1
|
Ramírez-Valle F, Maranville JC, Roy S, Plenge RM. Sequential immunotherapy: towards cures for autoimmunity. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2024:10.1038/s41573-024-00959-8. [PMID: 38839912 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-024-00959-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Despite major progress in the treatment of autoimmune diseases in the past two decades, most therapies do not cure disease and can be associated with increased risk of infection through broad suppression of the immune system. However, advances in understanding the causes of autoimmune disease and clinical data from novel therapeutic modalities such as chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapies provide evidence that it may be possible to re-establish immune homeostasis and, potentially, prolong remission or even cure autoimmune diseases. Here, we propose a 'sequential immunotherapy' framework for immune system modulation to help achieve this ambitious goal. This framework encompasses three steps: controlling inflammation; resetting the immune system through elimination of pathogenic immune memory cells; and promoting and maintaining immune homeostasis via immune regulatory agents and tissue repair. We discuss existing drugs and those in development for each of the three steps. We also highlight the importance of causal human biology in identifying and prioritizing novel immunotherapeutic strategies as well as informing their application in specific patient subsets, enabling precision medicine approaches that have the potential to transform clinical care.
Collapse
|
2
|
Tiwari R, Singh VK, Rajneesh, Kumar A, Gautam V, Kumar R. MHC tetramer technology: Exploring T cell biology in health and disease. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2024; 140:327-345. [PMID: 38762273 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2024.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) tetramers stand as formidable tools within T cell biology, facilitating the exploration and comprehension of immune responses. These artificial molecules, comprising four bound MHC molecules, typically with a specified peptide and a fluorescent label, play a pivotal role in characterizing T cell subsets, monitoring clonal expansion, and unraveling T cell dynamics during responses to infections or immunotherapies. Beyond their applications in T cell biology, MHC tetramers prove valuable in investigating a spectrum of diseases such as infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders, and cancers. Their instrumental role extends to vaccine research and development. Notably, when appropriately configured, tetramers transcend T cell biology research and find utility in exploring natural killer T cells and contributing to specific T cell clonal deletions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Tiwari
- Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Vishal Kumar Singh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Rajneesh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Awnish Kumar
- Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Vibhav Gautam
- Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sharland AF, Hill AE, Son ET, Scull KE, Mifsud NA, Purcell AW. Are Induced/altered Self-peptide Antigens Responsible for De Novo Autoreactivity in Transplantation? Transplantation 2023; 107:1232-1236. [PMID: 36706066 PMCID: PMC10205114 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra F. Sharland
- Central Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alexandra E. Hill
- Central Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Eric T. Son
- Central Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Katherine E. Scull
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Nicole A. Mifsud
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony W. Purcell
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sidlik Muskatel R, Nathansohn-Levi B, Reich-Zeliger S, Mark M, Stoler-Barak L, Rosen C, Milman-Krentsis I, Bachar Lustig E, Pete Gale R, Friedman N, Reisner Y. Correction of T-Cell Repertoire and Autoimmune Diabetes in NOD Mice by Non-myeloablative T-Cell Depleted Allogeneic HSCT. Stem Cells Transl Med 2023; 12:281-292. [PMID: 37184893 PMCID: PMC10184699 DOI: 10.1093/stcltm/szad021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The induction of partial tolerance toward pancreatic autoantigens in the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) can be attained by autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). However, most patients treated by autologous HSCT eventually relapse. Furthermore, allogeneic HSCT which could potentially provide a durable non-autoimmune T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire is associated with a substantial