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Ahuja S, Zaheer S. Multifaceted TGF-β signaling, a master regulator: From bench-to-bedside, intricacies, and complexities. Cell Biol Int 2024; 48:87-127. [PMID: 37859532 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Physiological embryogenesis and adult tissue homeostasis are regulated by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), an evolutionarily conserved family of secreted polypeptide factors, acting in an autocrine and paracrine manner. The role of TGF-β in inflammation, fibrosis, and cancer is complex and sometimes even contradictory, exhibiting either inhibitory or promoting effects depending on the stage of the disease. Under pathological conditions, especially fibrosis and cancer, overexpressed TGF-β causes extracellular matrix deposition, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cancer-associated fibroblast formation, and/or angiogenesis. In this review article, we have tried to dive deep into the mechanism of action of TGF-β in inflammation, fibrosis, and carcinogenesis. As TGF-β and its downstream signaling mechanism are implicated in fibrosis and carcinogenesis blocking this signaling mechanism appears to be a promising avenue. However, targeting TGF-β carries substantial risk as this pathway is implicated in multiple homeostatic processes and is also known to have tumor-suppressor functions. There is a need for careful dosing of TGF-β drugs for therapeutic use and patient selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Ahuja
- Department of Pathology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Sufian Zaheer
- Department of Pathology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
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Xu N, Wu J, Wang W, Sun S, Sun M, Bian Y, Zhang H, Liu S, Yu G. Anti-tumor therapy of glycyrrhetinic acid targeted liposome co-delivery of doxorubicin and berberine for hepatocellular carcinoma. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024:10.1007/s13346-023-01512-7. [PMID: 38236508 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-023-01512-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
During the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), hepatic stellate cells undergo activation and transform into cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) due to the influence of tumor cells. The interaction between CAFs and tumor cells can compromise the effectiveness of chemotherapy drugs and promote tumor proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. This study explores the potential of glycyrrhetinic acid (GA)-modified liposomes (lip-GA) as a strategy for co-delivery of berberine (Ber) and doxorubicin (Dox) to treat HCC. The characterizations of liposomes, including particle size, zeta potential, polydispersity index, stability and in vitro drug release, were investigated. The study evaluated the anti-proliferation and anti-migration effects of Dox&Ber@lip-GA on the Huh-7 + LX-2 cell model were through MTT and wound-healing assays. Additionally, the in vivo drug distribution and anti-tumor efficacy were investigated using the H22 + NIH-3T3-bearing mouse model. The results indicated that Dox&Ber@lip-GA exhibited a nanoscale particle size, accumulated specifically in the tumor region, and was efficiently taken up by tumor cells. Compared to other groups, Dox&Ber@lip-GA demonstrated higher cytotoxicity and lower migration rates. Additionally, it significantly reduced the deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) and inhibited tumor angiogenesis, thereby suppressing tumor growth. In conclusion, Dox&Ber@lip-GA exhibited superior anti-tumor effects both in vitro and in vivo, highlighting its potential as an effective therapeutic strategy for combating HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Xu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medicine University, Weifang, China
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical College: Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Jingliang Wu
- School of Nursing, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Weifang, China.
| | - Weihao Wang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medicine University, Weifang, China
| | - Shujie Sun
- School of Nursing, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Weifang, China
| | - Mengmeng Sun
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medicine University, Weifang, China
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical College: Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Yandong Bian
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medicine University, Weifang, China
| | - Huien Zhang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medicine University, Weifang, China
| | - Shuzhen Liu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medicine University, Weifang, China
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical College: Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Guohua Yu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medicine University, Weifang, China.
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical College: Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, China.
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Dong H, Yang C, Chen X, Sun H, He X, Wang W. Breast cancer-derived exosomal lncRNA SNHG14 induces normal fibroblast activation to cancer-associated fibroblasts via the EBF1/FAM171A1 axis. Breast Cancer 2023; 30:1028-1040. [PMID: 37653187 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-023-01496-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exosomes released from cancer cells can activate normal fibroblasts (NFs) into cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which promotes cancer development. Our study aims to explore the role and potential mechanisms of breast cancer exosomes-delivered long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) SNHG14 in regulating CAFs transformation. METHODS Adjacent normal tissues, cancerous and serum specimens were gathered in breast cancer patients. Exosomes and NFs were separated from breast cancer cells (SKBR-3) and normal tissues of patients, respectively. Cell viability and migration were measured with CCK-8 and Transwell assays. CAFs markers, fibroblast activation protein (FAP) and a-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were detected for assessing CAFs activation. The interactions between molecules were evaluated using dual luciferase reporter assay, RNA immunoprecipitation and chromatin immunoprecipitation. RESULTS SNHG14 and FAM171A1 were upregulated in breast cancer. Exosomes secreted by SKBR-3 cells induced NFs activation in CAFs, as indicated by upregulating CAFs marker levels and facilitated cell viability and migration. Exosomal SNHG14 silencing in SKBR-3 cells inhibited CAFs activation. SNHG14 positively regulated FAM171A1 expression through EBF1. FAM171A1 overexpression eliminated the inhibition effect of exosomal SNHG14 silencing in CAFs transformation. CONCLUSION Breast cancer-derived exosomal SNHG14 contributed to NFs transformation into CAFs by the EBF1/FAM171A1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaying Dong
- Department of General Surgery, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, No 19, Xiuhua Road, Xiuying District, Haikou, 570311, Hainan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Changcheng Yang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570102, Hainan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, No 19, Xiuhua Road, Xiuying District, Haikou, 570311, Hainan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hening Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, No 19, Xiuhua Road, Xiuying District, Haikou, 570311, Hainan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xionghui He
- Department of General Surgery, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, No 19, Xiuhua Road, Xiuying District, Haikou, 570311, Hainan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, No 19, Xiuhua Road, Xiuying District, Haikou, 570311, Hainan Province, People's Republic of China.
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Xue M, Tong Y, Xiong Y, Yu C. Role of cancer-associated fibroblasts in the progression, therapeutic resistance and targeted therapy of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1257266. [PMID: 37927475 PMCID: PMC10623436 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1257266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most aggressive malignant tumours with high morbidity and mortality. Although surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy are common treatment options available for oesophageal cancer, the 5-year survival rate remains low after treatment. On the one hand, many oesophageal cancers are are discovered at an advanced stage and, on the other hand, treatment resistance is a major obstacle to treating locally advanced ESCC. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), the main type of stromal cell in the tumour microenvironment, enhance tumour progression and treatment resistance and have emerged as a major focus of study on targeted therapy of oesophageal cancer.With the aim of providing potential, prospective targets for improving therapeutic efficacy, this review summarises the origin and activation of CAFs and their specific role in regulating tumour progression and treatment resistance in ESCC. We also emphasize the clinical potential and emerging trends of ESCC CAFs-targeted treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Changhua Yu
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, China
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Wei Z, Zhao X, Chen J, Sun Q, Wang Z, Wang Y, Ye Z, Yuan Y, Sun L, Jing J. Deep Learning-Based Stratification of Gastric Cancer Patients from Hematoxylin and Eosin-Stained Whole Slide Images by Predicting Molecular Features for Immunotherapy Response. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 193:1517-1527. [PMID: 37356573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Determining the molecular characteristics of cancer patients is crucial for optimal immunotherapy decisions. The aim of this study was to screen immunotherapy beneficiaries by predicting key molecular features from hematoxylin and eosin-stained images based on deep learning models. An independent data set from Asian gastric cancer patients was included for external validation. In addition, a segmentation model (Horizontal-Vertical Network) was used to quantify the cellular composition of tumor stroma. The model performance was evaluated by measuring the area under the curve (AUC). The tumor extraction model achieved an AUC of 0.9386 and 0.9062 in the internal and external test sets, respectively. The stratification model could predict the immunotherapy-sensitive subtypes (AUC range, 0.8685 to 0.9461), the genetic mutations (AUC range, 0.8283 to 0.9225), and the pathway activity (AUC range, 0.7568 to 0.8612) fairly accurately. In external validation, the prediction performance of Epstein-Barr virus and programmed cell death ligand 1 expression status achieved AUCs of 0.7906 and 0.6384, respectively. The segmentation model identified a relatively high proportion of inflammatory cells and connective cells in some immunotherapy-sensitive subtypes. The deep learning-based models potentially may serve as a valuable tool to screen for the beneficiaries of immunotherapy in gastric cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wei
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention, Liaoning Education Department, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of GI Cancer Etiology and Prevention, Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xu Zhao
- Mathematical Computer Teaching and Research Office, Liaoning Vocational College of Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention, Liaoning Education Department, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of GI Cancer Etiology and Prevention, Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qiuyan Sun
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention, Liaoning Education Department, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of GI Cancer Etiology and Prevention, Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zeyang Wang
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention, Liaoning Education Department, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of GI Cancer Etiology and Prevention, Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanli Wang
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention, Liaoning Education Department, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of GI Cancer Etiology and Prevention, Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhiyi Ye
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention, Liaoning Education Department, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of GI Cancer Etiology and Prevention, Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention, Liaoning Education Department, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of GI Cancer Etiology and Prevention, Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Liping Sun
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention, Liaoning Education Department, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of GI Cancer Etiology and Prevention, Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Jingjing Jing
