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Zhang Y, Sun X, Aphalo PJ, Zhang Y, Cheng R, Li T. Ultraviolet-A1 radiation induced a more favorable light-intercepting leaf-area display than blue light and promoted plant growth. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:197-212. [PMID: 37743709 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Plants adjust their morphology in response to light environment by sensing an array of light cues. Though the wavelengths of ultraviolet-A1 radiation (UV-A1, 350-400 nm) are close to blue light (B, 400-500 nm) and share same flavoprotein photoreceptors, it remains poorly understood how plant responses to UV-A1 radiation could differ from those to B. We initially grown tomato plants under monochromatic red light (R, 660 nm) as control, subsequently transferred them to four dichromatic light treatments containing ~20 µmol m-2 s-1 of UV-A1 radiation, peaking at 370 nm (UV-A370 ) or 400 nm (V400 ), or B (450 nm, at ~20 or 1.5 µmol m-2 s-1 ), with same total photon irradiance (~200 μmol m-2 s-1 ). We show that UV-A370 radiation was the most effective in inducing light-intercepting leaf-area display formation, resulting in larger leaf area and more shoot biomass, while it triggered weaker and later transcriptome-wide responses than B. Mechanistically, UV-A370 -promoted leaf-area display response was apparent in less than 12 h and appeared as very weakly related to transcriptome level regulation, which likely depended on the auxin transportation and cell wall acidification. This study revealed wavelength-specific responses within UV-A/blue region challenging usual assumptions that the role of UV-A1 radiation function similarly as blue light in mediating plant processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Zhang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuguang Sun
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pedro J Aphalo
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Viikki Plant Science Centre, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yuqi Zhang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruifeng Cheng
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Li
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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2
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Brooks CJ, Atamian HS, Harmer SL. Multiple light signaling pathways control solar tracking in sunflowers. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002344. [PMID: 37906610 PMCID: PMC10617704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sunflowers are famous for their ability to track the sun throughout the day and then reorient at night to face east the following morning. This occurs by differential growth patterns, with the east sides of stems growing more during the day and the west sides of stems growing more at night. This process, termed heliotropism, is generally believed to be a specialized form of phototropism; however, the underlying mechanism is unknown. To better understand heliotropism, we compared gene expression patterns in plants undergoing phototropism in a controlled environment and in plants initiating and maintaining heliotropic growth in the field. We found the expected transcriptome signatures of phototropin-mediated phototropism in sunflower stems bending towards monochromatic blue light. Surprisingly, the expression patterns of these phototropism-regulated genes are quite different in heliotropic plants. Most genes rapidly induced during phototropism display only minor differences in expression across solar tracking stems. However, some genes that are both rapidly induced during phototropism and are implicated in growth responses to foliar shade are rapidly induced on the west sides of stems at the onset of heliotropism, suggesting a possible role for red light photoreceptors in solar tracking. To test the involvement of different photoreceptor signaling pathways in heliotropism, we modulated the light environment of plants initiating solar tracking. We found that depletion of either red and far-red light or blue light did not hinder the initiation or maintenance of heliotropism in the field. Together, our results suggest that the transcriptional regulation of heliotropism is distinct from phototropin-mediated phototropism and likely involves inputs from multiple light signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Brooks
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Hagop S. Atamian
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, California, United States of America
| | - Stacey L. Harmer
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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3
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Breen S, McLellan H, Birch PRJ, Gilroy EM. Tuning the Wavelength: Manipulation of Light Signaling to Control Plant Defense. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043803. [PMID: 36835216 PMCID: PMC9958957 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth-defense trade-off in plants is a phenomenon whereby plants must balance the allocation of their resources between developmental growth and defense against attack by pests and pathogens. Consequently, there are a series of points where growth signaling can negatively regulate defenses and where defense signaling can inhibit growth. Light perception by various photoreceptors has a major role in the control of growth and thus many points where it can influence defense. Plant pathogens secrete effector proteins to manipulate defense signaling in their hosts. Evidence is emerging that some of these effectors target light signaling pathways. Several effectors from different kingdoms of life have converged on key chloroplast processes to take advantage of regulatory crosstalk. Moreover, plant pathogens also perceive and react to light in complex ways to regulate their own growth, development, and virulence. Recent work has shown that varying light wavelengths may provide a novel way of controlling or preventing disease outbreaks in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Breen
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, At James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Hazel McLellan
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, At James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Paul R. J. Birch
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, At James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Eleanor M. Gilroy
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-1382568827
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4
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Xin GY, Li LP, Wang PT, Li XY, Han YJ, Zhao X. The action of enhancing weak light capture via phototropic growth and chloroplast movement in plants. STRESS BIOLOGY 2022; 2:50. [PMID: 37676522 PMCID: PMC10441985 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-022-00066-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
To cope with fluctuating light conditions, terrestrial plants have evolved precise regulation mechanisms to help optimize light capture and increase photosynthetic efficiency. Upon blue light-triggered autophosphorylation, activated phototropin (PHOT1 and PHOT2) photoreceptors function solely or redundantly to regulate diverse responses, including phototropism, chloroplast movement, stomatal opening, and leaf positioning and flattening in plants. These responses enhance light capture under low-light conditions and avoid photodamage under high-light conditions. NON-PHOTOTROPIC HYPOCOTYL 3 (NPH3) and ROOT PHOTOTROPISM 2 (RPT2) are signal transducers that function in the PHOT1- and PHOT2-mediated response. NPH3 is required for phototropism, leaf expansion and positioning. RPT2 regulates chloroplast accumulation as well as NPH3-mediated responses. NRL PROTEIN FOR CHLOROPLAST MOVEMENT 1 (NCH1) was recently identified as a PHOT1-interacting protein that functions redundantly with RPT2 to mediate chloroplast accumulation. The PHYTOCHROME KINASE SUBSTRATE (PKS) proteins (PKS1, PKS2, and PKS4) interact with PHOT1 and NPH3 and mediate hypocotyl phototropic bending. This review summarizes advances in phototropic growth and chloroplast movement induced by light. We also focus on how crosstalk in signaling between phototropism and chloroplast movement enhances weak light capture, providing a basis for future studies aiming to delineate the mechanism of light-trapping plants to improve light-use efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Yuan Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Lu-Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Peng-Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xin-Yue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yuan-Ji Han
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.
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5
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Zhang F, Li C, Qu X, Liu J, Yu Z, Wang J, Zhu J, Yu Y, Ding Z. A feedback regulation between ARF7-mediated auxin signaling and auxin homeostasis involving MES17 affects plant gravitropism. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:1339-1351. [PMID: 35475598 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Gravitropism is an essential adaptive response of land plants. Asymmetric auxin gradients across plant organs, interpreted by multiple auxin signaling components including AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR7 (ARF7), trigger differential growth and bending response. However, how this fundamental process is strictly maintained in nature remains unclear. Here, we report that gravity stimulates the transcription of METHYL ESTERASE17 (MES17) along the lower side of the hypocotyl via ARF7-dependent auxin signaling. The asymmetric distribution of MES17, a methyltransferase that converts auxin from its inactive form methyl indole-3-acetic acid ester (MeIAA) to its biologically active form free-IAA, enhanced the gradient of active auxin across the hypocotyl, which in turn reversely amplified the asymmetric auxin responses and differential growth that shape gravitropic bending. Taken together, our findings reveal the novel role of MES17-mediated auxin homeostasis in gravitropic responses and identify an ARF7-triggered feedback mechanism that reinforces the asymmetric distribution of active auxin and strictly controls gravitropism in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Cuiling Li
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Xingzhen Qu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jiajia Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Zipeng Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Junxia Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jiayong Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yongqiang Yu
- Horticulture Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zhaojun Ding
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
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6
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Hamann K, Meier MC, Lewis NS, Carim AI. Plastic Morphological Response to Spectral Shifts during Inorganic Phototropic Growth. JACS AU 2022; 2:865-874. [PMID: 35557752 PMCID: PMC9088297 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants exhibit phototropism in which growth is directed toward sunlight and demonstrate morphological plasticity in response to changes in the spectral distribution of the incident illumination. Inorganic phototropic growth via template-free, light-directed electrochemical deposition of semiconductor material can spontaneously generate highly ordered mesostructures with anisotropic, nanoscale lamellar features that exhibit a pitch proportional to the wavelength (λ) of the stimulating illumination. In this work, Se-Te films were generated via a two-step inorganic phototropic growth process using a series of narrowband light-emitting diode sources with discrete output wavelengths (λ0 ≠ λ1). Analogous to the plasticity observed in plants, changes in illumination wavelength from λ0 to λ1 resulted in morphological changes including feature branching, termination, and/or fusion along the growth direction. The interfacial feature pitch changed with the growth duration, in some cases in a notably nonmonotonic fashion, and eventually matched that obtained for growth using only λ1. Simulated morphologies generated by modeling light-material interactions at the growth interface closely matched the evolved structures observed experimentally, indicating that the characteristics of the optical stimulation produce the observed plastic response during inorganic phototropic growth. Examination of the interfacial electric field modulation for λ1 illumination of simplified structures, representative of those generated experimentally, revealed the interfacial light scattering and concentration behavior that directed phototropic growth away from equilibrium, as well as the emergent nature of the phenomena that reestablish equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn
