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Sakai-Sugino K, Uematsu J, Yamamoto H, Kihira S, Kawano M, Nishio M, Tsurudome M, Sekijima H, O'Brien M, Komada H. Inhibitory effects of kaempferol, quercetin and luteolin on the replication of human parainfluenza virus type 2 in vitro. Drug Discov Ther 2024; 18:16-23. [PMID: 38382931 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2023.01099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The eight flavonoids, apigenin, chrysin, hesperidin, kaempferol, myricetin, quercetin, rutin and luteolin were tested for the inhibition of human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hPIV-2) replication. Three flavonoids out of the eight, kaempferol, quercetin and luteolin inhibited hPIV-2 replication. Kaempferol reduced the virus release (below 1/10,000), partly inhibited genome and mRNA syntheses, but protein synthesis was observed. It partly inhibited virus entry into the cells and virus spreading, and also partly disrupted microtubules and actin microfilaments, indicating that the virus release inhibition was partly caused by the disruption of cytoskeleton. Quercetine reduced the virus release (below 1/10,000), partly inhibited genome, mRNA and protein syntheses. It partly inhibited virus entry and spreading, and also partly destroyed microtubules and microfilaments. Luteolin reduced the virus release (below 1/100,000), largely inhibited genome, mRNA and protein syntheses. It inhibited virus entry and spreading. It disrupted microtubules and microfilaments. These results indicated that luteolin has the most inhibitory effect on hPIV-2 relication. In conclusion, the three flavonoids inhibited virus replication by the inhibition of genome, mRNA and protein syntheses, and in addition to those, by the disruption of cytoskeleton in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kae Sakai-Sugino
- Department of Microbiology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
- Department of Life and Environmental Science, Tsu City College, Mie, Japan
- Microbiology and Immunology Section, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Mie, Japan
| | - Jun Uematsu
- Microbiology and Immunology Section, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Mie, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Yamamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Mie, Japan
| | - Sahoko Kihira
- Department of Life Vista, Nara Saho College, Nara, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Kawano
- Department of Microbiology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Miwako Nishio
- Department of Microbiology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Masato Tsurudome
- Department of Microbiology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Hidehisa Sekijima
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Sciences, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Myles O'Brien
- Graduate School of Nursing, Mie Prefectural College of Nursing, Mie, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Komada
- Microbiology and Immunology Section, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Mie, Japan
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Qian HQ, Wu DC, Li CY, Liu XR, Han XK, Peng Y, Zhang H, Zhao BY, Zhao Y. A systematic review of traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicity of Epimedium koreanum Nakai. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 318:116957. [PMID: 37544344 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Epimedium koreanum Nakai (E. koreanum), a member of the genus Epimedium in the family Berberidaceae, is a well-known and well-liked traditional herb used as a "kidney tonic". For thousands of years, it has been utilized for renal yang deficiency, impotence, spermatorrhea, impotence, weakness of tendons and bones, rheumatic paralysis and discomfort, numbness, and constriction. AIM OF THE STUDY The paper aims to comprehensively in-depth, and methodically review the most recent research on the traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicity of E. koreanum. MATERIALS AND METHODS Scientific databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, Elsevier, Springer, ScienceDirect, Baidu Scholar, and CNKI and medicine books in China were searched for relevant information on E. koreanum. RESULTS In traditional uses, E. koreanum is frequently used to treat various diseases like erectile dysfunction, infertility, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, asthma, kidney-yang deficiency syndrome, etc. To date, more than 379 compounds have been discovered from various parts of E. koreanum, including flavonoids, lignans, organic acids, terpenoids, hydrocarbons, dihydrophenanthrene derivatives, alkaloids, and others. Research has revealed that the compounds and crude extracts have a wide range of pharmacological effects on the reproductive, cardiovascular, and nervous systems, as well as anti-osteoporosis, anti-tumor, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, and antiviral properties. Besides, the crude extracts show potential hepatotoxicity. CONCLUSION Based on recent domestic and international research investigations, E. koreanum contains a wealth of chemical components with pronounced pharmacological activities. Its traditional uses are numerous, and the majority of these traditional uses have been supported by contemporary pharmacological investigations. Crude extracts, on the other hand, can result in hepatotoxicity. Therefore, additional in vivo and in vitro experimental research on the pharmacology and toxicology of E. koreanum are required in the future to assess its safety and efficacy. This will give a firmer scientific foundation for its safe application and the development of new drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Qin Qian
- Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453000, China
| | - Dou-Can Wu
- Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453000, China
| | - Chun-Yan Li
- Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453000, China
| | - Xin-Ran Liu
- Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453000, China
| | - Xin-Ke Han
- Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453000, China
| | - Yuan Peng
- Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453000, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453000, China
| | - Bing-Yan Zhao
- Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453000, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453000, China.
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Gabbianelli R, Shahar E, de Simone G, Rucci C, Bordoni L, Feliziani G, Zhao F, Ferrati M, Maggi F, Spinozzi E, Mahajna J. Plant-Derived Epi-Nutraceuticals as Potential Broad-Spectrum Anti-Viral Agents. Nutrients 2023; 15:4719. [PMID: 38004113 PMCID: PMC10675658 DOI: 10.3390/nu15224719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the COVID-19 pandemic appears to be diminishing, the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants represents a threat to humans due to their inherent transmissibility, immunological evasion, virulence, and invulnerability to existing therapies. The COVID-19 pandemic affected more than 500 million people and caused over 6 million deaths. Vaccines are essential, but in circumstances in which vaccination is not accessible or in individuals with compromised immune systems, drugs can provide additional protection. Targeting host signaling pathways is recommended due to their genomic stability and resistance barriers. Moreover, targeting host factors allows us to develop compounds that are effective against different viral variants as well as against newly emerging virus strains. In recent years, the globe has experienced climate change, which may contribute to the emergence and spread of infectious diseases through a variety of factors. Warmer temperatures and changing precipitation patterns can increase the geographic range of disease-carrying vectors, increasing the risk of diseases spreading to new areas. Climate change may also affect vector behavior, leading to a longer breeding season and more breeding sites for disease vectors. Climate change may also disrupt ecosystems, bringing humans closer to wildlife that transmits zoonotic diseases. All the above factors may accelerate the emergence of new viral epidemics. Plant-derived products, which have been used in traditional medicine for treating pathological conditions, offer structurally novel therapeutic compounds, including those with anti-viral activity. In addition, plant-derived bioactive substances might serve as the ideal basis for developing sustainable/efficient/cost-effective anti-viral alternatives. Interest in herbal antiviral products has increased. More than 50% of approved drugs originate from herbal sources. Plant-derived compounds offer diverse structures and bioactive molecules that are candidates for new drug development. Combining these therapies with conventional drugs could improve patient outcomes. Epigenetics modifications in the genome can affect gene expression without altering DNA sequences. Host cells can use epigenetic gene regulation as a mechanism to silence incoming viral DNA molecules, while viruses recruit cellular epitranscriptomic (covalent modifications of RNAs) modifiers to increase the translational efficiency and transcript stability of viral transcripts to enhance viral gene expression and replication. Moreover, viruses manipulate host cells' epigenetic machinery to ensure productive viral infections. Environmental factors, such as natural products, may influence epigenetic modifications. In this review, we explore the potential of plant-derived substances as epigenetic modifiers for broad-spectrum anti-viral activity, reviewing their modulation processes and anti-viral effects on DNA and RNA viruses, as well as addressing future research objectives in this rapidly emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosita Gabbianelli
- Unit of Molecular Biology and Nutrigenomics, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (R.G.); (G.d.S.); (L.B.); (G.F.); (F.Z.)
| | - Ehud Shahar
- Department of Nutrition and Natural Products, Migal—Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel;
- Department of Biotechnology, Tel-Hai College, Kiryat Shmona 1220800, Israel
| | - Gaia de Simone
- Unit of Molecular Biology and Nutrigenomics, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (R.G.); (G.d.S.); (L.B.); (G.F.); (F.Z.)