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention, Liaoning Education Department, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of GI Cancer Etiology and Prevention, Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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Shen K, Ke S, Chen B, Zhang T, Wang H, Lv J, Gao W. Identification and validation of biomarkers for epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related cells to estimate the prognosis and immune microenvironment in primary gastric cancer by the integrated analysis of single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing data. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2023; 20:13798-13823. [PMID: 37679111 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2023614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is associated with gastric cancer (GC) progression and immune microenvironment. To better understand the heterogeneity underlying EMT, we integrated single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) data and bulk sequencing data from GC patients to evaluate the prognostic utility of biomarkers for EMT-related cells (ERCs), namely, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and epithelial cells (ECs). METHODS scRNA-seq data from primary GC tumor samples were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database to identify ERC marker genes. Bulk GC datasets from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and GEO were used as training and validation sets, respectively. Differentially expressed markers were identified from the TCGA database. Univariate Cox, least-absolute shrinkage, and selection operator regression analyses were performed to identify EMT-related cell-prognostic genes (ERCPGs). Kaplan-Meier, Cox regression, and receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were adopted to evaluate the prognostic utility of the ERCPG signature. An ERCPG-based nomogram was constructed by integrating independent prognostic factors. Finally, we evaluated the correlations between the ERCPG signature and immune-cell infiltration and verified the expression of ERCPG prognostic signature genes by in vitro cellular assays. RESULTS The ERCPG signature was comprised of seven genes (COL4A1, F2R, MMP11, CAV1, VCAN, FKBP10, and APOD). Patients were divided into high- and low-risk groups based on the ERCPG risk scores. Patients in the high-risk group showed a poor prognosis. ROC and calibration curves suggested that the ERCPG signature and nomogram had a good prognostic utility. An immune cell-infiltration analysis suggested that the abnormal expression of ERCPGs induced the formation of an unfavorable tumor immune microenvironment. In vitro cellular assays showed that ERCPGs were more abundantly expressed in GC cell lines compared to normal gastric tissue cell lines. CONCLUSIONS We constructed and validated an ERCPG signature using scRNA-seq and bulk sequencing data from ERCs of GC patients. Our findings support the estimation of patient prognosis and tumor treatment in future clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyu Shen
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Shuaiyi Ke
- Department of Internal Medicine, XianJu People's Hospital, XianJu 317399, China
| | - Binyu Chen
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Hongtai Wang
- Department of General Surgery, XianJu People' Hospital, XianJu 317399, China
| | - Jianhui Lv
- Department of General Surgery, XianJu People' Hospital, XianJu 317399, China
| | - Wencang Gao
- Department of Oncology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310005, China
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Cheng SH, Chiou HYC, Wang JW, Lin MH. Reciprocal Regulation of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts and Tumor Microenvironment in Gastrointestinal Cancer: Implications for Cancer Dormancy. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:2513. [PMID: 37173977 PMCID: PMC10177044 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15092513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers remain a major cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Despite the progress made in current treatments, patients with GI cancers still have high recurrence rates after initial treatment. Cancer dormancy, which involves the entry and escape of cancer cells from dormancy, is linked to treatment resistance, metastasis, and disease relapse. Recently, the role of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in disease progression and treatment has received increasing attention. The crosstalk between cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF)-secreted cytokines/chemokines and other TME components, for example, extracellular matrix remodeling and immunomodulatory functions, play crucial roles in tumorigenesis. While there is limited direct evidence of a relationship between CAFs and cancer cell dormancy, this review explores the potential of CAF-secreted cytokines/chemokines to either promote cancer cell dormancy or awaken dormant cancer cells under different conditions, and the therapeutic strategies that may be applicable. By understanding the interactions between cytokines/chemokines released by CAFs and the TME, and their impact on the entry/escape of cancer dormancy, researchers may develop new strategies to reduce the risk of therapeutic relapse in patients with GI cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Hsuan Cheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ying Clair Chiou
- Teaching and Research Center, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan
- Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Wei Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hong Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Post Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Master of Science Program in Tropical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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Yuan Q, Chu Y, Li X, Shi Y, Chen Y, Zhao J, Lu J, Liu K, Guo Y. CAFrgDB: a database for cancer-associated fibroblasts related genes and their functions in cancer. Cancer Gene Ther 2023:10.1038/s41417-023-00603-4. [PMID: 36922546 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-023-00603-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most essential components of the tumor microenvironment (TME), cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) interact extensively with cancer cells and other stromal cells to remodel TME and participate in the pathogenesis of cancer, which earmarked themselves as new promising targets for cancer therapy. Numerous studies have highlighted the heterogeneity and versatility of CAFs in most cancer types. Thus, the identification and appropriate use of CAF-related genes (CAFGenes) in the context of specific cancer types will provide critical insights into disease mechanisms and CAF-related therapeutic targets. In this study, we collected and curated 5421 CAFGenes identified from small- or large-scale experiments, encompassing 4982 responsors that directly or indirectly participate in cancer malignant behaviors managed by CAFs, 1069 secretions that are secreted by CAFs and 281 regulators that contribute in modulating CAFs in human and mouse, which covered 24 cancer types. For these human CAFGenes, we performed gene expression and prognostic marker-based analyses across 24 cancer types using TCGA data. Furthermore, we provided annotations for CAF-associated proteins by integrating the knowledge of protein-protein interaction(s), drug-target relations and basic annotations, from 9 public databases. CAFrgDB (CAF related Gene DataBase) is free for academic research at http://caf.zbiolab.cn and we anticipate CAFrgDB can be a useful resource for further study of CAFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Yuan
- Department of Pathophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yi Chu
- Department of Pathophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yunshu Shi
- Department of Pathophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yingying Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jimin Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Kangdong Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China. .,China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China.
| | - Yaping Guo
- Department of Pathophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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Kosmala A, Serfling SE, Schlötelburg W, Lindner T, Michalski K, Schirbel A, Higuchi T, Hartrampf PE, Buck AK, Weich A, Werner RA. Impact of 68 Ga-FAPI-04 PET/CT on Staging and Therapeutic Management in Patients With Digestive System Tumors. Clin Nucl Med 2023; 48:35-42. [PMID: 36354691 PMCID: PMC9762711 DOI: 10.1097/rlu.0000000000004480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to determine the impact of fibroblast activation protein inhibitor (FAPI)-directed molecular imaging on staging and therapeutic management in patients affected with digestive system tumors when compared with guideline-compatible imaging (GCI). PATIENTS AND METHODS Thirty-two patients with tumors of the digestive system were included: colon adenocarcinoma, 2/32 (6.3%); hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 6/32 (18.8%); pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma (PDAC), 6/32 (18.8%), and gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms, 18/32 (56.3%). All patients underwent GCI and 68 Ga-FAPI-04 PET/CT within median 4 days. Staging outcomes and subsequent treatment decisions were compared between GCI and 68 Ga-FAPI-04 PET/CT. RESULTS Compared with GCI, 68 Ga-FAPI-04 PET/CT led to staging changes in 15/32 patients (46.9%). Among those, downstaging was recorded in 3/15 cases (20.0%) and upstaging in the remaining 12/15 patients (HCC, 4/12 [33.3%]; PDAC, 4/12 [33.3%]; neuroendocrine neoplasms, 3/12 [25%]; colon adenocarcinoma, 1/12 [8.3%]). Therapeutic management was impacted in 8/32 patients (25.0%), including 4 instances of major and 4 instances of minor therapeutic changes. The highest proportion of treatment modifications was observed in patients diagnosed with PDAC and HCC in 6/8 (75%). CONCLUSIONS In patients affected with digestive system tumors, 68 Ga-FAPI-04 PET/CT resulted in staging changes in more than 46% and therapeutic modifications in 25% of the cases, in particular in patients with HCC and PDAC. In clinical routine, such findings may favor a more widespread adoption of FAP-directed imaging in those tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Kosmala
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian E. Serfling
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wiebke Schlötelburg
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Lindner
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Michalski
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schirbel
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Takahiro Higuchi
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Philipp E. Hartrampf
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas K. Buck
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Weich
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Gastroenterology
- Würzburg NET Zentrum, European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society–Center of Excellence, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rudolf A. Werner
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Würzburg NET Zentrum, European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society–Center of Excellence, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Baltimore, MD
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Gundlach JP, Kerber J, Hendricks A, Bernsmeier A, Halske C, Röder C, Becker T, Röcken C, Braun F, Sebens S, Heits N. Paracrine Interaction of Cholangiocellular Carcinoma with Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts and Schwann Cells Impact Cell Migration. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11102785. [PMID: 35628911 PMCID: PMC9145811 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11102785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is enriched in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), treatment with the multityrosine kinase-inhibitor Sorafenib is disappointing. While cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) are known to contribute to treatment resistance in CCA, knowledge is lacking for Schwann cells (SC). We investigated the impact of stromal cells on CCA cells and whether this is affected by Sorafenib. Immunohistochemistry revealed elevated expression of CAF and SC markers significantly correlating with reduced tumor-free survival. In co-culture with CAF, CCA cells mostly migrated, which could be diminished by Sorafenib, while in SC co-cultures, SC predominantly migrated towards CCA cells, unaffected by Sorafenib. Moreover, increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines MCP-1, CXCL-1, IL-6 and IL-8 was determined in CAF mono- and co-cultures, which could be reduced by Sorafenib. Corresponding to migration results, an increased expression of phospho-AKT was measured in CAF co-cultured HuCCT-1 cells, although was unaffected by Sorafenib. Intriguingly, CAF co-cultured TFK-1 cells showed increased activation of STAT3, JNK, ERK and AKT pathways, which was partly reduced by Sorafenib. This study indicates that CAF and SC differentially impact CCA cells and Sorafenib partially reverts these stroma-mediated effects. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the paracrine interplay of CAF and SC with CCA cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Paul Gundlach
- Department of General, Visceral-, Thoracic-, Transplantation- and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Building C, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (J.K.); (A.B.); (T.B.); (F.B.); (N.H.)
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Building U30, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (C.R.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jannik Kerber
- Department of General, Visceral-, Thoracic-, Transplantation- and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Building C, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (J.K.); (A.B.); (T.B.); (F.B.); (N.H.)
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Building U30, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (C.R.); (S.S.)
| | - Alexander Hendricks
- Department of General, Visceral-, Vascular-, and Transplantation Surgery, Medical University Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany;
| | - Alexander Bernsmeier
- Department of General, Visceral-, Thoracic-, Transplantation- and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Building C, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (J.K.); (A.B.); (T.B.); (F.B.); (N.H.)
| | - Christine Halske
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Building U33, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (C.H.); (C.R.)
| | - Christian Röder
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Building U30, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (C.R.); (S.S.)
| | - Thomas Becker
- Department of General, Visceral-, Thoracic-, Transplantation- and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Building C, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (J.K.); (A.B.); (T.B.); (F.B.); (N.H.)
| | - Christoph Röcken
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Building U33, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (C.H.); (C.R.)
| | - Felix Braun
- Department of General, Visceral-, Thoracic-, Transplantation- and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Building C, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (J.K.); (A.B.); (T.B.); (F.B.); (N.H.)
| | - Susanne Sebens
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Building U30, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (C.R.); (S.S.)
| | - Nils Heits
- Department of General, Visceral-, Thoracic-, Transplantation- and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Building C, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (J.K.); (A.B.); (T.B.); (F.B.); (N.H.)