R. Hamann
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Madeline C. Meier
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Nathan S. Lewis
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- Beckman
Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Azhar I. Carim
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- Beckman
Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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7
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Naqvi S, He Q, Trusch F, Qiu H, Pham J, Sun Q, Christie JM, Gilroy EM, Birch PRJ. Blue-light receptor phototropin 1 suppresses immunity to promote Phytophthora infestans infection. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:2282-2293. [PMID: 34923631 PMCID: PMC9255860 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Blue-light (BL) phototropin receptors (phot1 and phot2) regulate plant growth by activating NPH3/RPT2-like (NRL) family members. Little is known about roles for BL and phots in regulating plant immunity. We showed previously that Phytophthora infestans RXLR effector Pi02860 targets potato (St)NRL1, promoting its ability to enhance susceptibility by facilitating proteasome-mediated degradation of the immune regulator StSWAP70. This raises the question: do BL and phots negatively regulate immunity? We employed coimmunoprecipitation, virus-induced gene silencing, transient overexpression and targeted mutation to investigate contributions of phots to regulating immunity. Whereas transient overexpression of Stphot1 and Stphot2 enhances P. infestans colonization of Nicotiana benthamiana, silencing endogenous Nbphot1 or Nbphot2 reduces infection. Stphot1, but not Stphot2, suppressed the INF1-triggered cell death (ICD) immune response in a BL- and NRL1-dependent manner. Stphot1, when coexpressed with StNRL1, promotes degradation of StSWAP70, whereas Stphot2 does not. Kinase-dead Stphot1 fails to suppress ICD, enhance P. infestans colonization or promote StSWAP70 degradation. Critically, BL enhances P. infestans infection, which probably involves phots but not other BL receptors such as cryptochromes and F-box proteins ZTL1 and FKF1. We demonstrate that Stphot1 and Stphot2 play different roles in promoting susceptibility, and Stphot1 kinase activity is required for BL- and StNRL1-mediated immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaista Naqvi
- Division of Plant SciencesJames Hutton InstituteUniversity of Dundee School of Life SciencesErrol RdInvergowrie, DundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Qin He
- Division of Plant SciencesJames Hutton InstituteUniversity of Dundee School of Life SciencesErrol RdInvergowrie, DundeeDD2 5DAUK
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU)Ministry of EducationKey Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU)Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei430070China
| | - Franziska Trusch
- Division of Plant SciencesJames Hutton InstituteUniversity of Dundee School of Life SciencesErrol RdInvergowrie, DundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Huishan Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU)Ministry of EducationKey Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU)Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei430070China
| | - Jasmine Pham
- Division of Plant SciencesJames Hutton InstituteUniversity of Dundee School of Life SciencesErrol RdInvergowrie, DundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Qingguo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU)Ministry of EducationKey Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU)Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei430070China
| | - John M. Christie
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems BiologyCollege of Medical, Veterinary, and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowG12 8QQUK
| | - Eleanor M. Gilroy
- Cell and Molecular ScienceJames Hutton InstituteInvergowrie, DundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Paul R. J. Birch
- Division of Plant SciencesJames Hutton InstituteUniversity of Dundee School of Life SciencesErrol RdInvergowrie, DundeeDD2 5DAUK
- Cell and Molecular ScienceJames Hutton InstituteInvergowrie, DundeeDD2 5DAUK
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8
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Riemer E, Pullagurla NJ, Yadav R, Rana P, Jessen HJ, Kamleitner M, Schaaf G, Laha D. Regulation of plant biotic interactions and abiotic stress responses by inositol polyphosphates. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:944515. [PMID: 36035672 PMCID: PMC9403785 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.944515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Inositol pyrophosphates (PP-InsPs), derivatives of inositol hexakisphosphate (phytic acid, InsP6) or lower inositol polyphosphates, are energy-rich signaling molecules that have critical regulatory functions in eukaryotes. In plants, the biosynthesis and the cellular targets of these messengers are not fully understood. This is because, in part, plants do not possess canonical InsP6 kinases and are able to synthesize PP-InsP isomers that appear to be absent in yeast or mammalian cells. This review will shed light on recent discoveries in the biosynthesis of these enigmatic messengers and on how they regulate important physiological processes in response to abiotic and biotic stresses in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Riemer
- Departmentof Plant Nutrition, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- *Correspondence: Esther Riemer,
| | | | - Ranjana Yadav
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Priyanshi Rana
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Henning J. Jessen
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & CIBSS – The Center of Biological Signaling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marília Kamleitner
- Departmentof Plant Nutrition, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gabriel Schaaf
- Departmentof Plant Nutrition, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Debabrata Laha
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
- Debabrata Laha,
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9
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Light-triggered and phosphorylation-dependent 14-3-3 association with NON-PHOTOTROPIC HYPOCOTYL 3 is required for hypocotyl phototropism. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6128. [PMID: 34675219 PMCID: PMC8531446 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26332-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
NON-PHOTOTROPIC HYPOCOTYL 3 (NPH3) is a key component of the auxin-dependent plant phototropic growth response. We report that NPH3 directly binds polyacidic phospholipids, required for plasma membrane association in darkness. We further demonstrate that blue light induces an immediate phosphorylation of a C-terminal 14-3-3 binding motif in NPH3. Subsequent association of 14-3-3 proteins is causal for the light-induced release of NPH3 from the membrane and accompanied by NPH3 dephosphorylation. In the cytosol, NPH3 dynamically transitions into membraneless condensate-like structures. The dephosphorylated state of the 14-3-3 binding site and NPH3 membrane recruitment are recoverable in darkness. NPH3 variants that constitutively localize either to the membrane or to condensates are non-functional, revealing a fundamental role of the 14-3-3 mediated dynamic change in NPH3 localization for auxin-dependent phototropism. This regulatory mechanism might be of general nature, given that several members of the NPH3-like family interact with 14-3-3 via a C-terminal motif. NPH3 is required for auxin-dependent plant phototropism. Here Reuter et al. show that NPH3 is a plasma membrane-bound phospholipid-binding protein and that in response to blue light, NPH3 is phosphorylated and associates with 14-3-3 proteins which leads to dissociation from the plasma membrane.
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10
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Sullivan S, Waksman T, Paliogianni D, Henderson L, Lütkemeyer M, Suetsugu N, Christie JM. Regulation of plant phototropic growth by NPH3/RPT2-like substrate phosphorylation and 14-3-3 binding. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6129. [PMID: 34675214 PMCID: PMC8531357 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26333-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Polarity underlies all directional growth responses in plants including growth towards the light (phototropism). The plasma-membrane associated protein, NON-PHOTOTROPIC HYPOCOTYL 3 (NPH3) is a key determinant of phototropic growth which is regulated by phototropin (phot) AGC kinases. Here we demonstrate that NPH3 is directly phosphorylated by phot1 within a conserved C-terminal consensus sequence (RxS) that is necessary to promote phototropism and petiole positioning in Arabidopsis. RxS phosphorylation also triggers 14-3-3 binding combined with changes in NPH3 phosphorylation and localisation status. Mutants of NPH3 that are unable to bind or constitutively bind 14-3-3 s show compromised functionality consistent with a model where phototropic curvature is established by signalling outputs arising from a gradient of NPH3 RxS phosphorylation across the stem. Our findings therefore establish that NPH3/RPT2-Like (NRL) proteins are phosphorylation targets for plant AGC kinases. Moreover, RxS phosphorylation is conserved in other members of the NRL family, suggesting a common mechanism of regulating plant growth to the prevailing light environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Sullivan
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Thomas Waksman
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Dimitra Paliogianni
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Louise Henderson
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Melanie Lütkemeyer
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.,RNA Biology and Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Noriyuki Suetsugu
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.,Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - John M Christie
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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11
