3 reinforcement to support the external tribo-load and the shearing-like ability of hBN reinforcement during sliding. Collectively, this work provides novel insights into the possibility of designing tribologically robust ABS components through the addition of in situ-sprayed ceramic and solid-lubricant reinforcements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pradeep L. Menezes
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (A.M.R.); (Z.M.); (A.K.K.)
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Hamieh T. Surface Thermodynamic Properties of Poly Lactic Acid by Inverse Gas Chromatography. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:268. [PMID: 38786478 PMCID: PMC11117825 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9050268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Poly lactic acid (PLA) is one of the most commonly used bio-derived thermoplastic polymers in 3D and 4D printing applications. The determination of PLA surface properties is of capital importance in 3D/4D printing technology. The surface thermodynamic properties of PLA polymers were determined using the inverse gas chromatography (IGC) technique at infinite dilution. The determination of the retention volume of polar and non-polar molecules adsorbed on the PLA particles filling the column allowed us to obtain the dispersive, polar, and Lewis's acid-base surface properties at different temperatures from 40 °C to 100 °C. The applied surface method was based on our recent model that used the London dispersion equation, the new chromatographic parameter function of the deformation polarizability, and the harmonic mean of the ionization energies of the PLA polymer and organic molecules. The application of this new method led to the determination of the dispersive and polar free surface energy of the adsorption of molecules on the polymeric material, as well as the glass transition and the Lewis acid-base constants. Four interval temperatures were distinguished, showing four zones of variations in the surface properties of PLA as a function of the temperature before and after the glass transition. The acid-base parameters of PLA strongly depend on the temperature. The accurate determination of the dispersive and polar surface physicochemical properties of PLA led to the work of adhesion of the polar organic solvents adsorbed on PLA. These results can be very useful for achieving reliable and functional 3D and 4D printed components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayssir Hamieh
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; ; Tel.: +31-6-5723-9324
- Laboratory of Materials, Catalysis, Environment and Analytical Methods (MCEMA), Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Hadath P.O. Box 6573, Lebanon
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Petousis M, Michailidis N, Saltas V, Papadakis V, Spiridaki M, Mountakis N, Argyros A, Valsamos J, Nasikas NK, Vidakis N. Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol/Antimony Tin Oxide Nanocomposites in Material Extrusion 3D Printing. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:761. [PMID: 38727355 PMCID: PMC11085549 DOI: 10.3390/nano14090761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
In this study, poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PETG) was combined with Antimony-doped Tin Oxide (ATO) to create five different composites (2.0-10.0 wt.% ATO). The PETG/ATO filaments were extruded and supplied to a material extrusion (MEX) 3D printer to fabricate the specimens following international standards. Various tests were conducted on thermal, rheological, mechanical, and morphological properties. The mechanical performance of the prepared nanocomposites was evaluated using flexural, tensile, microhardness, and Charpy impact tests. The dielectric and electrical properties of the prepared composites were evaluated over a broad frequency range. The dimensional accuracy and porosity of the 3D printed structure were assessed using micro-computed tomography. Other investigations include scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, which were performed to investigate the structures and morphologies of the samples. The PETG/6.0 wt.% ATO composite presented the highest mechanical performance (21% increase over the pure polymer in tensile strength). The results show the potential of such nanocomposites when enhanced mechanical performance is required in MEX 3D printing applications, in which PETG is the most commonly used polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markos Petousis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Heraklion, Greece; (M.P.); (M.S.); (N.M.); (J.V.)
| | - Nikolaos Michailidis
- Physical Metallurgy Laboratory, Mechanical Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (N.M.); (A.A.)
- Centre for Research & Development of Advanced Materials (CERDAM), Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Balkan Centre, Building B’, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Road, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vassilis Saltas
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 73133 Chania, Greece;
| | - Vassilis Papadakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser of the Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (IESL-FORTH)–Hellas, N. Plastira 100m, 70013 Heraklion, Greece;
- Department of Industrial Design and Production Engineering, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece
| | - Mariza Spiridaki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Heraklion, Greece; (M.P.); (M.S.); (N.M.); (J.V.)
| | - Nikolaos Mountakis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Heraklion, Greece; (M.P.); (M.S.); (N.M.); (J.V.)
| | - Apostolos Argyros
- Physical Metallurgy Laboratory, Mechanical Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (N.M.); (A.A.)
- Centre for Research & Development of Advanced Materials (CERDAM), Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Balkan Centre, Building B’, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Road, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - John Valsamos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Heraklion, Greece; (M.P.); (M.S.); (N.M.); (J.V.)
| | - Nektarios K. Nasikas
- Division of Mathematics and Engineering Sciences, Department of Military Sciences, Hellenic Army Academy, Vari, 16673 Attica, Greece;
| | - Nectarios Vidakis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Heraklion, Greece; (M.P.); (M.S.); (N.M.); (J.V.)
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Zhou L, Miller J, Vezza J, Mayster M, Raffay M, Justice Q, Al Tamimi Z, Hansotte G, Sunkara LD, Bernat J. Additive Manufacturing: A Comprehensive Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2668. [PMID: 38732776 PMCID: PMC11085389 DOI: 10.3390/s24092668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing has revolutionized manufacturing across a spectrum of industries by enabling the production of complex geometries with unparalleled customization and reduced waste. Beginning as a rapid prototyping tool, additive manufacturing has matured into a comprehensive manufacturing solution, embracing a wide range of materials, such as polymers, metals, ceramics, and composites. This paper delves into the workflow of additive manufacturing, encompassing design, modeling, slicing, printing, and post-processing. Various additive manufacturing technologies are explored, including material extrusion, VAT polymerization, material jetting, binder jetting, selective laser sintering, selective laser melting, direct metal laser sintering, electron beam melting, multi-jet fusion, direct energy deposition, carbon fiber reinforced, laminated object manufacturing, and more, discussing their principles, advantages, disadvantages, material compatibilities, applications, and developing trends. Additionally, the future of additive manufacturing is projected, highlighting potential advancements in 3D bioprinting, 3D food printing, large-scale 3D printing, 4D printing, and AI-based additive manufacturing. This comprehensive survey aims to underscore the transformative impact of additive manufacturing on global manufacturing, emphasizing ongoing challenges and the promising horizon of innovations that could further elevate its role in the manufacturing revolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Zhou
- Department of Biomedical, Industrial and Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Computing, College of Engineering and Business, Gannon University, Erie, PA 16541, USA
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16
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Ghezzi B, Matera B, Meglioli M, Rossi F, Duraccio D, Faga MG, Zappettini A, Macaluso GM, Lumetti S. Composite PCL Scaffold With 70% β-TCP as Suitable Structure for Bone Replacement. Int Dent J 2024:S0020-6539(24)00067-4. [PMID: 38614878 DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2024.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this work was to optimise printable polycaprolactone (PCL)/β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) biomaterials with high percentages of β-TCP endowed with balanced mechanical characteristics to resemble human cancellous bone, presumably improving osteogenesis. METHODS PCL/β-TCP scaffolds were obtained from customised filaments for fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D printing with increasing amounts of β-TCP. Samples mechanical features, surface topography and wettability were evaluated as well as cytocompatibility assays, cell adhesion and differentiation. RESULTS The parameters of the newly fabricated materila were optimal for PCL/β-TCP scaffold fabrication. Composite surfaces showed higher hydrophilicity compared with the controls, and their surface roughness sharply was higher, possibly due to the presence of β-TCP. The Young's modulus of the composites was significantly higher than that of pristine PCL, indicating that the intrinsic strength of β-TCP is beneficial for enhancing the elastic modulus of the composite biomaterials. All novel composite biomaterials supported greater cellular growth and stronger osteoblastic differentiation compared with the PCL control. CONCLUSIONS This project highlights the possibility to fabricat, through an FDM solvent-free approach, PCL/β-TCP scaffolds of up to 70 % concentrations of β-TCP. overcoming the current lmit of 60 % stated in the literature. The combination of 3D printing and customised biomaterials allowed production of highly personalised scaffolds with optimal mechanical and biological features resembling the natural structure and the composition of bone. This underlines the promise of such structures for innovative approaches for bone and periodontal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Ghezzi
- Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy; Istituto dei Materiali per l'Elettronica ed il Magnetismo, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Parma, Italy
| | - Biagio Matera
- Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Matteo Meglioli
- Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | - Francesca Rossi
- Istituto dei Materiali per l'Elettronica ed il Magnetismo, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Parma, Italy
| | - Donatella Duraccio
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie per l'Energia e la Mobilità Sostenibili, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Torino, Italy
