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da Silva RAG, Tay WH, Ho FK, Tanoto FR, Chong KKL, Choo PY, Ludwig A, Kline KA. Enterococcus faecalis alters endo-lysosomal trafficking to replicate and persist within mammalian cells. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010434. [PMID: 35390107 PMCID: PMC9017951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is a frequent opportunistic pathogen of wounds, whose infections are associated with biofilm formation, persistence, and recalcitrance toward treatment. We have previously shown that E. faecalis wound infection persists for at least 7 days. Here we report that viable E. faecalis are present within both immune and non-immune cells at the wound site up to 5 days after infection, raising the prospect that intracellular persistence contributes to chronic E. faecalis infection. Using in vitro keratinocyte and macrophage infection models, we show that E. faecalis becomes internalized and a subpopulation of bacteria can survive and replicate intracellularly. E. faecalis are internalized into keratinocytes primarily via macropinocytosis into single membrane-bound compartments and can persist in late endosomes up to 24 h after infection in the absence of colocalization with the lysosomal protease Cathepsin D or apparent fusion with the lysosome, suggesting that E. faecalis blocks endosomal maturation. Indeed, intracellular E. faecalis infection results in heterotypic intracellular trafficking with partial or absent labelling of E. faecalis-containing compartments with Rab5 and Rab7, small GTPases required for the endosome-lysosome trafficking. In addition, E. faecalis infection results in marked reduction of Rab5 and Rab7 protein levels which may also contribute to attenuated Rab incorporation into E. faecalis-containing compartments. Finally, we demonstrate that intracellular E. faecalis derived from infected keratinocytes are significantly more efficient in reinfecting new keratinocytes. Together, these data suggest that intracellular proliferation of E. faecalis may contribute to its persistence in the face of a robust immune response, providing a primed reservoir of bacteria for subsequent reinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronni A. G. da Silva
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Antimicrobial Drug Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore
| | - Wei Hong Tay
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Foo Kiong Ho
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Frederick Reinhart Tanoto
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Kelvin K. L. Chong
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Pei Yi Choo
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Alexander Ludwig
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Kimberly A. Kline
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Antimicrobial Drug Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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2
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Korkmaz HI, Ulrich MMW, Çelik G, Van Wieringen WN, Van Zuijlen PPM, Krijnen PAJ, Niessen HWM. NOX2 Expression Is Increased in Keratinocytes After Burn Injury. J Burn Care Res 2021; 41:427-432. [PMID: 31602477 PMCID: PMC7030073 DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/irz162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reepithelialization is crucial for effective wound repair in burn wounds. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have shown to be important in this. Recent studies suggest that NOX proteins produce ROS in keratinocytes. In the present study, we have studied NOX proteins in burn wounds, including the effect of C1-esterase inhibitor (C1inh) hereon, which is the endogenous inhibitor of complement activity whereof we have shown previously that it also increased the rate of reepithelialization in burn wounds. Skin tissue derived from healthy control Wistar rats (n = 6) were compared with burn-injured rats, with (n = 7) or without C1inh treatment (n = 7). After 14 days, rats were terminated. From the burn-injured rats, the entire wound and nonburned skin from the hind leg, that is, internal control was excised. From the control rats, dorsal skin was excised. In these skin samples, NOX2 and NOX4 were analyzed immunohistochemically. In nonburned rats, NOX2 was found in keratinocytes in both the basal layer and suprabasal layer of the epidermis; and the number of NOX2-positive keratinocytes was 367/mm2 (254-378). In burned rats, the number of NOX2-positive keratinocytes was significantly increased in the newly forming epidermis in the burned area to 1019/mm2 (649-1172), especially in the suprabasal layer, but significantly decreased in remote nonburned skin to 22/mm2 (6-89). C1inh treatment counteracted these changes in epidermal NOX2 expression in burned rats, both in the burned area as in remote nonburned skin. No NOX4 expression was found in the epidermis in none of the groups. NOX2 expression was increased in keratinocytes in newly forming epidermis after burn injury. C1inh, a drug that increases the rate of reepithelialization, counteracted this effect. These results suggest a role for NOX2 in the reepithelialization of burn wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ibrahim Korkmaz
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, location VUMC, the Netherlands.,Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam UMC, location VUMC, the Netherlands
| | - Magda M W Ulrich
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, location VUMC, the Netherlands.,Association of Dutch Burn Centres (ADBC), Beverwijk, the Netherlands
| | - Gülbahar Çelik
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, location VUMC, the Netherlands
| | - Wessel N Van Wieringen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, the Netherlands.,Department of Mathematics, the Netherlands
| | - Paul P M Van Zuijlen
- Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, MOVE Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, location VUMC, the Netherlands.,Burn Center and Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Red Cross Hospital, Beverwijk, the Netherlands
| | - Paul A J Krijnen
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, location VUMC, the Netherlands.,Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam UMC, location VUMC, the Netherlands
| | - Hans W M Niessen
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, location VUMC, the Netherlands.,Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam UMC, location VUMC, the Netherlands.,Department of Cardiac Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, location VUMC, the Netherlands
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3
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Jeong JH, Yi J, Hwang MK, Hong SJ, Sohn WM, Kim TS, Pak JH. The Overactivation of NADPH Oxidase during Clonorchis sinensis Infection and the Exposure to N-Nitroso Compounds Promote Periductal Fibrosis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060869. [PMID: 34071467 PMCID: PMC8227395 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clonorchis sinensis, a high-risk pathogenic human liver fluke, provokes various hepatobiliary complications, including epithelial hyperplasia, inflammation, periductal fibrosis, and even cholangiocarcinogenesis via direct contact with worms and their excretory-secretory products (ESPs). These pathological changes are strongly associated with persistent increases in free radical accumulation, leading to oxidative stress-mediated lesions. The present study investigated C. sinensis infection- and/or carcinogen N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA)-associated fibrosis in cell culture and animal models. The treatment of human cholangiocytes (H69 cells) with ESPs or/and NDMA increased reactive oxidative species (ROS) generation via the activation of NADPH oxidase (NOX), resulting in augmented expression of fibrosis-related proteins. These increased expressions were markedly attenuated by preincubation with a NOX inhibitor (diphenyleneiodonium chloride) or an antioxidant (N-acetylcysteine), indicating the involvement of excessive NOX-dependent ROS formation in periductal fibrosis. The immunoreactive NOX subunits, p47phox and p67phox, were observed in the livers of mice infected with C. sinensis and both infection plus NDMA, concomitant with collagen deposition and immunoreactive fibronectin elevation. Staining intensities are proportional to lesion severity and infection duration or/and NDMA administration. Thus, excessive ROS formation via NOX overactivation is a detrimental factor for fibrogenesis during liver fluke infection and exposure to N-nitroso compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Korea; (J.H.J.); (J.Y.)
| | - Junyeong Yi
- Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Korea; (J.H.J.); (J.Y.)
| | - Myung Ki Hwang
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Korea; (M.K.H.); (T.-S.K.)
| | - Sung-Jong Hong
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heuksuk-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea;
| | - Woon-Mok Sohn
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 79 Gangnam-ro, Jinju 52727, Korea;
| | - Tong-Soo Kim
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Korea; (M.K.H.); (T.-S.K.)
| | - Jhang Ho Pak
- Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Korea; (J.H.J.); (J.Y.)
- Correspondence:
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4
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Isoegomaketone from Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt Stimulates MAPK/ERK Pathway in Human Keratinocyte to Promote Skin Wound Healing. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:6642606. [PMID: 33628306 PMCID: PMC7889401 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6642606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Skin wound healing is essential for recovery from injury, and delayed or impaired wound healing is a severe therapeutic challenge. Keratinocytes, a major component of the epidermis, play crucial roles in reepithelialization during wound healing including cell proliferation. Recent studies have shown that compounds from natural products have candidates for healing skin injury. Isoegomaketone (IK), isolated from leaves of Perilla frutescens var. crispa (Lamiaceae), has various bioactivities. However, the effect of IK on cutaneous wound healing processes has not been studied yet. In this study, we demonstrated that IK exhibits therapeutic wound healing effects using the human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT. Notably, IK promoted cell proliferation and migration in a dose-dependent manner in vitro, and treatment with 10 μM IK upregulated these processes by approximately 1.5-fold after 24 h compared with the control. IK induced the activation of the MAPK/ERK pathway and cell cycle progression to the S and G2/M phases. Thus, this study demonstrates IK as a potential candidate to upregulate wound healing that may provide therapeutic benefits to patients with delayed wound healing.