| | - Chiara Rucci
- Unit of Molecular Biology and Nutrigenomics, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (R.G.); (G.d.S.); (L.B.); (G.F.); (F.Z.)
| | - Laura Bordoni
- Unit of Molecular Biology and Nutrigenomics, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (R.G.); (G.d.S.); (L.B.); (G.F.); (F.Z.)
| | - Giulia Feliziani
- Unit of Molecular Biology and Nutrigenomics, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (R.G.); (G.d.S.); (L.B.); (G.F.); (F.Z.)
| | - Fanrui Zhao
- Unit of Molecular Biology and Nutrigenomics, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (R.G.); (G.d.S.); (L.B.); (G.F.); (F.Z.)
| | - Marta Ferrati
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP) Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (M.F.); (F.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Filippo Maggi
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP) Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (M.F.); (F.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Eleonora Spinozzi
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP) Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (M.F.); (F.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Jamal Mahajna
- Department of Nutrition and Natural Products, Migal—Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel;
- Department of Biotechnology, Tel-Hai College, Kiryat Shmona 1220800, Israel
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Lee MM, Cho WK, Cha MH, Yim NH, Yang HJ, Ma JY. The antiviral activity of Thuja orientalis folium against Influenza A virus. Virus Res 2023; 335:199199. [PMID: 37582473 PMCID: PMC10445455 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Thuja orientalis Folium (TOF) has been prescribed traditionally as an expectorant for inflammatory airway disease. In this study, we evaluated the anti-influenza A virus (IAV) activity of TOF by detecting GFP expressed by influenza A virus (A/PR/8/34-GFP) infection. The fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis showed that TOF potently inhibited IAV infection, dose-dependently. Consistently, immunofluorescence and Q-PCR analysis results confirmed TOF significantly represses IAV protein and RNA expression. TOF inhibited IAV infection at the binding and entry step upon viral infection and interferes with HA protein. Further, TOF exhibited a virucidal effect and inhibited the neuraminidase activity of IAV. Additionally, TOF prevented the cytopathic effect caused by H1N1 and H3N2 IAV infection. Amentoflavone among the constituents in TOF exerted the strongest anti-IAV effect. Myricetin, quercetin, and quercitrin also inhibited IAV infection. However, the potent anti-IAV effect of TOF may be related to the synergistic effect of constituents, not by a single specific compound. Our results suggest TOF exhibits a significant inhibitory effect against IAV infection at multi-stages via the blockage of viral attachment and entry, inhibition of neuraminidase, and induction of virucidal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myong-Min Lee
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 70 Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062 Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Kyung Cho
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 70 Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062 Republic of Korea.
| | - Min Ho Cha
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 70 Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062 Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Hui Yim
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 70 Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062 Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Yang
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 70 Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062 Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Yeul Ma
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 70 Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062 Republic of Korea.
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5
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Hu Y, He Z, Zhang W, Niu Z, Wang Y, Zhang J, Shen T, Cheng H, Hu W. The potential of Panax notoginseng against COVID-19 infection. J Ginseng Res 2023:S1226-8453(23)00031-3. [PMID: 37362082 PMCID: PMC10082468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the world and has presented the scientific community with unprecedented challenges. Infection is associated with overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines secondary to hyperactivation of the innate immune response, inducing a cytokine storm and triggering multiorgan failure and significant morbidity/mortality. No specific treatment is yet available. For thousands of years, Panax notoginseng has been used to treat various infectious diseases. Experimental evidence of P. notoginseng utility in terms of alleviating the cytokine storm, especially the cascade, and improving post-COVID-19 symptoms, suggests that P. notoginseng may serve as a valuable adjunct treatment for COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeye Hu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Ziliang He
- School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China
| | - Zhiqiang Niu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yanting Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Ji Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China
| | - Ting Shen
- Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Hong Cheng
- Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Weicheng Hu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-Coding RNA Research, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
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6
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Cho WK, Lee MM, Ma JY. Antiviral Effect of Isoquercitrin against Influenza A Viral Infection via Modulating Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13112. [PMID: 36361900 PMCID: PMC9653704 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Isoquercitrin (IQC) is a component abundantly present in many plants and is known to have an anti-viral effect against various viruses. In this study, we demonstrate that IQC exhibits strong anti-influenza A virus infection, and its effect is closely related to the suppression of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) activities. We used green fluorescent protein-tagged Influenza A/PR/8/34 (H1N1), A/PR/8/34 (H1N1), and HBPV-VR-32 (H3N2) to evaluate the anti-IAV effect of IQC. The fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis showed that IQC significantly decreases the levels of GFP expressed by IAV infection, dose-dependently. Consistent with that, IQC inhibited cytopathic effects by H1N1 or H3N2 IAV infection. Immunofluorescence analysis confirmed that IQC represses the IAV protein expression. Time-of-addition assay showed that IQC inhibits viral attachment and entry and exerts a strong virucidal effect during IAV infection. Hemagglutination assay confirmed that IQC affects IAV HA. Further, IQC potently reduced the NA activities of H1N1 and H3N2 IAV. Collectively, IQC prevents IAV infection at multi-stages via virucidal effects, inhibiting attachment, entry and viral release. Our results indicate that IQC could be developed as a potent antiviral drug to protect against influenza viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Kyung Cho
- Correspondence: (W.-K.C.); (J.Y.M.); Tel.: +82-53-940-3870 (W.-K.C.); +82-53-940-3812 (J.Y.M.)
| | | | - Jin Yeul Ma
- Correspondence: (W.-K.C.); (J.Y.M.); Tel.: +82-53-940-3870 (W.-K.C.); +82-53-940-3812 (J.Y.M.)
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7
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Cho WK, Yim NH, Lee MM, Han CH, Ma JY. Broccoli Leaves Attenuate Influenza A Virus Infection by Interfering With Hemagglutinin and Inhibiting Viral Attachment. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:899181. [PMID: 35847047 PMCID: PMC9280179 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.899181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. Italica) leaves are a byproduct of broccoli and could be used as a food source. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of broccoli leaves on influenza A virus (IAV) infection. We investigated the effect of ethanol extract of Broccoli leaves (EBL) on IAV infection using green fluorescent protein (GFP)–tagged Influenza A/PR/8/34 virus (PR8-GFP IAV). When EBL and PR8-GFP IAV were cotreated to RAW 264.7 cells, the fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis showed that EBL significantly reduced the levels of GFP expression by influenza viral infection dose-dependently. Immunofluorescence (IF) analysis confirmed that EBL decreased the expression of IAV proteins. EBL exhibited a strong inhibitory effect of IAV binding on the cells and moderate virucidal impact. Consistently, EBL potently suppressed the hemagglutination by IAV infection. These results indicate that EBL prevents IAV attachment via the inhibition of HA upon viral infection. Finally, EBL as an HA inhibitor of IAV could be used as the natural antiviral source to protect against influenza viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Kyung Cho
- Korean Medicine Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Won-Kyung Cho, ; Jin Yeul Ma,
| | - Nam-Hui Yim
- Korean Medicine Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Myong-Min Lee
- Korean Medicine Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Chang-Hoon Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Jin Yeul Ma
- Korean Medicine Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Won-Kyung Cho, ; Jin Yeul Ma,
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8
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Tale of Viruses in Male Infertility. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1358:275-323. [PMID: 35641875 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-89340-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Male infertility is a condition where the males either become sterile or critically infertile. The World Health Organisation assessed that approximately 9% of the couple have fertility issues where the contribution of the male partner was estimated to be 50%. There are several factors that can amalgamate to give rise to male infertility. Among them are lifestyle factors, genetic factors and as well as several environmental factors. The causes of male infertility may be acquired, congenital or sometimes idiopathic. All these factors adversely affect the spermatogenesis process as well as they impart serious threats to male genital organs thus resulting in infertility. Viruses are submicroscopic pathogenic agents that rely on host for their replication and survival. They enter the host cell, hijack the host cell machinery to aid their own replication and exit the cell for a new round of infection. With the growing abundance of different types of viruses and the havoc they have stirred in the form of pandemics, it is very essential to decipher their route of entry inside the human body and understand their diverse functional roles in order to combat them. In this chapter, we will review how viruses invade the male genital system thus in turn leading to detrimental consequence on male fertility. We will discuss the tropism of various viruses in the male genital organs and explore their sexual transmissibility. This chapter will summarise the functional and mechanistic approaches employed by the viruses in inducing oxidative stress inside spermatozoa thus leading to male infertility. Moreover, we will also highlight the various antiviral therapies that have been studied so far in order to ameliorate viral infection in order to combat the harmful consequences leading to male infertility.