| | - Maria Giulia Faga
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie per l'Energia e la Mobilità Sostenibili, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Zappettini
- Istituto dei Materiali per l'Elettronica ed il Magnetismo, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Parma, Italy
| | - Guido Maria Macaluso
- Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy; Istituto dei Materiali per l'Elettronica ed il Magnetismo, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Parma, Italy
| | - Simone Lumetti
- Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy; Istituto dei Materiali per l'Elettronica ed il Magnetismo, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Parma, Italy
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17
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Zhou S, Zhao Y, Xun Y, Wei Z, Yang Y, Yan W, Ding J. Programmable and Modularized Gas Sensor Integrated by 3D Printing. Chem Rev 2024; 124:3608-3643. [PMID: 38498933 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The rapid advancement of intelligent manufacturing technology has enabled electronic equipment to achieve synergistic design and programmable optimization through computer-aided engineering. Three-dimensional (3D) printing, with the unique characteristics of near-net-shape forming and mold-free fabrication, serves as an effective medium for the materialization of digital designs into usable devices. This methodology is particularly applicable to gas sensors, where performance can be collaboratively optimized by the tailored design of each internal module including composition, microstructure, and architecture. Meanwhile, diverse 3D printing technologies can realize modularized fabrication according to the application requirements. The integration of artificial intelligence software systems further facilitates the output of precise and dependable signals. Simultaneously, the self-learning capabilities of the system also promote programmable optimization for the hardware, fostering continuous improvement of gas sensors for dynamic environments. This review investigates the latest studies on 3D-printed gas sensor devices and relevant components, elucidating the technical features and advantages of different 3D printing processes. A general testing framework for the performance evaluation of customized gas sensors is proposed. Additionally, it highlights the superiority and challenges of programmable and modularized gas sensors, providing a comprehensive reference for material adjustments, structure design, and process modifications for advanced gas sensor devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixiang Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Yijing Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Yanran Xun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Zhicheng Wei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Yong Yang
- Temasek Laboratories, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore
| | - Wentao Yan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Jun Ding
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117575, Singapore
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18
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Yan Y, Han M, Jiang Y, Ng ELL, Zhang Y, Owh C, Song Q, Li P, Loh XJ, Chan BQY, Chan SY. Electrically Conductive Polymers for Additive Manufacturing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:5337-5354. [PMID: 38284988 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c13258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The use of electrically conductive polymers (CPs) in the development of electronic devices has attracted significant interest due to their unique intrinsic properties, which result from the synergistic combination of physicochemical properties in conventional polymers with the electronic properties of metals or semiconductors. Most conventional methods adopted for the fabrication of devices with nonplanar morphologies are still challenged by the poor ionic/electronic mobility of end products. Additive manufacturing (AM) brings about exciting prospects to the realm of CPs by enabling greater design freedom, more elaborate structures, quicker prototyping, relatively low cost, and more environmentally friendly electronic device creation. A growing variety of AM technologies are becoming available for three-dimensional (3D) printing of conductive devices, i.e., vat photopolymerization (VP), material extrusion (ME), powder bed fusion (PBF), material jetting (MJ), and lamination object manufacturing (LOM). In this review, we provide an overview of the recent research progress in the area of CPs developed for AM, which advances the design and development of future electronic devices. We consider different AM techniques, vis-à-vis, their development progress and respective challenges in printing CPs. We also discuss the material requirements and notable advances in 3D printing of CPs, as well as their potential electronic applications including wearable electronics, sensors, energy storage and conversion devices, etc. This review concludes with an outlook on AM of CPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinjia Yan
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), and Ningbo Institute, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Miao Han
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), and Ningbo Institute, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yixue Jiang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, 117575, Singapore
| | - Evelyn Ling Ling Ng
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yanni Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), and Ningbo Institute, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Cally Owh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, 117575, Singapore
| | - Qing Song
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), and Ningbo Institute, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Peng Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), and Ningbo Institute, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Benjamin Qi Yu Chan
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Siew Yin Chan
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), and Ningbo Institute, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
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Demir E, Duygun İK, Bedeloğlu A. The Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Polylactic Acid/Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol Multi-Material Structures Manufactured by Material Extrusion. 3D PRINTING AND ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 2024; 11:197-206. [PMID: 38389667 PMCID: PMC10880662 DOI: 10.1089/3dp.2021.0321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of polylactic acid (PLA), polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG), and PLA/PETG structures manufactured using the multi-material additive manufacturing (MMAM) method were studied in this work. Material extrusion additive manufacturing was used to print PLA/PETG samples with various PLA and PETG layer numbers. By varying the top and bottom layer numbers of two thermoplastics, the effect of layer number on the mechanical properties of 3D-printed structures was investigated. The chemical and thermal characteristics of PLA and PETG were investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Tensile and flexural strength of 3D-printed PLA, PETG, and PLA/PETG samples were determined using tensile and three-point bending tests. The fracture surfaces of the samples were evaluated using optical microscopy. The results indicated that multi-material part containing 13 layers of PLA and 3 layers of PETG exhibited the highest ultimate tensile strength (65.4 MPa) and a good flexural strength (91.4 MPa). MMAM was discovered to be a viable way for producing PLA/PETG materials with great mechanical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Demir
- Polymer Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Bursa Technical University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - İnal Kaan Duygun
- Polymer Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Bursa Technical University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Bedeloğlu
- Polymer Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Bursa Technical University, Bursa, Turkey
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20
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Silva RDC, de Castro GM, Oliveira ABDS, Brasil ACDM. Effect of 3D-Printed Honeycomb Core on Compressive Property of Hybrid Energy Absorbers: Experimental Testing and Optimization Analysis. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:522. [PMID: 38276460 PMCID: PMC10821499 DOI: 10.3390/ma17020522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
This paper presents an innovative method of constructing energy absorbers, whose primary function is to effectively transform kinetic energy into strain energy in events with high deformation rates. Hybrid specimens are proposed considering thin-walled windowed metallic tubes filled with 3D-printed hexagonal honeycombs made of PET-G and ABS thermoplastic. The patterned windows dimensions vary from 20 × 20, 20 × 30, 15 × 20 and 15 × 30 mm2. Although using polymers in engineering and thin-walled sections is not new, their combination has not been explored in this type of structure designed to withstand impacts. Specimens resist out-of-plane quasi-static axial loading, and test results are analyzed, demonstrating that polymer core gives the samples better performance parameters than unfilled samples regarding energy absorption (Ea), load rate (LR), and structural effectiveness (η). An optimization procedure using specialized software was applied to evaluate experimental results, which led to identifying the optimal window geometry (16.4 × 20 mm2, in case) and polymer to be used (ABS). The optimized sample was constructed and tested for axial compression to validate the optimization outcomes. The results reveal that the optimal sample performed similarly to the estimated parameters, making this geometry the best choice under the test conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita de Cássia Silva
- Department of Automotive Engineering, Group of Modeling and Simulation of Vehicle Systems, Gama College, University of Brasilia (UnB), Brasilia 72444-240, Brazil;
- Post-Graduation in Transport, Group of Modeling and Simulation of Vehicle Systems, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, University of Brasilia (UnB), Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (G.M.d.C.); (A.C.d.M.B.)
| | - Gabriel Martins de Castro
- Post-Graduation in Transport, Group of Modeling and Simulation of Vehicle Systems, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, University of Brasilia (UnB), Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (G.M.d.C.); (A.C.d.M.B.)
| | - Alessandro Borges de Sousa Oliveira
- Department of Automotive Engineering, Group of Modeling and Simulation of Vehicle Systems, Gama College, University of Brasilia (UnB), Brasilia 72444-240, Brazil;
| | - Augusto César de Mendonça Brasil
- Post-Graduation in Transport, Group of Modeling and Simulation of Vehicle Systems, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, University of Brasilia (UnB), Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (G.M.d.C.); (A.C.d.M.B.)