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5
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Bassot A, Chen J, Simmen T. Post-Translational Modification of Cysteines: A Key Determinant of Endoplasmic Reticulum-Mitochondria Contacts (MERCs). CONTACT (THOUSAND OAKS (VENTURA COUNTY, CALIF.)) 2021; 4:25152564211001213. [PMID: 37366382 PMCID: PMC10243593 DOI: 10.1177/25152564211001213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Cells must adjust their redox state to an ever-changing environment that could otherwise result in compromised homeostasis. An obvious way to adapt to changing redox conditions depends on cysteine post-translational modifications (PTMs) to adapt conformation, localization, interactions and catalytic activation of proteins. Such PTMs should occur preferentially in the proximity of oxidative stress sources. A particular concentration of these sources is found near membranes where the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the mitochondria interact on domains called MERCs (Mitochondria-Endoplasmic Reticulum Contacts). Here, fine inter-organelle communication controls metabolic homeostasis. MERCs achieve this goal through fluxes of Ca2+ ions and inter-organellar lipid exchange. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) that cause PTMs of mitochondria-associated membrane (MAM) proteins determine these intertwined MERC functions. Chronic changes of the pattern of these PTMs not only control physiological processes such as the circadian clock but could also lead to or worsen many human disorders such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas Simmen
- Thomas Simmen, Department of Cell
Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta,
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G2H7.
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6
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Alexaline MM, Magne B, Zuleta Rodríguez A, Nivet M, Bacqueville D, Lataillade J, Trouillas M. Influence of fibrin matrices and their released factors on epidermal substitute phenotype and engraftment. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 13:1362-1374. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maia M. Alexaline
- Unité mixte Inserm U1197 ‐ Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Antenne Centre de Transfusion Sanguine des Armées Clamart France
- Celogos Paris France
| | - Brice Magne
- Unité mixte Inserm U1197 ‐ Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Antenne Centre de Transfusion Sanguine des Armées Clamart France
- Scarcell therapeutics Paris France
| | - Amparo Zuleta Rodríguez
- Unité mixte Inserm U1197 ‐ Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Antenne Centre de Transfusion Sanguine des Armées Clamart France
| | - Muriel Nivet
- Unité mixte Inserm U1197 ‐ Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Antenne Centre de Transfusion Sanguine des Armées Clamart France
| | - Daniel Bacqueville
- Unité mixte Inserm U1197 ‐ Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Antenne Centre de Transfusion Sanguine des Armées Clamart France
- Service Pharmacologie Division 2 et Pharmacocinétique cutanée, Département PharmacologieCentre R&D Pierre Fabre Dermo‐Cosmétique Toulouse France
| | - Jean‐Jacques Lataillade
- Unité mixte Inserm U1197 ‐ Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Antenne Centre de Transfusion Sanguine des Armées Clamart France
| | - Marina Trouillas
- Unité mixte Inserm U1197 ‐ Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Antenne Centre de Transfusion Sanguine des Armées Clamart France
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7
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Gladilin E, Ohse S, Boerries M, Busch H, Xu C, Schneider M, Meister M, Eils R. TGFβ-induced cytoskeletal remodeling mediates elevation of cell stiffness and invasiveness in NSCLC. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7667. [PMID: 31113982 PMCID: PMC6529472 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43409-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance of growth factor (GF) signaling in cancer progression is widely acknowledged. Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) is known to play a key role in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastatic cell transformation that are characterized by alterations in cell mechanical architecture and behavior towards a more robust and motile single cell phenotype. However, mechanisms mediating cancer type specific enhancement of cell mechanical phenotype in response to TGFβ remain poorly understood. Here, we combine high-throughput mechanical cell phenotyping, microarray analysis and gene-silencing to dissect cytoskeletal mediators of TGFβ-induced changes in mechanical properties of on-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cells. Our experimental results show that elevation of rigidity and invasiveness of TGFβ-stimulated NSCLC cells correlates with upregulation of several cytoskeletal and motor proteins including vimentin, a canonical marker of EMT, and less-known unconventional myosins. Selective probing of gene-silenced cells lead to identification of unconventional myosin MYH15 as a novel mediator of elevated cell rigidity and invasiveness in TGFβ-stimulated NSCLC cells. Our experimental results provide insights into TGFβ-induced cytoskeletal remodeling of NSCLC cells and suggest that mediators of elevated cell stiffness and migratory activity such as unconventional cytoskeletal and motor proteins may represent promising pharmaceutical targets for restraining invasive spread of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gladilin
- German Cancer Research Center, Div. Bioinformatics and Omics Data Analytics, Mathematikon - Berliner Str. 41, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,University Heidelberg, BioQuant, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, OT Gatersleben Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Seeland, Germany.
| | - S Ohse
- University of Freiburg, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), Stefan-Meier-Str. 17, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - M Boerries
- University of Freiburg, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), Stefan-Meier-Str. 17, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department for Biometry, Epidemiology and Medical Bioinformatics and Comprehensive Cancer Center Freiburg (CCCF), University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacherstrasse 153, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - H Busch
- University of Freiburg, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), Stefan-Meier-Str. 17, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,University of Lübeck, Institute of Experimental Dermatology, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - C Xu
- Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital, Amalienstr. 5, 69126, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Schneider
- Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital, Amalienstr. 5, 69126, Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC-H), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Meister
- Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital, Amalienstr. 5, 69126, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R Eils
- Center for Digital Health, Berlin Institute of Health, and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Kapelle-Ufer 2, 10117, Berlin, Germany.,Health Data Science Unit, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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8
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PI3K inhibitors protect against glucocorticoid-induced skin atrophy. EBioMedicine 2019; 41:526-537. [PMID: 30737086 PMCID: PMC6441871 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Skin atrophy is a major adverse effect of topical glucocorticoids. We recently reported that REDD1 (regulated in development and DNA damage 1) and FKBP51 (FK506 binding protein 5), negative regulators of mTOR/Akt signaling, are induced by glucocorticoids in mouse and human skin and are central drivers of steroid skin atrophy. Thus, we hypothesized that REDD1/FKBP51 inhibitors could protect skin against catabolic effects of glucocorticoids. Methods Using drug repurposing approach, we screened LINCS library (http://lincsproject.org/LINCS/) to identify repressors of REDD1/FKBP51 expression. Candidate compounds were tested for their ability to inhibit glucocorticoid-induced REDD1/FKBP51 expression in human primary/immortalized keratinocytes and in mouse skin. Reporter gene expression, microarray, and chromatin immunoprecipitation were employed to evaluate effect of these inhibitors on the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signaling. Findings Bioinformatics analysis unexpectedly identified phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/mTOR/Akt inhibitors as a pharmacological class of REDD1/FKBP51 repressors. Selected PI3K/mTOR/Akt inhibitors-Wortmannin (WM), LY294002, AZD8055, and two others indeed blocked REDD1/FKBP51expression in human keratinocytes. PI3K/mTOR/Akt inhibitors also modified global effect of glucocorticoids on trascriptome, shifting it towards therapeutically important transrepression; negatively impacted GR phosphorylation; nuclear translocation; and GR loading on REDD1/FKBP51 gene promoters. Further, topical application of LY294002 together with glucocorticoid fluocinolone acetonide (FA) protected mice against FA-induced proliferative block and skin atrophy but did not alter the anti-inflammatory activity of FA in ear edema test. Interpretation Our results built a strong foundation for development of safer GR-targeted therapies for inflammatory skin diseases using combination of glucocorticoids with PI3K/mTOR/Akt inhibitors. Fund Work is supported by NIH grants R01GM112945, R01AI125366, and HESI-THRIVE foundation.