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Nguyen TLA, Bhattacharya D. Antimicrobial Activity of Quercetin: An Approach to Its Mechanistic Principle. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27082494. [PMID: 35458691 PMCID: PMC9029217 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Quercetin, an essential plant flavonoid, possesses a variety of pharmacological activities. Extensive literature investigates its antimicrobial activity and possible mechanism of action. Quercetin has been shown to inhibit the growth of different Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as fungi and viruses. The mechanism of its antimicrobial action includes cell membrane damage, change of membrane permeability, inhibition of synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins, reduction of expression of virulence factors, mitochondrial dysfunction, and preventing biofilm formation. Quercetin has also been shown to inhibit the growth of various drug-resistant microorganisms, thereby suggesting its use as a potent antimicrobial agent against drug-resistant strains. Furthermore, certain structural modifications of quercetin have sometimes been shown to enhance its antimicrobial activity compared to that of the parent molecule. In this review, we have summarized the antimicrobial activity of quercetin with a special focus on its mechanistic principle. Therefore, this review will provide further insights into the scientific understanding of quercetin’s mechanism of action, and the implications for its use as a clinically relevant antimicrobial agent.
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10
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Cho WK, Ma JY. Antiviral activity of Epimedium koreanum Nakai water extract against influenza viruses. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 146:112581. [PMID: 34965505 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epimedium koreanum Nakai (EKN) is a popular plant in Korean and Chinese medicine for treating a variety of ailments. The aqueous extract of EKN has a significant inhibitory impact on influenza A virus (IAV) infection by directly blocking viral attachment and having a virucidal effect, according to this study. Using fluorescent microscopy and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) with a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged Influenza A/PR/8/34 virus, we examined the effect of EKN on viral infection. By viral infection, EKN strongly suppresses GFP expression, and at a dosage of 100 µg/mL, EKN decreased GFP expression by up to 90% of the untreated infected control. Immunofluorescence and Western blot analyses against influenza viral proteins revealed that EKN decreased influenza viral protein expression in a dose-dependent manner. EKN inhibited the H1N1 influenza virus's hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), preventing viral attachment to cells. Furthermore, EKN had a virucidal impact and inhibited the cytopathic effects of H1N1, H3N2 and influenza B virus infection. Finally, our findings show that EKN has the potential to be developed as a natural viral inhibitor against influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Kyung Cho
- KM Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 70 Chemdanro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Yeul Ma
- KM Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 70 Chemdanro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea.
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Arokiarajan MS, Thirunavukkarasu R, Joseph J, Ekaterina O, Aruni W. Advance research in biomedical applications on marine sulfated polysaccharide. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 194:870-881. [PMID: 34843816 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Marine ecosystem associated organisms are an affluent source of bioactive compounds. Polysaccharides with unique structural and practical entities have gained special studies interest inside the current biomedical zone. Polysaccharides are the main components of marine algae, plants, animals, insects, and microorganisms. In recent times research on seaweed is more persistent for extraction of natural bioactive "Sulfated polysaccharides" (SPs). The considerable amount of SP exists in the algae in the form of fucans, fucoidans, carrageenans, ulvan, etc. Major function of SPs is to act as a defensive lattice towards the infective organism. All SPs possess the high potential and possess a broad range of therapeutic applications as antitumor, immunomodulatory, vaccine adjuvant, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, antiviral, antiprotozoal, antimicrobial, antilipemic, therapy of regenerative medicine, also in drug delivery and tissue engineering application. This review aims to discuss the biomedicine applications of sulfated polysaccharides from marine seaweeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Shamya Arokiarajan
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 119, India
| | - Rajasekar Thirunavukkarasu
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 119, India.
| | - Jerrine Joseph
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 119, India
| | - Obluchinskaya Ekaterina
- Biochemistry and Technology of Hydrobionts, Murmansk marine biological institute of KSC, RAS, Russia
| | - Wilson Aruni
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 119, India
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12
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Zou H, Wu T, Wang Y, Kang Y, Shan Q, Xu L, Jiang Z, Lin X, Ye XY, Xie T, Zhang H. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Enhances the Antiviral Immune Response in Macrophages through the Modulation of RIG-I-Mediated Interferon Production and the JAK/STAT Signaling Pathway. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:28019-28030. [PMID: 34723002 PMCID: PMC8552330 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) exists in a wide range of sugar-rich foods and traditional Chinese medicines. The role of 5-HMF in antiviral innate immunity and its mechanism have not been reported previously. In this study, we reveal for the first time that 5-HMF upregulates the production of retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-mediated type I interferon (IFN) as a response to viral infection. IFN-β and IFN-stimulated chemokine gene expressions induced by the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) are upregulated in RAW264.7 cells and primary peritoneal macrophages after treatment with 5-HMF, a natural product that appears to inhibit the efficiency of viral replication. Meanwhile, 5-HMF-pretreated mice show enhanced innate antiviral immunity, increased serum levels of IFN-β, and reduced morbidity and viral loads upon infection with VSV. Thus, 5-HMF can be seen to have a positive effect on enhancing type I IFN production. Mechanistically, 5-HMF upregulates the expression of RIG-I in macrophages, resulting in an acceleration of the RIG-I signaling pathway activation. Additionally, STAT1 and STAT2 phosphorylations, along with the expression of IFN-stimulated chemokine genes induced by IFN-α/β, were also enhanced in macrophages cotreated with 5-HMF. In summary, these findings indicate that 5-HMF not only can induce type I IFN production but also can enhance IFN-JAK/STAT signaling, leading to a novel immunomodulatory mechanism against viral infection. In conclusion, our study reveals a previously unrecognized effect of 5-HMF in the antiviral innate immune response and suggests new potential of utilizing 5-HMF for controlling viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zou
- School
of Basic Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tingyue Wu
- School
of Life Science, University of Science &
Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
- Key
Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese
Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650000, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- School
of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
- Key
Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang
Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
- Engineering
Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine
from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal
University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanhua Kang
- School
of Basic Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qingye Shan
- School
of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
- Key
Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang
Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
- Engineering
Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine
from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal
University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liqing Xu
- School
of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
- Key
Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang
Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
- Engineering
Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine
from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal
University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zheyi Jiang
- School
of Basic Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaohan Lin
- School
of Basic Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Ye
- School
of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
- Key
Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang
Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
- Engineering
Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine
from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal
University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tian Xie
- School
of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
- Key
Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang
Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
- Engineering
Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine
from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal
University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- School
of Basic Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
- School
of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
- Key
Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang
Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
- Engineering
Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine
from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal
University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, Zhejiang, China
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13
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Thomas E, Stewart LE, Darley BA, Pham AM, Esteban I, Panda SS. Plant-Based Natural Products and Extracts: Potential Source to Develop New Antiviral Drug Candidates. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26206197. [PMID: 34684782 PMCID: PMC8537559 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are among the most complex medical problems and have been a major threat to the economy and global health. Several epidemics and pandemics have occurred due to viruses, which has led to a significant increase in mortality and morbidity rates. Natural products have always been an inspiration and source for new drug development because of their various uses. Among all-natural sources, plant sources are the most dominant for the discovery of new therapeutic agents due to their chemical and structural diversity. Despite the traditional use and potential source for drug development, natural products have gained little attention from large pharmaceutical industries. Several plant extracts and isolated compounds have been extensively studied and explored for antiviral properties against different strains of viruses. In this review, we have compiled antiviral plant extracts and natural products isolated from plants reported since 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Siva S. Panda
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +1-706-667-4022; Fax: +1-706-667-4519
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14
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Sun Y, Li C, Li Z, Shangguan A, Jiang J, Zeng W, Zhang S, He Q. Quercetin as an antiviral agent inhibits the Pseudorabies virus in vitro and in vivo. Virus Res 2021; 305:198556. [PMID: 34492238 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) accounts for a critical swine disease incurring economic losses worldwide. Several PRV vaccines are commercially available but these vaccines are effective against only certain prevalent PRV strains in China. To prevent PRV-induced latent infection and decrease the pathogenicity, novel anti-PRV drugs are required to prevent PRV infection. Natural products show exceptional structural diversity representing an important source for developing novel therapeutic agents. Quercetin is a flavonoid with anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, anti-bacterial and anti-viral activities. This study involved quercetin for studying the anti-PRV function in vitro and in vivo. Quercetin was found to significantly decrease the PRV virulent strain HNX at a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 2.618 μM and selectivity index 229. This anti-PRV activity of quercetin was found to be dose-dependent. Furthermore, quercetin also inhibited a wide the infections by a spectrum of PRV strains like HNX, Ea, Bartha and Fa strain. These virucidal effects of quercetin suggest the interaction between these molecules and viral particles, and quercetin is responsible for inhibiting the adsorption of PRV infections. The silico assays suggesting that quercetin might interact with the gD-protein on the surface of the PRV important for viral infection. Additional, the quercetin plantar injection protected the mice from the lethal challenge, decreasing the PRV-infected mice's brain viral loads and mortality. These results provides a anti-PRV strategy and contribute to drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China.