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21
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Wan Z, Zhang H, Niu M, Guo Y, Li H. Recent advances in lignin-based 3D printing materials: A mini-review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126660. [PMID: 37660847 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
With the growing global population and rapid economic development, the demand for energy and raw materials is increasing, and the supply of fossil resources as the main source of energy and raw materials has reached a critical juncture. However, our overexploitation and overconsumption of fossil resources have led to serious problems, including environmental pollution, climate change, and ecosystem destruction. In the face of these challenges, we must recognize the negative impacts of the shortage of fossil resources and actively seek sustainable alternative sources of energy and resources to protect our environment and sustainable development in the future. Three-dimensional (3D) printing, an additive manufacturing technology, has been used in many fields to manufacture complex and high-precision products. While traditional manufacturing processes typically produce large amounts of waste and emissions that are harmful to the environment, 3D printing is much more energy efficient compared to traditional manufacturing methods, which helps to lower energy costs and reduce reliance on non-renewable energy sources. The development of low-carbon and environmentally friendly 3D printing materials can help to reduce carbon emissions and environmental pollution and realize the goal of sustainable development. Lignin, as the second largest renewable green biomass resource after cellulose, has great potential for manufacturing low-carbon and environmentally friendly 3D printing materials. This review presents some recent studies on the applications of lignin and its derivatives in photo-curing 3D printing, including the preparation and performance of lignin-based photosensitive prepolymers, lignin-based reactive diluents, lignin-based photo-initiators, and lignin-based additive. This review also provides recent studies on the preparation and performance of lignin-based thermoplastic polymer for Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D printing. Finally, the future challenges and industrialization prospects of lignin-based 3D printing materials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouyuanye Wan
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Hongjie Zhang
- China National Pulp and Paper Research Institute Co. Ltd., Beijing 100102, China
| | - Meihong Niu
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Yanzhu Guo
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China.
| | - Haiming Li
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China.
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22
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Zeller AN, Goetze E, Thiem DGE, Bartella AK, Seifert L, Beiglboeck FM, Kröplin J, Hoffmann J, Pabst A. A survey regarding the organizational aspects and quality systems of in-house 3D printing in oral and maxillofacial surgery in Germany. Oral Maxillofac Surg 2023; 27:661-673. [PMID: 35989406 DOI: 10.1007/s10006-022-01109-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study was to get a cross-sectional overview of the current status of specific organizational procedures, quality control systems, and standard operating procedures for the use of three-dimensional (3D) printing to assist in-house workflow using additive manufacturing in oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS) in Germany. METHODS An online questionnaire including dynamic components containing 16-29 questions regarding specific organizational aspects, process workflows, quality controls, documentation, and the respective backgrounds in 3D printing was sent to OMF surgeons in university and non-university hospitals as well as private practices with and without inpatient treatment facilities. Participants were recruited from a former study population regarding 3D printing; all participants owned a 3D printer and were registered with the German Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. RESULTS Sixty-seven participants answered the questionnaires. Of those, 20 participants ran a 3D printer in-unit. Quality assurance measures were performed by 13 participants and underlying processes by 8 participants, respectively. Standard operating procedures regarding computer-aided design and manufacturing, post-processing, use, or storage of printed goods were non-existent in most printing units. Data segmentation as well as computer-aided design and manufacturing were conducted by a medical doctor in most cases (n = 19, n = 18, n = 8, respectively). Most participants (n = 8) stated that "medical device regulations did not have any influence yet, but an adaptation of the processes is planned for the future." CONCLUSION The findings demonstrated significant differences in 3D printing management in OMFS, especially concerning process workflows, quality control, and documentation. Considering the ever-increasing regulations for medical devices, there might be a necessity for standardized 3D printing recommendations and regulations in OMFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander-N Zeller
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Goetze
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Glückstr. 11, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Daniel G E Thiem
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexander K Bartella
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstr. 12, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lukas Seifert
- Department of Oral, Cranio Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Fabian M Beiglboeck
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Munster, Germany
- MAM Research Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Gewerbestr. 16, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Juliane Kröplin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Helios Hospital Schwerin, Wismarsche Str. 393-397, 19049, Schwerin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hoffmann
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Pabst
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Federal Armed Forces Hospital, Rübenacherstr. 170, 56072, Koblenz, Germany.
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23
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Gabrijelčič Tomc H, Culjkar P, Zupin Ž, Možina K. Legibility of 3D printed typography at smaller sizes. ERGONOMICS 2023; 66:2091-2105. [PMID: 36994660 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2023.2184368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the research was to investigate the usability and legibility of 3D printed typeface characters in smaller sizes. In the experimental investigation two software programs for letter modelling, three typefaces, three type sizes, two weight options, and two printing materials were tested. The samples were analysed visually and with image analysis. The legibility tests were conducted in laboratory conditions and testing chamber. The participants were asked to read pangrams and answer close-ended questions. The reading speed and understanding of the text were measured and analysed. It was found that the success of printing parts of letters, as well as their recognition and visual evaluation, is most often influenced by two analysed factors, i.e. weight option and type size, in all three typefaces. We established that the type size is statistically significant, and that the typographic tonal density is influenced by the typeface and the material used.Practitioner summary: The research presents the investigation of usability and legibility of 3D printed typefaces at smaller sizes. Five variables were analysed visually and with image analysis. Typographic tonal density, reading speed, and text comprehension were evaluated. The findings demonstrated that weight option, type size, and material influence the reading speed and text comprehension.HIGHLIGHTSFive different parameters were investigated regarding usability of 3D printed typeface.Legibility of different typefaces, weight options, and type sizes were tested.Typographic tonal density was evaluated with image analysis.Print quality of different materials using an FDM technology printer was evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Gabrijelčič Tomc
- Department of Textiles Graphic Arts and Design, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Petra Culjkar
- Department of Textiles Graphic Arts and Design, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Živa Zupin
- Department of Textiles Graphic Arts and Design, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Klementina Možina
- Department of Textiles Graphic Arts and Design, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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24
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Golubkov SS, Morozova SM. Recent Progress of 3D Printing of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane-Based Fuel Cells for Clean Energy Generation. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4553. [PMID: 38231967 PMCID: PMC10708036 DOI: 10.3390/polym15234553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes recent advances in the application of 3D printing (additive manufacturing) for the fabrication of various components of hydrogen fuel cells with a polymer electrolyte membrane (HFC-PEMs). This type of fuel cell is an example of green renewable energy, but its active implementation into the real industry is fraught with a number of problems, including rapid degradation and low efficiency. The application of 3D printing is promising for improvement in HFC-PEM performance due to the possibility of creating complex geometric shapes, the exact location of components on the substrate, as well as the low-cost and simplicity of the process. This review examines the use of various 3D printing techniques, such as inkjet printing, fused deposition modeling (FDM) and stereolithography, for the production/modification of electrodes, gas diffusion and catalyst layers, as well as bipolar plates. In conclusion, the challenges and possible solutions of the identified drawbacks for further development in this field of research are discussed. It is expected that this review article will benefit both representatives of applied science interested in specific engineering solutions and fundamental science aimed at studying the processes occurring in the fuel cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey S. Golubkov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, Institutskiy per. 9, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia;
- N.E. Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 2nd Baumanskaya St. 5/1, 105005 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sofia M. Morozova
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, Institutskiy per. 9, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia;
- N.E. Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 2nd Baumanskaya St. 5/1, 105005 Moscow, Russia
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25
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Zhang D, Tian X, Zhou Y, Wang Q, Yan W, Akmal Zia A, Wu L, Li D. Spatial 3D Printing of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Composite Multilayer Truss Structures with Controllable Structural Performance. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4333. [PMID: 37960013 PMCID: PMC10650379 DOI: 10.3390/polym15214333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuous fiber-reinforced composite truss structures have broad application prospects in aerospace engineering owing to their high structural bearing efficiency and multifunctional applications. This paper presents the design and fabrication of multilayer truss structures with controlled mechanical properties based on continuous fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composite 3D printing. Continuous fiber composite pyramid trusses fabricated by 3D printing have high specific stiffness and strength, with maximum equivalent compression modulus and strength of 401.91 MPa and 30.26 MPa, respectively. Moreover, the relative density of a truss structure can be as low as 1.45%. Additionally, structural units can be extended in any direction to form a multilayer truss structure. Structural performance can be controlled by designing the parameters of each layer. This study offers a novel approach for designing a multifunctional multilayer truss structure, a structure with low-density needs and unique load-bearing effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaoyong Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, 28 Xian Ning West Road, Xi’an 710049, China; (D.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Q.W.); (W.Y.); (A.A.Z.); (L.W.); (D.L.)