risk for transplant-related mortality. We have previously demonstrated an effective approach for attaining engraftment without graft versus host disease (GVHD) of allogeneic T-cell depleted HSCT, following non-myeloablative conditioning, using donor-derived anti-3rd party central memory CD8 veto T cells (Tcm). In the present study, we investigated the ability of this relatively safe transplant modality to eliminate autoimmune T-cell clones in the NOD mouse model which spontaneously develop T1DM. Our results demonstrate that using this approach, marked durable chimerism is attained, without any transplant-related mortality, and with a very high rate of diabetes prevention. TCR sequencing of transplanted mice showed profound changes in the T-cell repertoire and decrease in the prevalence of specific autoimmune T-cell clones directed against pancreatic antigens. This approach could be considered as strategy to treat people destined to develop T1DM but with residual beta cell function, or as a platform for prevention of beta cell destruction after transplantation of allogenic beta cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rakefet Sidlik Muskatel
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | | | - Michal Mark
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Liat Stoler-Barak
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Chava Rosen
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Irit Milman-Krentsis
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Esther Bachar Lustig
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert Pete Gale
- Haematology Research Centre, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nir Friedman
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yair Reisner
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- CPRIT Scholar in Cancer Research, Austin, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ancheta LR, Shramm PA, Bouajram R, Higgins D, Lappi DA. Streptavidin-Saporin: Converting Biotinylated Materials into Targeted Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15030181. [PMID: 36977072 PMCID: PMC10059012 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15030181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptavidin-Saporin can be considered a type of ‘secondary’ targeted toxin. The scientific community has taken advantage of this conjugate in clever and fruitful ways using many kinds of biotinylated targeting agents to send saporin into a cell selected for elimination. Saporin is a ribosome-inactivating protein that causes inhibition of protein synthesis and cell death when delivered inside a cell. Streptavidin-Saporin, mixed with biotinylated molecules to cell surface markers, results in powerful conjugates that are used both in vitro and in vivo for behavior and disease research. Streptavidin-Saporin harnesses the ‘Molecular Surgery’ capability of saporin, creating a modular arsenal of targeted toxins used in applications ranging from the screening of potential therapeutics to behavioral studies and animal models. The reagent has become a well-published and validated resource in academia and industry. The ease of use and diverse functionality of Streptavidin-Saporin continues to have a significant impact on the life science industry.
Collapse
|
6
|
Sahoo A, Mukherjee D, Mahata D, Mukherjee G. Peptide–MHC complexes: dressing up to manipulate T cells against autoimmunity and cancer. Immunotherapy 2022; 14:337-350. [PMID: 35152723 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2021-0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-specificity of T cells provides important clues to the pathogenesis of T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases and immune-evasion strategies of tumors. Identification of T cell clones involved in autoimmunity or cancer is achieved with soluble peptide–MHC (pMHC) complex multimers. Importantly, these complexes can also be used to manipulate disease-relevant T cells to restore homeostasis of T cell-mediated immune response. While auto-antigen-specific T cells can be deleted or anergized by T cell receptor engagement with cognate pMHC complexes in the absence of costimulation, integration of these complexes in artificial antigen-presenting systems can activate tumor antigen-specific T cells. Here the authors discuss the advancements in pMHC-complex-mediated immunotherapeutic strategies in autoimmunity and cancer and identify the lacunae in these strategies that need to be addressed to facilitate clinical implementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Sahoo
- School of Medical Science & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Debangshu Mukherjee
- School of Medical Science & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Dhrubajyoti Mahata