| | - Chang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China.
| | - Zhonghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China.
| | - Aishao Shangguan
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Jinhe Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Wei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China.
| | - Shujun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Qigai He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China.
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15
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Dejani NN, Elshabrawy HA, Bezerra Filho CDSM, de Sousa DP. Anticoronavirus and Immunomodulatory Phenolic Compounds: Opportunities and Pharmacotherapeutic Perspectives. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081254. [PMID: 34439920 PMCID: PMC8394099 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2019, COVID-19 emerged as a severe respiratory disease that is caused by the novel coronavirus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The disease has been associated with high mortality rate, especially in patients with comorbidities such as diabetes, cardiovascular and kidney diseases. This could be attributed to dysregulated immune responses and severe systemic inflammation in COVID-19 patients. The use of effective antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2 and modulation of the immune responses could be a potential therapeutic strategy for COVID-19. Studies have shown that natural phenolic compounds have several pharmacological properties, including anticoronavirus and immunomodulatory activities. Therefore, this review discusses the dual action of these natural products from the perspective of applicability at COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiara Naiana Dejani
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, Brazil;
| | - Hatem A. Elshabrawy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Sam Houston State University, Conroe, TX 77304, USA;
| | - Carlos da Silva Maia Bezerra Filho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, Brazil;
- Postgraduate Program in Bioactive Natural and Synthetic Products, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Damião Pergentino de Sousa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, Brazil;
- Postgraduate Program in Bioactive Natural and Synthetic Products, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-83-3216-7347
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16
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Development of Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Agents-Inspiration from Immunomodulatory Natural Products. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071257. [PMID: 34203182 PMCID: PMC8310077 DOI: 10.3390/v13071257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing broad-spectrum antiviral drugs remains an important issue as viral infections continue to threaten public health. Host-directed therapy is a method that focuses on potential targets in host cells or the body, instead of viral proteins. Its antiviral effects are achieved by disturbing the life cycles of pathogens or modulating immunity. In this review, we focus on the development of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs that enhance the immune response. Some natural products present antiviral effects mediated by enhancing immunity, and their structures and mechanisms are summarized here. Natural products with immunomodulatory effects are also discussed, although their antiviral effects remain unknown. Given the power of immunity and the feasibility of host-directed therapy, we argue that both of these categories of natural products provide clues that may be beneficial for the discovery of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs.
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17
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Lin QJ, Kumar V, Chu J, Li ZM, Wu XX, Dong H, Sun Q, Xuan YH. CBL-interacting protein kinase 31 regulates rice resistance to blast disease by modulating cellular potassium levels. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 563:23-30. [PMID: 34058471 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Rice blast disease caused by infection with Magnaporthe oryzae, a hemibiotrophic fungal pathogen, significantly reduces the yield production. However, the rice defense mechanism against blast disease remains elusive. To identify the genes involved in the regulation of rice defense to blast disease, dissociation (Ds) transposon tagging mutant lines were analyzed in terms of their response to M. oryzae isolate Guy11. Among them, CBL-interactingprotein kinase31 (CIPK31) mutants were more susceptible than wild-type plants to blast. The CIPK31 transcript was found to be insensitive to Guy11 infection, and the CIPK31-GFP was localized to the cytosol and nucleus. Overexpression of CIPK31 promoted rice defense to blast. Further analysis indicated that CIPK31 interacts with Calcineurin B-like 2 (CBL2) and CBL6 at the plasma membrane, and cbl2 mutants are more susceptible to blast compared with wild-type plants, suggesting that calcium signaling might partially through the CBL2-CIPK31 signaling regulate rice defense. Yeast two-hybrid results showed that AKT1-like (AKT1L), a potential potassium (K+) channel protein, interacted with CIPK31, and the K+ level was significantly lower in the cipk31 mutants than in the wild-type control. In addition, exogenous potassium application increased rice resistance to blast, suggesting that CIPK31 might interact with AKT1L to increase K+ uptake, thereby promoting resistance to blast. Taken together, the results presented here demonstrate that CBL2-CIPK31-AKT1L is a new signaling pathway that regulates rice defense to blast disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Jun Lin
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Vikranth Kumar
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program), Plant Molecular Biology & Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Chu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, 110161, China
| | - Zhi Min Li
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Xian Xin Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Hai Dong
- Institute of Plant Protection, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, 110161, China
| | - Qian Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
| | - Yuan Hu Xuan
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
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18
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Garber A, Barnard L, Pickrell C. Review of Whole Plant Extracts With Activity Against Herpes Simplex Viruses In Vitro and In Vivo. J Evid Based Integr Med 2021; 26:2515690X20978394. [PMID: 33593082 PMCID: PMC7894602 DOI: 10.1177/2515690x20978394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex viruses, HSV-1 and HSV-2, are highly contagious and cause lifelong, latent infections with recurrent outbreaks of oral and/or genital lesions. No cure exists for HSV-1 or HSV-2 infections, but antiviral medications are commonly used to prevent and treat outbreaks. Resistance to antivirals has begun to emerge, placing an importance on finding new and effective therapies for prophylaxis and treatment of HSV outbreaks. Botanicals may be effective HSV therapies as the constituents they contain act through a variety of mechanisms, potentially making the development of antiviral resistance more challenging. A wide variety of plants from different regions in the world have been studied for antiviral activity against HSV-1 and/or HSV-2 and showed efficacy of varying degrees. The purpose of this review is to summarize research conducted on whole plant extracts against HSV-1 and/or HSV-2 in vitro and in vivo. The majority of the research reviewed was conducted in vitro using animal cell lines, and some studies used an animal model design. Also summarized are a limited number of human trials conducted using botanical therapies on HSV lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Garber
- Department of Research, Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lianna Barnard
- Department of Research, Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chris Pickrell
- Department of Research, Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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19
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Mehrbod P, Hudy D, Shyntum D, Markowski J, Łos MJ, Ghavami S. Quercetin as a Natural Therapeutic Candidate for the Treatment of Influenza Virus. Biomolecules 2020; 11:E10. [PMID: 33374214 PMCID: PMC7824064 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The medical burden caused by respiratory manifestations of influenza virus (IV) outbreak as an infectious respiratory disease is so great that governments in both developed and developing countries have allocated significant national budget toward the development of strategies for prevention, control, and treatment of this infection, which is seemingly common and treatable, but can be deadly. Frequent mutations in its genome structure often result in resistance to standard medications. Thus, new generations of treatments are critical to combat this ever-evolving infection. Plant materials and active compounds have been tested for many years, including, more recently, active compounds like flavonoids. Quercetin is a compound belonging to the flavonols class and has shown therapeutic effects against influenza virus. The focus of this review includes viral pathogenesis as well as the application of quercetin and its derivatives as a complementary therapy in controlling influenza and its related symptoms based on the targets. We also touch on the potential of this class of compounds for treatment of SARS-COV-2, the cause of new pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvaneh Mehrbod
- Influenza and Respiratory Viruses Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran
| | - Dorota Hudy
- Department of Laryngology, Faculty of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-027 Katowice, Poland; (D.H.); (J.M.)