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Kimura T, Haga K, Nomura Y, Higaki T, Nakagami H, Sakai T. Phosphorylation of NONPHOTOTROPIC HYPOCOTYL3 affects photosensory adaptation during the phototropic response. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:981-995. [PMID: 34608954 PMCID: PMC8491083 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Photosensory adaptation, which can be classified as sensor or effector adaptation, optimizes the light sensing of living organisms by tuning their sensitivity to changing light conditions. During the phototropic response in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the light-dependent expression controls of blue-light (BL) photoreceptor phototropin 1 (phot1) and its modulator ROOT PHOTOTROPISM2 (RPT2) are known as the molecular mechanisms underlying sensor adaptation. However, little is known about effector adaption in plant phototropism. Here, we show that control of the phosphorylation status of NONPHOTOTROPIC HYPOCOTYL3 (NPH3) leads to effector adaptation in hypocotyl phototropism. We generated unphosphorable and phosphomimetic NPH3 proteins on seven phosphorylation sites in the etiolated seedlings of Arabidopsis. Unphosphorable NPH3 showed a shortening of its retention time in the cytosol and caused an inability to adapt to very low fluence rates of BL (∼10-5 µmol m-2 s-1) during the phototropic response. In contrast, the phosphomimetic NPH3 proteins had a lengthened retention time in the cytosol and could not enable the adaptation to BL at fluence rates of 10-3 µmol m-2 s-1 or more. Our results indicate that the activation level of phot1 and the corresponding phosphorylation level of NPH3 determine the dissociation rate and the reassociation rate of NPH3 on the plasma membrane, respectively. These mechanisms may moderately maintain the active state of phot1 signaling across a broad range of BL intensities and contribute to the photosensory adaptation of phot1 signaling during the phototropic response in hypocotyls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Kimura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi 2-no-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Ken Haga
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Fundamental Engineering, Nippon Institute of Technology, 4-1 Gakuendai, Miyashiro-cho, Minamisaitama-gun, Saitama 345-8501, Japan
| | - Yuko Nomura
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Takumi Higaki
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Nakagami
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Tatsuya Sakai
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi 2-no-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
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12
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Han H, Adamowski M, Qi L, Alotaibi SS, Friml J. PIN-mediated polar auxin transport regulations in plant tropic responses. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:510-522. [PMID: 34254313 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Tropisms, growth responses to environmental stimuli such as light or gravity, are spectacular examples of adaptive plant development. The plant hormone auxin serves as a major coordinative signal. The PIN auxin exporters, through their dynamic polar subcellular localizations, redirect auxin fluxes in response to environmental stimuli and the resulting auxin gradients across organs underlie differential cell elongation and bending. In this review, we discuss recent advances concerning regulations of PIN polarity during tropisms, focusing on PIN phosphorylation and trafficking. We also cover how environmental cues regulate PIN actions during tropisms, as well as the crucial role of auxin feedback on PIN polarity during bending termination. Finally, the interactions between different tropisms are reviewed to understand plant adaptive growth in the natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibin Han
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, 3400, Austria
- Research Center for Plant Functional Genes and Tissue Culture Technology, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Maciek Adamowski
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, 3400, Austria
| | - Linlin Qi
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, 3400, Austria
| | - Saqer S Alotaibi
- Department of Biotechnology, Taif University, PO Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, 3400, Austria
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13
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Manzano A, Pereda-Loth V, de Bures A, Sáez-Vásquez J, Herranz R, Medina FJ. Light signals counteract alterations caused by simulated microgravity in proliferating plant cells. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:1775-1792. [PMID: 34524692 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Light and gravity are fundamental cues for plant development. Our understanding of the effects of light stimuli on plants in space, without gravity, is key to providing conditions for plants to acclimate to the environment. Here we tested the hypothesis that the alterations caused by the absence of gravity in root meristematic cells can be counteracted by light. METHODS Seedlings of wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana and two mutants of the essential nucleolar protein nucleolin (nuc1, nuc2) were grown in simulated microgravity, either under a white light photoperiod or under continuous darkness. Key variables of cell proliferation (cell cycle regulation), cell growth (ribosome biogenesis), and auxin transport were measured in the root meristem using in situ cellular markers and transcriptomic methods and compared with those of a 1 g control. RESULTS The incorporation of a photoperiod regime was sufficient to attenuate or suppress the effects caused by gravitational stress at the cellular level in the root meristem. In all cases, values for variables recorded from samples receiving light stimuli in simulated microgravity were closer to values from the controls than values from samples grown in darkness. Differential sensitivities were obtained for the two nucleolin mutants. CONCLUSIONS Light signals may totally or partially replace gravity signals, significantly improving plant growth and development in microgravity. Despite that, molecular alterations are still compatible with the expected acclimation mechanisms, which need to be better understood. The differential sensitivity of nuc1 and nuc2 mutants to gravitational stress points to new strategies to produce more resilient plants to travel with humans in new extraterrestrial endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aránzazu Manzano
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas - CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | | | - Anne de Bures
- CNRS, Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes (LGDP), UMR 5096, Perpignan, 66860, France
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, LGDP, UMR 5096, Perpignan, 66860, France
| | - Julio Sáez-Vásquez
- CNRS, Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes (LGDP), UMR 5096, Perpignan, 66860, France
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, LGDP, UMR 5096, Perpignan, 66860, France
| | - Raúl Herranz
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas - CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - F Javier Medina
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas - CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid, 28040, Spain
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14
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Schmickl T, Szopek M, Mondada F, Mills R, Stefanec M, Hofstadler DN, Lazic D, Barmak R, Bonnet F, Zahadat P. Social Integrating Robots Suggest Mitigation Strategies for Ecosystem Decay. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:612605. [PMID: 34109162 PMCID: PMC8181169 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.612605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We develop here a novel hypothesis that may generate a general research framework of how autonomous robots may act as a future contingency to counteract the ongoing ecological mass extinction process. We showcase several research projects that have undertaken first steps to generate the required prerequisites for such a technology-based conservation biology approach. Our main idea is to stabilise and support broken ecosystems by introducing artificial members, robots, that are able to blend into the ecosystem's regulatory feedback loops and can modulate natural organisms' local densities through participation in those feedback loops. These robots are able to inject information that can be gathered using technology and to help the system in processing available information with technology. In order to understand the key principles of how these robots are capable of modulating the behaviour of large populations of living organisms based on interacting with just a few individuals, we develop novel mathematical models that focus on important behavioural feedback loops. These loops produce relevant group-level effects, allowing for robotic modulation of collective decision making in social organisms. A general understanding of such systems through mathematical models is necessary for designing future organism-interacting robots in an informed and structured way, which maximises the desired output from a minimum of intervention. Such models also help to unveil the commonalities and specificities of the individual implementations and allow predicting the outcomes of microscopic behavioural mechanisms on the ultimate macroscopic-level effects. We found that very similar models of interaction can be successfully used in multiple very different organism groups and behaviour types (honeybee aggregation, fish shoaling, and plant growth). Here we also report experimental data from biohybrid systems of robots and living organisms. Our mathematical models serve as building blocks for a deep understanding of these biohybrid systems. Only if the effects of autonomous robots onto the environment can be sufficiently well predicted can such robotic systems leave the safe space of the lab and can be applied in the wild to be able to unfold their ecosystem-stabilising potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schmickl
- Artificial Life Laboratory of the Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Martina Szopek
- Artificial Life Laboratory of the Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Francesco Mondada
- Mobile Robotic Systems Group, School of Engineering and School of Computer and Communication Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rob Mills
- Mobile Robotic Systems Group, School of Engineering and School of Computer and Communication Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- BioISI, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Martin Stefanec
- Artificial Life Laboratory of the Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Daniel N. Hofstadler
- Artificial Life Laboratory of the Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dajana Lazic
- Artificial Life Laboratory of the Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Rafael Barmak
- Mobile Robotic Systems Group, School of Engineering and School of Computer and Communication Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frank Bonnet
- Mobile Robotic Systems Group, School of Engineering and School of Computer and Communication Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Payam Zahadat
- Department of Computer Science, IT University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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15
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Carim AI, Meier MC, Kennedy KM, Richter MH, Hamann KR, Lewis NS. Assessing Effects of Near-Field Synergistic Light Absorption on Ordered Inorganic Phototropic Growth. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:3693-3696. [PMID: 33683862 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c13085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report herein that synergistic light absorption in the optical near-field enables nanoscale self-organization during inorganic phototropic growth. Se-Te was grown electrochemically under illumination from an incoherent, unstructured light source in geometrically constrained, wavelength scale areas. Despite the limited dimensions, with as few as two discrete features produced in a single sub-micron dimension, the deposit morphology exhibited defined order and anisotropy. Computer modeling analysis of light absorption in simulated structures revealed a synergy wherein light capture in a nanoscale feature was enhanced by the presence of additional adjacent features, with the synergistic effect originating predominantly from nearest neighbor contributions. Modeling moreover indicated that synergistic absorption is produced by scattering of the incident illumination by individual nanoscale features, leading to a local increase in the near-field intensity and consequently increasing the absorption in neighboring features. The interplay between these optical processes establishes the basis for spontaneous order generation via inorganic phototropic growth.