- School of Medical Science & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
- School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Gayatri Mukherjee
- School of Medical Science & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Buckle I, Loaiza Naranjo JD, Bergot AS, Zhang V, Talekar M, Steptoe RJ, Thomas R, Hamilton-Williams EE. Tolerance induction by liposomes targeting a single CD8 epitope IGRP 206-214 in a model of type 1 diabetes is impeded by co-targeting a CD4 + islet epitope. Immunol Cell Biol 2021; 100:33-48. [PMID: 34668580 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The autoimmune disease type 1 diabetes is predominantly mediated by CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell destruction of islet beta cells, of which islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein (IGRP)206-214 is a dominant target antigen specificity. Previously, we found that a liposome-based antigen-specific immunotherapy encapsulating the CD4+ T-cell islet epitope 2.5mim together with the nuclear factor-κB inhibitor calcitriol induced regulatory T cells and protected from diabetes in NOD mice. Here we investigated whether the same system delivering IGRP206-214 could induce antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell-targeted immune regulation and delay diabetes. Subcutaneous administration of IGRP206-214 /calcitriol liposomes transiently activated and expanded IGRP-specific T-cell receptor transgenic 8.3 CD8+ T cells. Liposomal co-delivery of calcitriol was required to optimally suppress endogenous IGRP-specific CD8+ T-cell interferon-γ production and cytotoxicity. Concordantly, a short course of IGRP206-214 /calcitriol liposomes delayed diabetes progression and reduced insulitis. However, when IGRP206-214 /calcitriol liposomes were delivered together with 2.5mim /calcitriol liposomes, disease protection was not observed and the regulatory effect of 2.5mim /calcitriol liposomes was abrogated. Thus, tolerogenic liposomes that target either a dominant CD8+ or a CD4+ T-cell islet epitope can delay diabetes progression but combining multiple epitopes does not enhance protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Buckle
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Jeniffer D Loaiza Naranjo
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Anne-Sophie Bergot
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Vivian Zhang
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Meghna Talekar
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Raymond J Steptoe
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Ranjeny Thomas
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Emma E Hamilton-Williams
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
A Strategy for Selective Deletion of Autoimmunity-Related T Cells by pMHC-Targeted Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101669. [PMID: 34683962 PMCID: PMC8540115 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis are caused by immune system recognition of self-proteins and subsequent production of effector T cells that recognize and attack healthy tissue. Therapies for these diseases typically utilize broad immune suppression, which can be effective, but which also come with an elevated risk of susceptibility to infection and cancer. T cell recognition of antigens is driven by binding of T cell receptors to peptides displayed on major histocompatibility complex proteins (MHCs) on the cell surface of antigen-presenting cells. Technology for recombinant production of the extracellular domains of MHC proteins and loading with peptides to produce pMHCs has provided reagents for detection of T cell populations, and with the potential for therapeutic intervention. However, production of pMHCs in large quantities remains a challenge and a translational path needs to be established. Here, we demonstrate a fusion protein strategy enabling large-scale production of pMHCs. A peptide corresponding to amino acids 259-273 of collagen II was fused to the N-terminus of the MHC_II beta chain, and the alpha and beta chains were each fused to human IgG4 Fc domains and co-expressed. A tag was incorporated to enable site-specific conjugation. The cytotoxic drug payload, MMAF, was conjugated to the pMHC and potent, peptide-specific killing of T cells that recognize the collagen pMHC was demonstrated with tetramerized pMHC-MMAF conjugates. Finally, these pMHCs were incorporated into MMAF-loaded 3DNA nanomaterials in order to provide a biocompatible platform. Loading and pMHC density were optimized, and peptide-specific T cell killing was demonstrated. These experiments highlight the potential of a pMHC fusion protein-targeted, drug-loaded nanomaterial approach for selective delivery of therapeutics to disease-relevant T cells and new treatment options for autoimmune disease.