| | - Divine Shyntum
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Jarosław Markowski
- Department of Laryngology, Faculty of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-027 Katowice, Poland; (D.H.); (J.M.)
| | - Marek J. Łos
- Department of Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-344 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada;
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20
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Agrawal PK, Agrawal C, Blunden G. Quercetin: Antiviral Significance and Possible COVID-19 Integrative Considerations. Nat Prod Commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x20976293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Quercetin, a naturally occurring dietary flavonoid, is well known to ameliorate chronic diseases and aging processes in humans, and its antiviral properties have been investigated in numerous studies. In silico and in vitro studies demonstrated that quercetin can interfere with various stages of the coronavirus entry and replication cycle such as PLpro, 3CLpro, and NTPase/helicase. Due to its pleiotropic activities and lack of systemic toxicity, quercetin and its derivatives may represent target compounds to be tested in future clinical trials to enrich the drug arsenal against coronavirus infections. There is evidence that quercetin in combination with, for example, vitamins C and D, may exert a synergistic antiviral action that may provide either an alternative or additional therapeutic/preventive option due to overlapping antiviral and immunomodulatory properties. This review summarizes the antiviral significance of quercetin and proposes a possible strategy for the effective utilization of natural polyphenols in our daily diet for the prevention of viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gerald Blunden
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
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21
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Zhou HY, Gao SQ, Gong YS, Lin T, Tong S, Xiong W, Shi CY, Wang WQ, Fang JG. Anti-HSV-1 effect of dihydromyricetin from Ampelopsis grossedentata via the TLR9-dependent anti-inflammatory pathway. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2020; 23:370-376. [PMID: 33161114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is one of the most prevalent viruses in humans worldwide. Owing to limited therapeutic options mainly with acyclovir (ACV) and analogues and the emergence of ACV-resistant strains, new drugs with different modes of action and low toxicity are required. The aim of this study was to determine the anti-HSV-1 effect and mechanism of action of the flavonoid compound dihydromyricetin (DHM) from Ampelopsis grossedentata. METHODS The HSV-1 inhibitory effect of DHM was evaluated by measuring plaque formation and generation of progeny virus as well as expression of HSV-1-related genes in Vero cells. The molecular mechanism of the antiviral activity of DHM against HSV-1 was explored by real-time quantitative PCR and ELISA. RESULTS DHM presented a significant inhibitory effect on HSV-1 plaque formation and generation of progeny virus, with an EC50 (50% effective concentration) of 12.56 μM in Vero cells. Furthermore, expression of HSV-1 immediate-early genes (ICP4 and ICP22), early genes (ICP8 and UL42) and late genes (gB, VP1/2) was decreased by DHM at concentrations of 16 μM and 32 μM. DHM specifically suppressed mRNA levels of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), leading to inhibition of the inflammatory transcriptional factor NFκB and a decrease in TNFα. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that the effective inhibitory activity of DHM was achieved by suppressing TNFα production in a TLR9-dependent manner. Although further studies are needed to better characterise the activity of DHM in vivo, the results suggest this extract as a promising new anti-HSV-1 agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yun Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Shuang-Qi Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yu-Sheng Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Tong Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Shuai Tong
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Chun-Yang Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Wen-Qing Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jian-Guo Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, China.
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22
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Shahrajabian MH, Sun W, Cheng Q. Traditional Herbal Medicine for the Prevention and Treatment of Cold and Flu in the Autumn of 2020, Overlapped With COVID-19. Nat Prod Commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x20951431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Many herbs and plants included in several traditional systems have promising bioactive compounds for modern drug therapy. The second round of COVID-19 cases will be accompanied by the spread of seasonal influenza in the fall. The combination of the influenza season and the second wave of COVID-19 may lead to more confusion and put more pressure on public health systems. A literature survey was accomplished using multiple databases including PubMed, Science Direct, ISI web of knowledge, and Google Scholar. The most important antiviral herbs for cold and flu are Thymus vulgaris, honeysuckle flowers, Andrographis, yarrow, peppermint leaf and oil, and Calendula. The most important expectorant herbs for flu and cold are tulsi, snake root, licorice root, clove, slippery elm root, marshmallow osha root, and sage leaf. Immunostimulant herbs for these 2 diseases are Echinacea root, Eucalyptus, garlic, ginseng, marshmallow, slippery elm, Isatisroot, Usnea lichen, myrrh resin, and ginger root. In this mini-review, we mention the key role of some of the most important herbal plants and prescriptions against influenza and cold on the basis of traditional Asian medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wenli Sun
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Cheng
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China; Global Alliance of HeBAU-CLS&HeQiS for BioAl-Manufacturing, Baoding, Hebei, China
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Di Q, Zhu H, Pu D, Zhao X, Li X, Ma X, Xiao W, Chen W. The natural compound Cirsitakaoside enhances antiviral innate responses against vesicular stomatitis virus in vitro and in vivo. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 86:106783. [PMID: 32652505 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cirsitakaoside, isolated and purified from the stems and leaves of Premna szemaoensis and Macaranga denticulata, is a natural compound with potential anti-inflammatory effects. However, the role of Cirsitakaoside in antiviral activity and the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. In this study, we aimed to identify whether Cirsitakaoside has antiviral activity and investigated the underlying mechanisms. Mouse peritoneal macrophages were pretreated with Cir or DMSO, and then infected by Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) for indicated hours, Q-PCR and ELISA were used to detect the expression of interferons and pro-inflammatory cytokines, immunoblot assay were employed to investigate the involved signaling pathway in the antiviral effects of Cirsitakaoside. Furthermore, mice infected with VSV were used to investigate the antiviral activities of Cirsitakaoside in vivo. Our study demonstrated that Cirsitakaoside could promote type I IFN expression and inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α production in mouse peritoneal macrophages infected by VSV. Suppressive viral replication effects of Cirsitakaoside were observed on VSV-infected mouse peritoneal macrophages as well. Furthermore, Cirsitakaoside significantly increased the VSV-triggered phosphorylation of TBK1, IRF3 and reduced the phosphorylation of IκBα and p65 in mouse peritoneal macrophages. in vivo, the results showed that Cirsitakaoside-treated mice were more resistant to VSV infection by producing more IFN-β and less pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our study indicates that Cirsitakaoside is a good candidate for the treatment of viral infection and inflammation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Di
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Huihui Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518060, China; Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Debing Pu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Xibao Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518060, China; Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaoli Li
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China.
| | - Xingyu Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Weilie Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China.