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9
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Jiang L, Jiang Y, Ji X, Li J, Zhai X. Retracted Article: MiR-132 enhances proliferation and migration of HaCaT cells by targeting TIMP3. RSC Adv 2019; 9:21125-21133. [PMID: 35521312 PMCID: PMC9066027 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra10552a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in multiple skin pathologies, including wound healing. Here, we explored the detailed role and molecular mechanism of miR-132 on HaCaT cells proliferation and migration. qRT-PCR assay was used to assess miR-132 expression and Western blot analysis was performed to detect inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (TIMP3) level in HaCaT cells and normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) under transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) treatment. Dual-luciferase reporter assay and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay were employed to confirm the endogenous interaction between miR-132 and TIMP3. Cell proliferation ability was determined by MTT assay and the migration capacity was evaluated by transwell assay. TGF-β1 treatment resulted in a increase of miR-132 expression and a decrease of TIMP3 level in HaCaT cells and NHEK cells. The proliferation and migration abilities of TGF-β1-treated HaCaT cells were promoted by miR-132 upregulation, while them were inhibited by TIMP3 overexpression. Moreover, TIMP3 was a direct target of miR-132. MiR-132-mediated pro-proliferation and pro-migration effects were antagonized by TIMP3 in HaCaT cells under TGF-β1 treatment. Our data supported that miR-132 promoted the proliferation and migration of HaCaT cells at least partly by targeting TIMP3, highlighting miR-132 as a potential therapeutic strategy of wound healing. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in multiple skin pathologies, including wound healing.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Jiang
- Department of Plastic Surgery
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- China
| | - Yizhou Jiang
- Department of Breast Surgery
- Shanghai Cancer Center
- Fudan University
- Shanghai
- China
| | | | - Jiangtao Li
- Department of Breast Surgery
- The People's Hospital of Zhengzhou
- Zhengzhou
- China
| | - Ximei Zhai
- Department of Plastic Surgery
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- China
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10
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Miller EJ, Gemensky-Metzler AJ, Wilkie DA, Wynne RM, Curto EM, Chandler HL. Effects of grape seed extract, lutein, and fish oil on responses of canine lens epithelial cells in vitro. Am J Vet Res 2018; 79:770-778. [PMID: 29943637 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.79.7.770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of grape seed extract (GSE), lutein, and fish oil containing omega-3 fatty acids on oxidative stress, migration, proliferation, and viability of lens epithelial cells (LECs). SAMPLE Lens capsules or cultured LECs obtained from canine cadavers. PROCEDURES An antioxidant reductive capacity assay was used to determine reducing capability of each substance. The LECs were cultured and incubated with various substances, including N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), when appropriate, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as positive and vehicle control substances, respectively. A dichlorofluorescein assay was used to evaluate reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay was used to determine cell viability. Ex vivo posterior capsule opacification (PCO) was used to evaluate LEC migration and proliferation. RESULTS Antioxidant reductive effects of GSE surpassed those of NAC, lutein, and fish oil containing omega-3 fatty acids. The GSE reduced ROS production in LECs, compared with the DMSO vehicle control, whereas lutein was pro-oxidative. All test substances reduced cell viability. Ex vivo PCO was not altered by GSE, was decreased by lutein, and was increased by fish oil containing omega-3 fatty acids, compared with results for the DMSO vehicle control. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Only GSE had significant antioxidant capabilities and reduced ROS production; however, no effect on ex vivo PCO was detected. Fish oil containing omega-3 fatty acids increased ex vivo PCO. No conclusions could be made regarding antioxidant effects of these substances on LECs. These findings suggested that the substances will not decrease PCO.
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11
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Tang CT, Gao YJ, Ge ZZ. NOX4, a new genetic target for anti-cancer therapy in digestive system cancer. J Dig Dis 2018; 19:578-585. [PMID: 30058122 DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.12651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been implicated as an important factor in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase subunit 4 (NOX4), a substrate of NADPH that can generate H2 O2 reactive oxygen species, has been reported to be highly expressed in gastrointestinal tumors. In this review we summarize the available evidence on the biological function of NOX4 in digestive system tumors by focusing on its correlation with classical cell signaling pathways, including VEGF, MAPK and PI3K/AKT, and with biochemical mediators, such as nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), activator protein (AP)-1 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. According to the clinical and database studies on tumors of the digestive system, such as colorectal, gastric and pancreatic cancer, there are significant associations between NOX4 expression and tumor prognosis as well as patient's survival. Animal studies using NOX4 inhibitors such as diphenylene iodonium and GKT137831, which selectively block NOX4, indicate their potential as therapeutic agents for targeting cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tao Tang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Jie Gao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi Zheng Ge
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
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12
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Pakuła M, Mikuła-Pietrasik J, Stryczyński Ł, Uruski P, Szubert S, Moszyński R, Szpurek D, Sajdak S, Tykarski A, Książek K. Mitochondria-related oxidative stress contributes to ovarian cancer-promoting activity of mesothelial cells subjected to malignant ascites. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 98:82-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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13
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Rudolf J, Raad H, Taieb A, Rezvani HR. NADPH Oxidases and Their Roles in Skin Homeostasis and Carcinogenesis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 28:1238-1261. [PMID: 28990413 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Skin protects the body from dehydration, pathogens, and external mutagens. NADPH oxidases are central components for regulating the cellular redox balance. There is increasing evidence indicating that reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by members of this enzyme family play important roles in the physiology and pathophysiology of the skin. Recent Advances: NADPH oxidases are active producers of ROS such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. Different isoforms are found in virtually all tissues. They play pivotal roles in normal cell homeostasis and in the cellular responses to various stressors. In particular, these enzymes are integral parts of redox-sensitive prosurvival and proapoptotic signaling pathways, in which they act both as effectors and as modulators. However, continuous (re)activation of NADPH oxidases can disturb the redox balance of cells, in the worst-case scenario in a permanent manner. Abnormal NADPH oxidase activity has been associated with a wide spectrum of diseases, as well as with aging and carcinogenesis. CRITICAL ISSUES Sunlight with its beneficial and deleterious effects induces the activation of NADPH oxidases in the skin. Evidence for the important roles of this enzyme family in skin cancer and skin aging, as well as in many chronic skin diseases, is now emerging. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Understanding the precise roles of NADPH oxidases in normal skin homeostasis, in the cellular responses to solar radiation, and during carcinogenesis will pave the way for their validation as therapeutic targets not only for the prevention and treatment of skin cancers but also for many other skin-related disorders. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 1238-1261.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Rudolf
- 1 Inserm U 1035, Bordeaux, France .,2 Université de Bordeaux , Bordeaux, France
| | - Houssam Raad
- 1 Inserm U 1035, Bordeaux, France .,2 Université de Bordeaux , Bordeaux, France
| | - Alain Taieb
- 1 Inserm U 1035, Bordeaux, France .,2 Université de Bordeaux , Bordeaux, France .,3 Service de Dermatologie Adulte et Pédiatrique , CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France .,4 Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de la Peau , CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Hamid Reza Rezvani
- 1 Inserm U 1035, Bordeaux, France .,2 Université de Bordeaux , Bordeaux, France .,4 Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de la Peau , CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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14
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Moldogazieva NT, Mokhosoev IM, Feldman NB, Lutsenko SV. ROS and RNS signalling: adaptive redox switches through oxidative/nitrosative protein modifications. Free Radic Res 2018; 52:507-543. [PMID: 29589770 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2018.1457217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, a dual character of cell response to oxidative stress, eustress versus distress, has become increasingly recognized. A growing body of evidence indicates that under physiological conditions, low concentrations of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) maintained by the activity of endogenous antioxidant system (AOS) allow reversible oxidative/nitrosative modifications of key redox-sensitive residues in regulatory proteins. The reversibility of redox modifications such as Cys S-sulphenylation/S-glutathionylation/S-nitrosylation/S-persulphidation and disulphide bond formation, or Tyr nitration, which occur through electrophilic attack of RONS to nucleophilic groups in amino acid residues provides redox switches in the activities of signalling proteins. Key requirement for the involvement of the redox modifications in RONS signalling including ROS-MAPK, ROS-PI3K/Akt, and RNS-TNF-α/NF-kB signalling is their specificity provided by a residue microenvironment and reaction kinetics. Glutathione, glutathione peroxidases, peroxiredoxins, thioredoxin, glutathione reductases, and glutaredoxins modulate RONS level and cell signalling, while some of the modulators (glutathione, glutathione peroxidases and peroxiredoxins) are themselves targets for redox modifications. Additionally, gene expression, activities of transcription factors, and epigenetic pathways are also under redox regulation. The present review focuses on RONS sources (NADPH-oxidases, mitochondrial electron-transportation chain (ETC), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), etc.), and their cross-talks, which influence reversible redox modifications of proteins as physiological phenomenon attained by living cells during the evolution to control cell signalling in the oxygen-enriched environment. We discussed recent advances in investigation of mechanisms of protein redox modifications and adaptive redox switches such as MAPK/PI3K/PTEN, Nrf2/Keap1, and NF-κB/IκB, powerful regulators of numerous physiological processes, also implicated in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N T Moldogazieva