Collapse
|
9
|
Chen XY, Du GS, Sun X. Targeting Lymphoid Tissues to Promote Immune Tolerance. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202100056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug‐Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant‐Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology West China School of Pharmacy Sichuan University No.17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Guang Sheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug‐Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant‐Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology West China School of Pharmacy Sichuan University No.17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Xun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Drug‐Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant‐Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology West China School of Pharmacy Sichuan University No.17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road Chengdu 610041 China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Loaiza Naranjo JD, Bergot AS, Buckle I, Hamilton-Williams EE. A Question of Tolerance-Antigen-Specific Immunotherapy for Type 1 Diabetes. Curr Diab Rep 2020; 20:70. [PMID: 33169191 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-020-01363-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Antigen-specific immunotherapy (ASI) is a long sought-after goal for type 1 diabetes (T1D), with the potential of greater long-term safety than non-specific immunotherapy. We review the most recent advances in identification of target islet epitopes, delivery platforms and the ongoing challenges. RECENT FINDINGS It is now recognised that human proinsulin contains a hotspot of epitopes targeted in people with T1D. Beta-cell neoantigens are also under investigation as ASI target epitopes. Consideration of the predicted HLA-specificity of the target antigen for subject selection is now being incorporated into trial design. Cell-free ASI approaches delivering antigen with or without additional immunomodulatory agents can induce antigen-specific regulatory T cell responses, including in patients and many novel nanoparticle-based platforms are under development. ASI for T1D is rapidly advancing with a number of modalities currently being trialled in patients and many more under development in preclinical models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeniffer D Loaiza Naranjo
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Anne-Sophie Bergot
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Irina Buckle
- Mater Research Institute UQ, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Emma E Hamilton-Williams
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Alopecia areata patients show deficiency of FOXP3+CD39+ T regulatory cells and clonotypic restriction of Treg TCRβ-chain, which highlights the immunopathological aspect of the disease. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210308. [PMID: 31277078 PMCID: PMC6611701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alopecia areata (AA) is a hair loss disorder resulting from an autoimmune reaction against hair follicles. T-helper 1 cells are a major contributor to this disorder, but little is known about the role of T-regulatory cells (Tregs) in AA. Here, we analysed the distribution of circulating Treg subsets in twenty AA patients with active hair loss and fifteen healthy subjects by flow cytometry. The Treg suppressor HLA-DR+ subpopulation was significantly reduced in the patients (P<0.001) and there were significantly fewer cells expressing CD39 among the CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg subpopulation in patients (P = 0.001). FOXP3 CD39 Treg cells were also reduced in hair follicles; by 75% in non-lesional skin and 90% in lesional skin, when compared to control healthy skin. To further characterise Treg cells in AA; Tregs (CD4+CD25+FOXP3+) were investigated for their TCRβ sequence. PCR products analysed by Next Generation Sequencing techniques, showed that all frequent public clonotypes in AA Tregs were also present in controls at relatively similar frequencies, excepting two public clonotypes: CATSRDEGGLDEKLFF (V15 D1 J1-4) and CASRDGTGPSNYGYTF (V2 D1 J1-2), which were exclusively present in controls. This suggests that these Treg clonotypes may have a protective effect and that they may be an exciting subject for future therapeutic applications.
Collapse
|
12
|
Stabler CL, Li Y, Stewart JM, Keselowsky BG. Engineering immunomodulatory biomaterials for type 1 diabetes. NATURE REVIEWS. MATERIALS 2019; 4:429-450. [PMID: 32617176 PMCID: PMC7332200 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-019-0112-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