- Gesundheitszentrum Kiel-Mitte, Prüner Gang 15, 24103 Kiel, Germany
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11
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Zhang Q, Ding J, Wang Y, He L, Xue F. Tumor microenvironment manipulates chemoresistance in ovarian cancer (Review). Oncol Rep 2022; 47:102. [PMID: 35362546 DOI: 10.3892/or.2022.8313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the leading cause of mortality among the various types of gynecological cancer, and >75% of the cases are diagnosed at a late stage. Although platinum‑based chemotherapy is able to help the majority of patients to achieve remission, the disease frequently recurs and acquires chemoresistance, resulting in high mortality rates. The complexity of OC therapy is not solely governed by the intrinsic characteristics of the OC cells (OCCs) themselves, but is also largely dependent on the dynamic communication between OCCs and various components of their surrounding microenvironment. The present review attempts to describe the mutual interplay between OCCs and their surrounding microenvironment. Tumor‑associated macrophages (TAMs) and cancer‑associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the most abundant stromal cell types in OC. Soluble factors derived from CAFs steadily nourish both the OCCs and TAMs, facilitating their proliferation and immune evasion. ATP binding cassette transporters facilitate the extrusion of cytotoxic molecules, eventually promoting cell survival and multidrug resistance. Extracellular vesicles fulfill their role as genetic exchange vectors, transferring cargo from the donor cells to the recipient cells and propagating oncogenic signaling. A greater understanding of the vital roles of the tumor microenvironment will allow researchers to be open to the prospect of developing therapeutic approaches for combating OC chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoling Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Jiashan Ding
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Yingmei Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Linsheng He
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Fengxia Xue
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
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12
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Ding X, Liu H, Yuan Y, Zhong Q, Zhong X. Roles of GFPT2 Expression Levels on the Prognosis and Tumor Microenvironment of Colon Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:811559. [PMID: 35330716 PMCID: PMC8940194 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.811559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, increasing evidence has suggested that Glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 2 (GFPT2) is related to carcinogenesis. However, the potential roles of GFPT2 in colon cancer still need to be fully investigated. Methods We examined the protein levels of GFPT2 by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in tissues collected from 83 patients with colon cancer. We further detected GFBPT2 protein levels by Western Blot assay. We checked the relationship between GFPT2 expression levels and overall survival (OS), stromal and immune scores and immune components from The Cancer Gene Atlas (TCGA) database. GFBP2-related pathways were validated in the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE) database. Expression of GFPT2 in single cell subpopulations was calculated from The Tumor Immune Single Cell Center (TISCH). The levels of GFPT2 and drug sensitivity data were performed from CellMiner dataset. Results GFPT2 was highly expressed and correlated with poor pathological features in 83 colon cancer patients. Moreover, increased GFPT2 expression was significantly associated with poorer OS in 329 colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) patients. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed the differentially expressed genes of GFPT2 were mostly enriched in focal adhesion, ECM receptor interaction, JAK/STAT signaling pathway and immune related pathways. In addition, GFPT2 expression was correlated with the tumor microenvironment (TME). GFPT2 expression was linked to cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs)-associated factors and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related factors. GFPT2 was positively correlated with immunosuppressive cells and regulated immunosuppressive factors and T-cell exhaustion. Finally, our data suggested that the expression of GFPT2 may be a judgment of the sensitivity of a certain class of drugs. Conclusions Our work reveals the roles of GFPT2 in tumorigenesis, particularly in immune response, TME and drug resistance, which are crucial for the development of customized cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Ding
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Hua Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Ying Yuan
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Qin Zhong
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhong
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
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13
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Baba AB, Rah B, Bhat GR, Mushtaq I, Parveen S, Hassan R, Hameed Zargar M, Afroze D. Transforming Growth Factor-Beta (TGF-β) Signaling in Cancer-A Betrayal Within. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:791272. [PMID: 35295334 PMCID: PMC8918694 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.791272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A ubiquitously expressed cytokine, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) plays a significant role in various ongoing cellular mechanisms. The gain or loss-of-function of TGF-β and its downstream mediators could lead to a plethora of diseases includes tumorigenesis. Specifically, at the early onset of malignancy TGF-β act as tumour suppressor and plays a key role in clearing malignant cells by reducing the cellular proliferation and differentiation thus triggers the process of apoptosis. Subsequently, TGF-β at an advanced stage of malignancy promotes tumorigenesis by augmenting cellular transformation, epithelial-mesenchymal-transition invasion, and metastasis. Besides playing the dual roles, depending upon the stage of malignancy, TGF-β also regulates cell fate through immune and stroma components. This oscillatory role of TGF-β to fight against cancer or act as a traitor to collaborate and crosstalk with other tumorigenic signaling pathways and its betrayal within the cell depends upon the cellular context. Therefore, the current review highlights and understands the dual role of TGF-β under different cellular conditions and its crosstalk with other signaling pathways in modulating cell fate.
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14
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Tanaka M. Crosstalk of tumor stromal cells orchestrates invasion and spreading of gastric cancer. Pathol Int 2022; 72:219-233. [PMID: 35112770 DOI: 10.1111/pin.13211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Tumors contain various stromal cells that support cancer progression. Some types of cancer, such as scirrhous gastric cancer, are characterized by large areas of fibrosis accompanied by cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Asporin (ASPN) is a small leucine-rich proteoglycan highly expressed in CAFs of various tumors. ASPN accelerates CAF migration and invasion, resulting in CAF-led cancer cell invasion. In addition, ASPN further upregulated the expression of genes specific to a characteristic subgroup of fibroblasts in tumors. These cells were preferentially located at the tumor periphery and could be generated by a unique mechanism involving the CAF-mediated education of normal fibroblasts (CEFs). In this review, we at first describe recent findings regarding the function of ASPN in the tumor microenvironment, as well as the mechanism involved in the generation of CEFs. CAFs are derived from heterogeneous origins besides resident normal fibroblasts. Among them, CAFs derived from mesothelial cells (mesothelial cell-derived CAF [MC-CAFs]) play pivotal roles in peritoneal carcinomatosis. We observed that MC-CAFs on the surfaces of organs also participate in tumor formation by infiltrating into the parenchyma, promoting local invasion by gastric cancers. This review also highlights the potential functions of macrophages in the formation of MC-CAFs in gastric cancers, by transfer the contents of cancer cell-derived extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamitsu Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biochemistry, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
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15
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Yang Y, Meng WJ, Wang ZQ. Cancer Stem Cells and the Tumor Microenvironment in Gastric Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 11:803974. [PMID: 35047411 PMCID: PMC8761735 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.803974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) might be responsible for tumor initiation, relapse, metastasis and treatment resistance of GC. The tumor microenvironment (TME) comprises tumor cells, immune cells, stromal cells and other extracellular components, which plays a pivotal role in tumor progression and therapy resistance. The properties of CSCs are regulated by cells and extracellular matrix components of the TME in some unique manners. This review will summarize current literature regarding the effects of CSCs and TME on the progression and therapy resistance of GC, while emphasizing the potential for developing successful anti-tumor therapy based on targeting the TME and CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wen-Jian Meng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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16
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Abstract
Microenvironment of cancer stem cells (CSCs) consists of a variety of cells and inter-cellular matrix and communications of the components. The microenvironment of CSCs maintains the stemness feature of the CSCs. Several cell types which communicate each other via signaling molecules surrounding CSCs are main factors of the CSC microenvironment. A key question is "What kind of information the cells exchange in the CSC microenvironment?" to reveal the microenvironment and CSC features. Components and molecular markers of CSC microenvironment, signaling cross-talks in CSC microenvironment, and targeting CSC microenvironment are focused in this review.
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17
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Itoh G, Takagane K, Fukushi Y, Kuriyama S, Umakoshi M, Goto A, Yanagihara K, Yashiro M, Tanaka M. Cancer-associated fibroblasts educate normal fibroblasts to facilitate cancer cell spreading and T cell suppression. Mol Oncol 2021; 16:166-187. [PMID: 34379869 PMCID: PMC8732346 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In some tumors, a small number of cancer cells are scattered in a large fibrotic stroma. Here, we demonstrate a novel mechanism for expansion of pro‐tumor fibroblasts via cancer‐associated fibroblast (CAF)‐mediated education of normal fibroblasts (NFs). When NFs were incubated with conditioned medium from CAFs, the resulting CAF‐educated fibroblasts (CEFs) generated reactive oxygen species, which induced NF‐κB‐mediated expression of inflammatory cytokines and the extracellular matrix protein asporin (ASPN), while expression of a common CAF marker gene, α‐SMA, was not increased. ASPN further increased CEF expression of downstream molecules, including indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase 1 (IDO‐1), kynureninase (KYNU), and pregnancy‐associated plasma protein‐A (PAPP‐A). These CEFs induce cytocidal effects against CD8+ T cells and IGF‐I activation in cancer cells. CEFs were generated without cancer cells by the direct mixture of NFs and CAFs in mouse xenografts, and once CEFs were generated, they sequentially educated NFs, leading to continuous generation of CEFs. In diffuse‐type gastric cancers, ASPNhigh/IDO‐1high/KYNUhigh/α‐SMA− CEFs were located at the distal invading front. These CEFs expanded in the fibrotic stroma and caused dissemination of cancer cells. ASPN may therefore be a key molecule in facilitating tumor spreading and T‐cell suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Itoh
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biochemistry, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Kurara Takagane
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biochemistry, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Yuma Fukushi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biochemistry, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan.,Department of Life Science, Faculty and Graduate School of Engineering and Resource Science, Akita University, 1-1 Tegata Gakuenmachi, Akita, 010-8502, Japan
| | - Sei Kuriyama
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biochemistry, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Michinobu Umakoshi
- Department of Cellular and Organ Pathology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Akiteru Goto
- Department of Cellular and Organ Pathology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Yanagihara
- Division of Biomarker Discovery, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Masakazu Yashiro
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8545, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biochemistry, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
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Xu QH, Xiao Y, Li XQ, Fan L, Zhou CC, Cheng L, Jiang ZD, Wang GH. Resveratrol Counteracts Hypoxia-Induced Gastric Cancer Invasion and EMT through Hedgehog Pathway Suppression. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 20:1105-1114. [PMID: 32238142 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200402080034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric Cancer (GC) is one of the most malignant and lethal tumors worldwide. The hypoxic microenvironment is correlated with GC cell invasion, metastasis and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT). Resveratrol is a compound extracted from various plants, including grapes, berries, and some traditional Chinese medicines. Recently, the anticancer properties of resveratrol against many cancers have been reported in a range of studies. However, the exact mechanism through which resveratrol prevents GC invasion and metastasis under hypoxic conditions remains unclear. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to show to what extent resveratrol could inhibit the hypoxia-induced malignant biological behavior of GC. METHODS SGC-7901 cells were cultured in a consistent 3% O2 hypoxic condition or 21% O2 normal condition for 48 hours to establish an in vitro hypoxia model. Western blot and qRT-PCR were used to detect EMT markers of SGC- 7901 cells, including E-cadherin, HIF-1a, Vimentin, etc. Transwell Matrigel Invasion Assays were used to test the invasive ability of SGC-7901 cells. The siRNA targeting Gli-1 showed its role in hypoxia-induced EMT and invasion of SGC-7901 cells. RESULTS Resveratrol was found to significantly decrease HIF-1α protein levels induced by hypoxia in SGC-7901 cells. HIF-1α accumulation was found to promote cell proliferation, migration, and invasive capacities in addition to EMT changes through the activation of the Hedgehog pathway. These effects were found to be reversed by resveratrol. CONCLUSION Therefore, these data indicate that resveratrol may serve as a potential anticancer agent for the treatment of GC, even in a hypoxic tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin-Hong Xu
- Department of Geriatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying Xiao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xu-Qi Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lin Fan
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Can-Can Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zheng-Dong Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guang-Hui Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
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Abstract
Renal epithelial cells show remarkable regenerative capacity to recover from acute injury, which involves specific phenotypic changes, but also significant profibrotic tubule-interstitial crosstalk. Tubule-derived profibrotic stimuli and subsequent myofibroblast activation and extracellular matrix deposition have been linked closely with decline of renal function and nephron loss. However, recent data have questioned the view of purely detrimental effects of myofibroblast activation in the injured kidney and even suggested its beneficial role for epithelial regeneration. This article reviews the current understanding of the underlying mechanisms of tubular cell turnover, new suggested pathways of proregenerative tubular-interstitial crosstalk, and relevant insights of proliferation-enhancing effects of myofibroblasts on epithelial cells in nonrenal tissues.