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16
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Geisler MM. A Retro-Perspective on Auxin Transport. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:756968. [PMID: 34675956 PMCID: PMC8524130 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.756968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
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17
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Moulton DE, Oliveri H, Goriely A. Multiscale integration of environmental stimuli in plant tropism produces complex behaviors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:32226-32237. [PMID: 33273121 PMCID: PMC7768784 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2016025117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant tropism refers to the directed movement of an organ or organism in response to external stimuli. Typically, these stimuli induce hormone transport that triggers cell growth or deformation. In turn, these local cellular changes create mechanical forces on the plant tissue that are balanced by an overall deformation of the organ, hence changing its orientation with respect to the stimuli. This complex feedback mechanism takes place in a three-dimensional growing plant with varying stimuli depending on the environment. We model this multiscale process in filamentary organs for an arbitrary stimulus by explicitly linking hormone transport to local tissue deformation leading to the generation of mechanical forces and the deformation of the organ in three dimensions. We show, as examples, that the gravitropic, phototropic, nutational, and thigmotropic dynamic responses can be easily captured by this framework. Further, the integration of evolving stimuli and/or multiple contradictory stimuli can lead to complex behavior such as sun following, canopy escape, and plant twining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek E Moulton
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, United Kingdom
| | - Hadrien Oliveri
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, United Kingdom
| | - Alain Goriely
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, United Kingdom
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18
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Hamann KR, Carim AI, Meier MC, Lewis NS. Path-Dependent Morphological Evolution of Se-Te Mesostructures Prepared by Inorganic Phototropic Growth. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:19840-19843. [PMID: 33175527 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We describe herein a path-dependent "history" effect wherein the film morphology generated in the second step of a two-step inorganic phototropic growth process depends on a preexisting structure that has been first grown under different optical stimulation conditions. Se-Te generated with static illumination exhibited a highly anisotropic lamellar morphology with a characteristic feature pitch proportional to the input wavelength. Growth using first a short wavelength of light, followed by growth using a longer wavelength, resulted in the second-stage morphology exhibiting termination of lamellae formed during the first growth step. The lamellar pitch at the end of the second growth step was larger than that effected in the first step. In contrast, use of the same input wavelengths but in the opposite order produced no change in the feature pitch but rather only linear feature extension. Analysis of light absorption in simulated structures, in tandem with the empirical data, indicated that the history effect and asymmetric path dependence are a result of emergent nanophotonic processes at the growth interface that dynamically shape the optical field and direct morphological evolution of the photodeposit in a continuous feedback loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn R Hamann
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Azhar I Carim
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Madeline C Meier
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Nathan S Lewis
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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19
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Armbruster WS, Muchhala N. Floral reorientation: the restoration of pollination accuracy after accidents. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:232-243. [PMID: 32252125 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Plants sometimes suffer mechanical injury. The nonlethal collapse of a flowering stalk, for example, can greatly reduce plant fitness if it leads to 'incorrect' floral orientation and thus reduced visitation or poor pollination. When floral orientation is important for accurate pollination, as has been suggested for bilaterally symmetrical flowers, we predict that such flowers should have developmental and/or behavioural mechanisms for restoring 'correct' orientation after accidents. We made observations and conducted experiments on 23 native and cultivated flowering plant species in Australia, South America, North America and Europe. We found that flowers with bilateral symmetry usually have the capacity to reorient after accidents, and that this is manifested through rapid bending and/or rotation of pedicels or sexual organs or slower peduncle bending. Floral reorientation restores pollination accuracy and fit with pollinators. However, experimental floral misorientation in eight species with radially symmetrical flowers showed that, with one exception, they had little capacity to reorient their flowers, in line with expectations that the orientation of radially symmetrical flowers does not substantially affect pollination accuracy. Our results suggest that quick corrective reorientation of bilaterally symmetrical flowers is adaptive, highlighting a little-studied aspect of plant-pollinator interactions and plant evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Scott Armbruster
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 2DY, UK
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, 99775-7000, USA
| | - Nathan Muchhala
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St Louis, St Louis, MO, 63121-4499, USA
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20
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Hagihara T, Toyota M. Mechanical Signaling in the Sensitive Plant Mimosa pudica L. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E587. [PMID: 32375332 PMCID: PMC7284940 DOI: 10.3390/plants9050587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants do not possess the nerves and muscles that facilitate movement in most animals. However, several plant species can move quickly in response to various stimuli (e.g., touch). One such plant species, Mimosa pudica L., possesses the motor organ pulvinus at the junction of the leaflet-rachilla, rachilla-petiole, and petiole-stem, and upon mechanical stimulation, this organ immediately closes the leaflets and moves the petiole. Previous electrophysiological studies have demonstrated that a long-distance and rapid electrical signal propagates through M. pudica in response to mechanical stimulation. Furthermore, the spatial and temporal patterns of the action potential in the pulvinar motor cells were found to be closely correlated with rapid movements. In this review, we summarize findings from past research and discuss the mechanisms underlying long-distance signal transduction in M. pudica. We also propose a model in which the action potential, followed by water flux (i.e., a loss of turgor pressure) in the pulvinar motor cells is a critical step to enable rapid movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Hagihara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan;
| | - Masatsugu Toyota
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan;
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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21
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Zhao Q, Zhu J, Li N, Wang X, Zhao X, Zhang X. Cryptochrome-mediated hypocotyl phototropism was regulated antagonistically by gibberellic acid and sucrose in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 62:614-630. [PMID: 30941890 PMCID: PMC7318699 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Both phototropins (phot1 and phot2) and cryptochromes (cry1 and cry2) were proven as the Arabidopsis thaliana blue light receptors. Phototropins predominately function in photomovement, and cryptochromes play a role in photomorphogenesis. Although cryptochromes have been proposed to serve as positive modulators of phototropic responses, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Here, we report that depleting sucrose from the medium or adding gibberellic acids (GAs) can partially restore the defects in phototropic curvature of the phot1 phot2 double mutants under high-intensity blue light; this restoration does not occur in phot1 phot2 cry1 cry2 quadruple mutants and nph3 (nonphototropic hypocotyl 3) mutants which were impaired phototropic response in sucrose-containing medium. These results indicate that GAs and sucrose antagonistically regulate hypocotyl phototropism in a cryptochromes dependent manner, but it showed a crosstalk with phototropin signaling on NPH3. Furthermore, cryptochromes activation by blue light inhibit GAs synthesis, thus stabilizing DELLAs to block hypocotyl growth, which result in the higher GAs content in the shade side than the lit side of hypocotyl to support the asymmetric growth of hypocotyl. Through modulation of the abundance of DELLAs by sucrose depletion or added GAs, it revealed that cryptochromes have a function in mediating phototropic curvature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing‐Ping Zhao
- Key laboratory of Plant Stress BiologyState Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologySchool of Life SciencesHenan UniversityKaifeng475004China
| | - Jin‐Dong Zhu
- Key laboratory of Plant Stress BiologyState Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologySchool of Life SciencesHenan UniversityKaifeng475004China
| | - Nan‐Nan Li
- Key laboratory of Plant Stress BiologyState Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologySchool of Life SciencesHenan UniversityKaifeng475004China
| | - Xiao‐Nan Wang
- Key laboratory of Plant Stress BiologyState Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologySchool of Life SciencesHenan UniversityKaifeng475004China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Key laboratory of Plant Stress BiologyState Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologySchool of Life SciencesHenan UniversityKaifeng475004China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Key laboratory of Plant Stress BiologyState Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologySchool of Life SciencesHenan UniversityKaifeng475004China
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22
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Meier MC, Cheng WH, Atwater HA, Lewis NS, Carim AI. Inorganic Phototropism in Electrodeposition of Se-Te. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:18658-18661. [PMID: 31697074 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Photoelectrochemical deposition of Se-Te on isolated Au islands using an unstructured, incoherent beam of light produces growth of Se-Te alloy toward the direction of the incident light beam. Full-wave electromagnetic simulations of light absorption indicated that the induced spatial growth anisotropy was a function of asymmetric absorption in the evolving deposit. Inorganic phototropic growth is analogous to biological systems such as palm trees that exhibit phototropic growth wherein physical extension of the plant guides the crown toward the time-averaged position of the sun, to maximize solar harvesting.
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23
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Suzuki H, Koshiba T, Fujita C, Yamauchi Y, Kimura T, Isobe T, Sakai T, Taoka M, Okamoto T. Low-fluence blue light-induced phosphorylation of Zmphot1 mediates the first positive phototropism. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:5929-5941. [PMID: 31376280 PMCID: PMC6812725 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Phototropin1 (phot1) perceives low- to high-fluence blue light stimuli and mediates both the first and second positive phototropisms. High-fluence blue light is known to induce autophosphorylation of phot1, leading to the second positive phototropism. However, the phosphorylation status of phot1 by low-fluence blue light that induces the first positive phototropism had not been observed. Here, we conducted a phosphoproteomic analysis of maize coleoptiles to investigate the fluence-dependent phosphorylation status of Zmphot1. High-fluence blue light induced phosphorylation of Zmphot1 at several sites. Notably, low-fluence blue light significantly increased the phosphorylation level of Ser291 in Zmphot1. Furthermore, Ser291-phosphorylated and Ser369Ser376-diphosphorylated peptides were found to be more abundant in the low-fluence blue light-irradiated sides than in the shaded sides of coleoptiles. The roles of these phosphorylation events in phototropism were explored by heterologous expression of ZmPHOT1 in the Arabidopsis thaliana phot1phot2 mutant. The first positive phototropism was restored in wild-type ZmPHOT1-expressing plants; however, plants expressing S291A-ZmPHOT1 or S369AS376A-ZmPHOT1 showed significantly reduced complementation rates. All transgenic plants tested in this study exhibited a normal second positive phototropism. These findings provide the first indication that low-fluence blue light induces phosphorylation of Zmphot1 and that this induced phosphorylation is crucial for the first positive phototropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Suzuki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Kojimachi Business Center Building, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Correspondence: or
| | - Tomokazu Koshiba
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiharu Fujita
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshio Yamauchi
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taro Kimura
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Kojimachi Business Center Building, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata-shi, Niigata, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Isobe
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sakai
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata-shi, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masato Taoka
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Okamoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo, Japan
- Correspondence: or
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24
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Heinrich MK, von Mammen S, Hofstadler DN, Wahby M, Zahadat P, Skrzypczak T, Soorati MD, Krela R, Kwiatkowski W, Schmickl T, Ayres P, Stoy K, Hamann H. Constructing living buildings: a review of relevant technologies for a novel application of biohybrid robotics. J R Soc Interface 2019; 16:20190238. [PMID: 31362616 PMCID: PMC6685033 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2019.0238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Biohybrid robotics takes an engineering approach to the expansion and exploitation of biological behaviours for application to automated tasks. Here, we identify the construction of living buildings and infrastructure as a high-potential application domain for biohybrid robotics, and review technological advances relevant to its future development. Construction, civil infrastructure maintenance and building occupancy in the last decades have comprised a major portion of economic production, energy consumption and carbon emissions. Integrating biological organisms into automated construction tasks and permanent building components therefore has high potential for impact. Live materials can provide several advantages over standard synthetic construction materials, including self-repair of damage, increase rather than degradation of structural performance over time, resilience to corrosive environments, support of biodiversity, and mitigation of urban heat islands. Here, we review relevant technologies, which are currently disparate. They span robotics, self-organizing systems, artificial life, construction automation, structural engineering, architecture, bioengineering, biomaterials, and molecular and cellular biology. In these disciplines, developments relevant to biohybrid construction and living buildings are in the early stages, and typically are not exchanged between disciplines. We, therefore, consider this review useful to the future development of biohybrid engineering for this highly interdisciplinary application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Katherine Heinrich