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26
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Billings C, Siddique R, Liu Y. Photocurable Polymer-Based 3D Printing: Advanced Flexible Strain Sensors for Human Kinematics Monitoring. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4170. [PMID: 37896414 PMCID: PMC10611242 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Vat photopolymerization-based additive manufacturing (AM) is critical in improving solutions for wearable sensors. The ability to add nanoparticles to increase the polymer resin's mechanical, electrical, and chemical properties creates a strong proposition for investigating custom nanocomposites for the medical field. This work uses a low-cost biocompatible polymer resin enhanced with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and a digital light processing-based AM system to develop accurate strain sensors. These sensors demonstrate the ability to carry a 244% maximum strain while lasting hundreds of cycles without degradation at lower strain ranges. In addition, the printing process allows for detailed prints to be accomplished at a sub-30 micron spatial resolution while also assisting alignment of the MWCNTs in the printing plane. Moreover, high-magnification imagery demonstrates uniform MWCNT dispersion by utilizing planetary shear mixing and identifying MWCNT pullout at fracture locations. Finally, the proposed nanocomposite is used to print customized and wearable strain sensors for finger motion monitoring and can detect different amounts of flexion and extension. The 3D printed nanocomposite sensors demonstrate characteristics that make it a strong candidate for the applications of human kinematics monitoring and sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Billings
- School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, 865 Asp Ave., Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Ridwan Siddique
- Norman North High School, 1809 Stubbeman Ave., Norman, OK 73069, USA;
| | - Yingtao Liu
- School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, 865 Asp Ave., Norman, OK 73019, USA
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27
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Aguilar-Duque JI, Ontiveros S, Baez-Lopez Y, Juárez-Luna VM, Brau-Avila A, Tlapa D. Structural and Dimensional Analysis by Computed Tomography of a Multi Geometric Template Manufactured by Fused Deposition Modeling. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1934. [PMID: 37893371 PMCID: PMC10609247 DOI: 10.3390/mi14101934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
As a consequence of the development of AM, strategies have been developed to optimize the printing process, which focuses on reducing manufacturing time, such as using genetic algorithms (GAs), among others. The effect caused by the modification of path patterns is an effect of interest in two aspects: dimensional assurance focused on the compliance of the dimensions of the components in comparison with the digital design of the components, and the structural composition and resistance that the printing process itself can generate. This paper aims to present the effect of optimizing the path of fused filament fabrication (FFF) equipment on the dimensional finish and structural quality of a multi-geometric component using computed tomography. For this purpose, a template composed of 23 geometric elements, printed using FFF technology and PLA as the base material, is used. The results show an 11% reduction in the total process time required to print the component. The effect on the dimensional precision of different geometric elements was identified. In addition, it was possible to ensure that the structural quality of the multi-geometric component was not affected by the modification of the path required by the printing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian I. Aguilar-Duque
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Arquitectura y Diseño, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Carretera Transpeninsular Ensenada-Tijuana 3917, Ensenada 22860, Mexico; (J.I.A.-D.); (V.M.J.-L.); (D.T.)
| | - Sinue Ontiveros
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería, Administración y Sociales, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tecate 21460, Mexico;
| | - Yolanda Baez-Lopez
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Arquitectura y Diseño, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Carretera Transpeninsular Ensenada-Tijuana 3917, Ensenada 22860, Mexico; (J.I.A.-D.); (V.M.J.-L.); (D.T.)
| | - Victor Manuel Juárez-Luna
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Arquitectura y Diseño, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Carretera Transpeninsular Ensenada-Tijuana 3917, Ensenada 22860, Mexico; (J.I.A.-D.); (V.M.J.-L.); (D.T.)
| | - Agustín Brau-Avila
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Sonora, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales S/N, Col. Centro, Hermosillo 83067, Mexico;
| | - Diego Tlapa
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Arquitectura y Diseño, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Carretera Transpeninsular Ensenada-Tijuana 3917, Ensenada 22860, Mexico; (J.I.A.-D.); (V.M.J.-L.); (D.T.)
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28
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Liu H, Chen S, Li C, Chen X, Li J, Chen P, Xie F, Jian H, Huang X, Liu L. Preparation and Characterization of Polycarbonate-Based Blend System with Favorable Mechanical Properties and 3D Printing Performance. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4066. [PMID: 37896309 PMCID: PMC10610018 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, material extrusion (MEX) 3D printing technology has attracted extensive attention. However, some high-performance thermoplastic polymer resins, such as polycarbonate (PC), cannot be processed by conventional MEX printing equipment due to poor processing performance. In order to develop new PC-based printing materials suitable for MEX, PC/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) blends were prepared using a simple polymer blending technique. It was found that the addition of PBAT component significantly improved processing performance of the PC, making the blends processable at 250 °C. More importantly, the PC was completely compatible with the PBAT, and the PBAT effectively reduced the Tg of the blends, endowing the blends with essential 3D printing performance. Furthermore, methyl methacrylate-butadiene-styrene terpolymer (MBS) was introduced into the PC/PBAT blends to improve toughness. SEM observations demonstrated that MBS particles, as stress concentration points, triggered shear yielding of polymer matrix and absorbed impact energy substantially. In addition, the MBS had little effect on the 3D printing performance of the blends. Thus, a PC/PBAT/MBS blend system with favorable comprehensive mechanical properties and 3D printing performance was achieved. This work can provide guidance for the development of novel MEX printing materials and is of great significance for expanding the variety of MEX printing materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chengdi Li
- Xinyu Key Laboratory of Materials Technology and Application for Intelligent Manufacturing, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xinyu University, Xinyu 338004, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Xinyu Key Laboratory of Materials Technology and Application for Intelligent Manufacturing, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xinyu University, Xinyu 338004, China
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29
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Perea-Lowery L, Gibreel M, Garoushi S, Vallittu P, Lassila L. Evaluation of flexible three-dimensionally printed occlusal splint materials: An in vitro study. Dent Mater 2023; 39:957-963. [PMID: 37666693 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2023.08.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate and compare the mechanical properties, water sorption, water solubility, and degree of double bond conversion of three different commercially available three-dimensional (3D) printing resins used for the fabrication of flexible occlusal splints. METHODS A digital printer was used to generate specimens from the evaluated splint materials (KeySplint Soft, IMPRIMO LC Splint flex, and V-Print splint comfort). The specimens were equally divided and tested either dry or after water storage at 37 °C for 30 days. A three-point bending test was used to assess flexural strength, elastic modulus, and fracture toughness. A two-body wear test was performed using a dual-axis chewing simulator. Water sorption and water solubility were measured after 30 days. The degree of double bond conversion was determined by FTIR-spectrometry. All data for the evaluated properties were collected and statistically analyzed. RESULTS Both material and storage conditions had a significant effect on the flexural strength (P < 0.001), elastic modulus (P < 0.001), fracture toughness (P < 0.001), and wear (P < 0.001). The highest water sorption was noticed with IMPRIMO LC Splint flex (1.9 ± 0.0 %), while V-Print splint comfort displayed the lowest water solubility (0.2 ± 0.0 %). For the degree of conversion, it was statistically non-significant among the different materials (P = 0.087). SIGNIFICANCE Different flexible 3D-printed splints available in the market displayed variations in the evaluated properties and clinicians should consider these differences when choosing occlusal device materials. Among the tested flexible splint materials, KeySplint Soft had the greatest flexural strength, elastic modulus, fracture toughness, wear resistance, and degree of conversion. It also showed the lowest water sorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Perea-Lowery
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Turku Clinical Biomaterials Centre-TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland.