| | - Weilin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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Saba E, Lee YY, Kim M, Hyun SH, Park CK, Son E, Kim DS, Kim SD, Rhee MH. A novel herbal formulation consisting of red ginseng extract and Epimedium koreanum Nakai-attenuated dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice. J Ginseng Res 2020; 44:833-842. [PMID: 33192127 PMCID: PMC7655509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a commonly encountered large intestine disease in the contemporary world that terminates into colorectal cancer; therefore, the timely treatment of UC is of major concern. Panax ginseng Meyer is an extensively consumed herbal commodity in South East Asian countries, especially Korea. It exhibits a wide range of biologically beneficial qualities for almost head-to-toe ailments in the body. Epimedium koreanum Nakai (EKN) is also a widely used traditional Korean herbal medicine used for treating infertility, rheumatism, and cardiovascular diseases. Materials and methods Separately the anti-inflammatory activities of both red ginseng extracts (RGEs) and EKNs had been demonstrated in the past in various inflammatory models; however, we sought to unravel the anti-inflammatory activities of the combination of these two extracts in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis in mice model because the allopathic remedies for UC involve more side effects than benefits. Results Our results have shown that the combination of RGE + EKN synergistically alleviated the macroscopic lesions in DSS-induced colitic mice such as colon shortening, hematochezia, and weight loss. Moreover, it restored the histopathological lesions in mice and decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines through the repression of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and nucleotide-binding domain (NOD)-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP-3) expression. In vitro, this combination also reduced the magnitude of nitric acid (NO), pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokine through NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells. Conclusion In the light of these findings, we can endorse this combination extract as a functional food for the prophylactic as well as therapeutic treatment of UC in humans together with allopathic remedies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Saba
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah- Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Yuan Yee Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Minki Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hee Hyun
- R&D Headquarters, Korean Ginseng Cooperation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae-Kyu Park
- R&D Headquarters, Korean Ginseng Cooperation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjung Son
- KM Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Seon Kim
- KM Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Dae Kim
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Man Hee Rhee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Denaro M, Smeriglio A, Barreca D, De Francesco C, Occhiuto C, Milano G, Trombetta D. Antiviral activity of plants and their isolated bioactive compounds: An update. Phytother Res 2019; 34:742-768. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Denaro
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Messina Messina Italy
| | - Antonella Smeriglio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Messina Messina Italy
| | - Davide Barreca
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Messina Messina Italy
| | - Clara De Francesco
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Messina Messina Italy
| | - Cristina Occhiuto
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Messina Messina Italy
| | - Giada Milano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Messina Messina Italy
| | - Domenico Trombetta
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Messina Messina Italy
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Epimedium koreanum Extract and Its Flavonoids Reduced Atherosclerotic Risk via Suppressing Modification of Human HDL. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11051110. [PMID: 31109081 PMCID: PMC6566614 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the key factor responsible for cardiovascular events, which is a major cause of morbidities and mortalities worldwide. It is well known that high-density lipoprotein (HDL) oxidation and glycation increases the risk for atherosclerosis. Epimedium koreanum has been used as a traditional oriental medicine for treating erectile dysfunction, kidney diseases, osteoporosis, and breast cancer. However, no reports on the effects of E. koreanum on HDL modification exist. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of E. koreanum extract and its eight flavonoids, which are: (1) anhydroicaritin 3-O-rhamnoside, (2) β-anhydroicaritin, (3–5) epimedins A-C, (6) epimedoside A, (7) icariin, and (8) des-O-methyl-β-anhydroicaritin, against HDL modification. HDLs obtained from pooled human plasma samples were incubated in vitro with E. koreanum extract or each compound in the presence of copper sulfate or fructose. The HDL modifications were evaluated by measuring generation of conjugated dienes, production of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, change in electrophoretic mobility of apoA-I, advanced glycation end products formation, and apoA-I aggregation. Consequently, E. koreanum extract and compound 8 suppressed HDL modification through inhibition of lipid peroxidation, apoA-I aggregation, negative charge increase, and AGEs formation. In particular, compound 8 showed more potent inhibitory effect on HDL modification than the extracts, suggesting its protective role against atherosclerosis via inhibition of HDL oxidation and glycation.
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Yan N, Wen DS, Zhao YR, Xu SJ. Epimedium sagittatum inhibits TLR4/MD-2 mediated NF-κB signaling pathway with anti-inflammatory activity. Altern Ther Health Med 2018; 18:303. [PMID: 30424767 PMCID: PMC6234691 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2363-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epimedium sagittatum (Sieb.et Zucc.) Maxim., Ying-Yang-Huo in Chinese has been used as a traditional Chinese medicine and is deemed to "reinforce the kidney Yang". Previous studies showed that E. sagittatum could modulate the immune system and treat some chronic disease such as rheumatic arthritis, cardiovascular diseases and osteoporosis. The aim of this study is to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of ethyl acetate extracts (YYHs) of E. sagittatum and its mechanisms of action. METHODS In order to explore the composition of YYHs, YYHs was analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) and in comparison with reference standards. Anti-inflammatory model was established in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. The levels of nitric oxide (NO) were measured with the Griess reagent. Production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). In addition, expression of p-p65 protein and TLR4/MD-2 complex was detected by western blots and flow cytometric, respectively. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) nuclear translocation was observed by fluorescence microscope. RESULTS A total of eight compounds were identified, of which icariside II was the most abundant compound. YYHs (12.5-50 μg/mL) had no obvious cytotoxic effect on cells, and remarkably inhibited LPS-induced production of NO, TNF-α and IL-2 with a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, YYHs up-regulated expression of p-p65 and TLR4/MD-2 complex. Further research showed that YYHs significantly suppressed NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation. CONCLUSION In brief, YYHs contributed to the inhibition of LPS-induced inflammatory response through the TLR4/MD-2-mediated NF-κB pathway and may be a potential choice to combat inflammation diseases. It includes a schema of pathways at the end of the paper.
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Radioprotective effect of epimedium on neurogenesis and cognition after acute radiation exposure. Neurosci Res 2018; 145:46-53. [PMID: 30145270 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The radioprotective effect of herb epimedium (or yin yang huo) extract (5 g/kg, oral administration daily for 4 weeks) on neurogenesis and cognition after acute radiation exposure with 5.5 Gy was evaluated in Balb/c mice by behavioral tests and immunohistochemical study. The results indicated that epimedium extract could improve animal weight loss, locomotor activity and spatial learning and memory which are similar to pre-irradiation intraperitoneal injection (100 mg/kg) of amifostine phosphate, a well- known radioprotective drug. Immunohistochemical study showed that epimedium extract prevented the loss of proliferation cells, newly generated neurons, and interneurons in the hilus, in particular, the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus. It suggests that herb epimedium may be a promising radio-neuro-protective drug to prevent radiation-induced neuropsychological disorders.