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Karta J, Bossicard Y, Kotzamanis K, Dolznig H, Letellier E. Mapping the Metabolic Networks of Tumor Cells and Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts. Cells 2021; 10:304. [PMID: 33540679 PMCID: PMC7912987 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolism is considered to be the core of all cellular activity. Thus, extensive studies of metabolic processes are ongoing in various fields of biology, including cancer research. Cancer cells are known to adapt their metabolism to sustain high proliferation rates and survive in unfavorable environments with low oxygen and nutrient concentrations. Hence, targeting cancer cell metabolism is a promising therapeutic strategy in cancer research. However, cancers consist not only of genetically altered tumor cells but are interwoven with endothelial cells, immune cells and fibroblasts, which together with the extracellular matrix (ECM) constitute the tumor microenvironment (TME). Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which are linked to poor prognosis in different cancer types, are one important component of the TME. CAFs play a significant role in reprogramming the metabolic landscape of tumor cells, but how, and in what manner, this interaction takes place remains rather unclear. This review aims to highlight the metabolic landscape of tumor cells and CAFs, including their recently identified subtypes, in different tumor types. In addition, we discuss various in vitro and in vivo metabolic techniques as well as different in silico computational tools that can be used to identify and characterize CAF-tumor cell interactions. Finally, we provide our view on how mapping the complex metabolic networks of stromal-tumor metabolism will help in finding novel metabolic targets for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Karta
- Molecular Disease Mechanisms Group, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, 6 avenue du Swing, L-4367 Belval, Luxembourg; (J.K.); (Y.B.); (K.K.)
| | - Ysaline Bossicard
- Molecular Disease Mechanisms Group, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, 6 avenue du Swing, L-4367 Belval, Luxembourg; (J.K.); (Y.B.); (K.K.)
| | - Konstantinos Kotzamanis
- Molecular Disease Mechanisms Group, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, 6 avenue du Swing, L-4367 Belval, Luxembourg; (J.K.); (Y.B.); (K.K.)
| | - Helmut Dolznig
- Tumor Stroma Interaction Group, Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 10, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Elisabeth Letellier
- Molecular Disease Mechanisms Group, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, 6 avenue du Swing, L-4367 Belval, Luxembourg; (J.K.); (Y.B.); (K.K.)
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Fibroblast activation protein targeted near infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR PIT) overcomes therapeutic resistance in human esophageal cancer. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1693. [PMID: 33462372 PMCID: PMC7814141 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81465-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have an important role in the tumor microenvironment. CAFs have the multifunctionality which strongly support cancer progression and the acquisition of therapeutic resistance by cancer cells. Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a novel cancer treatment that uses a highly selective monoclonal antibody (mAb)-photosensitizer conjugate. We developed fibroblast activation protein (FAP)-targeted NIR-PIT, in which IR700 was conjugated to a FAP-specific antibody to target CAFs (CAFs-targeted NIR-PIT: CAFs-PIT). Thus, we hypothesized that the control of CAFs could overcome the resistance to conventional chemotherapy in esophageal cancer (EC). In this study, we evaluated whether EC cell acquisition of stronger malignant characteristics and refractoriness to chemoradiotherapy are mediated by CAFs. Next, we assessed whether the resistance could be rescued by eliminating CAF stimulation by CAFs-PIT in vitro and in vivo. Cancer cells acquired chemoradiotherapy resistance via CAF stimulation in vitro and 5-fluorouracil (FU) resistance in CAF-coinoculated tumor models in vivo. CAF stimulation promoted the migration/invasion of cancer cells and a stem-like phenotype in vitro, which were rescued by elimination of CAF stimulation. CAFs-PIT had a highly selective effect on CAFs in vitro. Finally, CAF elimination by CAFs-PIT in vivo demonstrated that the combination of 5-FU and NIR-PIT succeeded in producing 70.9% tumor reduction, while 5-FU alone achieved only 13.3% reduction, suggesting the recovery of 5-FU sensitivity in CAF-rich tumors. In conclusion, CAFs-PIT could overcome therapeutic resistance via CAF elimination. The combined use of novel targeted CAFs-PIT with conventional anticancer treatments can be expected to provide a more effective and sensible treatment strategy.
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Huang X, Zhang J, Zheng Y. ANTXR1 Is a Prognostic Biomarker and Correlates With Stromal and Immune Cell Infiltration in Gastric Cancer. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:598221. [PMID: 33385012 PMCID: PMC7770144 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.598221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a complex and heterogeneous disease, making it difficult to ascertain the optimal therapeutic approach for individual GC patients. Stromal and immune cell infiltration in GC has a strong correlation with clinical outcomes; however, the underlying mechanisms that drive immunosuppression remain vastly undiscovered. Recent studies validated that anthrax toxin receptor 1 (ANTXR1) is aberrantly expressed in several cancers and holds promise as a new therapeutic target for cancer. However, its immunological roles in GC are still unclear. Here, we show that we identify the distinct stromal and immune cell infiltration in GC between the high and low ANTXR1 expression group by analyzing genomic data. Clinically, ANTXR1 is highly expressed in GC and correlates with adverse clinicopathological characteristics. Additionally, high ANTXR1 expression is linked to markedly poor clinical outcomes and resistance to chemotherapy, whereas the low ANTXR1 expression group is correlated with better outcomes and response to chemotherapy in GC patients. We further revealed the differential landscape of somatic tumor mutation burden (TMB) between the two groups and observed that patients with high ANTXR1 expression suffered from a lower TMB, potentially leading to less sensitivity to checkpoint therapy. Molecularly, results displayed that ANTXR1 is an immunosuppressive element, which may perform its function via promoting the secretion of immunosuppressive factors that play a significant role in modulating tumor-associated fibroblast transformation, M2 macrophage polarization, and T cell exhaustion. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that cancer-related pathways including epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, focal adhesion, and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathways were enriched in high ANTXR1 expression tumors. Our work suggests that ANTXR1 could not only serve as a valuable prognostic biomarker in GC but also be deemed as a potential immunotherapeutic target and useful biomarker of sensitivity to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Huang
- Department of General Surgery, The Third People's Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongbin Zheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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23
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Oya Y, Hayakawa Y, Koike K. Tumor microenvironment in gastric cancers. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:2696-2707. [PMID: 32519436 PMCID: PMC7419059 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment favors the growth and expansion of cancer cells. Many cell types are involved in the tumor microenvironment such as inflammatory cells, fibroblasts, nerves, and vascular endothelial cells. These stromal cells contribute to tumor growth by releasing various molecules to either directly activate the growth signaling in cancer cells or remodel surrounding areas. This review introduces recent advances in findings on the interactions within the tumor microenvironment such as in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), immune cells, and endothelial cells, in particular those established in mouse gastric cancer models. In mice, myofibroblasts in the gastric stroma secrete R-spondin and support normal gastric stem cells. Most CAFs promote tumor growth in a paracrine manner, but CAF population appears to be heterogeneous in terms of their function and origin, and include both tumor-promoting and tumor-restraining populations. Among immune cell populations, tumor-associated macrophages, including M1 and M2 macrophages, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), are reported to directly or indirectly promote gastric tumorigenesis by secreting soluble factors or modulating immune responses. Endothelial cells or blood vessels not only fuel tumors with nutrients, but also interact with cancer stem cells and immune cells by secreting chemokines or cytokines, and act as a cancer niche. Understanding these interactions within the tumor microenvironment would contribute to unraveling new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Oya
- Department of GastroenterologyGraduate school of Medicinethe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Yoku Hayakawa
- Department of GastroenterologyGraduate school of Medicinethe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Kazuhiko Koike
- Department of GastroenterologyGraduate school of Medicinethe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
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24
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Jia C, Wang G, Wang T, Fu B, Zhang Y, Huang L, Deng Y, Chen G, Wu X, Chen J, Pan Y, Tai Y, Liang J, Li X, Hu K, Xie B, Li S, Yang Y, Chen G, Zhang Q, Liu W. Cancer-associated Fibroblasts induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition via the Transglutaminase 2-dependent IL-6/IL6R/STAT3 axis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:2542-2558. [PMID: 32792856 PMCID: PMC7415430 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.45446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play crucial roles in enhancing cell survival, proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. We previously showed that hepatocellular carcinoma-derived CAFs (H-CAFs) promoted proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. This study aimed to further explore the role of CAFs in HCC epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the underlying mechanism. High CAF density was significantly associated with liver cirrhosis, inferior clinicopathologic characteristics, elevated EMT-associated markers, and poorer survival in human HCC. Within HCC cells, EMT was induced after co-culture with H-CAFs. Secretomic analysis showed that IL-6 and HGF were the key EMT-stimulating cytokines secreted by H-CAFs. Proteomic analysis revealed that TG2 was significantly upregulated in HCC cells with EMT phenotypes. Overexpression of TG2 promoted EMT of HCC cells, and knockdown of TG2 remarkably attenuated the H-CAF-induced EMT. Furthermore, during EMT, TG2 expression was enhanced after HCC cells were stimulated by IL-6, but not HGF. Inhibition of the IL-6/STAT3 signaling decreased TG2 expression. The principal TG2 transcription control element and a potential STAT3 binding site were identified using promoter analysis. Hence, H-CAFs facilitates HCC cells EMT mediated by IL-6, which in turn activates IL-6/IL6R/STAT3 axis to promote TG2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changchang Jia
- Cell-gene Therapy Translational Medicine Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guoying Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver transplantation Center of the Third Affiliated Hospital, Organ Transplantation Institute, Sun Yat-sen University; Organ Transplantation Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tiantian Wang
- Department of medical oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Binsheng Fu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver transplantation Center of the Third Affiliated Hospital, Organ Transplantation Institute, Sun Yat-sen University; Organ Transplantation Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yincai Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver transplantation Center of the Third Affiliated Hospital, Organ Transplantation Institute, Sun Yat-sen University; Organ Transplantation Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yinan Deng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver transplantation Center of the Third Affiliated Hospital, Organ Transplantation Institute, Sun Yat-sen University; Organ Transplantation Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanzhong Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver transplantation Center of the Third Affiliated Hospital, Organ Transplantation Institute, Sun Yat-sen University; Organ Transplantation Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaocai Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver transplantation Center of the Third Affiliated Hospital, Organ Transplantation Institute, Sun Yat-sen University; Organ Transplantation Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianning Chen
- Department of pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuhang Pan
- Department of pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Tai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinliang Liang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuejiao Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kunhua Hu
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Xie
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sujun Li
- School of Informatics, computing and engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Yang Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver transplantation Center of the Third Affiliated Hospital, Organ Transplantation Institute, Sun Yat-sen University; Organ Transplantation Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guihua Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver transplantation Center of the Third Affiliated Hospital, Organ Transplantation Institute, Sun Yat-sen University; Organ Transplantation Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Cell-gene Therapy Translational Medicine Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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25
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Fernando-Macías E, Fernández-García MT, García-Pérez E, Porrero Guerrero B, López-Arévalo C, Rodríguez-Uría R, Sanz-Navarro S, Vázquez-Villa JF, Muñíz-Salgueiro MC, Suárez-Fernández L, Galván JA, Barneo-Caragol C, García-Ocaña M, de Los Toyos JR, Barneo-Serra L. A new aggressive xenograft model of human colon cancer using cancer-associated fibroblasts. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9045. [PMID: 32547853 PMCID: PMC7275677 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death. Almost half of the patients present recurrence within 5 years after the treatment of the primary tumor, the majority, with metastasis. On the other hand, in the search for new animal models that simulate metastatic cancer, it has been suggested that fibroblasts immersed in the peritumoral stroma (cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs)), play a relevant role in the development of cancer. The objective of this study was to identify an adequate animal model to study metastatic colon cancer and the application of new treatments. Methods Human CAFs and normal fibroblasts (NF) for transplant and culture were obtained from surgical fresh samples of patients with adenocarcinoma of sigmoid colon. Stromal cell purity was evaluated by morphology and immunostaining with vimentin (VIM) as a fibroblast marker and anti-proColXIα1 as a specific human CAF marker. Phenotypic characterization of cultured stromal cells was performed by co-staining with mesenchymal and epithelial cell markers. For identification in mice, human CAFs were labeled with the PKH26 red fluorescence dye. Cell line HT-29 was used as tumor cells. Transplant in the head of the pancreas of 34 SCID mice was performed in four different groups, as follows: I. 150,000 CAFS (n = 12), IIa. 1.5 million HT29 cells (n = 7), IIb. 150,000 NF+1.5 million HT29 cells (n = 5), III. 150,000 CAFS+1.5 million HT29 cells (n = 10). After euthanasia performed one month later, histological analysis was made using hematoxylin–eosin and anti-proColXIα1. A histopathological score system based on three features (tumor volume, desmoplasia and number of metastasized organs) was established to compare the tumor severity. Results The CAFs and NF cultured were proColXIα1+/VIM+, proColXIα1/alphaSMA+ and proColXIα1+/CK19+ in different proportions without differences among them, but the CAFs growth curve was significantly larger than that of the NF (p < 0.05). No tumor developed in those animals that only received CAFs. When comparing group II (a + b) vs. group III, both groups showed 100% hepatic metastases. Median hepatic nodules, tumor burden, lung metastases and severity score were bigger in group III vs group II (a + b), although without being significant, except in the case of the median tumor volume, that was significantly higher in group III (154.8 (76.9–563.2) mm3) vs group II (46.7 (3.7–239.6) mm3), p = 0.04. A correlation was observed between the size of the tumor developed in the pancreas and the metastatic tumor burden in the liver and with the severity score. Conclusion Our experiments demonstrate that cultured CAFs have a higher growth than NF and that when human CAFs are associated to human tumor cells, larger tumors with liver and lung metastases are generated than if only colon cancer cells with/without NF are transplanted. This emphasizes the importance of the tumor stroma, and especially the CAFs, in the development of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Fernando-Macías