- a Department of Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University) , Moscow , Russia
| | - I M Mokhosoev
- a Department of Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University) , Moscow , Russia
| | - N B Feldman
- a Department of Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University) , Moscow , Russia
| | - S V Lutsenko
- a Department of Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University) , Moscow , Russia
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15
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Rameshbabu AP, Datta S, Bankoti K, Subramani E, Chaudhury K, Lalzawmliana V, Nandi SK, Dhara S. Polycaprolactone nanofibers functionalized with placental derived extracellular matrix for stimulating wound healing activity. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:6767-6780. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tb01373j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Impaired wound healing is primarily associated with inadequate angiogenesis, repressed cell migration, deficient synthesis of extracellular matrix (ECM) component/growth factors, and altered inflammatory responses in the wound bed environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Prabhu Rameshbabu
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory
- School of Medical Science and Technology
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur – 721302
- India
| | - Sayanti Datta
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory
- School of Medical Science and Technology
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur – 721302
- India
| | - Kamakshi Bankoti
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory
- School of Medical Science and Technology
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur – 721302
- India
| | - Elavarasan Subramani
- School of Medical Science and Technology
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur – 721302
- India
| | - Koel Chaudhury
- School of Medical Science and Technology
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur – 721302
- India
| | - V. Lalzawmliana
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences
- Kolkata – 700037
- India
| | - Samit K. Nandi
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences
- Kolkata – 700037
- India
| | - Santanu Dhara
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory
- School of Medical Science and Technology
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
- Kharagpur – 721302
- India
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16
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Lin CY, Hu CT, Cheng CC, Lee MC, Pan SM, Lin TY, Wu WS. Oxidation of heat shock protein 60 and protein disulfide isomerase activates ERK and migration of human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2. Oncotarget 2017; 7:11067-82. [PMID: 26840563 PMCID: PMC4905458 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its receptor c-Met were frequently deregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Signaling pathways activated by HGF-c-Met are promising targets for preventing HCC progression. HGF can induce the reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling for cell adhesion, migration and invasion of tumors including HCC. On the other hand, extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), member of mitogen activated kinase, can be activated by ROS for a lot of cellular processes. As expected, HGF-induced phosphorylation of ERK and progression of HCC cell HepG2 were suppressed by ROS scavengers. By N-(biotinoyl)-N'-(iodoacetyl)-ethylenediamine (BIAM) labeling method, a lot of cysteine (-SH)-containing proteins with M.W. 50-75 kD were decreased in HepG2 treated with HGF or two other ROS generators, 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and phenazine methosulfate. These redox sensitive proteins were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. Among them, two chaperones, heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) and protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), were found to be the most common redox sensitive proteins in responding to all three agonists. Affinity blot of BIAM-labeled, immunoprecipitated HSP60 and PDI verified that HGF can decrease the cysteine (-SH) containing HSP60 and PDI. On the other hand, HGF and TPA increased cysteinyl glutathione-containing HSP60, consistent with the decrease of cysteine (-SH)-containing HSP60. Moreover, depletion of HSP60 and PDI or expression of dominant negative mutant of HSP60 with alteration of Cys, effectively prevented HGF-induced ERK phosphorylation and HepG2 migration.In conclusion, the redox sensitive HSP60 and PDI are required for HGF-induced ROS signaling and potential targets for preventing HCC progressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Yi Lin
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan, and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Tan Hu
- Research Centre for Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Chu Cheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Che Lee
- Department of Surgery, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Siou-Mei Pan
- Research Centre for Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Teng-Yi Lin
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan, and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Sheng Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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17
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André-Lévigne D, Modarressi A, Pepper MS, Pittet-Cuénod B. Reactive Oxygen Species and NOX Enzymes Are Emerging as Key Players in Cutaneous Wound Repair. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102149. [PMID: 29036938 PMCID: PMC5666831 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the role of oxygen in cell physiology has evolved from its long-recognized importance as an essential factor in oxidative metabolism to its recognition as an important player in cell signaling. With regard to the latter, oxygen is needed for the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which regulate a number of different cellular functions including differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and contraction. Data specifically concerning the role of ROS-dependent signaling in cutaneous wound repair are very limited, especially regarding wound contraction. In this review we provide an overview of the current literature on the role of molecular and reactive oxygen in the physiology of wound repair as well as in the pathophysiology and therapy of chronic wounds, especially under ischemic and hyperglycemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik André-Lévigne
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Ali Modarressi
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Michael S Pepper
- Department of Human Genetics and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland.
- SAMRC Extramural Unit for Stem Cell Research and Therapy, and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.
| | - Brigitte Pittet-Cuénod
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland.
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18
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Lisse TS, Rieger S. IKKα regulates human keratinocyte migration through surveillance of the redox environment. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:975-988. [PMID: 28122935 PMCID: PMC5358334 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.197343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the functions of H2O2 in epidermal wound repair are conserved throughout evolution, the underlying signaling mechanisms are largely unknown. In this study we used human keratinocytes (HEK001) to investigate H2O2-dependent wound repair mechanisms. Scratch wounding led to H2O2 production in two or three cell layers at the wound margin within ∼30 min and subsequent cysteine modification of proteins via sulfenylation. Intriguingly, exogenous H2O2 treatment resulted in preferential sulfenylation of keratinocytes that adopted a migratory phenotype and detached from neighboring cells, suggesting that one of the primary functions of H2O2 is to stimulate signaling factors involved in cell migration. Based on previous findings that revealed epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) involvement in H2O2-dependent cell migration, we analyzed oxidation of a candidate upstream target, the inhibitor of κB kinase α (IKKα; encoded by CHUK), as a mechanism of action. We show that IKKα is sulfenylated at a conserved cysteine residue in the kinase domain, which correlates with de-repression of EGF promoter activity and increased EGF expression. Thus, this indicates that IKKα promotes migration through dynamic interactions with the EGF promoter depending on the redox state within cells. Summary: This study provides a newly identified mechanism by which H2O2-dependent oxidation of the inhibitor of κB kinase α and de-repression of epidermal growth factor promoter activity stimulates keratinocyte migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Lisse
- Davis Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, MDI Biological Laboratory, 159 Old Bar Harbor Road, Salisbury Cove, ME 04672, USA .,The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Sandra Rieger
- Davis Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, MDI Biological Laboratory, 159 Old Bar Harbor Road, Salisbury Cove, ME 04672, USA
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19
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Jenkins RG. To Suppress the Radicals We Must Have Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 193:817-9. [PMID: 27082531 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201511-2311ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R Gisli Jenkins
- 1 Respiratory Research Unit Nottingham University Hospitals Nottingham, United Kingdom
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20
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Lévigne D, Modarressi A, Krause KH, Pittet-Cuénod B. NADPH oxidase 4 deficiency leads to impaired wound repair and reduced dityrosine-crosslinking, but does not affect myofibroblast formation. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 96:374-84. [PMID: 27140231 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.04.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