| | - Mona Gibreel
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Turku Clinical Biomaterials Centre-TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Sufyan Garoushi
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Turku Clinical Biomaterials Centre-TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Pekka Vallittu
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Turku Clinical Biomaterials Centre-TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland; City of Turku Welfare Division, Oral Health Care, Puolalankatu 5, 20101 Welfare Division, Turku FI-20101, Finland
| | - Lippo Lassila
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Turku Clinical Biomaterials Centre-TCBC, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland
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Ghodrati M, Rafiaei SM, Tayebi L. Fabrication and evaluation of PLA/MgAl 2O 4 scaffolds manufactured through 3D printing method. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 145:106001. [PMID: 37451049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we synthesized magnesium aluminate spinel (MgAl2O4) with a particle size ranging from 35 to 70 nm using a facile combustion approach. Then, we used a 3D printing (FDM) machine to produce PLA/x wt% MgAl2O4 (x = 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8) scaffolds. To investigate the crystal structure, microstructure, biodegradability, and thermal characteristics of the produced materials, we employed X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), Simultaneous Thermal Analysis (STA), and compressive strength analyses. The results showed that PLA/6 wt% MgAl2O4 scaffolds possess the highest amounts of compressive strength. We evaluated the bio-activation and biodegradability of scaffolds by immersing them in simulated body fluid (SBF) for four weeks. Interestingly, the highest strength was achieved in PLA/6 wt% MgAl2O4 scaffolds, while the improper dispersion of ceramic particles happened on the polymer substrate in cases where x>6. ICP analysis showed that the addition of spinel nanoparticles to PLA increased the biodegradability of the scaffolds. Our FESEM results supported this finding and also revealed that the dispersion of ceramic particles on the polymer substrate was not uniform in cases where x>6. Also, according to the results of STA, the presence of MgAl2O4 nanoparticles effectively reduces the rate of thermal decomposition from 95 to 85 percent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Ghodrati
- Materials Engineering Group, Golpayegan College of Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Golpayegan, 87717-67498, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Rafiaei
- Materials Engineering Group, Golpayegan College of Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Golpayegan, 87717-67498, Iran.
| | - Lobat Tayebi
- Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA
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Oleksy M, Dynarowicz K, Aebisher D. Rapid Prototyping Technologies: 3D Printing Applied in Medicine. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2169. [PMID: 37631383 PMCID: PMC10458921 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing technology has been used for more than three decades in many industries, including the automotive and aerospace industries. So far, the use of this technology in medicine has been limited only to 3D printing of anatomical models for educational and training purposes, which is due to the insufficient functional properties of the materials used in the process. Only recent advances in the development of innovative materials have resulted in the flourishing of the use of 3D printing in medicine and pharmacy. Currently, additive manufacturing technology is widely used in clinical fields. Rapid development can be observed in the design of implants and prostheses, the creation of biomedical models tailored to the needs of the patient and the bioprinting of tissues and living scaffolds for regenerative medicine. The purpose of this review is to characterize the most popular 3D printing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Oleksy
- Students English Division Science Club, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Klaudia Dynarowicz
- Center for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, University of Rzeszów, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - David Aebisher
- Department of Photomedicine and Physical Chemistry, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
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32
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Bergaliyeva S, Sales DL, Jiménez Cabello JM, Burgos Pintos P, Fernández Delgado N, Marzo Gago P, Zammit A, Molina SI. Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Reprocessed Polylactide/Titanium Dioxide Nanocomposites for Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3458. [PMID: 37631515 PMCID: PMC10459176 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) is a biodegradable polymer that can replace petroleum-based polymers and is widely used in material extrusion additive manufacturing (AM). The reprocessing of PLA leads to a downcycling of its properties, so strategies are being sought to counteract this effect, such as blending with virgin material or creating nanocomposites. Thus, two sets of nanocomposites based respectively on virgin PLA and a blend of PLA and reprocessed PLA (rPLA) with the addition of 0, 3, and 7 wt% of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2) were created via a double screw extruder system. All blends were used for material extrusion for 3D printing directly from pellets without difficulty. Scanning electron micrographs of fractured samples' surfaces indicate that the nanoparticles gathered in agglomerations in some blends, which were well dispersed in the polymer matrix. The thermal stability and degree of crystallinity for every set of nanocomposites have a rising tendency with increasing nanoparticle concentration. The glass transition and melting temperatures of PLA/TiO2 and PLA/rPLA/TiO2 do not differ much. Tensile testing showed that although reprocessed material implies a detriment to the mechanical properties, in the specimens with 7% nano-TiO2, this effect is counteracted, reaching values like those of virgin PLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saltanat Bergaliyeva
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering and Inorganic Chemistry, Algeciras School of Engineering and Technology, Universidad de Cádiz, INNANOMAT, IMEYMAT, Ramón Puyol Avenue, 11202 Algeciras, Cádiz, Spain
- Physics and Technology Department, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 71, Al-Farabi Avenue, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - David L. Sales
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering and Inorganic Chemistry, Algeciras School of Engineering and Technology, Universidad de Cádiz, INNANOMAT, IMEYMAT, Ramón Puyol Avenue, 11202 Algeciras, Cádiz, Spain
| | - José María Jiménez Cabello
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering and Inorganic Chemistry, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Río S. Pedro, INNANOMAT, IMEYMAT, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; (J.M.J.C.); (P.B.P.); (N.F.D.); (P.M.G.); (S.I.M.)
| | - Pedro Burgos Pintos
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering and Inorganic Chemistry, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Río S. Pedro, INNANOMAT, IMEYMAT, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; (J.M.J.C.); (P.B.P.); (N.F.D.); (P.M.G.); (S.I.M.)
| | - Natalia Fernández Delgado
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering and Inorganic Chemistry, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Río S. Pedro, INNANOMAT, IMEYMAT, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; (J.M.J.C.); (P.B.P.); (N.F.D.); (P.M.G.); (S.I.M.)
| | - Patricia Marzo Gago
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering and Inorganic Chemistry, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Río S. Pedro, INNANOMAT, IMEYMAT, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; (J.M.J.C.); (P.B.P.); (N.F.D.); (P.M.G.); (S.I.M.)
| | - Ann Zammit
- Department of Metallurgy & Materials Engineering, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta;
| | - Sergio I. Molina
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering and Inorganic Chemistry, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Río S. Pedro, INNANOMAT, IMEYMAT, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; (J.M.J.C.); (P.B.P.); (N.F.D.); (P.M.G.); (S.I.M.)