- Service of Surgery, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Maria Teresa Fernández-García
- Laboratory of Department of Molecular Histopathology in Animal Cancer Models, Oncology University Institute of the Principality of Asturias, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Sandra Sanz-Navarro
- Service of Surgery, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - María Carmen Muñíz-Salgueiro
- Laboratory of Department of Molecular Histopathology in Animal Cancer Models, Oncology University Institute of the Principality of Asturias, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - José A Galván
- Translational Research Unit, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Clara Barneo-Caragol
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.,Laboratory of Medicine, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Marcos García-Ocaña
- Biotechnological and Biomedical Assays Unit, Technical-Scientific Services, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Juan R de Los Toyos
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.,Immunology Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Luis Barneo-Serra
- Service of Surgery, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.,Surgery Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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26
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Oleynikova NA, Danilova NV, Mikhailov IA, Semina EV, Malkov PG. [Cancer-associated fibroblasts and their significance in tumor progression]. Arkh Patol 2020; 82:68-77. [PMID: 32096494 DOI: 10.17116/patol20208201168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Carcinogenesis and tumor progression are not caused not only by malignant epithelial cells, but also by the tumor stroma around cancer stem cells which performs regulatory, nutritional and 'framework' functions. It is represented by mesenchymal cells of various types predominantly by cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF). αSMA, FAP-1, desmin, podoplanin, neuron-glial antigen 2 (NG2), PDGFR-α and -β are used for CAF identification but there is no universal markers due to the plasticity of the cell population that underlies the subpopulation division CAF. CAF subpopulations are not described for many tumor types. Recently, evidence has accumulated that CAFs mediate many adverse processes in the tumor, including can support stromal inflammation and cause fibrosis. By forming a niche in cancer stem cells, CAFs mediate chemoresistance and the appearance of dormant metastases. The study of the role of CAF will allow not only to form a fundamentally new understanding of the mechanisms of carcinogenesis, but also to create new diagnostic and therapeutic targets for treating tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - N V Danilova
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - I A Mikhailov
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - E V Semina
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - P G Malkov
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
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27
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Rihan M, Nalla LV, Dharavath A, Shard A, Kalia K, Khairnar A. Pyruvate Kinase M2: a Metabolic Bug in Re-Wiring the Tumor Microenvironment. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT SOCIETY 2019; 12:149-167. [PMID: 31183810 PMCID: PMC6937361 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-019-00226-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is a newly emerged hallmark of cancer attaining a recent consideration as an essential factor for the progression and endurance of cancer cells. A prime event of this altered metabolism is increased glucose uptake and discharge of lactate into the cells surrounding constructing a favorable tumor niche. Several oncogenic factors help in promoting this consequence including, pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) a rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis in tumor metabolism via exhibiting its low pyruvate kinase activity and nuclear moon-lightening functions to increase the synthesis of lactate and macromolecules for tumor proliferation. Not only its role in cancer cells but also its role in the tumor microenvironment cells has to be understood for developing the small molecules against it which is lacking with the literature till date. Therefore, in this present review, the role of PKM2 with respect to various tumor niche cells will be clarified. Further, it highlights the updated list of therapeutics targeting PKM2 pre-clinically and clinically with their added limitations. This upgraded understanding of PKM2 may provide a pace for the reader in developing chemotherapeutic strategies for better clinical survival with limited resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Rihan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, -382355, India
| | - Lakshmi Vineela Nalla
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, -382355, India
| | - Anil Dharavath
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, -382355, India
| | - Amit Shard
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, -382355, India.
| | - Kiran Kalia
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Amit Khairnar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, -382355, India.
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28
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Oatmen KE, Cull E, Spinale FG. Heart failure as interstitial cancer: emergence of a malignant fibroblast phenotype. Nat Rev Cardiol 2019; 17:523-531. [DOI: 10.1038/s41569-019-0286-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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29
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Kemi NA, Eskuri M, Pohjanen V, Karttunen TJ, Kauppila JH. Histological assessment of stromal maturity as a prognostic factor in surgically treated gastric adenocarcinoma. Histopathology 2019; 75:882-889. [DOI: 10.1111/his.13934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niko A Kemi
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital Oulu Finland
| | - Maarit Eskuri
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital Oulu Finland
| | - Vesa‐Matti Pohjanen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital Oulu Finland
| | - Tuomo J Karttunen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital Oulu Finland
| | - Joonas H Kauppila
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital Oulu Finland
- Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
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30
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Jiang X, Wu M, Xu X, Zhang L, Huang Y, Xu Z, He K, Wang H, Wang H, Teng L. COL12A1, a novel potential prognostic factor and therapeutic target in gastric cancer. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:3103-3112. [PMID: 31432110 PMCID: PMC6755194 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of collagen type XII α1 chain (COL12A1) has been found in several cancer types and could be involved in tumor progression. However, its clinical significance in gastric cancer (GC) remains under exploration. Online databases (Gene Expression Omnibus and UALCAN), reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry were utilized in the present study to evaluate the expression of COL12A1 in GC tissues and cell lines. It was found that COL12A1 expression was notably upregulated in GC. Clinicopathological analysis showed that elevated COL12A1 expression was positively correlated with tumor invasiveness, metastasis and advanced clinical stage. The prognostic analysis suggested that high COL12A1 expression contributed to poor overall survival. Multivariate Cox analysis indicated that COL12A1 overexpression was a powerful independent prognostic indicator in patients with GC (hazard ratio, 1.896; 95% CI, 1.267–2.837; P=0.002). The results highlighted the importance of COL12A1 in GC and suggested its potential role as a candidate for clinical outcome prediction and targeted therapy in patients with GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Jiang
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Mengjie Wu
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Xin Xu
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Liwei Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Yingying Huang
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Zhenzhen Xu
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Kuifeng He
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Haiyong Wang
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Haohao Wang
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Lisong Teng
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
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31
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Watanabe S, Noma K, Ohara T, Kashima H, Sato H, Kato T, Urano S, Katsube R, Hashimoto Y, Tazawa H, Kagawa S, Shirakawa Y, Kobayashi H, Fujiwara T. Photoimmunotherapy for cancer-associated fibroblasts targeting fibroblast activation protein in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Biol Ther 2019; 20:1234-1248. [PMID: 31185791 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2019.1617566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are strongly implicated in tumor progression, including in the processes of tumorigenesis, invasion, and metastasis. The targeting of CAFs using various therapeutic approaches is a novel treatment strategy; however, the efficacy of such therapies remains limited. Recently, near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT), which is a novel targeted therapy employing a cell-specific mAb conjugated to a photosensitizer, has been introduced as a new type of phototherapy. In this study, we have developed a novel NIR-PIT technique to target CAFs, by focusing on fibroblast activation protein (FAP), and we evaluate the treatment efficacy in vitro and in vivo. Esophageal carcinoma cells exhibited enhanced activation of fibroblasts, with FAP over-expressed in the cytoplasm and on the cell surface. FAP-IR700-mediated PIT showed induced rapid cell death specifically for those cells in vitro and in vivo, without adverse effects. This novel therapy for CAFs, designed as local control phototherapy, was safe and showed a promising inhibitory effect on FAP+ CAFs. PIT targeting CAFs via the specific marker FAP may be a therapeutic option for CAFs in the tumor microenvironment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Noma
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan
| | - Toshiaki Ohara
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan.,Department of Pathology & Experimental Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan
| | - Hajime Kashima
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sato
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan
| | - Takuya Kato
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan
| | - Shinichi Urano
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan
| | - Ryoichi Katsube
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan
| | - Yuuri Hashimoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tazawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan.,Center for Innovative Clinical Medicine, Okayama University Hospital , Okayama , Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kagawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Shirakawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Toshiyoshi Fujiwara
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan
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32
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Yang LQ, Li RY, Yang XY, Cui QF, Wang FY, Lin GQ, Zhang JG. Co-administration of Shexiang Baoxin Pill and Chemotherapy Drugs Potentiated Cancer Therapy by Vascular-Promoting Strategy. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:565. [PMID: 31178734 PMCID: PMC6543272 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective delivery of chemotherapeutic agents to tumors is a critical objective of improved cancer therapy. Traditional antiangiogenic therapy aims at eradicating tumor blood vessels, but the subsequently reduced blood perfusion may limit the drug amount delivered into the tumor and potentially lead to tumor hypoxia, which has been proved to be unable to meet the therapeutic expectations. “Shexiang Baoxin Pill” (SBP) is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) used in clinical treatment of cardiovascular diseases, which has the pharmacological effect of pro-angiogenesis demonstrated recently. In this study, we disclosed our finding that SBP could enhance the effective treatment performance of gemcitabine (GEM) while minimizing the toxic side effects caused by GEM. Mechanistically, SBP increased tumor angiogenesis, blood perfusion, vascular permeability, and vessel dilation, which subsequently favored the delivery of GEM to the tumor lesion. Moreover, combined treatment with SBP and GEM could modify tumor microenvironment and consequently overcome multidrug resistance, and this combination therapy is also suitable for combination of SBP with some other chemotherapeutic drugs as well. These results suggest that combining SBP with chemotherapeutic agents achieves better treatment efficiency, which can open an avenue for expanding the combined treatment of anti-cancer chemotherapeutic drugs with TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu-Qing Yang
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ru-Yi Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xi-Yan Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qian-Fei Cui
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fei-Yun Wang
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Lin
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Ge Zhang
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Wrighton PJ, Oderberg IM, Goessling W. There Is Something Fishy About Liver Cancer: Zebrafish Models of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 8:347-363. [PMID: 31108233 PMCID: PMC6713889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the mortality resulting from HCC are both increasing. Most patients with HCC are diagnosed at advanced stages when curative treatments are impossible. Current drug therapy extends mean overall survival by only a short period of time. Genetic mutations associated with HCC vary widely. Therefore, transgenic and mutant animal models are needed to investigate the molecular effects of specific mutations, classify them as drivers or passengers, and develop targeted treatments. Cirrhosis, however, is the premalignant state common to 90% of HCC patients. Currently, no specific therapies are available to halt or reverse the progression of cirrhosis to HCC. Understanding the genetic drivers of HCC as well as the biochemical, mechanical, hormonal, and metabolic changes associated with cirrhosis could lead to novel treatments and cancer prevention strategies. Although additional therapies recently received Food and Drug Administration approval, significant clinical breakthroughs have not emerged since the introduction of the multikinase inhibitor sorafenib, necessitating alternate research strategies. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are effective for disease modeling because of their high degree of gene and organ architecture conservation with human beings, ease of transgenesis and mutagenesis, high fecundity, and low housing cost. Here, we review zebrafish models of HCC and identify areas on which to focus future research efforts to maximize the advantages of the zebrafish model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Wrighton
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Isaac M Oderberg
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Wolfram Goessling
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Broad Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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34