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Arabyan E, Hakobyan A, Kotsinyan A, Karalyan Z, Arakelov V, Arakelov G, Nazaryan K, Simonyan A, Aroutiounian R, Ferreira F, Zakaryan H. Genistein inhibits African swine fever virus replication in vitro by disrupting viral DNA synthesis. Antiviral Res 2018; 156:128-137. [PMID: 29940214 PMCID: PMC7127377 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the causal agent of a highly-contagious and fatal disease of domestic pigs, leading to serious socio-economic consequences in affected countries. Once, neither an anti-viral drug nor an effective vaccines are available, studies on new anti-ASFV molecules are urgently need. Recently, it has been shown that ASFV type II topoisomerase (ASFV-topo II) is inhibited by several fluoroquinolones (bacterial DNA topoisomerase inhibitors), raising the idea that this viral enzyme can be a potential target for drug development against ASFV. Here, we report that genistein hampers ASFV infection at non-cytotoxic concentrations in Vero cells and porcine macrophages. Interestingly, the antiviral activity of this isoflavone, previously described as a topo II poison in eukaryotes, is maximal when it is added to cells at middle-phase of infection (8 hpi), disrupting viral DNA replication, blocking the transcription of late viral genes as well as the synthesis of late viral proteins, reducing viral progeny. Further, the single cell electrophoresis analysis revealed the presence of fragmented ASFV genomes in cells exposed to genistein, suggesting that this molecule also acts as an ASFV-topo II poison and not as a reversible inhibitor. No antiviral effects were detected when genistein was added before or at entry phase of ASFV infection. Molecular docking studies demonstrated that genistein may interact with four residues of the ATP-binding site of ASFV-topo II (Asn-144, Val-146, Gly-147 and Leu-148), showing more binding affinity (−4.62 kcal/mol) than ATP4− (−3.02 kcal/mol), emphasizing the idea that this viral enzyme has an essential role during viral genome replication and can be a good target for drug development against ASFV. Genistein shows potent anti-ASFV activity at non-cytotoxic concentrations. Genistein disrupts viral genome replication and viral protein synthesis. It acts as an ASFV-topo II poison promoting irreversible viral genome breaks. Docking studies revealed that genistein interacts with the ATP-binding site of ASFV-topo II with more affinity than ATP4−.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Arabyan
- Group of Antiviral Defense Mechanisms, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS, 0014, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Astghik Hakobyan
- Group of Antiviral Defense Mechanisms, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS, 0014, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Armen Kotsinyan
- Group of Antiviral Defense Mechanisms, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS, 0014, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Zaven Karalyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS, 0014, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Vahram Arakelov
- Laboratory of Computational Modeling of Biological Processes, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS, 0014, Yerevan, Armenia; Russian-Armenian (Slavonic) University, 0051, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Grigor Arakelov
- Laboratory of Computational Modeling of Biological Processes, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS, 0014, Yerevan, Armenia; Russian-Armenian (Slavonic) University, 0051, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Karen Nazaryan
- Laboratory of Computational Modeling of Biological Processes, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS, 0014, Yerevan, Armenia; Russian-Armenian (Slavonic) University, 0051, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Anna Simonyan
- Department of Genetics and Cytology, Yerevan State University, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Rouben Aroutiounian
- Department of Genetics and Cytology, Yerevan State University, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Fernando Ferreira
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Hovakim Zakaryan
- Group of Antiviral Defense Mechanisms, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS, 0014, Yerevan, Armenia.
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Cho WK, Weeratunga P, Lee BH, Park JS, Kim CJ, Ma JY, Lee JS. Correction: Won-Kyung Cho; et al. Epimedium Koreanum Nakai Displays Broad Spectrum of Antiviral Activity In Vitro and In Vivo by Inducing Cellular Antiviral State. Viruses 2015, 7, 352⁻377. Viruses 2018; 10:v10060304. [PMID: 29867067 PMCID: PMC6024753 DOI: 10.3390/v10060304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Won-Kyung Cho
- Korean Medicine (KM) Based Herbal Drug Development Group, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.
| | - Prasanna Weeratunga
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-Dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.
| | - Byeong-Hoon Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-Dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.
| | - Jun-Seol Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-Dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.
| | - Chul-Joong Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-Dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.
| | - Jin Yeul Ma
- Korean Medicine (KM) Based Herbal Drug Development Group, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.
| | - Jong-Soo Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-Dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.
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Jung JY, Park SM, Ko HL, Lee JR, Park CA, Byun SH, Ku SK, Cho IJ, Kim SC. Epimedium koreanum Ameliorates Oxidative Stress-Mediated Liver Injury by Activating Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2018; 46:469-488. [PMID: 29433393 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x18500246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species is the main cause of various liver diseases. This study investigated the hepatoprotective effect of Epimedium koreanum Nakai water extract (EKE) against arachidonic acid (AA)[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]iron-mediated cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4-)-mediated acute liver injury in mice. Pretreatment with EKE (30 and 100[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]g/mL) significantly inhibited AA[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]iron-mediated cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells by preventing changes in the expression of cleaved caspase-3 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. EKE attenuated hydrogen peroxide production, glutathione depletion, and mitochondrial membrane dysfunction. EKE also increased the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), transactivated anti-oxidant response element harboring luciferase activity, and induced the expression of anti-oxidant genes. Furthermore, the cytoprotective effect of EKE against AA[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]iron was blocked in Nrf2 knockout cells. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography analysis showed that EKE contained icariin, icaritin, and quercetin; icaritin and quercetin were both found to protect HepG2 cells from AA[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]iron via Nrf2 activation. In a CCl4-induced mouse model of liver injury, pretreatment with EKE (300[Formula: see text]mg/kg) for four consecutive days ameliorated CCl4-mediated increases in serum aspartate aminotransferase activity, histological activity index, hepatic parenchyma degeneration, and inflammatory cell infiltration. EKE also decreased the number of nitrotyrosine-, 4-hydroxynonenal-, cleaved caspase-3-, and cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-positive cells in hepatic tissues. These results suggest EKE is a promising candidate for the prevention or treatment of oxidative stress-related liver diseases via Nrf2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yun Jung
- * College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Mi Park
- * College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Li Ko
- * College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Rok Lee
- † Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung A Park
- * College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hui Byun
- * College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae Kwang Ku
- * College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Je Cho
- * College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Chan Kim
- * College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38610, Republic of Korea
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Dense Granule Protein-7 (GRA-7) of Toxoplasma gondii inhibits viral replication in vitro and in vivo. J Microbiol 2017; 55:909-917. [PMID: 29076073 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-017-7392-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Dense granule protein-7 (GRA-7) is an excretory protein of Toxoplasma gondii. It is a potential serodiagnostic marker and vaccine candidate for toxoplasmosis. Previous reports demonstrated that GRA-7 induces innate immune responses in macrophages by interacting with TRAF6 via the MyD88-dependent pathway. In the present study, we evaluated the antiviral activity and induction of an antiviral state by GRA-7 both in vitro and in vivo. It was observed that GRA-7 markedly reduced the replication of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV-GFP), influenza A virus (PR8-GFP), coxsackievirus (H3-GFP), herpes simplex virus (HSV-GFP), and adenovirus-GFP in epithelial (HEK293T/HeLa) and immune (RAW264.7) cells. These antiviral activities of GRA-7 were attributed to the induction of type I interferon (IFN) signaling, resulting in the secretion of IFNs and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, in BALB/c mice, intranasal administration of GRA-7 prevented lethal infection by influenza A virus (H1N1) and exhibited prophylactic effects against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV-GFP). Collectively, these results suggested that GRA-7 exhibits immunostimulatory and broad spectrum antiviral activities via type I IFN signaling. Thus, GRA-7 can be potentially used as a vaccine adjuvant or as a candidate drug with prophylactic potential against viruses.
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Prenyl-flavonoids from Epimedium koreanum Nakai and their soluble epoxide hydrolase and tyrosinase inhibitory activities. Med Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-017-1975-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Choi JG, Lee H, Hwang YH, Lee JS, Cho WK, Ma JY. Eupatorium fortunei and Its Components Increase Antiviral Immune Responses against RNA Viruses. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:511. [PMID: 28824435 PMCID: PMC5541272 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Eupatorium fortunei (EF) has long been used as herbal medicine in Korea, China, and Asian countries to treat a variety of diseases. Recent studies have reported that EF has anti-metastatic, anti-angiogenic, anti-bacterial, and anti-oxidant activities, as well as activities against malignant metastatic human cancers. The effect of EF and its components on viruses has not been reported. In the present study, the antiviral activity and mechanism of action of an aqueous extract of EF (WEF) and its components were evaluated in vitro. We found that pretreatment with WEF markedly reduced viral replication, as evaluated using a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged virus (influenza A virus, Newcastle disease virus, and vesicular stomatitis virus) in murine RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. We demonstrated that WEF induces the production of type I IFN including pro-inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, we identified the active anti-viral components of WEF as quercetin, psoralen, and quercitrin. Thus, WEF and its active components are immunomodulators of the innate immune response in murine macrophages, a finding that is potentially useful to developing prophylactic or therapeutic treatments against a range of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang-Gi Choi
- Korean Medicine Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental MedicineDaegu, South Korea
| | - Heeeun Lee
- Korean Medicine Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental MedicineDaegu, South Korea
| | - Youn-Hwan Hwang
- Korean Medicine Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental MedicineDaegu, South Korea
| | - Jong-Soo Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National UniversityDaejeon, South Korea
| | - Won-Kyung Cho
- Korean Medicine Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental MedicineDaegu, South Korea
| | - Jin Yeul Ma
- Korean Medicine Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental MedicineDaegu, South Korea
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35
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Flavonoids: promising natural compounds against viral infections. Arch Virol 2017; 162:2539-2551. [PMID: 28547385 PMCID: PMC7087220 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3417-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are widely distributed as secondary metabolites produced by plants and play important roles in plant physiology, having a variety of potential biological benefits such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activity. Different flavonoids have been investigated for their potential antiviral activities and several of them exhibited significant antiviral properties in in vitro and even in vivo studies. This review summarizes the evidence for antiviral activity of different flavonoids, highlighting, where investigated, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of action on viruses. We also present future perspectives on therapeutic applications of flavonoids against viral infections.