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Hu X, Chen Y, Xu W, Zhu Y, Kim D, Fan Y, Yu B, Chen Y. 3D-Printed Thermoplastic Polyurethane Electrodes for Customizable, Flexible Lithium-Ion Batteries with an Ultra-Long Lifetime. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2301604. [PMID: 37093454 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
3D printing technology has demonstrated great potential in fabricating flexible and customizable high-performance batteries, which are highly desired in the forthcoming intelligent and ubiquitous energy era. However, a significant performance gap, especially in cycling stability, still exists between the 3D-printed and conventional electrodes, seriously limiting the practical applications of 3D-printed batteries. Here, for the first time, a series of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)-based 3D-printed electrodes is developed via fused deposition modeling for flexible and customizable high-performance lithium-ion batteries. The TPU-based electrode filaments in kilogram order are prepared via a facile extrusion method. As a result, the electrodes are well-printed with high dimensional accuracy, flexibility, and mechanical stability. Notably, 3D-printed TPU-LFP electrodes exhibit a capacity retention of 100% after 300 cycles at 1C, which is among the best cycling performance of all the reported 3D-printed electrodes. Such excellent performance is associated with the superb stress cushioning properties of the TPU-based electrodes that can accommodate the volume change during the cycling and thus significantly prevent the collapse of 3D-printed electrode structures. The findings not only provide a new avenue to achieve customizable and flexible batteries but also guide a promising way to erase the performance gap between 3D-printed and conventional lithium-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hu
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, 3216, Australia
| | - Yimin Chen
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, 3216, Australia
| | - Wei Xu
- School of Engineering, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, 3216, Australia
| | - Yi Zhu
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, 3216, Australia
| | - Donggun Kim
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, 3216, Australia
| | - Ye Fan
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, 3216, Australia
| | - Baozhi Yu
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, 3216, Australia
| | - Ying Chen
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, 3216, Australia
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Seok W, Jeon E, Kim Y. Effects of Annealing for Strength Enhancement of FDM 3D-Printed ABS Reinforced with Recycled Carbon Fiber. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3110. [PMID: 37514499 PMCID: PMC10384234 DOI: 10.3390/polym15143110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of annealing on the mechanical properties of fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D-printed recycled carbon fiber (rCF)-reinforced composites. In this study, filaments for FDM 3D printers are self-fabricated from pure acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and ABS reinforced with fiber content of 10 wt% and 20 wt% rCF. This study explores the tensile and flexural properties as a function of the annealing temperature and time for the three different fiber content values. In addition, dimensional measurements of the shape changes are performed to determine the suitability of applying annealing in practical manufacturing processes. The results show that annealing improves the mechanical properties by narrowing the voids between the beads, which occur during the FDM process, and by reducing the gaps between the fibers and polymer. Following annealing, the largest tensile and flexural strength improvements are 12.64% and 42.33%, respectively, for the 20 wt% rCF content samples. Moreover, compared with the pure ABS samples, the annealing effect improves the mechanical properties of the rCF-reinforced samples more effectively, and they have higher dimensional stability, indicating their suitability for annealing. These results are expected to expand the application fields of rCF and greatly increase the potential use of FDM-printed parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonseok Seok
- Department of Future Convergence Engineering, Kongju National University, Cheonan 31080, Republic of Korea
| | - Euysik Jeon
- Department of Future Convergence Engineering, Kongju National University, Cheonan 31080, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngshin Kim
- Graduate Program for Eco-Friendly Future Automotive Technology, Kongju National University, Cheonan 31080, Republic of Korea
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35
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Luo X, Cheng H, Wu X. Nanomaterials Reinforced Polymer Filament for Fused Deposition Modeling: A State-of-the-Art Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2980. [PMID: 37514370 PMCID: PMC10383500 DOI: 10.3390/polym15142980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
For the past years, fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology has received increased attention in the applications of industrial manufacturing fields, particularly for rapid prototyping, small batch production and highly customized products, owing to the merits of low-cost, user-friendliness and high design freedom. To further expand the application potential and promote the performance of the as-manufactured products, many efforts have been spent on the development of suitable materials for FDM applications. In recent years, the involvement of nanomaterials in the FDM-based polymer matrix, which has been demonstrated with great opportunities to enhance the performance and versatility of FDM printed objects, has attracted more and more research interest and the trend is expected to be more pronounced in the next few years. This paper attempts to provide a timely review regarding the current research advances in the use of nanomaterials to reinforce polymer filaments for the FDM technique. Polymer composite filaments based on nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, nanoclay, carbon fibers, graphene, metal nanoparticles and oxides are discussed in detail regarding their properties and applications. We also summarized the current research challenges and outlooked the future research trends in this field. This paper aims at providing a useful reference and guidance for skilled researchers and also beginners in related fields. Hopefully, more research advances can be stimulated in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchun Luo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Hailong Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Xin Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
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36
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Han J, Liu C, Bradford-Vialva RL, Klosterman DA, Cao L. Additive Manufacturing of Advanced Ceramics Using Preceramic Polymers. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4636. [PMID: 37444949 DOI: 10.3390/ma16134636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Ceramic materials are used in various industrial applications, as they possess exceptional physical, chemical, thermal, mechanical, electrical, magnetic, and optical properties. Ceramic structural components, especially those with highly complex structures and shapes, are difficult to fabricate with conventional methods, such as sintering and hot isostatic pressing (HIP). The use of preceramic polymers has many advantages, such as excellent processibility, easy shape change, and tailorable composition for fabricating high-performance ceramic components. Additive manufacturing (AM) is an evolving manufacturing technique that can be used to construct complex and intricate structural components. Integrating polymer-derived ceramics and AM techniques has drawn significant attention, as it overcomes the limitations and challenges of conventional fabrication approaches. This review discusses the current research that used AM technologies to fabricate ceramic articles from preceramic feedstock materials, and it demonstrates that AM processes are effective and versatile approaches for fabricating ceramic components. The future of producing ceramics using preceramic feedstock materials for AM processes is also discussed at the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchen Han
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA
| | - Chang Liu
- Technical Center, Nippon Paint Automotive Americas, Inc., Cleveland, OH 44102, USA
| | - Robyn L Bradford-Vialva
- Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL/RXMD), Manufacturing & Industrial Technologies Division, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH 45433, USA
| | - Donald A Klosterman
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA
| | - Li Cao
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA
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Rajendran S, Palani G, Kanakaraj A, Shanmugam V, Veerasimman A, Gądek S, Korniejenko K, Marimuthu U. Metal and Polymer Based Composites Manufactured Using Additive Manufacturing-A Brief Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2564. [PMID: 37299364 PMCID: PMC10255547 DOI: 10.3390/polym15112564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This review examines the mechanical performance of metal- and polymer-based composites fabricated using additive manufacturing (AM) techniques. Composite materials have significantly influenced various industries due to their exceptional reliability and effectiveness. As technology advances, new types of composite reinforcements, such as novel chemical-based and bio-based, and new fabrication techniques are utilized to develop high-performance composite materials. AM, a widely popular concept poised to shape the development of Industry 4.0, is also being utilized in the production of composite materials. Comparing AM-based manufacturing processes to traditional methods reveals significant variations in the performance of the resulting composites. The primary objective of this review is to offer a comprehensive understanding of metal- and polymer-based composites and their applications in diverse fields. Further on this review delves into the intricate details of metal- and polymer-based composites, shedding light on their mechanical performance and exploring the various industries and sectors where they find utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundarakannan Rajendran
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 602105, India; (S.R.); (G.P.)
| | - Geetha Palani
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 602105, India; (S.R.); (G.P.)
| | - Arunprasath Kanakaraj
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, PSN College of Engineering and Technology, Tirunelveli 627152, India;
| | - Vigneshwaran Shanmugam
- Instituteof Mechanical Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 602105, India;
| | - Arumugaprabu Veerasimman
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil 626126, India;
| | - Szymon Gądek
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Al. Jana Pawła II 37, 31-864 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Kinga Korniejenko
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Al. Jana Pawła II 37, 31-864 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Uthayakumar Marimuthu
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil 626126, India;
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38
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Li H, Li Z, Wang N, Peng Y, Jiang Z, Zhang Q. Improving the Mechanical Properties of CCFRPLA by Enhancing the Interface Binding Energy and Strengthening the Anti-Separation Ability of a PLA Matrix. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15112554. [PMID: 37299352 DOI: 10.3390/polym15112554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) can produce almost any product shape through layered stacking. The usability of continuous fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRP) fabricated by AM, however, is restricted owing to the limitations of no reinforcing fibers in the lay-up direction and weak interface bonding between the fibers and matrix. This study presents molecular dynamics in conjunction with experiments to explore how ultrasonic vibration enhances the performance of continuous carbon fiber-reinforced polylactic acid (CCFRPLA). Ultrasonic vibration improves the mobility of PLA matrix molecular chains by causing alternative fractures of chains, promoting crosslinking infiltration among polymer chains, and facilitating interactions between carbon fibers and the matrix. The increase in entanglement density and conformational changes enhanced the density of the PLA matrix and strengthened its anti-separation ability. In addition, ultrasonic vibration shortens the distance between the molecules of the fiber and matrix, improving the van der Waals force and thus promoting the interface binding energy between them, which ultimately achieves an overall improvement in the performance of CCFRPLA. The bending strength and interlaminar shear strength of the specimen treated with 20 W ultrasonic vibration reached 111.5 MPa and 10.16 MPa, respectively, 33.11% and 21.5% higher than those of the untreated specimen, consistent with the molecular dynamics simulations, and confirmed the effectiveness of ultrasonic vibration in improving the flexural and interlaminar properties of the CCFRPLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Li