- Institute of Computer Engineering, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- School of Architecture, Centre for IT and Architecture, Royal Danish Academy, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sebastian von Mammen
- Human–Computer Interaction, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Mostafa Wahby
- Institute of Computer Engineering, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Payam Zahadat
- Institute of Biology, Artificial Life Lab, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Department of Computer Science, IT University of Copenhagen, Kobenhavn, Denmark
| | - Tomasz Skrzypczak
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Rafał Krela
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kwiatkowski
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Thomas Schmickl
- Institute of Biology, Artificial Life Lab, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Phil Ayres
- School of Architecture, Centre for IT and Architecture, Royal Danish Academy, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kasper Stoy
- Department of Computer Science, IT University of Copenhagen, Kobenhavn, Denmark
| | - Heiko Hamann
- Institute of Computer Engineering, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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25
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Divband Soorati M, Heinrich MK, Ghofrani J, Zahadat P, Hamann H. Photomorphogenesis for robot self-assembly: adaptivity, collective decision-making, and self-repair. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2019; 14:056006. [PMID: 31298225 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ab2958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembly in biology is an inspiration for engineered large-scale multi-modular systems with desirable characteristics, such as robustness, scalability, and adaptivity. Previous works have shown that simple mobile robots can be used to emulate and study self-assembly behaviors. However, many of these studies were restricted to rather static and inflexible aggregations in predefined shapes, and were limited in adaptivity compared to that observed in nature. We propose a photomorphogenesis approach for robots using our vascular morphogenesis model-a light-stimuli directed method for multi-robot self-assembly inspired by the tissue growth of trees. Robots in the role of 'leaves' collect a virtual resource that is proportional to a real, sensed environmental feature. This is then used to build a virtual underlying network that shares a common resource throughout the whole robot aggregate and determines where it grows or shrinks as a reaction to the dynamic environment. In our approach the robots use supplemental bioinspired models to collectively select a leading robot to decide who starts to self-assemble (and where), or to assemble static aggregations. The robots then use our vascular morphogenesis model to aggregate in a directed way preferring bright areas, hence resembling natural phototropism (growth towards light). Our main result is that the assembled robots are adaptive and able to react to dynamic environments by collectively and autonomously rearranging the aggregate, discarding outdated parts, and growing new ones. In representative experiments, the self-assembling robots collectively make rational decisions on where to grow. Cutting off parts of the aggregate triggers a self-organizing repair process in the robots, and the parts regrow. All these capabilities of adaptivity, collective decision-making, and self-repair in our robot self-assembly originate directly from self-organized behavior of the vascular morphogenesis model. Our approach opens up opportunities for self-assembly with reconfiguration on short time-scales with high adaptivity of dynamic forms and structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Divband Soorati
- Institute of Computer Engineering, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany. Author to whom correspondence should be addressed
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Engineering the phototropin photocycle improves photoreceptor performance and plant biomass production. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:12550-12557. [PMID: 31160455 PMCID: PMC6589663 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1902915116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A key challenge for plant molecular biologists is to increase plant yield by altering photosynthetic productivity to secure food, energy, and environmental sustainability. In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the plasma-membrane–associated phototropin kinases, phot1 and phot2, are activated by blue light and play important roles in regulating several responses that optimize photosynthetic efficiency. However, little effort has been made to target these pathways to increase plant growth. Here, we demonstrate that modifying the photocycle of phot1 and phot2 increases their sensitivity to light. Plants with these engineered phototropins exhibit more rapid and robust chloroplast movement responses and improved leaf positioning and expansion, leading to improved biomass accumulation under light-limiting conditions. The ability to enhance photosynthetic capacity remains a recognized bottleneck to improving plant productivity. Phototropin blue light receptors (phot1 and phot2) optimize photosynthetic efficiency in Arabidopsis thaliana by coordinating multiple light-capturing processes. In this study, we explore the potential of using protein engineering to improve photoreceptor performance and thereby plant growth. We demonstrate that targeted mutagenesis can decrease or increase the photocycle lifetime of Arabidopsis phototropins in vitro and show that these variants can be used to reduce or extend the duration of photoreceptor activation in planta. Our findings show that slowing the phototropin photocycle enhanced several light-capturing responses, while accelerating it reduced phototropin’s sensitivity for chloroplast accumulation movement. Moreover, plants engineered to have a slow-photocycling variant of phot1 or phot2 displayed increased biomass production under low-light conditions as a consequence of their improved sensitivity. Together, these findings demonstrate the feasibility of engineering photoreceptors to manipulate plant growth and offer additional opportunities to enhance photosynthetic competence, particularly under suboptimal light regimes.
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Jiang Z, Liu B, Wang Y, Huang M, Kapitany T, Tian N, Cao Y, Lu Y, Deng S. Tree ring phototropism and implications for the rotation of the North China Block. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4856. [PMID: 30890749 PMCID: PMC6425038 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41339-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Trees grow towards the sunlight via a process of phototropism. The trunk phototropism processes are frequently observed in Northern Hemisphere from high latitude to at least the Tropic of Cancer region, and also occur in some in situ preserved vertical petrified woods in various geological ages. However, such evidence is still very limited and poorly known in fossil record; and the relationship between tree ring phototropism and rotation of tectonic blocks is unclear. Here we report the eccentricities of living and fossil trees as a proxy to determine geological block rotation at the same latitudes within the North China Block. The dominant eccentricity of living trees is southwest 219° ± 5°. By contrast, standing in situ fossil trunks in the Mid-Late Jurassic Tiaojishan Formation and the Late Jurassic Tuchengzi Formation had average eccentricities of 237° and 233.5°, respectively. These differences shed light on the palaeogeographical changes, indicating that the North China Block rotated clockwise from the Late Jurassic to the present day. This result is largely coincident with the palaeomagnetic results, indicating that the North China Block rotated clockwise by 26.5° ± 5.5° since the Middle to Late Jurassic transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zikun Jiang
- Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100037, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, and Center for Excellence in Life and Palaeoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Benpei Liu
- China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yongdong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, and Center for Excellence in Life and Palaeoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Min Huang
- Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Tom Kapitany
- The National Dinosaur Museum, Canberra ACT, 2913, Australia
| | - Ning Tian
- College of Palaeontology, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, 110034, China
| | - Yong Cao
- Key Laboratory of Palaeomagnetism and Tectonic Reconstruction of Ministry of Land and Resources, Institute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yuanzheng Lu
- Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development, PetroChina, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shenghui Deng
- Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development, PetroChina, Beijing, 100083, China
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28
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Abstract
Altered auxin distribution patterns and the formation of a lateral auxin gradient are often discussed in the context of phototropism. The DR5rev::GFP auxin reporter gene is commonly used in phototropism research in Arabidopsis. This study describes a fluorescent auxin analog, NBD-NAA, as an additional tool for the determination of auxin flow during phototropic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Sakai
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.
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29
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Abstract
To date, many mutants have been isolated from dicot plants, including Arabidopsis thaliana, and the physiological roles of the isolated genes have been identified. Molecular genetic analyses have usually been conducted in the model plant Arabidopsis to identify blue-light photoreceptors and key signaling components in phototropic responses. Despite these investigations, several molecular mechanisms involved in phototropism remain unknown, possibly because detailed physiological analyses have not been conducted properly in the isolated mutants. This chapter describes an approach for the detailed investigation of hypocotyl and root phototropism in Arabidopsis seedlings. The information provided here is expected to facilitate the analysis of phototropic responses in other plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Haga
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Fundamental Engineering, Nippon Institute of Technology, Miyashiro, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Taro Kimura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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Livshits MY, Razgoniaev AO, Arbulu RC, Shin J, McCullough BJ, Qin Y, Ostrowski AD, Rack JJ. Generating Photonastic Work from Irradiated Dyes in Electrospun Nanofibrous Polymer Mats. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:37470-37477. [PMID: 30272433 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b11294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
For solar-driven macroscopic motions, we assert that there is a local heating that facilitates large-scale deformations in anisotropic morphologic materials caused by thermal gradients. This report specifically identifies the fate of heat generation in photonastic materials and demonstrates how heat can perform work following excitation of a nonisomerizing dye. Utilizing the electrospinning technique, we have created a series of anisotropic nanofibrous polymer mats that comprise nonisomerizing dyes. Polymers are chosen because of their relative glass transition temperatures, elastic moduli, and melting temperatures. Light irradiation of these polymer mats with an excitation wavelength matching the absorption characteristics of the dye leads to macroscopic deformation of the mat. Analysis of still images extracted from digital videos provides plots of angular displacement vs power. The data were analyzed in terms of a photothermal model. Analyses of scanning electron microscopy micrographs for all samples are consistent to local melting in low Tg polymers and softening in high Tg polymers. Dynamic mechanical analysis allowed for quantification of the modulus change under a given light fluence. We employ these data to calculate a energy conversion efficiency. These efficiencies for the polymer mats are compared to other nonmuscular systems, including a few natural, biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksim Y Livshits
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , The University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , New Mexico 87131 , United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Ohio University , Athens , Ohio 45701 , United States
| | - Anton O Razgoniaev
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Photochemical Sciences , Bowling Green State University , Bowling Green , Ohio 43403 , United States
| | - Roberto C Arbulu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , The University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , New Mexico 87131 , United States
| | - Jisoo Shin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , The University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , New Mexico 87131 , United States
| | - Brad J McCullough
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Ohio University , Athens , Ohio 45701 , United States
| | - Yang Qin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , The University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , New Mexico 87131 , United States
| | - Alexis D Ostrowski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Photochemical Sciences , Bowling Green State University , Bowling Green , Ohio 43403 , United States
| | - Jeffrey J Rack
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , The University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , New Mexico 87131 , United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Ohio University , Athens , Ohio 45701 , United States
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31
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Wahby M, Heinrich MK, Hofstadler DN, Neufeld E, Kuksin I, Zahadat P, Schmickl T, Ayres P, Hamann H. Autonomously shaping natural climbing plants: a bio-hybrid approach. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:180296. [PMID: 30473806 PMCID: PMC6227980 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.180296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth is a self-organized process incorporating distributed sensing, internal communication and morphology dynamics. We develop a distributed mechatronic system that autonomously interacts with natural climbing plants, steering their behaviours to grow user-defined shapes and patterns. Investigating this bio-hybrid system paves the way towards the development of living adaptive structures and grown building components. In this new application domain, challenges include sensing, actuation and the combination of engineering methods and natural plants in the experimental set-up. By triggering behavioural responses in the plants through light spectra stimuli, we use static mechatronic nodes to grow climbing plants in a user-defined pattern at a two-dimensional plane. The experiments show successful growth over periods up to eight weeks. Results of the stimuli-guided experiments are substantially different from the control experiments. Key limitations are the number of repetitions performed and the scale of the systems tested. Recommended future research would investigate the use of similar bio-hybrids to connect construction elements and grow shapes of larger size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Wahby