NADPH oxidases (NOX) mediate redox signaling by generating superoxide and/or hydrogen peroxide, which are involved in biosynthetic pathways, e.g. thyroid hormone generation, dityrosine crosslinking, as well as bacterial killing. Data investigating the role of NOX enzymes in cutaneous wound repair is limited and specifically their function in skin myofibroblast expression is unknown. The isoform NOX4 was recently shown to be a pre-requisite for the differentiation of cardiac and pulmonary myofibroblasts. In this study we investigate the role of NOX4 in wound repair using a wound model in NOX4 knockout mice (n=16) and wildtype mice (n=16). Wounds were photographed daily until complete wound closure. Mice were sacrificed at day 3, 7, 14; wound tissue was harvested. NOX4-deficient mice healed significantly slower (22 days, SD=1.9) than wild-type mice (17 days, SD=1.4, p<0.005). However, there was no difference in myofibroblast expression. Strong dityrosine formation was observed, but was significantly weaker in NOX4-/- mice (p<0.05). NOX2, HIF1α and CD31 expression was significantly weaker in NOX4-/- mice (p<0.05). In this study we show for the first time that NOX4 plays a role in cutaneous wound repair. Our data suggests that NOX4 mediates HIF1α expression and neoangiogenesis during wound repair. NOX4 deletion led to a decreased expression of NOX2, implying a role of NOX4 in phagocytic cell recruitment. NOX4 was required for effective wound contraction but not myofibroblast expression. We suggest that myofibroblast contraction in NOX4-deficient mice is less effective in contracting the wound because of insufficient dityrosine-crosslinking of the ECM, providing the first indication for a physiological function of dityrosine crosslinking in higher animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Lévigne
- Division of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Ali Modarressi
- Division of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Karl-Heinz Krause
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Brigitte Pittet-Cuénod
- Division of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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21
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Advanced oxidative protein products induced human keratinocyte apoptosis through the NOX–MAPK pathway. Apoptosis 2016; 21:825-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-016-1245-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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22
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Iwamoto N, D'Alessandro LA, Depner S, Hahn B, Kramer BA, Lucarelli P, Vlasov A, Stepath M, Böhm ME, Deharde D, Damm G, Seehofer D, Lehmann WD, Klingmüller U, Schilling M. Context-specific flow through the MEK/ERK module produces cell- and ligand-specific patterns of ERK single and double phosphorylation. Sci Signal 2016; 9:ra13. [PMID: 26838549 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aab1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The same pathway, such as the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, can produce different cellular responses, depending on stimulus or cell type. We examined the phosphorylation dynamics of the MAPK kinase MEK and its targets extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) in primary hepatocytes and the transformed keratinocyte cell line HaCaT A5 exposed to either hepatocyte growth factor or interleukin-6. By combining quantitative mass spectrometry with dynamic modeling, we elucidated network structures for the reversible threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation of ERK in both cell types. In addition to differences in the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation reactions, the HaCaT network model required two feedback mechanisms, which, as the experimental data suggested, involved the induction of the dual-specificity phosphatase DUSP6 and the scaffold paxillin. We assayed and modeled the accumulation of the double-phosphorylated and active form of ERK1/2, as well as the dynamics of the changes in the monophosphorylated forms of ERK1/2. Modeling the differences in the dynamics of the changes in the distributions of the phosphorylated forms of ERK1/2 suggested that different amounts of MEK activity triggered context-specific responses, with primary hepatocytes favoring the formation of double-phosphorylated ERK1/2 and HaCaT A5 cells that produce both the threonine-phosphorylated and the double-phosphorylated form. These differences in phosphorylation distributions explained the threshold, sensitivity, and saturation of the ERK response. We extended the findings of differential ERK phosphorylation profiles to five additional cultured cell systems and matched liver tumor and normal tissue, which revealed context-specific patterns of the various forms of phosphorylated ERK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Iwamoto
- Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lorenza A D'Alessandro
- Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sofia Depner
- Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bettina Hahn
- Molecular Structure Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bernhard A Kramer
- Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philippe Lucarelli
- Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Artyom Vlasov
- Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Stepath
- Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin E Böhm
- Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniela Deharde
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Campus Virchow Clinic, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Campus Virchow Clinic, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Seehofer
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Campus Virchow Clinic, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolf D Lehmann
- Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. Molecular Structure Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ursula Klingmüller
- Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. Translational Lung Research Center (TLRC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcel Schilling
- Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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23
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Ruiz LA, Báez-Vega PM, Ruiz A, Peterse DP, Monteiro JB, Bracero N, Beauchamp P, Fazleabas AT, Flores I. Dysregulation of Lysyl Oxidase Expression in Lesions and Endometrium of Women With Endometriosis. Reprod Sci 2015; 22:1496-508. [PMID: 25963914 PMCID: PMC5933196 DOI: 10.1177/1933719115585144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Lysyl oxidases (LOXs) are enzymes involved in collagen deposition, extracellular membrane remodeling, and invasive/metastatic potential. Previous studies reveal an association of LOXs and endometriosis. We aimed to identify the mechanisms activated by upregulation of lysyl oxidases (LOX) in endometriotic cells and tissues. We hypothesized that LOX plays a role in endometriosis by promoting invasiveness and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). METHODS The LOX protein expression levels were measured by immunohistochemistry in lesions and endometrium on a tissue microarray (TMA) and in endometrial biopsies from patients and controls during the window of implantation (WOI). Estradiol regulation of LOX expression was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Proliferation, invasion, and migration assays were performed in epithelial (endometrial epithelial cell), endometrial (human endometrial stromal cell), and endometriotic cell lines (ECL and 12Z). Pathway-focused multiplex qPCR was used to determine transcriptome changes due to LOX overexpression. RESULTS LOX protein was differentially expressed in ovarian versus peritoneal lesions. During WOI, LOX levels were higher in luminal epithelium of patients with endometriosis-associated infertility compared to controls. Invasive epithelial cell lines expressed higher levels of LOX than noninvasive ones. Transfection of LOX into noninvasive epithelial cells increased their migration in an LOX inhibitor-sensitive manner. Overexpression of LOX did not fully induce EMT but the expression of genes related to fibrosis and extracellular matrix remodeling were dysregulated. CONCLUSIONS This study documents that expression of LOX is differentially regulated in endometriotic lesions and endometrium. A role for LOX in mediating proliferation, migration, and invasion of endometrial and endometriotic cells was observed, which may be implicated in the establishment and progression of endometriotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynnette A Ruiz
- Department of Anatomy, Ponce Health Sciences University-School of Medicine & Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, PR, USA
| | - Perla M Báez-Vega
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Abigail Ruiz
- Department of Microbiology, Ponce Health Sciences University-School of Medicine & Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, PR, USA
| | - Daniëlle P Peterse
- Department of Development and Regeneration, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Janice B Monteiro
- Department of Biochemistry, Ponce Health Sciences University- School of Medicine & Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, PR, USA
| | - Nabal Bracero
- Department of Ob-Gyn, University of Puerto Rico - Medical Sciences Campus, Genes Fertility Institute, San Juan, PR, USA
| | | | - Asgerally T Fazleabas
- Department of Ob-Gyn & Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Idhaliz Flores
- Department of Microbiology, Department of Ob-Gyn, Ponce Health Sciences University-School of Medicine & Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, PR, USA
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24
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Shi H, Cheng Y, Ye J, Cai P, Zhang J, Li R, Yang Y, Wang Z, Zhang H, Lin C, Lu X, Jiang L, Hu A, Zhu X, Zeng Q, Fu X, Li X, Xiao J. bFGF Promotes the Migration of Human Dermal Fibroblasts under Diabetic Conditions through Reactive Oxygen Species Production via the PI3K/Akt-Rac1- JNK Pathways. Int J Biol Sci 2015; 11:845-59. [PMID: 26078726 PMCID: PMC4466465 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.11921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts play a pivotal role in the process of cutaneous wound repair, whereas their migratory ability under diabetic conditions is markedly reduced. In this study, we investigated the effect of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on human dermal fibroblast migration in a high-glucose environment. bFGF significantly increased dermal fibroblast migration by increasing the percentage of fibroblasts with a high polarity index and reorganizing F-actin. A significant increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was observed in dermal fibroblasts under diabetic conditions following bFGF treatment. The blockage of bFGF-induced ROS production by either the ROS scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) or the NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenylene iodonium chloride (DPI) almost completely neutralized the increased migration rate of dermal fibroblasts promoted by bFGF. Akt, Rac1 and JNK were rapidly activated by bFGF in dermal fibroblasts, and bFGF-induced ROS production and promoted dermal fibroblast migration were significantly attenuated when suppressed respectively. In addition, bFGF-induced increase in ROS production was indispensable for the activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and paxillin. Therefore, our data suggested that bFGF promotes the migration of human dermal fibroblasts under diabetic conditions through increased ROS production via the PI3K/Akt-Rac1-JNK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxue Shi
- 1. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035 China
| | - Yi Cheng
- 1. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035 China
| | - Jingjing Ye
- 1. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035 China
| | - Pingtao Cai
- 1. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035 China
| | - Jinjing Zhang
- 1. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035 China
| | - Rui Li
- 1. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035 China
| | - Ying Yang
- 1. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035 China
| | - Zhouguang Wang