A cure for type 1 diabetes (T1D) would help millions of people worldwide, but remains elusive thus far. Tolerogenic vaccines and beta cell replacement therapy are complementary therapies that seek to address aberrant T1D autoimmune attack and subsequent beta cell loss. However, both approaches require some form of systematic immunosuppression, imparting risks to the patient. Biomaterials-based tools enable localized and targeted immunomodulation, and biomaterial properties can be designed and combined with immunomodulatory agents to locally instruct specific immune responses. In this Review, we discuss immunomodulatory biomaterial platforms for the development of T1D tolerogenic vaccines and beta cell replacement devices. We investigate nano- and microparticles for the delivery of tolerogenic agents and autoantigens, and as artificial antigen presenting cells, and highlight how bulk biomaterials can be used to provide immune tolerance. We examine biomaterials for drug delivery and as immunoisolation devices for cell therapy and islet transplantation, and explore synergies with other fields for the development of new T1D treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- CL Stabler
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Y Li
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - JM Stewart
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - BG Keselowsky
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bim regulates the survival and suppressive capability of CD8 + FOXP3 + regulatory T cells during murine GVHD. Blood 2018; 132:435-447. [PMID: 29769260 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-09-807156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ Foxp3+ T cells (Tregs) are a potent regulatory population whose functional and ontological similarities to CD4+ Fox3+ T cells have not been well delineated. Using an experimental model of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), we observed that CD8+ Tregs were significantly less potent than CD4+ Tregs for the suppression of GVHD. To define the mechanistic basis for this observation, we examined the T-cell repertoire and the transcriptional profile of in vivo-derived CD4+ and CD8+ Tregs that emerged early during this disease. Polyclonal and alloantigen-induced CD8+ Tregs had repertoire diversity that was similar to that of conventional CD8+ T cells, indicating that a restricted repertoire was not the proximate cause of decreased suppression. Transcriptional profiling revealed that CD8+ Tregs possessed a canonical Treg transcriptional signature that was similar to that observed in CD4+ Tregs, yet distinct from conventional CD8+ T cells. Pathway analysis, however, demonstrated that CD8+ Tregs had differential gene expression in pathways involved in cell death and survival. This was further confirmed by detailed mRNA sequence analysis and protein expression studies, which demonstrated that CD8+ Tregs had increased expression of Bim and reduced expression of Mcl-1. Transplantation with CD8+ Foxp3+ Bim-/- Tregs resulted in prolonged Treg survival and reduced GVHD lethality compared with wild-type CD8+ Tregs, providing functional confirmation that increased expression of Bim was responsible for reduced in vivo efficacy. Thus, Bim regulates the survival and suppressive capability of CD8+ Tregs, which may have implications for their use in regulatory T-cell therapy.
Collapse
|
14
|
Serra P, Santamaria P. Nanoparticle-based approaches to immune tolerance for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:751-756. [PMID: 29427438 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are caused by antigenically complex immune responses of the adaptive and innate immune system against specific cells, tissues or organs. Antigen-specific approaches for induction of immune tolerance in autoimmunity, based on the use of antigenic peptides or proteins, have failed to deliver the desired therapeutic results in clinical trials. These approaches, which are largely relying on triggering clonal anergy and/or deletion of defined autoreactive specificities, do not address the overwhelming antigenic, molecular, and cellular complexity of most autoimmune diseases, which involve various immune cells and ever-growing repertoires of antigenic epitopes on numerous self-antigens. Advances in the field of regulatory T-cell (Treg) biology have suggested that Treg cells might be able to afford dominant tolerance provided they are properly activated and expanded in vivo. More recently, nanotechnology has introduced novel technical advances capable of modulating immune responses. Here, we review nanoparticle-based approaches designed to induce immune tolerance, ranging from approaches that primarily trigger clonal T-cell anergy or deletion to approaches that trigger Treg cell formation and expansion from autoreactive T-cell effectors. We will also highlight the therapeutic potential and positive outcomes in numerous experimental models of autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pau Serra
- Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Santamaria
- Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain.,Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Spanier JA, Sahli NL, Wilson JC, Martinov T, Dileepan T, Burrack AL, Finger EB, Blazar BR, Michels AW, Moran A, Jenkins MK, Fife BT. Increased Effector Memory Insulin-Specific CD4 + T Cells Correlate With Insulin Autoantibodies in Patients With Recent-Onset Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2017; 66:3051-3060. [PMID: 28842400 PMCID: PMC5697953 DOI: 10.2337/db17-0666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from T cell-mediated destruction of insulin-producing β-cells. Insulin represents a key self-antigen in disease pathogenesis, as recent studies identified proinsulin-responding T cells from inflamed pancreatic islets of organ donors with recent-onset T1D. These cells respond to an insulin B-chain (InsB) epitope presented by the HLA-DQ8 molecule associated with high T1D risk. Understanding insulin-specific T-cell frequency and phenotype in peripheral blood is now critical. We constructed fluorescent InsB10-23:DQ8 tetramers, stained peripheral blood lymphocytes directly ex vivo, and show DQ8+ patients with T1D have increased tetramer+ CD4+ T cells compared with HLA-matched control subjects without diabetes. Patients with a shorter disease duration had higher frequencies of insulin-reactive CD4+ T cells, with most of these cells being antigen experienced. We also demonstrate that the number of insulin tetramer+ effector memory cells is directly correlated with insulin antibody titers, suggesting insulin-specific T- and B-cell interactions. Notably, one of four control subjects with tetramer+ cells was a first-degree relative who had insulin-specific cells with an effector memory phenotype, potentially representing an early marker of T-cell autoimmunity. Our results suggest that studying InsB10-23:DQ8 reactive T-cell frequency and phenotype may provide a biomarker of disease activity in patients with T1D and those at risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin A Spanier
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Nathanael L Sahli
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Joseph C Wilson
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Tijana Martinov
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Thamotharampillai Dileepan
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Adam L Burrack
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Erik B Finger
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Aaron W Michels
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, CO
| | - Antoinette Moran
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Marc K Jenkins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Brian T Fife
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
HLA-B*14:02-Restricted Env-Specific CD8 + T-Cell Activity Has Highly Potent Antiviral Efficacy Associated with Immune Control of HIV Infection. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00544-17. [PMID: 28878089 PMCID: PMC5660483 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00544-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune control of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) infection is typically associated with effective Gag-specific CD8+ T-cell responses. We here focus on HLA-B*14, which protects against HIV disease progression, but the immunodominant HLA-B*14-restricted anti-HIV response is Env specific (ERYLKDQQL, HLA-B*14-EL9). A subdominant HLA-B*14-restricted response targets Gag (DRYFKTLRA, HLA-B*14-DA9). Using HLA-B*14/peptide-saporin-conjugated tetramers, we show that HLA-B*14-EL9 is substantially more potent at inhibiting viral replication than HLA-B*14-DA9. HLA-B*14-EL9 also has significantly higher functional avidity (P < 0.0001) and drives stronger selection pressure on the virus than HLA-B*14-DA9. However, these differences were HLA-B*14 subtype specific, applying only to HLA-B*14:02 and not to HLA-B*14:01. Furthermore, the HLA-B*14-associated protection against HIV disease progression is significantly greater for HLA-B*14:02 than for HLA-B*14:01, consistent with the superior antiviral efficacy of the HLA-B*14-EL9 response. Thus, although Gag-specific CD8+ T-cell responses may usually have greater anti-HIV efficacy, factors independent of protein specificity, including functional avidity of individual responses, are also critically important to immune control of HIV. IMPORTANCE In HIV infection, although cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) play a potentially critical role in eradication of viral reservoirs, the features that constitute an effective response remain poorly defined. We focus on HLA-B*14, unique among HLAs associated with control of HIV in that the dominant CTL response is Env specific, not Gag specific. We demonstrate that Env-specific HLA-B*14-restricted activity is substantially more efficacious than the subdominant HLA-B*14-restricted Gag response. Env immunodominance over Gag and strong Env-mediated selection pressure on HIV are observed only in subjects expressing HLA-B*14:02, and not HLA-B*14:01. This reflects the increased functional avidity of the Env response over Gag, substantially more marked for HLA-B*14:02. Finally, we show that HLA-B*14:02 is significantly more strongly associated with viremic control than HLA-B*14:01. These findings indicate that, although Gag-specific CTL may usually have greater anti-HIV efficacy than Env responses, factors independent of protein specificity, including functional avidity, may carry greater weight in mediating effective control of HIV.