- Institute of Computer Engineering, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Mary Katherine Heinrich
- Institute of Computer Engineering, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- School of Architecture, Centre for IT and Architecture, Royal Danish Academy, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Ewald Neufeld
- Department of Computer Science, Paderborn University, Paderborn, Germany
| | | | - Payam Zahadat
- Department of Zoology, Artificial Life Lab, Karl-Franzens University, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Schmickl
- Department of Zoology, Artificial Life Lab, Karl-Franzens University, Graz, Austria
| | - Phil Ayres
- School of Architecture, Centre for IT and Architecture, Royal Danish Academy, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Heiko Hamann
- Institute of Computer Engineering, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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32
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Kang JH, Leportier T, Park MC, Han SG, Song JD, Ju H, Hwang YJ, Ju BK, Poon TC. How do plants see the world? - UV imaging with a TiO 2 nanowire array by artificial photosynthesis. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:8443-8450. [PMID: 29616262 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr00041g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The concept of plant vision refers to the fact that plants are receptive to their visual environment, although the mechanism involved is quite distinct from the human visual system. The mechanism in plants is not well understood and has yet to be fully investigated. In this work, we have exploited the properties of TiO2 nanowires as a UV sensor to simulate the phenomenon of photosynthesis in order to come one step closer to understanding how plants see the world. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first approach to emulate and depict plant vision. We have emulated the visual map perceived by plants with a single-pixel imaging system combined with a mechanical scanner. The image acquisition has been demonstrated for several electrolyte environments, in both transmissive and reflective configurations, in order to explore the different conditions in which plants perceive light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hoon Kang
- Center for Opto-Electronic Materials and Devices, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
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Haga K, Frank L, Kimura T, Schwechheimer C, Sakai T. Roles of AGCVIII Kinases in the Hypocotyl Phototropism of Arabidopsis Seedlings. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:1060-1071. [PMID: 29490064 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of protein function by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation is an important mechanism in many cellular events. The phototropin blue-light photoreceptors, plant-specific AGCVIII kinases, are essential for phototropic responses. Members of the D6 PROTEIN KINASE (D6PK) family, representing a subfamily of the AGCVIII kinases, also contribute to phototropic responses, suggesting that possibly further AGCVIII kinases may potentially control phototropism. The present study investigates the functional roles of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) AGCVIII kinases in hypocotyl phototropism. We demonstrate that D6PK family kinases are not only required for the second but also for the first positive phototropism. In addition, we find that a previously uncharacterized AGCVIII protein, AGC1-12, is involved in the first positive phototropism and gravitropism. AGC1-12 phosphorylates serine residues in the cytoplasmic loop of PIN-FORMED 1 (PIN1) and shares phosphosite preferences with D6PK. Our work strongly suggests that the D6PK family and AGC1-12 are critical components for both hypocotyl phototropism and gravitropism, and that these kinases control tropic responses mainly through regulation of PIN-mediated auxin transport by protein phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Haga
- Department of Human Science and Common Education, Nippon Institute of Technology, 4-1 Gakuendai, Miyashiro-cho, Minamisaitama-gun, Saitama, 345-8501 Japan
| | - Lena Frank
- Plant Systems Biology, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Strasse 8, D-85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Taro Kimura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi 2-no-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata, 950-2181 Japan
- Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0083 Japan
| | - Claus Schwechheimer
- Plant Systems Biology, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Strasse 8, D-85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Tatsuya Sakai
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi 2-no-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata, 950-2181 Japan
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34
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Kimura T, Haga K, Shimizu-Mitao Y, Takebayashi Y, Kasahara H, Hayashi KI, Kakimoto T, Sakai T. Asymmetric Auxin Distribution is Not Required to Establish Root Phototropism in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:823-835. [PMID: 29401292 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
An asymmetric auxin distribution pattern is assumed to underlie the tropic responses of seed plants. It is unclear, however, whether this pattern is required for root negative phototropism. We here demonstrate that asymmetric auxin distribution is not required to establish root phototropism in Arabidopsis. Our detailed analyses of auxin reporter genes indicate that auxin accumulates on the irradiated side of roots in response to an incidental gravitropic stimulus caused by phototropic bending. Further, an agravitropic mutant showed a suppression of this accumulation with an enhancement of the phototropic response. In this context, our pharmacological and genetic analyses revealed that both polar auxin transport and auxin biosynthesis are critical for the establishment of root gravitropism, but not for root phototropism, and that defects in these processes actually enhance phototropic responses in roots. The auxin response factor double mutant arf7 arf19 and the auxin receptor mutant tir1 showed a slight reduction in phototropic curvatures in roots, suggesting that the transcriptional regulation by some specific ARF proteins and their regulators is at least partly involved in root phototropism. However, the auxin antagonist PEO-IAA [α-(phenylethyl-2-one)-indole-3-acetic acid] suppressed root gravitropism and enhanced root phototropism, suggesting that the TIR1/AFB auxin receptors and ARF transcriptional factors play minor roles in root phototropism. Taken together, we conclude from our current data that the phototropic response in Arabidopsis roots is induced by an unknown mechanism that does not require asymmetric auxin distribution and that the Cholodny-Went hypothesis probably does not apply to root phototropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Kimura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi 2-no-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata, 950-2181 Japan
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Kojimachi Business Center Building, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0083 Japan
| | - Ken Haga
- Department of Human Science and Common Education, Nippon Institute of Technology, 4-1 Gakuendai, Miyashiro-cho, Minamisaitama-gun, Saitama, 345-8501 Japan
| | - Yasushi Shimizu-Mitao
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-4 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043 Japan
| | - Yumiko Takebayashi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kasahara
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-8-1 Harumi-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8538 Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Hayashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridaicho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0005 Japan
| | - Tatsuo Kakimoto
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-4 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043 Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sakai
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi 2-no-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata, 950-2181 Japan
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Schnabel J, Hombach P, Waksman T, Giuriani G, Petersen J, Christie JM. A chemical genetic approach to engineer phototropin kinases for substrate labeling. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:5613-5623. [PMID: 29475950 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.001834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinases (PKs) control many aspects of plant physiology by regulating signaling networks through protein phosphorylation. Phototropins (phots) are plasma membrane-associated serine/threonine PKs that control a range of physiological processes that collectively serve to optimize photosynthetic efficiency in plants. These include phototropism, leaf positioning and flattening, chloroplast movement, and stomatal opening. Despite their identification over two decades ago, only a handful of substrates have been identified for these PKs. Progress in this area has been hampered by the lack of a convenient means to confirm the identity of potential substrate candidates. Here we demonstrate that the kinase domain of Arabidopsis phot1 and phot2 can be successfully engineered to accommodate non-natural ATP analogues by substituting the bulky gatekeeper residue threonine for glycine. This approach circumvents the need for radioactivity to track phot kinase activity and follow light-induced receptor autophosphorylation in vitro by incorporating thiophosphate from N6-benzyl-ATPγS. Consequently, thiophosphorylation of phot substrate candidates can be readily monitored when added or co-expressed with phots in vitro Furthermore, gatekeeper-modified phot1 retained its functionality and its ability to accommodate N6-benzyl-ATPγS as a phosphodonor when expressed in Arabidopsis We therefore anticipate that this chemical genetic approach will provide new opportunities for labeling and identifying substrates for phots and other related AGC kinases under in vitro and near-native in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Schnabel
- From the Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom and
| | - Peter Hombach
- From the Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom and.,RNA Biology and Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Thomas Waksman
- From the Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom and
| | - Giovanni Giuriani
- From the Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom and
| | - Jan Petersen
- From the Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom and
| | - John M Christie
- From the Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom and
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van den Berg T, Ten Tusscher KH. Auxin Information Processing; Partners and Interactions beyond the Usual Suspects. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122585. [PMID: 29194409 PMCID: PMC5751188 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxin plays a major role in a variety of processes involved in plant developmental patterning and its adaptation to environmental conditions. Therefore, an important question is how specificity in auxin signalling is achieved, that is, how a single signalling molecule can carry so many different types of information. In recent years, many studies on auxin specificity have been published, unravelling increasingly more details on differential auxin sensitivity, expression domains and downstream partners of the auxin receptors (transport inhibitor response 1 (TIR1) and other auxin signaling F-box proteins (AFB)), transcriptional repressors that are degraded in response to auxin (AUX/IAA) and downstream auxin response factors (ARF) that together constitute the plant’s major auxin response pathways. These data are critical to explain how, in the same cells, different auxin levels may trigger different responses, as well as how in different spatial or temporal contexts similar auxin signals converge to different responses. However, these insights do not yet answer more complex questions regarding auxin specificity. As an example, they leave open the question of how similar sized auxin changes at similar locations result in different responses depending on the duration and spatial extent of the fluctuation in auxin levels. Similarly, it leaves unanswered how, in the case of certain tropisms, small differences in signal strength at both sides of a plant organ are converted into an instructive auxin asymmetry that enables a robust tropic response. Finally, it does not explain how, in certain cases, substantially different auxin levels become translated into similar cellular responses, while in other cases similar auxin levels, even when combined with similar auxin response machinery, may trigger different responses. In this review, we illustrate how considering the regulatory networks and contexts in which auxin signalling takes place helps answer these types of fundamental questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea van den Berg
- Theoretical Biology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Kirsten H Ten Tusscher
- Theoretical Biology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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37
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Jenkins GI. Photomorphogenic responses to ultraviolet-B light. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:2544-2557. [PMID: 28183154 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to ultraviolet B (UV-B) light regulates numerous aspects of plant metabolism, morphology and physiology through the differential expression of hundreds of genes. Photomorphogenic responses to UV-B are mediated by the photoreceptor UV RESISTANCE LOCUS8 (UVR8). Considerable progress has been made in understanding UVR8 action: the structural basis of photoreceptor function, how interaction with CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 initiates signaling and how REPRESSOR OF UV-B PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS proteins negatively regulate UVR8 action. In addition, recent research shows that UVR8 mediates several responses through interaction with other signaling pathways, in particular auxin signaling. Nevertheless, many aspects of UVR8 action remain poorly understood. Most research to date has been undertaken with Arabidopsis, and it is important to explore the functions and regulation of UVR8 in diverse plant species. Furthermore, it is essential to understand how UVR8, and UV-B signaling in general, regulates processes under natural growth conditions. Ultraviolet B regulates the expression of many genes through UVR8-independent pathways, but the activity and importance of these pathways in plants growing in sunlight are poorly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth I Jenkins
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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38
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Park J, Lee Y, Martinoia E, Geisler M. Plant hormone transporters: what we know and what we would like to know. BMC Biol 2017; 15:93. [PMID: 29070024 PMCID: PMC5655956 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-017-0443-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hormone transporters are crucial for plant hormone action, which is underlined by severe developmental and physiological impacts caused by their loss-of-function mutations. Here, we summarize recent knowledge on the individual roles of plant hormone transporters in local and long-distance transport. Our inventory reveals that many hormones are transported by members of distinct transporter classes, with an apparent dominance of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family and of the Nitrate transport1/Peptide transporter family (NPF). The current need to explore further hormone transporter regulation, their functional interaction, transport directionalities, and substrate specificities is briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Park
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA.