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Zhou Y, Ren H, Dai B, Li J, Shang L, Huang J, Shi X. Hepatocellular carcinoma-derived exosomal miRNA-21 contributes to tumor progression by converting hepatocyte stellate cells to cancer-associated fibroblasts. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:324. [PMID: 30591064 PMCID: PMC6307162 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0965-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a global challenge due to its high morbidity and mortality rates as well as poor response to treatment. The communication between tumor-derived elements and stroma plays a critical role in facilitating cancer progression of HCC. Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are released from the cells upon fusion of multivesicular bodies with the plasma membrane. There is emerging evidence indicating that exosomes play a central role in cell-to-cell communication. Much attention has been paid to exosomes since they are found to transport bioactive proteins, messenger RNA (mRNAs) and microRNA (miRNAs) that can be transferred in active form to adjacent cells or to distant organs. However, the mechanisms underlying such cancer progression remain largely unexplored. METHODS Exosomes were isolated by differential ultracentrifugation from conditioned medium of HCC cells and identified by electron microscopy and Western blotting analysis. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) were treated with different concentrations of exosomes, and the activation of HSCs was analyzed by Western blotting analysis, wound healing, migration assay, Edu assay, CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry. Moreover, the different miRNA levels of exosomes were tested by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-PCR). The angiogenic ability of activated HSCs was analyzed by qRT-PCR, CCK-8 assay and tube formation assay. In addition, the abnormal lipid metabolism of activated HSCs was analyzed by Western blotting analysis and Oil Red staining. Finally, the relationship between serum exosomal miRNA-21 and prognosis of HCC patients was evaluated. RESULTS We showed that HCC cells exhibited a great capacity to convert normal HSCs to cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Moreover, our data revealed that HCC cells secreted exosomal miRNA-21 that directly targeted PTEN, leading to activation of PDK1/AKT signaling in HSCs. Activated CAFs further promoted cancer progression by secreting angiogenic cytokines, including VEGF, MMP2, MMP9, bFGF and TGF-β. Clinical data indicated that high level of serum exosomal miRNA-21 was correlated with greater activation of CAFs and higher vessel density in HCC patients. CONCLUSIONS Intercellular crosstalk between tumor cells and HSCs was mediated by tumor-derived exosomes that controlled progression of HCC. Our findings provided potential targets for prevention and treatment of live cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhou
- 0000 0004 1800 1685grid.428392.6Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321, Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008 Jiangsu Province China
| | - Haozhen Ren
- 0000 0004 1800 1685grid.428392.6Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321, Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008 Jiangsu Province China
| | - Bo Dai
- 0000 0004 1800 1685grid.428392.6Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321, Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008 Jiangsu Province China
| | - Jun Li
- 0000 0004 1800 1685grid.428392.6Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321, Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008 Jiangsu Province China
| | - Longcheng Shang
- 0000 0004 1800 1685grid.428392.6Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321, Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008 Jiangsu Province China
| | - Jianfei Huang
- 0000 0000 9530 8833grid.260483.bDepartment of Clinical Biobank, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, 20, Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001 Jiangsu Province China
| | - Xiaolei Shi
- 0000 0004 1800 1685grid.428392.6Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321, Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008 Jiangsu Province China
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Jiang Y, Xie J, Han Z, Liu W, Xi S, Huang L, Huang W, Lin T, Zhao L, Hu Y, Yu J, Zhang Q, Li T, Cai S, Li G. Immunomarker Support Vector Machine Classifier for Prediction of Gastric Cancer Survival and Adjuvant Chemotherapeutic Benefit. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:5574-5584. [PMID: 30042208 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-0848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Current tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging system cannot provide adequate information for prediction of prognosis and chemotherapeutic benefits. We constructed a classifier to predict prognosis and identify a subset of patients who can benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy.Experimental Design: We detected expression of 15 immunohistochemistry (IHC) features in tumors from 251 gastric cancer (GC) patients and evaluated the association of their expression level with overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). Then, integrating multiple clinicopathologic features and IHC features, we used support vector machine (SVM)-based methods to develop a prognostic classifier (GC-SVM classifier) with features. Further validation of the GC-SVM classifier was performed in two validation cohorts of 535 patients.Results: The GC-SVM classifier integrated patient sex, carcinoembryonic antigen, lymph node metastasis, and the protein expression level of eight features, including CD3invasive margin (IM), CD3center of tumor (CT), CD8IM, CD45ROCT, CD57IM, CD66bIM, CD68CT, and CD34. Significant differences were found between the high- and low-GC-SVM patients in 5-year OS and DFS in training and validation cohorts. Multivariate analysis revealed that the GC-SVM classifier was an independent prognostic factor. The classifier had higher predictive accuracy for OS and DFS than TNM stage and can complement the prognostic value of the TNM staging system. Further analysis revealed that stage II and III GC patients with high-GC-SVM were likely to benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy.Conclusions: The newly developed GC-SVM classifier was a powerful predictor of OS and DFS. Moreover, the GC-SVM classifier could predict which patients with stage II and III GC benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy. Clin Cancer Res; 24(22); 5574-84. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Xie
- Research Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Han
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Biotherapy Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sujuan Xi
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Infectious Disease, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Huang
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Weicai Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tian Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liying Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanfeng Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiang Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. .,Biotherapy Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tuanjie Li
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China. .,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shirong Cai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Guoxin Li
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Chen J, Yang P, Xiao Y, Zhang Y, Liu J, Xie D, Cai M, Zhang X. Overexpression of α-sma-positive fibroblasts (CAFs) in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Predicts Poor Prognosis. J Cancer 2017; 8:3897-3902. [PMID: 29151978 PMCID: PMC5688944 DOI: 10.7150/jca.20324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this study is to investigate the differential expression of α-sma-positive fibroblasts (CAFs) in nasopharyngeal carcinomas (NPCs), nasopharyngitis, metastatic tissues of NPCs and its prognostic value in NPCs. Methods: The expression of α-sma-labeled CAFs in 85 NPCs, 32 nasopharyngitis and 12 metastatic tissues of NPCs was detected by immunohistochemical method. The relationship between CAFs and clinicopathological parameters of NPCs was analyzed. Results: The high density of CAFs in the NPCs, nasopharyngitis and metastatic tissues of NPCs group were 41.2% (35/85), 6.2% (2/32) and 83.3% (10/12), and a significant difference was showed among these three groups (P<0.05). Chi-square test showed that there was no significant correlation between the density of CAFs and gender, age, N stage, treatment (P>0.05), but closely correlated with T stage and relapse (P<0.05). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that the mean overall survival of high-density and low-density CAFs was 86.8 months and 127.0 months, respectively. Correspondingly, the 5-year survival rates were 57.1% (20/35) and 90.0% (45/50), and there were inversely statistical differences between two groups (P<0.05). Cox multivariate analysis showed that the density of CAFs could be used as an independent prognostic factor for the survival of NPC patients (P<0.05). Conclusions: The density of CAFs could be closely related to the metastasis of NPCs, and also is an efficient prediction factor of poor survival in patients with NPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiewei Chen
- Department of pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 510060 Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine
| | - Pengfei Yang
- Department of Pathology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Yongbo Xiao
- Department of pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 510060 Guangzhou, China
| | - Yijun Zhang
- Department of pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 510060 Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 510060 Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Xie
- Department of pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 510060 Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine
| | - Muyan Cai
- Department of pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 510060 Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine
| | - Xinke Zhang
- Department of pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 510060 Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine
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Brachelente C, Cappelli K, Capomaccio S, Porcellato I, Silvestri S, Bongiovanni L, De Maria R, Verini Supplizi A, Mechelli L, Sforna M. Transcriptome Analysis of Canine Cutaneous Melanoma and Melanocytoma Reveals a Modulation of Genes Regulating Extracellular Matrix Metabolism and Cell Cycle. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6386. [PMID: 28743863 PMCID: PMC5526991 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06281-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between tumor cells and tumor microenvironment are considered critical in carcinogenesis, tumor invasion and metastasis. To examine transcriptome changes and to explore the relationship with tumor microenvironment in canine cutaneous melanocytoma and melanoma, we extracted RNA from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens and analyzed them by means of RNA-seq for transcriptional analysis. Melanocytoma and melanoma samples were compared to detect differential gene expressions and significant enriched pathways were explored to reveal functional relations between differentially expressed genes. The study demonstrated a differential expression of 60 genes in melanomas compared to melanocytomas. The differentially expressed genes cluster in the extracellular matrix-receptor interaction, protein digestion and absorption, focal adhesion and PI3K-Akt (phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B) signaling pathways. Genes encoding for several collagen proteins were more commonly differentially expressed. Results of the RNA-seq were validated by qRT-PCR and protein expression of some target molecules was investigated by means of immunohistochemistry. We hypothesize that the developing melanoma actively promotes collagen metabolism and extracellular matrix remodeling as well as enhancing cell proliferation and survival contributing to disease progression and metastasis. In this study, we also detected unidentified genes in human melanoma expression studies and uncover new candidate drug targets for further testing in canine melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katia Cappelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Laura Bongiovanni
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 64100, Teramo, Italy
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Luca Mechelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Monica Sforna
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, 06126, Perugia, Italy
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Wang M, Wu C, Guo Y, Cao X, Zheng W, Fan GK. The primary growth of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma cells in vitro is effectively supported by paired cancer-associated fibroblasts alone. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317705512. [PMID: 28475003 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317705512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Most primarily cultured laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma cells are difficult to propagate in vitro and have a low survival rate. However, in our previous work to establish a laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma cell line, we found that laryngeal cancer-associated fibroblasts appeared to strongly inhibit the apoptosis of primarily cultured laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma cells in vitro. In this study, we investigated whether paired laryngeal cancer-associated fibroblasts alone can effectively support the growth of primarily cultured laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma cells in vitro. In all, 29 laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma specimens were collected and primarily cultured. The laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma cells were separated from cancer-associated fibroblasts by differential trypsinization and continuously subcultured. Morphological changes of the cultured laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma cells were observed. Immunocytofluorescence was used to authenticate the identity of the cancer-associated fibroblasts and laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma cells. Flow cytometry was used to quantify the proportion of apoptotic cells. Western blot was used to detect the protein levels of caspase-3. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the levels of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 7, hepatocyte growth factor, and fibroblast growth factor 1 in the supernatants of the laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and control cells. AMD3100 (a chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 antagonist) and an anti-chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 7 antibody were used to block the tumor-supporting capacity of cancer-associated fibroblasts. Significant apoptotic changes were detected in the morphology of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma cells detached from cancer-associated fibroblasts. The percentage of apoptotic laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma cells and the protein levels of caspase-3 increased gradually in subsequent subcultures. In contrast, no significant differences in the proliferation capacity of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma cells cocultured with cancer-associated fibroblasts were detected during subculturing. High level of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 was detected in the culture supernatant of cancer-associated fibroblasts. The tumor-supporting effect of cancer-associated fibroblasts was significantly inhibited by AMD3100. Our findings demonstrate that the paired laryngeal cancer-associated fibroblasts alone are sufficient to support the primary growth of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma cells in vitro and that the chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12/chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 axis is one of the major contributors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wang
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,2 Department of Otolaryngology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunping Wu
- 3 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Guo
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojuan Cao
- 4 Department of Otolaryngology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiaxing University College of Medicine, Jiaxing, China
| | - Wenwei Zheng
- 4 Department of Otolaryngology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiaxing University College of Medicine, Jiaxing, China
| | - Guo-Kang Fan
- 2 Department of Otolaryngology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Ishikawa T. Next-generation sequencing traces human induced pluripotent stem cell lines clonally generated from heterogeneous cancer tissue. World J Stem Cells 2017; 9:77-88. [PMID: 28596815 PMCID: PMC5440771 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v9.i5.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate genotype variation among induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines that were clonally generated from heterogeneous colon cancer tissues using next-generation sequencing.