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The anti-HSV-1 effect of quercetin is dependent on the suppression of TLR-3 in Raw 264.7 cells. Arch Pharm Res 2017; 40:623-630. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-017-0898-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Hwang YH, Yang HJ, Yim NH, Ma JY. Genetic toxicity of Epimedium koreanum Nakai. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 198:87-90. [PMID: 27916587 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In Eastern Asia, E. koreanum Nakai (EKN) has traditionally been used as an aphrodisiac herbal medicine. However, there was no available information for its genotoxicity. This study was conducted to evaluate the genotoxic potentials of EKN. MATERIALS AND METHODS The phytochemicals of EKN were identified using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Three standard battery of genotoxicity assay for bacterial reverse mutation, mammalian chromosomal aberration and in vivo micronuclei formation was employed. RESULTS The LC/MS/MS analysis revealed four hydroxybenzoic acids, three lignans, and ten flavonoid glycosides in EKN. The bacterial reverse mutation assay revealed no mutagenic effects of EKN. Moreover, EKN did not show any clastogenic effects in the in vivo and in vitro assays. CONCLUSION EKN water extract was shown to be a non-genotoxic herbal medicine under the conditions tested in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn-Hwan Hwang
- KM Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu 701-300, South Korea
| | - Hey Jin Yang
- KM Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu 701-300, South Korea
| | - Nam-Hui Yim
- KM Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu 701-300, South Korea
| | - Jin Yeul Ma
- KM Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu 701-300, South Korea.
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Choi JG, Jin YH, Kim JH, Oh TW, Yim NH, Cho WK, Ma JY. In vitro Anti-viral Activity of Psoraleae Semen Water Extract against Influenza A Viruses. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:460. [PMID: 27965579 PMCID: PMC5127801 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza causes respiratory infections and poses health risks to humans and animals; its effects are complicated by increasing resistance to existing anti-influenza viral agents. Therefore, novel therapeutic approaches against influenza virus infection are required. Psoraleae semen has been widely used in traditional medicine in Korea, Taiwan, China, and Japan for treating and preventing various diseases. In this study, we examined the anti-viral activities and mechanism of action of the water extract of Psoraleae semen (WPS) using RAW 264.7 and MDCK cells. We found that pre- and post-treatment with 100 μg/mL WPS markedly inhibited influenza A virus replication as assessed using a green fluorescent protein reporter virus, reduced viral protein expression (NS-1, PA, HA, PB-1, M1, and M2), and inhibited NA and HA activities. Mechanism studies revealed that WPS induced type I interferon cytokine secretion and subsequent stimulation of an anti-viral state in RAW 264.7 cells. Further, WPS exerted inhibitory effects on neuraminidase in influenza virus strains H1N1 and H3N2. Meanwhile, WPS exhibited inhibitory effects on hemagglutination in H3N2 but not in H1N1. Based on these results, WPS serves as an immunomodulator and inhibitor of influenza hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. Our results suggest that WPS is a promising source of novel anti-influenza drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang-Gi Choi
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM) Daegu, South Korea
| | - Young-Hee Jin
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM) Daegu, South Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Kim
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM) Daegu, South Korea
| | - Tae Woo Oh
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM) Daegu, South Korea
| | - Nam-Hui Yim
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM) Daegu, South Korea
| | - Won-Kyung Cho
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM) Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jin Yeul Ma
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM) Daegu, South Korea
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Mousa HAL. Prevention and Treatment of Influenza, Influenza-Like Illness, and Common Cold by Herbal, Complementary, and Natural Therapies. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med 2016; 22:166-174. [PMID: 27055821 DOI: 10.1177/2156587216641831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years viral respiratory tract infections, especially influenza viruses, have had a major impact on communities worldwide as a result of unavailability of effective treatment or vaccine. The frequent alterations in the antigenic structures of respiratory viruses, particularly for RNA viruses, pose difficulties in production of effective vaccines. The unavailability of optimal medication and shortage of effective vaccines suggests the requirement for alternative natural therapies. Several herbal remedies were used for prevention and treatment viral respiratory illnesses. Among those that were found effective included maoto, licorice roots, antiwei, North American ginseng, berries, Echinacea, plants extracted carnosic acid, pomegranate, guava tea, and Bai Shao. There is scientific evidence regarding the effectiveness of several complementary therapies for colds. Oral zinc may reduce the length and severity of a cold. Taking vitamin C supplements on a regular basis only slightly reduces the length and severity of colds. Probiotics were found better than placebo in reducing the number episodes of acute upper respiratory tract infections, the rate of episodes of acute upper respiratory tract infection and reducing antibiotic use. Alkaline diets or drinks might have antiviral properties as in vitro studies demonstrated inactivation effect of alkaline medium on respiratory virus. Earthing might have a natural anti-inflammatory effect for human body. It is now accepted that an overwhelming inflammatory response is the cause of human deaths from avian H5N1 influenza infection. Earthing accelerates immune response following vaccination, as demonstrated by increases of gamma globulin concentration. No in vivo or clinical studies were found that investigate the role of alkalization or earthing on respiratory viral infections. Thus, future studies are recommended to reveal any potential curative effects.
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GASPARINI R, AMICIZIA D, LAI P, BRAGAZZI N, PANATTO D. Compounds with anti-influenza activity: present and future of strategies for the optimal treatment and management of influenza. Part II: Future compounds against influenza virus. JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 2014; 55:109-29. [PMID: 26137785 PMCID: PMC4718316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
In the first part of this overview, we described the life cycle of the influenza virus and the pharmacological action of the currently available drugs. This second part provides an overview of the molecular mechanisms and targets of still-experimental drugs for the treatment and management of influenza. Briefly, we can distinguish between compounds with anti-influenza activity that target influenza virus proteins or genes, and molecules that target host components that are essential for viral replication and propagation. These latter compounds have been developed quite recently. Among the first group, we will focus especially on hemagglutinin, M2 channel and neuraminidase inhibitors. The second group of compounds may pave the way for personalized treatment and influenza management. Combination therapies are also discussed. In recent decades, few antiviral molecules against influenza virus infections have been available; this has conditioned their use during human and animal outbreaks. Indeed, during seasonal and pandemic outbreaks, antiviral drugs have usually been administered in mono-therapy and, sometimes, in an uncontrolled manner to farm animals. This has led to the emergence of viral strains displaying resistance, especially to compounds of the amantadane family. For this reason, it is particularly important to develop new antiviral drugs against influenza viruses. Indeed, although vaccination is the most powerful means of mitigating the effects of influenza epidemics, antiviral drugs can be very useful, particularly in delaying the spread of new pandemic viruses, thereby enabling manufacturers to prepare large quantities of pandemic vaccine. In addition, antiviral drugs are particularly valuable in complicated cases of influenza, especially in hospitalized patients. To write this overview, we mined various databases, including Embase, PubChem, DrugBank and Chemical Abstracts Service, and patent repositories.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. GASPARINI
- Correspondence: R. Gasparini, Department of Health Sciences of Genoa University, via Pastore 1, 16132 Genoa, Italy - E-mail:
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