- 1. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035 China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- 1. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035 China
| | - Cai Lin
- 2. The First Affiliate Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Xianghong Lu
- 3. Translation Medicine Research Center, Lishui People's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, 323000, China
| | - Liping Jiang
- 1. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035 China
| | - Aiping Hu
- 1. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035 China
| | - Xinbo Zhu
- 1. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035 China
| | - Qiqiang Zeng
- 2. The First Affiliate Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Xiaobing Fu
- 4. Wound Healing and Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- 1. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035 China
| | - Jian Xiao
- 1. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035 China
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25
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Madigan MC, McEnaney RM, Shukla AJ, Hong G, Kelley EE, Tarpey MM, Gladwin M, Zuckerbraun BS, Tzeng E. Xanthine Oxidoreductase Function Contributes to Normal Wound Healing. Mol Med 2015; 21:313-22. [PMID: 25879627 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2014.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic, nonhealing wounds result in patient morbidity and disability. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) are both required for normal wound repair, and derangements of these result in impaired healing. Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) has the unique capacity to produce both ROS and NO. We hypothesize that XOR contributes to normal wound healing. Cutaneous wounds were created in C57Bl6 mice. XOR was inhibited with dietary tungsten or allopurinol. Topical hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 0.15%) or allopurinol (30 μg) was applied to wounds every other day. Wounds were monitored until closure or collected at d 5 to assess XOR expression and activity, cell proliferation and histology. The effects of XOR, nitrite, H2O2 and allopurinol on keratinocyte cell (KC) and endothelial cell (EC) behavior were assessed. We identified XOR expression and activity in the skin and wound edges as well as granulation tissue. Cultured human KCs also expressed XOR. Tungsten significantly inhibited XOR activity and impaired healing with reduced ROS production with reduced angiogenesis and KC proliferation. The expression and activity of other tungsten-sensitive enzymes were minimal in the wound tissues. Oral allopurinol did not reduce XOR activity or alter wound healing but topical allopurinol significantly reduced XOR activity and delayed healing. Topical H2O2 restored wound healing in tungsten-fed mice. In vitro, nitrite and H2O2 both stimulated KC and EC proliferation and EC migration. These studies demonstrate for the first time that XOR is abundant in wounds and participates in normal wound healing through effects on ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Madigan
- Surgery Services, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ryan M McEnaney
- Surgery Services, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ankur J Shukla
- Surgery Services, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Guiying Hong
- Surgery Services, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Eric E Kelley
- Department of Anesthesia, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Margaret M Tarpey
- Surgery Services, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America.,Department of Anesthesia, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mark Gladwin
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Brian S Zuckerbraun
- Surgery Services, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Edith Tzeng
- Surgery Services, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Byun HO, Jung HJ, Kim MJ, Yoon G. PKCδ phosphorylation is an upstream event of GSK3 inactivation-mediated ROS generation in TGF-β1-induced senescence. Free Radic Res 2014; 48:1100-8. [PMID: 24917460 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2014.929120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) induces Mv1Lu cell senescence through inactivating glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3), thereby inactivating complex IV and increasing intracellular ROS. In the present study, we identified protein kinase C delta (PKCδ) as an upstream regulator of GSK3 inactivation in this mechanism of TGF-β1-induced senescence. When Mv1Lu cells were exposed to TGF-β1, PKCδ phosphorylation simultaneously increased with GSK3 phosphorylation, and then AKT and ERK were phosphorylated. AKT phosphorylation and Smad signaling were independent of GSK3 phosphorylation, but ERK phosphorylation was downstream of GSK3 inactivation. TGF-β1-triggered GSK3 phosphorylation was blocked by inhibition of PKCδ, using its pharmacological inhibitor, Rottlerin, or overexpression of a dominant negative PKCδ mutant, but GSK3 inhibition with SB415286 did not alter PKCδ phosphorylation. Activation of PKCδ by PMA delayed cell growth and increased intracellular ROS level, but did not induce senescent phenotypes. In addition, overexpression of wild type or a constitutively active PKCδ mutant was enough to delay cell growth and decrease the mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate and complex IV activity, but weakly induce senescence. However, PMA treatment on Mv1Lu cells, which overexpress wild type and constitutively active PKCδ mutants, effectively induced senescence. These results indicate that PKCδ plays a key role in TGF-β1-induced senescence of Mv1Lu cells through the phosphorylation of GSK3, thereby triggering mitochondrial complex IV dysfunction and intracellular ROS generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-O Byun
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine , Suwon , Republic of Korea
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27
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Gregg JL, Turner RM, Chang G, Joshi D, Zhan Y, Chen L, Maranchie JK. NADPH oxidase NOX4 supports renal tumorigenesis by promoting the expression and nuclear accumulation of HIF2α. Cancer Res 2014; 74:3501-3511. [PMID: 24755467 PMCID: PMC4079760 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-2979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Most sporadically occurring renal tumors include a functional loss of the tumor suppressor von Hippel Lindau (VHL). Development of VHL-deficient renal cell carcinoma (RCC) relies upon activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor-2α (HIF2α), a master transcriptional regulator of genes that drive diverse processes, including angiogenesis, proliferation, and anaerobic metabolism. In determining the critical functions for HIF2α expression in RCC cells, the NADPH oxidase NOX4 has been identified, but the pathogenic contributions of NOX4 to RCC have not been evaluated directly. Here, we report that NOX4 silencing in VHL-deficient RCC cells abrogates cell branching, invasion, colony formation, and growth in a murine xenograft model RCC. These alterations were phenocopied by treatment of the superoxide scavenger, TEMPOL, or by overexpression of manganese superoxide dismutase or catalase. Notably, NOX4 silencing or superoxide scavenging was sufficient to block nuclear accumulation of HIF2α in RCC cells. Our results offer direct evidence that NOX4 is critical for renal tumorigenesis and they show how NOX4 suppression and VHL re-expression in VHL-deficient RCC cells are genetically synonymous, supporting development of therapeutic regimens aimed at NOX4 blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Gregg
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Urology and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute
| | - Robert M. Turner
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Urology and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute
| | - Guimin Chang
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Urology and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute
| | - Disha Joshi
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Urology and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute
| | - Ye Zhan
- University of Massachusetts, Department of Surgery
| | - Li Chen
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Urology and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute
| | - Jodi K. Maranchie
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Urology and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute
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28
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Boudreau HE, Casterline BW, Burke DJ, Leto TL. Wild-type and mutant p53 differentially regulate NADPH oxidase 4 in TGF-β-mediated migration of human lung and breast epithelial cells. Br J Cancer 2014; 110:2569-82. [PMID: 24714748 PMCID: PMC4021516 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) induces the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) leading to increased cell plasticity at the onset of cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Mechanisms involved in TGF-β-mediated EMT and cell motility are unclear. Recent studies showed that p53 affects TGF-β/SMAD3-mediated signalling, cell migration, and tumorigenesis. We previously demonstrated that Nox4, a Nox family NADPH oxidase, is a TGF-β/SMAD3-inducible source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) affecting cell migration and fibronectin expression, an EMT marker, in normal and metastatic breast epithelial cells. Our present study investigates the involvement of p53 in TGF-β-regulated Nox4 expression and cell migration. METHODS We investigated the effect of wild-type p53 (WT-p53) and mutant p53 proteins on TGF-β-regulated Nox4 expression and cell migration. Nox4 mRNA and protein, ROS production, cell migration, and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activation were examined in three different cell models based on their p53 mutational status. H1299, a p53-null lung epithelial cell line, was used for heterologous expression of WT-p53 or mutant p53. In contrast, functional studies using siRNA-mediated knockdown of endogenous p53 were conducted in MDA-MB-231 metastatic breast epithelial cells that express p53-R280K and MCF-10A normal breast cells that have WT-p53. RESULTS We found that WT-p53 is a potent suppressor of TGF-β-induced Nox4, ROS production, and cell migration in p53-null lung epithelial (H1299) cells. In contrast, tumour-associated mutant p53 proteins (R175H or R280K) caused enhanced Nox4 expression and cell migration in both TGF-β-dependent and TGF-β-independent pathways. Moreover, knockdown of endogenous mutant p53 (R280K) in TGF-β-treated MDA-MB-231 metastatic breast epithelial cells resulted in decreased Nox4 protein and reduced phosphorylation of FAK, a key regulator of cell motility. Expression of WT-p53 or dominant-negative Nox4 decreased TGF-β-mediated FAK phosphorylation, whereas mutant p53 (R280K) increased phospho-FAK. Furthermore, knockdown of WT-p53 in MCF-10A normal breast epithelial cells increased basal Nox4 expression, whereas p53-R280K could override endogenous WT-p53 repression of Nox4. Remarkably, immunofluorescence analysis revealed MCF-10A cells expressing p53-R280K mutant showed an upregulation of Nox4 in both confluent and migrating cells. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our findings define novel opposing functions for WT-p53 and mutant p53 proteins in regulating Nox4-dependent signalling in TGF-β-mediated cell motility.