- Department of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Zhihua Li
- Department of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Yubao Peng
- Department of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Zhuang Jiang
- Department of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Qiushuang Zhang
- Department of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
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Maidin S, Rajendran TK, Nor Hayati NM, Sheng YY, Ismail S, Muhammad AH. Effect of ultrasonic vibration on the mechanical properties of 3D printed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and polylactic acid samples. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17053. [PMID: 37484304 PMCID: PMC10361244 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is an extrusion-based AM process that is widely used due to its cost-effectiveness and user friendly. However, FDM also has some limitations such as the appearance of seam lines between layers and the production of excess material residue leading to poor surface finish, poor bonding between layers and porosity. This paper presents the findings on the application of ultrasonic vibration in an open-source FDM 3D printer to investigate its effect on the mechanical properties and microstructure of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and Polylactic Acid (PLA) samples. Two units of ultrasonic piezoelectric transducer were clamped horizontally on the surface of the 3D printer platform. The ultrasonic vibration was transmitted directly to the platform while the sample received vibration with a specific frequency while the printing process commences. Two process parameters, namely build orientation and ultrasonic vibration were selected to analyze their significance and optimization on the mechanical properties and the microstructure of the printed samples. High compressive and low surface roughness are required to have the best properties for the printed sample. Therefore, the optimization parameters are performed with these settings where the compressive strength is maximized and the surface roughness is minimized. The result shows that the overall compressive strength in ABS and PLA samples created in the Z-axis orientation is higher than in the X-axis orientation. However, the compressive strength of ABS and PLA samples is not much different after the ultrasonic vibration was applied during the printing process. The microstructure analysis shows that bonding between the layers is similar when applying ultrasonic vibration for both ABS and PLA samples. Furthermore, the result indicates that the surface roughness increased at 10 kHz and then decreased or became smoother at 20 kHz for both ABS and PLA material samples. The analysis shows that the build orientation significantly affects the compressive strength in ABS and PLA samples. However, the ultrasonic vibration has no considerable impact. In surface roughness, the build orientation and ultrasonic vibration significantly affect ABS samples. However, the PLA samples are only slightly affected. The optimum parameters for both materials are found where Z-axis orientation and 0 kHz of the ultrasonic vibration samples gave the best compressive strength and surface roughness value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shajahan Maidin
- Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, 76100, Melaka, Malaysia
| | | | - Norilani Md Nor Hayati
- Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, 76100, Melaka, Malaysia
| | - Yap Yeong Sheng
- Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, 76100, Melaka, Malaysia
| | - Shafinaz Ismail
- Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, 76100, Melaka, Malaysia
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40
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Beșliu-Băncescu I, Tamașag I, Slătineanu L. Influence of 3D Printing Conditions on Some Physical-Mechanical and Technological Properties of PCL Wood-Based Polymer Parts Manufactured by FDM. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102305. [PMID: 37242879 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The paper investigates the influence of some 3D printing conditions on some physical-mechanical and technological properties of polycaprolactone (PCL) wood-based biopolymer parts manufactured by FDM. Parts with 100% infill and the geometry according to ISO 527 Type 1B were printed on a semiprofessional desktop FDM printer. A full factorial design with three independent variables at three levels was considered. Some physical-mechanical properties (weight error, fracture temperature, ultimate tensile strength) and technological properties (top and lateral surface roughness, cutting machinability) were experimentally assessed. For the surface texture analysis, a white light interferometer was used. Regression equations for some of the investigated parameters were obtained and analysed. Higher printing speeds than those usually reported in the existing literature dealing with wood-based polymers' 3D printing had been tested. Overall, the highest level chosen for the printing speed positively influenced the surface roughness and the ultimate tensile strength of the 3D-printed parts. The cutting machinability of the printed parts was investigated by means of cutting force criteria. The results showed that the PCL wood-based polymer analysed in this study had lower machinability than natural wood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Beșliu-Băncescu
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Automotive and Robotics, "Stefan cel Mare" University, 720229 Suceava, Romania
| | - Ioan Tamașag
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Automotive and Robotics, "Stefan cel Mare" University, 720229 Suceava, Romania
| | - Laurențiu Slătineanu
- Faculty of Machine Manufacturing and Industrial Management, "Gheorghe Asachi" Technical University of Iasi, 700050 Iași, Romania
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41
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Tee YL, Nguyen-Xuan H, Tran P. Flexural properties of porcupine quill-inspired sandwich panels. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2023; 18. [PMID: 37158291 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/acd096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the bending behaviour of the porcupine quill and bioinspired Voronoi sandwich panels, aiming to explore the effect of geometrical design on the bending performance of the inspired structures. Through the x-ray micro-computed tomography, the internal morphology of the quill is explored. The longitudinal cross-section of the porcupine quill revealed a functionally graded design in the foam structure. Based on this observation, Voronoi sandwich panels are designed by incorporating the Voronoi seed distribution strategy and gradient transition design configurations. Porcupine-inspired sandwich panels with various core designs are fabricated via material jetting technique and tested under three-point bending condition. Results show that the sample failed at the bottom face panels for uniform sandwich panels, whereas graded samples failed in the core panel. The bending behaviour developed via simulation software shows a good agreement with the experimental results. The parametric study provides insights into structural designs for engineering applications, particularly in the aerospace and automobile industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Lu Tee
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - H Nguyen-Xuan
- CIRTech Institute, HUTECH University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Phuong Tran
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
- RMIT Centre for Additive Manufacturing, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
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42
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Pérez-Castillo JL, Mora A, Perez-Santiago R, Roman-Flores A, Ahmad R, Cuan-Urquizo E. Flexural Properties of Lattices Fabricated with Planar and Curved Layered Fused Filament Fabrication. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16093451. [PMID: 37176330 PMCID: PMC10179957 DOI: 10.3390/ma16093451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The use of curved layers in fused filament fabrication could lead to various advantages in surface finishing and mechanical properties. Here, the influence of three different structural and manufacturing parameters (volume fraction, raster arrangement, and the use of curved or planar layers) on the mechanical properties of lattice structures under three-point bending is studied. Two different raster arrangements were considered, i.e., those with rasters at planes parallel to the principal axes of the samples and those diagonally arranged, all at four different volume fractions. All different samples were additively manufactured using planar and curved layers. Samples were further dimensionally inspected to refine the computational models before their analysis via finite element simulations. The linear elastic region of the load-displacement curves was further analyzed numerically via finite element models. Predictions with finite element models resulted in good agreement with errors below 10%. Samples with diagonal rasters were 70% softer than those parallel to the principal axes.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Pérez-Castillo
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Epigmenio González 500 Fracc, San Pablo, Querétaro 76130, Mexico
| | - Angel Mora
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Perez-Santiago
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Epigmenio González 500 Fracc, San Pablo, Querétaro 76130, Mexico
| | - Armando Roman-Flores
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, General Ramon Corona 2514, Zapopan 45138, Mexico
| | - Rafiq Ahmad
- Smart & Sustainable Manufacturing Systems Laboratory (SMART LAB), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Enrique Cuan-Urquizo
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Epigmenio González 500 Fracc, San Pablo, Querétaro 76130, Mexico
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
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43
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Kumar MS, Farooq MU, Ross NS, Yang CH, Kavimani V, Adediran AA. Achieving effective interlayer bonding of PLA parts during the material extrusion process with enhanced mechanical properties. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6800. [PMID: 37100933 PMCID: PMC10133452 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33510-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The additive manufacturing technique of material extrusion has challenge of excessive process defects and not achieving the desired mechanical properties. The industry is trying to develop certification to better control variations in mechanical attributes. The current study is a progress towards understanding the evolution of processing defects and the correlation of mechanical behavior with the process parameters. Modeling of the 3D printing process parameters such as layer thickness, printing speed, and printing temperature is carried out through L27 orthogonal array using Taguchi approach. In addition, CRITIC embedded WASPAS is adopted to optimize the parts' mechanical attributes and overcome the defects. Flexural and tensile poly-lactic acid specimens are printed according to ASTM standards D790 and D638, respectively, and thoroughly analyzed based on the surface morphological analysis to characterize defects. The parametric significance analysis is carried out to explore process science where the layer thickness, print speed, and temperature significantly control the quality and strength of the parts. Mathematical optimization results based on composite desirability show that layer thickness of 0.1 mm, printing speed of 60 mm/s, and printing temperature of 200 °C produce significantly desirable results. The validation experiments yielded the maximum flexural strength of 78.52 MPa, the maximum ultimate tensile strength of 45.52 MPa, and maximum impact strength of 6.21 kJ/m2. It is established that multiple fused layers restricted the propagation of cracks with minimum thickness due to enhanced diffusion between the layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Saravana Kumar
- Graduate Institute of Manufacturing Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 10608, Taiwan.