| | - Youngsook Lee
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Enrico Martinoia
- Institute for Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Geisler
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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Petersen J, Inoue SI, Kelly SM, Sullivan S, Kinoshita T, Christie JM. Functional characterization of a constitutively active kinase variant of Arabidopsis phototropin 1. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:13843-13852. [PMID: 28663371 PMCID: PMC5566536 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.799643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Phototropins (phots) are plasma membrane–associated serine/threonine kinases that coordinate a range of processes linked to optimizing photosynthetic efficiency in plants. These photoreceptors contain two light-, oxygen-, or voltage-sensing (LOV) domains within their N terminus, with each binding one molecule of flavin mononucleotide as a UV/blue light–absorbing chromophore. Although phots contain two LOV domains, light-induced activation of the C-terminal kinase domain and subsequent receptor autophosphorylation is controlled primarily by the A′α-LOV2-Jα photosensory module. Mutations that disrupt interactions between the LOV2 core and its flanking helical segments can uncouple this mode of light regulation. However, the impact of these mutations on phot function in Arabidopsis has not been explored. Here we report that histidine substitution of Arg-472 located within the A′α-helix of Arabidopsis phot1 constitutively activates phot1 kinase activity in vitro without affecting LOV2 photochemistry. Expression analysis of phot1 R472H in the phot-deficient mutant confirmed that it is autophosphorylated in darkness in vivo but unable to initiate phot1 signaling in the absence of light. Instead, we found that phot1 R472H is poorly functional under low-light conditions but can restore phototropism, chloroplast accumulation, stomatal opening, and leaf positioning and expansion at higher light intensities. Our findings suggest that Arabidopsis can adapt to the elevated phosphorylation status of the phot1 R472H mutant in part by reducing its stability, whereas the activity of the mutant under high-light conditions can be attributed to additional increases in LOV2-mediated photoreceptor autophosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Petersen
- From the Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bower Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sharon M Kelly
- From the Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bower Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Sullivan
- From the Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bower Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Toshinori Kinoshita
- the Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and.,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - John M Christie
- From the Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bower Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom,
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Johns JW, Yost JM, Nicolle D, Igic B, Ritter MK. Worldwide hemisphere-dependent lean in Cook pines. Ecology 2017; 98:2482-2484. [PMID: 28556968 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Johns
- Department of Biology, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, 93407, USA
| | - Jennifer M Yost
- Department of Biology, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, 93407, USA
| | - Dean Nicolle
- Currency Creek Arboretum, PO Box 808, Melrose Park, South Australia, 5039, Australia
| | - Boris Igic
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 West Taylor Street MC067, Chicago, Illinois, 60607, USA
| | - Matt K Ritter
- Department of Biology, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, 93407, USA
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Maslova SP, Golovko TK. [Tropisms in underground shoots — stolons and rhizomes]. ZHURNAL OBSHCHEI BIOLOGII 2017; 78:47-60. [PMID: 30024677 DOI: 10.1134/s207908641803009x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In the review, the problem of plant movements (photo- and gravitropism) is discussed. The contemporary data on physiological and molecular mechanisms of tropisms in underground shoots and roots are presented. Special attention is paid to diagravitropism phenomenon in underground shoots (stolons and rhizomes) that grow in perpendicular direction to the Earth's gravitational axis. The role of phytochrome control in maintaining the horizontal growth of stolons and rhizomes is demonstrated, and physiological mechanisms of photo- and diagravitropism are discussed. It is shown that switching of an underground shoot tip from diatropic to ortotropic (vertical) growth is dependent on the carbohydrate and phytohor-mone balance. The perspectives are outlined for further exploratory studies on mechanisms of growth orientation and morphogenesis of underground diagravitropic shoots.
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42
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Bastien R, Meroz Y. The Kinematics of Plant Nutation Reveals a Simple Relation between Curvature and the Orientation of Differential Growth. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1005238. [PMID: 27923062 PMCID: PMC5140061 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutation is an oscillatory movement that plants display during their development. Despite its ubiquity among plants movements, the relation between the observed movement and the underlying biological mechanisms remains unclear. Here we show that the kinematics of the full organ in 3D give a simple picture of plant nutation, where the orientation of the curvature along the main axis of the organ aligns with the direction of maximal differential growth. Within this framework we reexamine the validity of widely used experimental measurements of the apical tip as markers of growth dynamics. We show that though this relation is correct under certain conditions, it does not generally hold, and is not sufficient to uncover the specific role of each mechanism. As an example we re-interpret previously measured experimental observations using our model. In his writings, Darwin considered nutation, the revolving movement of the apical tip of plants, as the most widespread plant movement. In spite of its ubiquity, plant nutation has not received as much attention as other plant movements, and its underlying mechanism remains unclear. A better understanding of this presumably growth-driven process is bound to shed light on basic growth processes in plants. In the work presented here we redefine the problem by describing the kinematics in three dimensions, as opposed to the typical description restricted to the horizontal plane. Within this framework we reveal a simple picture of the underlying dynamics, where the orientation of curvature follows the orientation of maximal differential growth. This parsimonious model recovers the major classes of nutation patterns, as shown both analytically and numerically. We then discuss the limitations of classical measurements where only the movement of the apical tip is tracked, suggesting more adequate measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Bastien
- Department of Collective Behaviour, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology and Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Yasmine Meroz
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Sullivan S, Takemiya A, Kharshiing E, Cloix C, Shimazaki K, Christie JM. Functional characterization of Arabidopsis phototropin 1 in the hypocotyl apex. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 88:907-920. [PMID: 27545835 PMCID: PMC5215551 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Phototropin (phot1) is a blue light-activated plasma membrane-associated kinase that acts as the principal photoreceptor for shoot phototropism in Arabidopsis in conjunction with the signalling component Non-Phototropic Hypocotyl 3 (NPH3). PHOT1 is uniformly expressed throughout the Arabidopsis hypocotyl, yet decapitation experiments have localized the site of light perception to the upper hypocotyl. This prompted us to investigate in more detail the functional role of the hypocotyl apex, and the regions surrounding it, in establishing phototropism. We used a non-invasive approach where PHOT1-GFP (P1-GFP) expression was targeted to the hypocotyl apex of the phot-deficient mutant using the promoters of CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON 3 (CUC3) and AINTEGUMENTA (ANT). Expression of CUC3::P1-GFP was clearly visible at the hypocotyl apex, with weaker expression in the cotyledons, whereas ANT::P1-GFP was specifically targeted to the developing leaves. Both lines showed impaired curvature to 0.005 μmol m-2 sec-1 unilateral blue light, indicating that regions below the apical meristem are necessary for phototropism. Curvature was however apparent at higher fluence rates. Moreover, CUC3::P1-GFP partially or fully complemented petiole positioning, leaf flattening and chloroplast accumulation, but not stomatal opening. Yet, tissue analysis of NPH3 de-phosphorylation showed that CUC3::P1-GFP and ANT::P1-GFP mis-express very low levels of phot1 that likely account for this responsiveness. Our spatial targeting approach therefore excludes the hypocotyl apex as the site for light perception for phototropism and shows that phot1-mediated NPH3 de-phosphorylation is tissue autonomous and occurs more prominently in the basal hypocotyl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Sullivan
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems BiologyCollege of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowBower BuildingGlasgowG12 8QQUK
| | - Atsushi Takemiya
- Department of BiologyFaculty of ScienceKyushu University744 Motooka, Nishi‐kuFukuoka819‐395Japan
- Present address: Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for InnovationYamaguchi University1677‐1 YoshidaYamaguchi753‐8512Japan
| | - Eros Kharshiing
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems BiologyCollege of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowBower BuildingGlasgowG12 8QQUK
- Department of BotanySt. Edmund's CollegeShillong793003MeghalayaIndia
| | - Catherine Cloix
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems BiologyCollege of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowBower BuildingGlasgowG12 8QQUK
- Present address: Beatson Institute for Cancer ResearchGarscube Estate, Switchback RoadBearsden, GlasgowG61 1BDUK
| | - Ken‐ichiro Shimazaki
- Department of BiologyFaculty of ScienceKyushu University744 Motooka, Nishi‐kuFukuoka819‐395Japan
| | - John M. Christie
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems BiologyCollege of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowBower BuildingGlasgowG12 8QQUK
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Vanhaelewyn L, Schumacher P, Poelman D, Fankhauser C, Van Der Straeten D, Vandenbussche F. REPRESSOR OF ULTRAVIOLET-B PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS function allows efficient phototropin mediated ultraviolet-B phototropism in etiolated seedlings. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 252:215-221. [PMID: 27717456 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet B (UV-B) light is a part of the solar radiation which has significant effects on plant morphology, even at low doses. In Arabidopsis, many of these morphological changes have been attributed to a specific UV-B receptor, UV resistance locus 8 (UVR8). Recent findings showed that next to phototropin regulated phototropism, UVR8 mediated signaling is able of inducing directional bending towards UV-B light in etiolated seedlings of Arabidopsis, in a phototropin independent manner. In this study, kinetic analysis of phototropic bending was used to evaluate the relative contribution of each of these pathways in UV-B mediated phototropism. Diminishing UV-B light intensity favors the importance of phototropins. Molecular and genetic analyses suggest that UV-B is capable of inducing phototropin signaling relying on phototropin kinase activity and regulation of NPH3. Moreover, enhanced UVR8 responses in the UV-B hypersensitive rup1rup2 mutants interferes with the fast phototropin mediated phototropism. Together the data suggest that phototropins are the most important receptors for UV-B induced phototropism in etiolated seedlings, and a RUP mediated negative feedback pathway prevents UVR8 signaling to interfere with the phototropin dependent response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Vanhaelewyn