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MESH Headings
- Breast/cytology
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement
- Enzyme Induction
- Epithelial Cells/physiology
- Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition
- Female
- Focal Adhesion Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/physiology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, p53
- Humans
- Lung/cytology
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Male
- Mutation, Missense
- NADPH Oxidase 4
- NADPH Oxidases/biosynthesis
- NADPH Oxidases/genetics
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Transfection
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/physiology
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- H E Boudreau
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12441 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - B W Casterline
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12441 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - D J Burke
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12441 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - T L Leto
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12441 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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29
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NADPH oxidase 1 and its derived reactive oxygen species mediated tissue injury and repair. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:282854. [PMID: 24669283 PMCID: PMC3942082 DOI: 10.1155/2014/282854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species are mostly viewed to cause oxidative damage to various cells and induce organ dysfunction after ischemia-reperfusion injury. However, they are also considered as crucial molecules for cellular signal transduction in biology. NADPH oxidase, whose only function is reactive oxygen species production, has been extensively investigated in many cell types especially phagocytes. The deficiency of NADPH oxidase extends the process of inflammation and delays tissue repair, which causes chronic granulomatous disease in patients. NADPH oxidase 1, one member of the NADPH oxidase family, is not only constitutively expressed in a variety of tissues, but also induced to increase expression in both mRNA and protein levels under many circumstances. NADPH oxidase 1 and its derived reactive oxygen species are suggested to be able to regulate inflammation reaction, cell proliferation and migration, and extracellular matrix synthesis, which contribute to the processes of tissue injury and repair.
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30
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Kim YM, Cho M. Activation of NADPH oxidase subunit NCF4 induces ROS-mediated EMT signaling in HeLa cells. Cell Signal 2013; 26:784-96. [PMID: 24378533 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a critical biological process characterized by morphological and behavioral changes in cells. The regulatory and signaling mechanisms of both developmental and pathological EMT have been investigated. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a role in early EMT, but the exact mechanism by which ROS are involved is unclear. We investigated ROS-mediated EMT in human HeLa cells. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) treatments lead to dramatic NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) inductions in HeLa cells; antioxidant treatment prevented TGF-β-driven EMT. Over-expression of the p40phox subunit (NCF4) led to activation of the NOX2 complex and ROS production. We showed that NOX2 and NOX5 mRNA was increased, along with increased expression of several matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in response to NCF4 expression. Moreover, these changes were reversible upon ROS scavenging. Down-regulation of E-cadherin and up-regulation of Snail, Slug and vimentin occurred at the transcriptional level. We also showed that new EMT regulator, YB-1 is a downstream target in ROS-induced EMT. Together, these data suggest that ROS switching is necessary for increased EMT but is not required for the morphological changes that accompany EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Mee Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea.
| | - Moonjae Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea; Institute of Medical Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea.
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31
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Hepatocyte growth factor-loaded biomaterials for mesenchymal stem cell recruitment. Stem Cells Int 2013; 2013:892065. [PMID: 23861688 PMCID: PMC3703903 DOI: 10.1155/2013/892065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) can be readily harvested from bone marrow through aspiration. MSC are involved in tissue regeneration and repair, particularly in wound healing. Due to their high self-renewal capacity and excellent differentiation potential in vitro, MSC are ideally suited for regenerative medicine. The complex interactions of MSC with their environment and their influence on the molecular and functional levels are widely studied but not completely understood. MSC secrete, for example, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), whose concentration is enhanced in wounded areas and which is shown to act as a chemoattractant for MSC. We produced HGF-loaded biomaterials based on collagen and fibrin gels to develop a recruitment system for endogenous MSC to improve wound healing. Here, we report that HGF incorporated into collagen or fibrin gels leads to enhanced and directed MSC migration in vitro. HGF-loaded biomaterials might be potentially used as in vivo wound dressings to recruit endogenous MSC from tissue-specific niches towards the wounded area. This novel approach may help to reduce costly multistep procedures of cell isolation, in vitro culture, and transplantation usually used in tissue engineering.
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32
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Lönn J, Johansson CS, Nakka S, Palm E, Bengtsson T, Nayeri F, Ravald N. High concentration but low activity of hepatocyte growth factor in periodontitis. J Periodontol 2013; 85:113-22. [PMID: 23594192 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2013.130003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High levels of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), a healing factor with regenerative and cytoprotective effects, are associated with inflammatory diseases, including periodontitis. HGF biologic activity requires binding to its receptors, the proto-oncogene c-Met and heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG). This study investigates HGF expression and its relationship to subgingival microbiota in medically healthy individuals with and without periodontitis. METHODS Saliva, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), and blood samples from 30 patients with severe periodontitis and 30 healthy controls were analyzed for HGF concentration using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and binding affinity for HSPG and c-Met using surface plasmon resonance. The regenerative effects of saliva from three patients and controls were analyzed in an in vitro model of cell injury. Subgingival plaques were analyzed for the presence of 18 bacterial species. RESULTS Patients with periodontitis showed higher HGF concentrations in saliva, GCF, and serum (P <0.001); however, the binding affinities for HSPG and c-Met were reduced in GCF and saliva (P <0.002). In contrast to the controls, saliva from patients showed no significant regenerative effect over time on gingival epithelial cells. Compared with controls, patients had a higher prevalence of periodontally related bacteria. CONCLUSIONS Higher circulatory HGF levels indicate a systemic effect of periodontitis. However, the HGF biologic activity at local inflammation sites was reduced, and this effect was associated with the amount of periodontal bacteria. Loss of function of healing factors may be an important mechanism in degenerative processes in periodontally susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Lönn
- The Institution for Protein Environment Affinity Surveys (PEAS Institute), Linköping, Sweden
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Peplow PV, Chatterjee MP. A review of the influence of growth factors and cytokines in in vitro human keratinocyte migration. Cytokine 2013; 62:1-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Boudreau HE, Casterline BW, Rada B, Korzeniowska A, Leto TL. Nox4 involvement in TGF-beta and SMAD3-driven induction of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and migration of breast epithelial cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:1489-99. [PMID: 22728268 PMCID: PMC3448829 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is the development of increased cell plasticity that occurs normally during wound healing and embryonic development and can be coopted for cancer invasion and metastasis. TGF-beta induces EMT but the mechanism is unclear. Our studies suggest that Nox4, a member of the NADPH oxidase (Nox) family, is a source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) affecting cell migration and fibronectin expression, an EMT marker, in normal and metastatic breast epithelial cells. We found that TGF-beta induces Nox4 expression (mRNA and protein) and ROS generation in normal (MCF10A) and metastatic (MDA-MB-231) human breast epithelial cells. Conversely, cells expressing a dominant-negative form of Nox4 or Nox4-targeted shRNA showed significantly lower ROS production on TGF-beta treatment. Expression of a constitutively active TGF-beta receptor type I significantly increased Nox4 promoter activity, mRNA and protein expression, and ROS generation. Nox4 transcriptional regulation by TGF-beta was SMAD3 dependent based on the effect of constitutively active SMAD3 increasing Nox4 promoter activity, whereas dominant-negative SMAD3 or SIS3, a SMAD3-specific inhibitor, had the opposite effect. Furthermore, Nox4 knockdown, dominant-negative Nox4 or SMAD3, or SIS3 blunted TGF-beta induced wound healing and cell migration, whereas cell proliferation was not affected. Our experiments further indicate that Nox4 plays a role in TGF-beta regulation of fibronectin mRNA expression, based on the effects of dominant-negative Nox4 in reducing fibronectin mRNA in TGF-beta-treated MDA-MB-231and MCF10A cells. Collectively, these data indicate that Nox4 contributes to NADPH oxidase-dependent ROS production that may be critical for the progression of the EMT in breast epithelial cells, and thereby has therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard E. Boudreau
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Benjamin W. Casterline
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Balazs Rada
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Agnieszka Korzeniowska
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas L. Leto
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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35
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Cigarette smoke affects keratinocytes SRB1 expression and localization via H2O2 production and HNE protein adducts formation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33592. [PMID: 22442701 PMCID: PMC3307738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Scavenger Receptor B1 (SR-B1), also known as HDL receptor, is involved in cellular cholesterol uptake. Stratum corneum (SC), the outermost layer of the skin, is composed of more than 25% cholesterol. Several reports support the view that alteration of SC lipid composition may be the cause of impaired barrier function which gives rise to several skin diseases. For this reason the regulation of the genes involved in cholesterol uptake is of extreme significance for skin health. Being the first shield against external insults, the skin is exposed to several noxious substances and among these is cigarette smoke (CS), which has been recently associated with various skin pathologies. In this study we first have shown the presence of SR-B1 in murine and human skin tissue and then by using immunoblotting, immunoprecipitation, RT-PCR, and confocal microscopy we have demonstrated the translocation and the subsequent lost of SR-B1 in human keratinocytes (cell culture model) after CS exposure is driven by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) that derives not only from the CS gas phase but mainly from the activation of cellular NADPH oxidase (NOX). This effect was reversed when the cells were pretreated with NOX inhibitors or catalase. Furthermore, CS caused the formation of SR-B1-aldheydes adducts (acrolein and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal) and the increase of its ubiquitination, which could be one of the causes of SR-B1 loss. In conclusion, exposure to CS, through the production of H2O2, induced post-translational modifications of SR-B1 with the consequence lost of the receptor and this may contribute to the skin physiology alteration as a consequence of the variation of cholesterol uptake.