Collapse
|
17
|
Leitman EM, Palmer CD, Buus S, Chen F, Riddell L, Sims S, Klenerman P, Sáez-Cirión A, Walker BD, Hess PR, Altfeld M, Matthews PC, Goulder PJR. Saporin-conjugated tetramers identify efficacious anti-HIV CD8+ T-cell specificities. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184496. [PMID: 29020090 PMCID: PMC5636067 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-specific T-cells are highly variable, spanning potent antiviral efficacy and damaging auto-reactivity. In virus infections, identifying the most efficacious responses is critical to vaccine design. However, current methods depend on indirect measures or on ex vivo expanded CTL clones. We here describe a novel application of cytotoxic saporin-conjugated tetramers to kill antigen-specific T-cells without significant off-target effects. The relative efficacy of distinct antiviral CD8+ T-cell specificity can be directly assessed via antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell depletion. The utility of these reagents is demonstrated here in identifying the CD8+ T-cell specificity most effective in preventing HIV progression in HIV-infected HLA-B*27-positive immune controllers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen M. Leitman
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christine D. Palmer
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Søren Buus
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fabian Chen
- Department of Sexual Health, Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Lynn Riddell
- Integrated Sexual Health Services, Northamptonshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Northampton, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Sims
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paul Klenerman
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Asier Sáez-Cirión
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France
| | - Bruce D. Walker
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Paul R. Hess
- Immunology Program, Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Virus Immunology Unit, Heinrich-Pette-Institut, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Philippa C. Matthews
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J. R. Goulder
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pozsgay J, Szekanecz Z, Sármay G. Antigen-specific immunotherapies in rheumatic diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2017; 13:525-537. [DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2017.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
19
|
Cerosaletti K, Barahmand-Pour-Whitman F, Yang J, DeBerg HA, Dufort MJ, Murray SA, Israelsson E, Speake C, Gersuk VH, Eddy JA, Reijonen H, Greenbaum CJ, Kwok WW, Wambre E, Prlic M, Gottardo R, Nepom GT, Linsley PS. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals Expanded Clones of Islet Antigen-Reactive CD4 + T Cells in Peripheral Blood of Subjects with Type 1 Diabetes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:323-335. [PMID: 28566371 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The significance of islet Ag-reactive T cells found in peripheral blood of type 1 diabetes (T1D) subjects is unclear, partly because similar cells are also found in healthy control (HC) subjects. We hypothesized that key disease-associated cells would show evidence of prior Ag exposure, inferred from expanded TCR clonotypes, and essential phenotypic properties in their transcriptomes. To test this, we developed single-cell RNA sequencing procedures for identifying TCR clonotypes and transcript phenotypes in individual T cells. We applied these procedures to analysis of islet Ag-reactive CD4+ memory T cells from the blood of T1D and HC individuals after activation with pooled immunodominant islet peptides. We found extensive TCR clonotype sharing in Ag-activated cells, especially from individual T1D subjects, consistent with in vivo T cell expansion during disease progression. The expanded clonotype from one T1D subject was detected at repeat visits spanning >15 mo, demonstrating clonotype stability. Notably, we found no clonotype sharing between subjects, indicating a predominance of "private" TCR specificities. Expanded clones from two T1D subjects recognized distinct IGRP peptides, implicating this molecule as a trigger for CD4+ T cell expansion. Although overall transcript profiles of cells from HC and T1D subjects were similar, profiles from the most expanded clones were distinctive. Our findings demonstrate that islet Ag-reactive CD4+ memory T cells with unique Ag specificities and phenotypes are expanded during disease progression and can be detected by single-cell analysis of peripheral blood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Cerosaletti
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101;
| | | | - Junbao Yang
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Hannah A DeBerg
- Systems Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Matthew J Dufort
- Systems Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Sara A Murray
- Systems Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Elisabeth Israelsson
- Systems Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Cate Speake
- Diabetes Clinical Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Vivian H Gersuk
- Systems Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - James A Eddy
- Systems Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Helena Reijonen
- Diabetes Clinical Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Carla J Greenbaum
- Diabetes Clinical Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - William W Kwok
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Erik Wambre
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Martin Prlic
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109; and
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109; and
| | | | - Peter S Linsley
- Systems Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101;
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Combinatorial drug delivery approaches for immunomodulation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 114:161-174. [PMID: 28532690 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has been widely explored for applications to both augment and suppress intrinsic host immunity. Clinical achievements have seen a number of immunotherapeutic drugs displace established strategies like chemotherapy in treating immune-associated diseases. However, single drug approaches modulating an individual arm of the immune system are often incompletely effective. Imperfect mechanistic understanding and heterogeneity within disease pathology have seen monotherapies inadequately equipped to mediate complete disease remission. Recent success in applications of combinatorial immunotherapy has suggested that targeting multiple biological pathways simultaneously may be critical in treating complex immune pathologies. Drug delivery approaches through engineered biomaterials offer the potential to augment desired immune responses while mitigating toxic side-effects by localizing immunotherapy. This review discusses recent advances in immunotherapy and highlights newly explored combinatorial drug delivery approaches. Furthermore, prospective future directions for immunomodulatory drug delivery to exploit are provided.