| | | | - Nimel Sworna Ross
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Che-Hua Yang
- Graduate Institute of Manufacturing Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 10608, Taiwan
| | - V Kavimani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641021, India
| | - Adeolu A Adediran
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Landmark University, P.M.B. 1001, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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44
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Amza CG, Zapciu A, Baciu F, Radu C. Effect of UV-C Radiation on 3D Printed ABS-PC Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:1966. [PMID: 37112113 PMCID: PMC10141134 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
During the initial stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare facilities experienced severe shortages of personal protective equipment (PPE) and other medical supplies. Employing 3D printing to rapidly fabricate functional parts and equipment was one of the emergency solutions used to tackle these shortages. Using ultraviolet light in the UV-C band (wavelengths of 200 nm to 280 nm) might prove useful in sterilizing 3D printed parts, enabling their reusability. Most polymers, however, degrade under UV-C radiation, so it becomes necessary to determine what 3D printing materials can withstand the conditions found during medical equipment sterilization with UV-C. This paper analyzes the effect of accelerated aging through prolonged exposure to UV-C on the mechanical properties of parts 3D printed from a polycarbonate and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene polymer (ABS-PC). Samples 3D printed using a material extrusion process (MEX) went through a 24-h UV-C exposure aging cycle and then were tested versus a control group for changes in tensile strength, compressive strength and some selected material creep characteristics. Testing showed minimal mechanical property degradation following the irradiation procedure, with tensile strength being statistically the same for irradiated parts as those in the control group. Irradiated parts showed small losses in stiffness (5.2%) and compressive strength (6.5%). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed in order to assess if any changes occurred in the material structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalin Gheorghe Amza
- Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Robotics, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (A.Z.); (F.B.); (C.R.)
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Grubbs J, Sousa BC, Cote DL. Establishing a Framework for Fused Filament Fabrication Process Optimization: A Case Study with PLA Filaments. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15081945. [PMID: 37112092 PMCID: PMC10141671 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Developments in polymer 3D printing (3DP) technologies have expanded their scope beyond the rapid prototyping space into other high-value markets, including the consumer sector. Processes such as fused filament fabrication (FFF) are capable of quickly producing complex, low-cost components using a wide variety of material types, such as polylactic acid (PLA). However, FFF has seen limited scalability in functional part production partly due to the difficulty of process optimization with its complex parameter space, including material type, filament characteristics, printer conditions, and "slicer" software settings. Therefore, the aim of this study is to establish a multi-step process optimization methodology-from printer calibration to "slicer" setting adjustments to post-processing-to make FFF more accessible across material types, using PLA as a case study. The results showed filament-specific deviations in optimal print conditions, where part dimensions and tensile properties varied depending on the combination of nozzle temperature, print bed conditions, infill settings, and annealing condition. By implementing the filament-specific optimization framework established in this study beyond the scope of PLA, more efficient processing of new materials will be possible for enhanced applicability of FFF in the 3DP field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Grubbs
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Bryer C Sousa
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Danielle L Cote
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
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Pelzer L, Posada-Moreno AF, Müller K, Greb C, Hopmann C. Process Parameter Prediction for Fused Deposition Modeling Using Invertible Neural Networks. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15081884. [PMID: 37112031 PMCID: PMC10142370 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing has revolutionized prototyping and small-scale production in the past years. By creating parts layer by layer, a tool-less production technology is established, which allows for rapid adaption of the manufacturing process and customization of the product. However, the geometric freedom of the technologies comes with a large number of process parameters, especially in Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), all of which influence the resulting part's properties. Since those parameters show interdependencies and non-linearities, choosing a suitable set to create the desired part properties is not trivial. This study demonstrates the use of Invertible Neural Networks (INN) for generating process parameters objectively. By specifying the desired part in the categories of mechanical properties, optical properties and manufacturing time, the demonstrated INN generates process parameters capable of closely replicating the desired part. Validation trials prove the precision of the solution with measured properties achieving the desired properties to up to 99.96% and a mean accuracy of 85.34%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Pelzer
- Institute for Plastics Processing, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Kai Müller
- Institut für Textiltechnik, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christoph Greb
- Institut für Textiltechnik, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Hopmann
- Institute for Plastics Processing, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Salunkhe S, Murali AP, Mohammed Abdel Moneam H, Naranje V, Shanmugam R. 3D printing of plant fiber reinforced polymer composites (PFRC’s): an insight into methods, challenges and opportunities. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2022.2133612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Salunkhe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Arun Prasad Murali
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Hussein Mohammed Abdel Moneam
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Mechanical Engineering Department, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo, Egypt
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Ragavanantham Shanmugam
- Advanced Manufacturing Engineering Technology, School of Engineering, Mathematics and Technology, Navajo Technical University, Crownpoint, New Mexico, USA
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Nazir MH, Al-Marzouqi AH, Ahmed W, Zaneldin E. The potential of adopting natural fibers reinforcements for fused deposition modeling: Characterization and implications. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15023. [PMID: 37089374 PMCID: PMC10113796 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural fibers or their derivatives have gained significant attention as green fillers or reinforcement materials due to their abundant availability, environment-friendly nature and biodegradability for sustainable development. Despite the availability of modern alternatives such as concrete, glass-fiber/resin composites, steel, and plastics, there is still considerable demand for naturally occurring based materials for different applications due to their low cost, durability, strength, heat, sound, and fire-resistance characteristics. 3D printing has provided a novel approach to the development and advancement of natural fiber-based composite materials, as well as an important platform for the advancement of biomass materials toward intelligentization and industrialization. The features of 3D printing, particularly fast prototyping and small start-up, allow the easy fabrication of materials for a wide range of applications. This review highlights the current progress and potential commercial applications of 3D printed composites reinforced with natural fibers or biomass. This study discussed that 3D printing technology can be effectively utilized for different applications, including producing electroactive papers, fuel cell membranes, adhesives, wastewater treatment, biosensors, and its potential applications in the automobile, building, and construction industries. The research in the literature showed that even if the field of 3D printing has advanced significantly, problems still need to be solved, such as material incompatibility and material cost. Further studies could be conducted to improve and adapt the methods to work with various materials. More effort should be put into developing affordable printer technologies and materials that work with these printers to broaden the applications for 3D printed objects.
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Desai SM, Sonawane RY, More AP. Thermoplastic polyurethane for three‐dimensional printing applications: A review. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.6041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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Almotairy A, Alyahya M, Althobaiti A, Almutairi M, Bandari S, Ashour EA, Repka MA. Disulfiram 3D printed film produced via hot-melt extrusion techniques as a potential anticervical cancer candidate. Int J Pharm 2023; 635:122709. [PMID: 36801364 PMCID: PMC10023499 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is known globally as one of the most common health problems in women. Indeed, one of the most convenient approaches for its treatment is an appropriate bioadhesive vaginal film. This approach provides a local treatment modality, which inevitably decreases dosing frequency and improves patient compliance. Recently, disulfiram (DSF) has been investigated and demonstrated to possess anticervical cancer activity; therefore, it is employed in this work. The current study aimed to produce a novel, personalized three-dimensional (3D) printed DSF extended-release film using the hot-melt extrusion (HME) and 3D printing technologies. The optimization of the formulation composition and the HME and 3D printing processing temperatures was an important factor for overcoming the DSF heat-sensitivity issue. In addition, the 3D printing speed was specifically the most crucial parameter for alleviating heat-sensitivity concerns, which led to the production of films (F1 and F2) with an acceptable DSF content and good mechanical properties. The bioadhesion film study using sheep cervical tissue indicated a reasonable adhesive peak force (N) of 0.24 ± 0.08 for F1 and 0.40 ± 0.09 for F2, while the work of adhesion (N.mm) for F1 and F2 was 0.28 ± 0.14 and 0.54 ± 0.14, respectively. Moreover, the cumulative in vitro release data indicated that the printed films released DSF for up to 24 h. HME-coupled 3D printing successfully produced a patient-centric and personalized DSF extended-release vaginal film with a reduced dose and longer dosing interval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Almotairy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology Department, College of Pharmacy Taibah University, Al Madinah AlMunawarah 30001, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alyahya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmajeed Althobaiti
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Mashan Almutairi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 81442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suresh Bandari
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Eman A Ashour
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Michael A Repka
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
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