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Cuddihy SL, Winterbourn CC, Hampton MB. Assessment of redox changes to hydrogen peroxide-sensitive proteins during EGF signaling. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:167-74. [PMID: 21254838 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide acts as a second messenger in growth factor signaling where it can oxidize and modify the function of redox-sensitive proteins. While selective thiol oxidation has been measured, there has been no global assessment of protein oxidation following growth factor activation. Significant changes to the abundant and widely distributed redox sensitive thiol proteins were observed in A431 epidermoid carcinoma cells exposed to hydrogen peroxide, but no changes were observed following treatment with epidermal growth factor (EGF). This included members of the peroxiredoxin family, which were also monitored in the presence of the thioredoxin reductase inhibitor auranofin to limit their capacity to recycle to the reduced form. We conclude that widespread thiol oxidation does not occur in cells during EGF signaling, and that hydrogen peroxide must act in a highly localized or selective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Cuddihy
- Free Radical Research Group, National Research Centre for Growth and Development, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Wang SM, Zheng SJ, Xing XY, Deng ZH, Liu M, Yu H, Li CY, Duan ZP. YImpact of exogenous TGF-β1 on cell cycle progression and apoptosis in rat liver cell line BRL-3A. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2011; 19:1659-1665. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v19.i16.1659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore whether exogenous transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) affects rat liver cell line BRL-3A in terms of cell cycle progression and apoptosis.
METHODS: (1) BRL-3A cells were divided into six groups and exposed to different concentrations of TGF-β1 (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 μg/L), and cell proliferation was detected by MTT assay at 24, 36 and 48 h after treatment. (2) After BRL-3A cells were treated with TGF-β1 (8 μg/L) for 24, 36 or 48 h, flow cytometry was performed to measure cell cycle progression and apoptosis and real-time quantitative RT-PCR was used to quantify the mRNA expression of Cyclin E, Cdk-2, EGF, HGF, Bcl-2, c-Myc, MMP9, and NF-κB genes.
RESULTS: (1) There was no statistical difference in cell proliferation among cells treated with six different concentrations of TGF-β1 for 24, 36 or 48 h (all P > 0.05). (2) Cell cycle progression and apoptosis rate also showed no statistical difference between cells treated with 8 μg/L TGF-β1 and control cells at 24, 36 and 48 h (all P > 0.05). Compared to control cells, the mRNA expression of Cyclin E, Cdk-2, and EGF in cells treated with 8 μg/L TGF-β1 significantly decreased at 24 and 36 h but significantly increased at 48 h (all P < 0.05); that of HGF significantly declined at all three time points (all P < 0.05); that of Bcl-2 showed no significant changes at 24 and 36 h but increased at 48 h; and that of c-Myc, MMP9 and NF-κB was up-regulated at all three time points (all P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: The insensitivity of BRL-3A cells to TGF-β1-induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest may be related to activation of non-SMAD pathway and up-regulation of NF-κB, Bcl-2, c-Myc, and MMP9 expression.
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The NADPH oxidase inhibitor VAS2870 impairs cell growth and enhances TGF-β-induced apoptosis of liver tumor cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 81:917-24. [PMID: 21276422 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Liver tumor cells show several molecular alterations which favor pro-survival signaling. Among those, we have proposed the NADPH oxidase NOX1 as a prosurvival signal for liver tumor cells. On the one side, we have described that FaO rat hepatoma cells show NOX1-dependent partial resistance to apoptosis induced by Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGF-β). On the other side, we have shown that FaO cells, as well as different human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines, are able to proliferate in the absence of serum through the activation of a NOX1-dependent signaling pathway. The aim of this work was to analyze the effects of NADPH oxidase pharmacological inhibition in liver tumor cells using the inhibitor VAS2870. This compound inhibits dose-dependently autocrine increase of cell number in FaO rat hepatoma cells, and almost completely blocked ROS production and thymidine incorporation when used at 25μM. Such inhibitory effect on autocrine growth is coincident with lower mRNA levels of EGFR (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor) and its ligand TGF-α (Transforming Growth Factor-alpha), and decreased phosphorylation of the EGFR itself and other downstream targets, such as SRC or AKT. Moreover, NADPH oxidase pharmacological inhibition also effectively attenuates serum-dependent growth and phosphorylation of AKT and ERK. Importantly, these inhibitory effects on either autocrine or serum-dependent cell growth are observed in several human HCC cell lines. Finally, we have observed that VAS2870 is also effective in enhancing apoptosis induced by a physiological stimulus, such as TGF-β. In summary, NADPH oxidase pharmacological inhibition could be considered a promising tool in the treatment of liver cancer.
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Chung JY, Davis JA, Price BD, Staley DM, Wagner MV, Warner SL, Bearss DJ, Hansen MDH. Competitive enhancement of HGF-induced epithelial scattering by accessory growth factors. Exp Cell Res 2010; 317:307-18. [PMID: 21075102 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
HGF signaling induces epithelial cells to disassemble cadherin-based adhesion and increase cell motility and invasion, a process termed epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT plays a major role in cancer metastasis, allowing individual cells to detach from the primary tumor, invade local tissue, and colonize distant tissues with new tumors. While invasion of vascular and lymphatic networks is the predominant route of metastasis, nerves also can act as networks for dissemination of cancer cell to distant sites in a process termed perineual invasion (PNI). Signaling between nerves and invasive cancer cells remains poorly understood, as does cellular decision making that selects the specific route of invasion. Here we examine how HGF signaling contributes to PNI using reductionist culture model systems. We find that TGFβ, produced by PC12 cells, enhances scattering in response to HGF stimulation, increasing both cell-cell junction disassembly and cell migration. Further, gradients of TGFβ induce migratory mesenchymal cells to undergo chemotaxis towards the source of TGFβ. Interestingly, VEGF suppresses TGFβ-induced enhancement of scattering. These results have broad implications for how combinatorial growth factor signaling contributes to cancer metastasis, suggesting that VEGF and TGFβ might modulate HGF signaling to influence route selection during cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarom Y Chung
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, 574 WIDB, Provo, UT 84602, USA
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Lull ME, Block ML. Microglial activation and chronic neurodegeneration. Neurotherapeutics 2010; 7:354-65. [PMID: 20880500 PMCID: PMC2951017 DOI: 10.1016/j.nurt.2010.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 679] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Revised: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the resident innate immune cells in the brain, have long been implicated in the pathology of neurodegenerative diseases. Accumulating evidence points to activated microglia as a chronic source of multiple neurotoxic factors, including tumor necrosis factor-α, nitric oxide, interleukin-1β, and reactive oxygen species (ROS), driving progressive neuron damage. Microglia can become chronically activated by either a single stimulus (e.g., lipopolysaccharide or neuron damage) or multiple stimuli exposures to result in cumulative neuronal loss with time. Although the mechanisms driving these phenomena are just beginning to be understood, reactive microgliosis (the microglial response to neuron damage) and ROS have been implicated as key mechanisms of chronic and neurotoxic microglial activation, particularly in the case of Parkinson's disease. We review the mechanisms of neurotoxicity associated with chronic microglial activation and discuss the role of neuronal death and microglial ROS driving the chronic and toxic microglial phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda E. Lull
- grid.224260.00000000404588737Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Campus, Sanger Hall, Room 9-048, 1101 E. Marshall St., Box 980709, 23298-0709 Richmond, VA
| | - Michelle L. Block
- grid.224260.00000000404588737Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Campus, Sanger Hall, Room 9-048, 1101 E. Marshall St., Box 980709, 23298-0709 Richmond, VA
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