METHODS Human iPSC lines were clonally established by selecting independent single colonies expanded from heterogeneous primary cells of S-shaped colon cancer tissues by retroviral gene transfer (OCT3/4, SOX2, and KLF4). The ten iPSC lines, their starting cancer tissues, and the matched adjacent non-cancerous tissues were analyzed using next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics analysis using the human reference genome hg19. Non-synonymous single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) (missense, nonsense, and read-through) were identified within the target region of 612 genes related to cancer and the human kinome. All SNVs were annotated using dbSNP135, CCDS, RefSeq, GENCODE, and 1000 Genomes. The SNVs of the iPSC lines were compared with the genotypes of the cancerous and non-cancerous tissues. The putative genotypes were validated using allelic depth and genotype quality. For final confirmation, mutated genotypes were manually curated using the Integrative Genomics Viewer.
RESULTS In eight of the ten iPSC lines, one or two non-synonymous SNVs in EIF2AK2, TTN, ULK4, TSSK1B, FLT4, STK19, STK31, TRRAP, WNK1, PLK1 or PIK3R5 were identified as novel SNVs and were not identical to the genotypes found in the cancer and non-cancerous tissues. This result suggests that the SNVs were de novo or pre-existing mutations that originated from minor populations, such as multifocal pre-cancer (stem) cells or pre-metastatic cancer cells from multiple, different clonal evolutions, present within the heterogeneous cancer tissue. The genotypes of all ten iPSC lines were different from the mutated ERBB2 and MKNK2 genotypes of the cancer tissues and were identical to those of the non-cancerous tissues and that found in the human reference genome hg19. Furthermore, two of the ten iPSC lines did not have any confirmed mutated genotypes, despite being derived from cancerous tissue. These results suggest that the traceability and preference of the starting single cells being derived from pre-cancer (stem) cells, stroma cells such as cancer-associated fibroblasts, and immune cells that co-existed in the tissues along with the mature cancer cells.
CONCLUSION The genotypes of iPSC lines derived from heterogeneous cancer tissues can provide information on the type of starting cell that the iPSC line was generated from.
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Oh HJ, Bae JM, Wen XY, Cho NY, Kim JH, Kang GH. Overexpression of POSTN in Tumor Stroma Is a Poor Prognostic Indicator of Colorectal Cancer. J Pathol Transl Med 2017; 51:306-313. [PMID: 28407462 PMCID: PMC5445202 DOI: 10.4132/jptm.2017.01.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor microenvironment has recently drawn attention in that it is related with tumor prognosis. Cancer-associated fibroblast also plays a critical role in cancer invasiveness and progression in colorectal cancers. Periostin (POSTN), originally identified to be expressed in osteoblasts and osteoblast-derived cells, is expressed in cancer-associated fibroblasts in several tissue types of cancer. Recent studies suggest an association between stromal overexpression of POSTN and poor prognosis of cancer patients. METHODS We analyzed colorectal cancer cases for their expression status of POSTN in tumor stroma using immunohistochemistry and correlated the expression status with clinicopathological and molecular features. RESULTS High level of POSTN expression in tumor stroma was closely associated with tumor location in proximal colon, infiltrative growth pattern, undifferentiated histology, tumor budding, luminal necrosis, and higher TNM stage. High expression status of POSTN in tumor stroma was found to be an independent prognostic parameter implicating poor 5-year cancer-specific survival and 5-year progression-free survival. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that POSTN overexpression in tumor stroma of colorectal cancers could be a possible candidate marker for predicting poor prognosis in patients with colorectal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Jeong Oh
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Laboratory of Epigenetics, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Mo Bae
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Pathology, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Xian-Yu Wen
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nam-Yun Cho
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Ho Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Laboratory of Epigenetics, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gyeong Hoon Kang
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Laboratory of Epigenetics, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Affo S, Yu LX, Schwabe RF. The Role of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts and Fibrosis in Liver Cancer. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2016; 12:153-186. [PMID: 27959632 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-052016-100322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 429] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Liver cancer is the second leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide, causing more than 700,000 deaths annually. Because of the wide landscape of genomic alterations and limited therapeutic success of targeting tumor cells, a recent focus has been on better understanding and possibly targeting the microenvironment in which liver tumors develop. A unique feature of liver cancer is its close association with liver fibrosis. More than 80% of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) develop in fibrotic or cirrhotic livers, suggesting an important role of liver fibrosis in the premalignant environment (PME) of the liver. Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), in contrast, is characterized by a strong desmoplasia that typically occurs in response to the tumor, suggesting a key role of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and fibrosis in its tumor microenvironment (TME). Here, we discuss the functional contributions of myofibroblasts, CAFs, and fibrosis to the development of HCC and CCA in the hepatic PME and TME, focusing on myofibroblast- and extracellular matrix-associated growth factors, fibrosis-associated immunosuppressive pathways, as well as mechanosensitive signaling cascades that are activated by increased tissue stiffness. Better understanding of the role of myofibroblasts in HCC and CCA development and progression may provide the basis to target these cells for tumor prevention or therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Affo
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032;
| | - Le-Xing Yu
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032;
| | - Robert F Schwabe
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032;
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Wang T, Notta F, Navab R, Joseph J, Ibrahimov E, Xu J, Zhu CQ, Borgida A, Gallinger S, Tsao MS. Senescent Carcinoma-Associated Fibroblasts Upregulate IL8 to Enhance Prometastatic Phenotypes. Mol Cancer Res 2016; 15:3-14. [PMID: 27678171 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-16-0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAF) represent a significant component of pancreatic cancer stroma and are biologically implicated in tumor progression. However, evidence of both cancer-promoting and -restraining properties amongst CAFs suggests the possibility of multiple phenotypic subtypes. Here, it is demonstrated that senescent CAFs promote pancreatic cancer invasion and metastasis compared with nonsenescent control CAFs using in vitro Transwell invasion models and in vivo xenograft mouse models. Screening by gene expression microarray and cytokine ELISA assays revealed IL8 to be upregulated in senescent CAFs. Experimental modulation through IL8 overexpression or receptor inhibition implicates the IL8 pathway as a mediator of the proinvasive effects of senescent CAFs. In a cohort of human pancreatic cancer cases, more abundant stromal senescence as indicated by p16 immunohistochemistry correlated with decreased survival in patients with early-stage disease. These data support senescent fibroblasts as a pathologically and clinically relevant feature of pancreatic cancer. The inhibition of senescent stroma-cancer signaling pathways has the potential to restrain pancreatic cancer progression. IMPLICATIONS Findings show that senescent cancer-associated fibroblasts secret excess IL8 to promote pancreatic cancer invasion and metastasis; thus, senescent CAFs represent a phenotypic subtype, challenging conventional assumptions that CAFs are a homogeneous population. Mol Cancer Res; 15(1); 3-14. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Faiyaz Notta
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada
| | - Roya Navab
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Joella Joseph
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Emin Ibrahimov
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jing Xu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Chang-Qi Zhu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ayelet Borgida
- Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Diseases, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Steven Gallinger
- Department of General Surgery, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ming-Sound Tsao
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada. .,Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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43
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Kubo N, Araki K, Kuwano H, Shirabe K. Cancer-associated fibroblasts in hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:6841-6850. [PMID: 27570421 PMCID: PMC4974583 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i30.6841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatic stellate cells in the liver are stimulated sustainably by chronic injury of the hepatocytes, activating myofibroblasts, which produce abundant collagen. Myofibroblasts are the major source of extracellular proteins during fibrogenesis, and may directly, or secreted products, contribute to carcinogenesis and tumor progression. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are one of the components of the tumor microenvironment that promote the proliferation and invasion of cancer cells by secreting various growth factors and cytokines. CAFs crosstalk with cancer cells stimulates tumor progression by creating a favorable microenvironment for progression, invasion, and metastasis through the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Basic studies on CAFs have advanced, and the role of CAFs in tumors has been elucidated. In particular, for hepatocellular carcinoma, carcinogenesis from cirrhosis is a known fact, and participation of CAFs in carcinogenesis is supported. In this review, we discuss the current literature on the role of CAFs and CAF-related signaling in carcinogenesis, crosstalk with cancer cells, immunosuppressive effects, angiogenesis, therapeutic targets, and resistance to chemotherapy. The role of CAFs is important in cancer initiation and progression. CAFtargeted therapy may be effective for suppression not only of fibrosis but also cancer progression.
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44
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Mukaida N, Sasaki S. Fibroblasts, an inconspicuous but essential player in colon cancer development and progression. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:5301-5316. [PMID: 27340347 PMCID: PMC4910652 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i23.5301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor microenvironments have a crucial role in cancer initiation and progression, and share many molecular and pathological features with wound healing process. Unless treated, tumors, however, do not heal in contrast to wounds that heal within a limited time framework. Wounds heal in coordination of a myriad of types of cells, particularly endothelial cells, leukocytes, and fibroblasts. Similar sets of cells also contribute to cancer initiation and progression, and as a consequence, anti-cancer treatment strategies have been proposed and tested by targeting endothelial cells and/or leukocytes. Compared with endothelial cells and leukocytes, less attention has been paid to the roles of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), fibroblasts present in tumor tissues, because their heterogeneity hinders the elucidation on them at cellular and molecular levels. Here, we will discuss the origin of CAFs and their crucial roles in cancer initiation and progression, and the possibility to develop a novel type of anti-cancer treatment by manipulating the migration and functions of CAFs.