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, KL Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Paolo Schumacher
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Université de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dirk Poelman
- Lumilab, Department of Solid State Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 181, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Christian Fankhauser
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Université de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Van Der Straeten
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, KL Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Filip Vandenbussche
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, KL Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
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Mescher MC, Pearse IS. Communicative interactions involving plants: information, evolution, and ecology. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 32:69-76. [PMID: 27421106 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The role of information obtained via sensory cues and signals in mediating the interactions of organisms with their biotic and abiotic environments has been a major focus of work on sensory and behavioral ecology. Information-mediated interactions also have important implications for broader ecological patterns emerging at the community and ecosystem levels that are only now beginning to be explored. Given the extent to which plants dominate the sensory landscapes of terrestrial ecosystems, information-mediated interactions involving plants should be a major focus of efforts to elucidate these broader patterns. Here we explore how such efforts might be enhanced by a clear understanding of information itself-a central and potentially unifying concept in biology that has nevertheless been the subject of considerable confusion-and of its relationship to adaptive evolution and ecology. We suggest that information-mediated interactions should be a key focus of efforts to more fully integrate evolutionary biology and ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Mescher
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Ian S Pearse
- Department of Evolution & Ecology, University of California, Davis, United States.
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Vinterhalter D, Savić J, Stanišić M, Jovanović Ž, Vinterhalter B. Interaction with gravitropism, reversibility and lateral movements of phototropically stimulated potato shoots. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2016; 129:759-770. [PMID: 27033355 PMCID: PMC4909813 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-016-0821-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Phototropic (PT) and gravitropic (GT) bending are the two major tropic movements that determine the spatial position of potato shoots. We studied PT bending of potato plantlets grown under long-day photoperiods in several prearranged position setups providing different interactions with the GT response. Starting with the standard PT stimulation setup composed of unilateral irradiation of vertically positioned shoots, experiments were also done in antagonistic and synergistic setups and in treatments with horizontal displacement of the light source. In the standard setup, PT bending suppressed the GT bending, which could occur only if the PT stimulation was cancelled. The antagonistic position, with phototropism and gravitropism attempting to bend shoots in opposite directions, showed phototropism and gravitropism as independent bending events with the outcome varying throughout the day reflecting diurnal changes in the competence of individual tropic components. Whilst gravitropism was constant, phototropism had a marked daily fluctuation of its magnitude with a prominent morning maximum starting an hour after the dawn in the growth room and lasting for the next 6 h. When phototropism and gravitropism were aligned in a synergistic position, stimulating shoot bending in the same direction, there was little quantitative addition of their individual effects. The long period of morning PT bending maximum enabled multiple PT bending events to be conducted in succession, each one preceded by a separate lag phase. Studies of secondary PT events showed that potato plantlets can follow and adjust their shoot position in response to both vertical and horizontal movements of a light source. PT bending was reversible, since the 180° horizontal change of a blue light (BL) source position resulted in reversal of bending direction after a 20-min-long lag phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Vinterhalter
- Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - J Savić
- Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - M Stanišić
- Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ž Jovanović
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 23, 11 010, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - B Vinterhalter
- Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia
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de Wit M, Galvão VC, Fankhauser C. Light-Mediated Hormonal Regulation of Plant Growth and Development. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 67:513-37. [PMID: 26905653 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-043015-112252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Light is crucial for plant life, and perception of the light environment dictates plant growth, morphology, and developmental changes. Such adjustments in growth and development in response to light conditions are often established through changes in hormone levels and signaling. This review discusses examples of light-regulated processes throughout a plant's life cycle for which it is known how light signals lead to hormonal regulation. Light acts as an important developmental switch in germination, photomorphogenesis, and transition to flowering, and light cues are essential to ensure light capture through architectural changes during phototropism and the shade avoidance response. In describing well-established links between light perception and hormonal changes, we aim to give insight into the mechanisms that enable plants to thrive in variable light environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke de Wit
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; , ,
| | - Vinicius Costa Galvão
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; , ,
| | - Christian Fankhauser
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; , ,
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48
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Sullivan S, Hart JE, Rasch P, Walker CH, Christie JM. Phytochrome A Mediates Blue-Light Enhancement of Second-Positive Phototropism in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:290. [PMID: 27014313 PMCID: PMC4786545 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Hypocotyl phototropism of etiolated Arabidopsis seedlings is primarily mediated by the blue-light receptor kinase phototropin 1 (phot1). Phot1-mediated curvature to continuous unilateral blue light irradiation (0.5 μmol m(-2) s(-1)) is enhanced by overhead pre-treatment with red light (20 μmol m(-2) s(-1) for 15 min) through the action of phytochrome (phyA). Here, we show that pre-treatment with blue light is equally as effective in eliciting phototropic enhancement and is dependent on phyA. Although blue light pre-treatment was sufficient to activate early phot1 signaling events, phot1 autophosphorylation in vivo was not found to be saturated, as assessed by subsequently measuring phot1 kinase activity in vitro. However, enhancement effects by red and blue light pre-treatment were not observed at higher intensities of phototropic stimulation (10 μmol m(-2) s(-1)). Phototropic enhancement by red and blue light pre-treatments to 0.5 μmol m(-2) s(-1) unilateral blue light irradiation was also lacking in transgenic Arabidopsis where PHOT1 expression was restricted to the epidermis. Together, these findings indicate that phyA-mediated effects on phot1 signaling are restricted to low intensities of phototropic stimulation and originate from tissues other than the epidermis.
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Kutschera U, Briggs WR. Phototropic solar tracking in sunflower plants: an integrative perspective. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 117:1-8. [PMID: 26420201 PMCID: PMC4701145 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the best-known plant movements, phototropic solar tracking in sunflower (Helianthus annuus), has not yet been fully characterized. Two questions are still a matter of debate. (1) Is the adaptive significance solely an optimization of photosynthesis via the exposure of the leaves to the sun? (2) Is shade avoidance involved in this process? In this study, these concepts are discussed from a historical perspective and novel insights are provided. SCOPE AND METHODS Results from the primary literature on heliotropic growth movements led to the conclusion that these responses cease before anthesis, so that the flowering heads point to the East. Based on observations on 10-week-old plants, the diurnal East-West oscillations of the upper fifth of the growing stem and leaves in relation to the position of the sun (inclusive of nocturnal re-orientation) were documented, and photon fluence rates on the leaf surfaces on clear, cloudy and rainy days were determined. In addition, the light-response curve of net CO2 assimilation was determined on the upper leaves of the same batch of plants, and evidence for the occurrence of shade-avoidance responses in growing sunflower plants is summarized. CONCLUSIONS Only elongating, vegetative sunflower shoots and the upper leaves perform phototropic solar tracking. Photon fluence response and CO2 assimilation measurements cast doubt on the 'photosynthesis-optimization hypothesis' as the sole explanation for the evolution of these plant movements. We suggest that the shade-avoidance response, which maximizes light-driven CO2 assimilation, plays a major role in solar tracking populations of competing sunflower plants, and an integrative scheme of these growth movements is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Kutschera
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Winslow R Briggs
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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50
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Abstract
Plants have a deep-rooted trust in gravity, but it is not unconditional. A new study shows that, if plant roots sense high doses of salt coming up from below, they dump gravity responses and grow away from the salt contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Ruiz Rosquete
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria
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