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Ting H, Deep G, Kumar S, Jain AK, Agarwal C, Agarwal R. Beneficial effects of the naturally occurring flavonoid silibinin on the prostate cancer microenvironment: role of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and immune cell recruitment. Carcinogenesis 2016; 37:589-599. [PMID: 27207648 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgw039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment plays an essential role in prostate carcinogenesis and offers novel opportunities to prevent and treat prostate cancer (PCA). Here, we investigated the ability of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) to promote PCA progression, and silibinin efficacy to target this response. We collected conditioned media from CAFs treated with vehicle or silibinin, and labeled as control conditioned media (CCM) or silibinin-treatment conditioned media (SBCM), respectively. Next, we characterized the effect of CCM and SBCM treatment in several PCA cell lines (RWPE-1, WPE-1 NA-22, WPE-1 NB-14 and PC3). Result showed that compared with SBCM, CCM significantly reduces E-cadherin expression and increases invasiveness and clonogenicity in PCA cells. Further molecular studies identified monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) as the key component of CCM that promotes PCA invasiveness, whereas silibinin treatment strongly reduced MCP-1 expression in CAFs by inhibiting the DNA-binding activity of MCP-1 transcriptional regulators-nuclear factor-kappaB and AP-1. In vivo, silibinin feeding (200mg/kg body weight) strongly reduced TRAMPC1 allografts growth (by 68%) in syngeneic C57Bl/6 mice. TRAMPC1 tumor analysis showed that silibinin reduced MCP-1 and CAFs' biomarkers (fibroblast activation protein, α-smooth muscle actin, transforming growth factor beta 2, vimentin etc.) and significantly modulated the recruitment of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. Similar inhibitory effects of silibinin on MCP-1 and immune cells recruitment were also observed in TRAMP PCA tissues with reported silibinin efficacy. Overall, our data suggest that silibinin can target CAF-mediated invasiveness in PCA by inhibiting MCP-1 secretion. This, in turn, was associated with a reduction in immune cell recruitment in vivo along with a marked reduction in tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold Ting
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and
| | - Gagan Deep
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and.,University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Blvd, V20-2118, Box C238, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and
| | - Anil K Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and
| | - Chapla Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and.,University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Blvd, V20-2118, Box C238, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and.,University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Blvd, V20-2118, Box C238, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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46
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Ma JC, Huang X, Shen YW, Zheng C, Su QH, Xu JK, Zhao J. Tenascin-C promotes migration of hepatic stellate cells and production of type I collagen. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2016; 80:1470-7. [PMID: 27031437 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2016.1165600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Tenascin-C (TN-C) is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein markedly upregulated during liver fibrosis. The study is performed to explore the role of TN-C during the growth and activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). We found that TN-C was accumulated accompanying with the HSC activation. Our data on cell migration assay revealed that the rTN-C treatment enhanced HSC migration in a dose- and time-dependent manner, but did not influence their proliferation. HSCs transfected with pTARGET-TN-C overexpression vector displayed increased the type I collagen (Col I) production. TN-C overexpression enhanced the process of HSC activation through TGF-β1 signaling. Moreover, the anti-α9β1 integrin antibody treatment blocked the TN-C-driven Col I increase in rat HSCs. Collectively, TN-C had a positive role in activation of HSCs mediated by TGF-β1 and α9β1 integrin, manifesting elevation of Col I production and promotion of cell migration. Our results provide a potential insight for the therapy of hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Cang Ma
- a Department of General Surgery , Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , China
| | - Xin Huang
- b Department of General Surgery , Xi'an Central Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , China
| | - Ya-Wei Shen
- b Department of General Surgery , Xi'an Central Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , China
| | - Chen Zheng
- b Department of General Surgery , Xi'an Central Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , China
| | - Qing-Hua Su
- a Department of General Surgery , Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , China
| | - Jin-Kai Xu
- a Department of General Surgery , Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , China
| | - Jun Zhao
- a Department of General Surgery , Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , China
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Li J, Guan J, Long X, Wang Y, Xiang X. mir-1-mediated paracrine effect of cancer-associated fibroblasts on lung cancer cell proliferation and chemoresistance. Oncol Rep 2016; 35:3523-31. [PMID: 27035564 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in humans worldwide. Moreover, the overall 5-year survival rate is only 15%. Pathologically almost 80% of all lung cancer cases are non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have been found to exist in a large number of NSCLCs. CAFs have been proven to promote tumor progression, metastasis and resistance to therapy through paracrine effects in most solid tumors. In the present study, firstly we isolated CAFs from patient tissues and demonstrated that they promoted cell proliferation and chemoresistance to cisplatin in the lung cancer cell lines A549 and 95D in a paracrine manner. Secondly, using ELISA and quantative PCR, we found that a higher amount of stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) existed in the CAFs rather than that observed in the normal fibroblasts (NFs). Thirdly, we detected that SDF-1 facilitated lung cancer cell proliferation and drug resistance via the CXCR4-mediated signaling pathway which involved NF-κB and Bcl-xL. Moreover, we also confirmed that the expression level of SDF-1 in the CAFs was negatively regulated by microRNA mir-1 through microRNA overexpression and quantitative PCR. Overall, our data provide one explanation for the effects of CAFs on lung cancer cells. Meanwhile, our results also suggest CAFs as a potential therapeutic target in tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Jing Guan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan 410005, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoping Long
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of the University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421000, P.R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Xudong Xiang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
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Lee YI, Lee HM, Jo JK, Lee S, Hong SK, Byun SS, Lee SE, Oh JJ. Association between Seminal Vesicle Invasion and Prostate Cancer Detection Location after Transrectal Systemic Biopsy among Men Who Underwent Radical Prostatectomy. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148690. [PMID: 26848747 PMCID: PMC4743841 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Our hypothesis is that the location of the seminal vesicles near the base of the prostate, the more positive cores are detected in the base, the greater the risk of seminal vesicle invasion. Therefore we investigate the clinical outcomes of base dominant prostate cancer (BDPC) in transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) -guided biopsies compared with anteromiddle dominant prostate cancer (AMPC). Methods From November 2003 to June 2014, a total of 990 intermediate and high risk prostate cancer (PCa) patients who underwent radical prostatectomy (RP) were enrolled and stratified into two groups according to proportion of positive cores–BDPC group had ≥ 33.3% ratio of positive cores from the prostate base among all positive cores and AMPC group < 33.3% in systemic biopsy. Between two groups, we compared the rate of pathologic outcomes and biochemical recurrence (BCR). We performed multivariate logistic regression model to confirm the significance of BDPC to seminal vesicle invasion (SVI) and Cox proportional hazard analysis to BCR. Results Among these 990 PCa patients, the 487 patients in BDPC group had more advanced clinical stage (p<0.001), a higher biopsy GS (p = 0.002), and a higher rate of extracapsular extension (ECE), SVI and BCR (all p<0.001) than AMPC group. The patients in BDPC group had poor BCR free survival rate via Kaplan-meier analysis (p<0.001). The ratio of the base positive cores was a significant predictor to SVI in multivariate analysis (p < 0.001) and significant predictor of BCR in multivariate Cox proportional analysis (hazard ratio: 1.466, p = 0.004). Conclusions BDPC in TRUS-guided prostate biopsies was significantly associated with SVI and BCR after adjusting for other clinical factors. Therefore, BDPC should be considered to be a more aggressive tumor despite an otherwise similar cancer profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ik Lee
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Hak Min Lee
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jung Ki Jo
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Sangchul Lee
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Sung Kyu Hong
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Seok-Soo Byun
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Sang Eun Lee
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jong Jin Oh
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- * E-mail:
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49
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Huang L, Wu RL, Xu AM. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in gastric cancer. Am J Transl Res 2015; 7:2141-2158. [PMID: 26807164 PMCID: PMC4697696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide with poor prognosis for lack of early detection and effective treatment modalities. The significant influence of tumor microenvironment on malignant cells has been extensively investigated in this targeted-therapy era. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a highly conserved and fundamental process that is critical for embryogenesis and some other pathophysiological processes, especially tumor genesis and progression. Aberrant gastric EMT activation could endow gastric epithelial cells with increased mesenchymal characteristics and less epithelial features, and promote cancer cell stemness, initiation, invasion, metastasis, and chemo-resistance with cellular adhesion molecules especially E-cadherin concomitantly repressed, which allows tumor cells to disseminate and spread throughout the body. Some pathogens, stress, and hypoxia could induce and aggravate GC via EMT, which is significantly correlated with prognosis. GC EMT is modulated by diverse micro-environmental, membrane, and intracellular cues, and could be triggered by various overexpressed transcription factors, which are downstream of several vital cross-talking signaling pathways including TGF-β, Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, etc. microRNAs also contribute significantly to GC EMT modulation. There are currently some agents which could suppress GC EMT, shedding light on novel anti-malignancy strategies. Investigating potential mechanisms modulating GC cell EMT and discovering novel EMT regulators will further elucidate GC biology, and may provide new biomarkers for early GC detection and potentially efficient targets for preventative and curative anti-GC intervention approaches to prevent local and distant invasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, China
- Research Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim (CBTM), Medical Faculty of Mannheim, Heidelberg UniversityMannheim, Germany
| | - Ruo-Lin Wu
- Research Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim (CBTM), Medical Faculty of Mannheim, Heidelberg UniversityMannheim, Germany
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, China
| | - A-Man Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, China
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50
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Huang L, Xu AM, Liu W. Transglutaminase 2 in cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2015; 5:2756-2776. [PMID: 26609482 PMCID: PMC4633903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The significant influence of tumor microenvironment on malignant cells has been investigated with enthusiasm in this era of targeted therapy. Transglutaminase 2 (TG2, EC 2.3.2.13), a multi-functional enzyme that catalyzes the formation of intermolecular isopeptide bonds between glutamine and lysine side-chains, has been reported to exert important pathophysiological functions. The aim of this review was to investigate the correlation between TG2 and malignant behaviors, which could provide the rationale for novel approaches in anti-cancer therapy. We performed a systematic and electronic search on Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science for relevant publications from inception to April 2015. The bibliographic references of retrieved articles were further reviewed for additional relevant studies. TG2 exerts important physiological functions and plays vital roles in inflammation mainly through its modulation on the structure and stability of extracellular matrix (ECM). It also regulates EMT of diverse malignant cells through various intracellular and extracellular pathways. TG2 also plays an important role in tumor progression and may serve as a novel prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target in various cancer types. TG2 promotes malignant cell mobility, invasion, and metastasis, and induces chemo-resistance of cancer cells, mainly through its pro-crosslink and signaling transduction mediation propensities. In conclusion, TG2 plays vital roles in malignancy progression, and may have important prognostic and therapeutic significances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
- Liver Transplantation Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
- Research Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim (CBTM), Medical Faculty of Mannheim, Heidelberg UniversityMannheim, Germany
| | - A-Man Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
- Liver Transplantation Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
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