Collapse
|
21
|
Mauvais FX, Diana J, van Endert P. Beta cell antigens in type 1 diabetes: triggers in pathogenesis and therapeutic targets. F1000Res 2016; 5. [PMID: 27158463 PMCID: PMC4847563 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.7411.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Research focusing on type 1 diabetes (T1D) autoantigens aims to explore our understanding of these beta cell proteins in order to design assays for monitoring the pathogenic autoimmune response, as well as safe and efficient therapies preventing or stopping it. In this review, we will discuss progress made in the last 5 years with respect to mechanistic understanding, diagnostic monitoring, and therapeutic modulation of the autoantigen-specific cellular immune response in T1D. Some technical progress in monitoring tools has been made; however, the potential of recent technologies for highly multiplexed exploration of human cellular immune responses remains to be exploited in T1D research, as it may be the key to the identification of surrogate markers of disease progression that are still wanting. Detailed analysis of autoantigen recognition by T cells suggests an important role of non-conventional antigen presentation and processing in beta cell-directed autoimmunity, but the impact of this in human T1D has been little explored. Finally, therapeutic administration of autoantigens to T1D patients has produced disappointing results. The application of novel modes of autoantigen administration, careful translation of mechanistic understanding obtained in preclinical studies and
in vitro with human cells, and combination therapies including CD3 antibodies may help to make autoantigen-based immunotherapy for T1D a success story in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- François-Xavier Mauvais
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médical, Unité 1151, Paris, 75015, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR8253, Paris, 75015, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Julien Diana
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médical, Unité 1151, Paris, 75015, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR8253, Paris, 75015, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Peter van Endert
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médical, Unité 1151, Paris, 75015, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR8253, Paris, 75015, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75015, France
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bonami RH, Thomas JW. Targeting Anti-Insulin B Cell Receptors Improves Receptor Editing in Type 1 Diabetes-Prone Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4730-41. [PMID: 26432895 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autoreactive B lymphocytes that commonly arise in the developing repertoire can be salvaged by receptor editing, a central tolerance mechanism that alters BCR specificity through continued L chain rearrangement. It is unknown whether autoantigens with weak cross-linking potential, such as insulin, elicit receptor editing, or whether this process is dysregulated in related autoimmunity. To resolve these issues, we developed an editing-competent model in which anti-insulin Vκ125 was targeted to the Igκ locus and paired with anti-insulin VH125Tg. Physiologic, circulating insulin increased RAG-2 expression and was associated with BCR replacement that eliminated autoantigen recognition in a proportion of developing anti-insulin B lymphocytes. The proportion of anti-insulin B cells that underwent receptor editing was reduced in the type 1 diabetes-prone NOD strain relative to a nonautoimmune strain. Resistance to editing was associated with increased surface IgM expression on immature (but not transitional or mature) anti-insulin B cells in the NOD strain. The actions of mAb123 on central tolerance were also investigated, because selective targeting of insulin-occupied BCR by mAb123 eliminates anti-insulin B lymphocytes and prevents type 1 diabetes. Autoantigen targeting by mAb123 increased RAG-2 expression and dramatically enhanced BCR replacement in newly developed B lymphocytes. Administering F(ab')2123 induced IgM downregulation and reduced the frequency of anti-insulin B lymphocytes within the polyclonal repertoire of VH125Tg/NOD mice, suggesting enhanced central tolerance by direct BCR interaction. These findings indicate that weak or faulty checkpoints for central tolerance can be overcome by autoantigen-specific immunomodulatory therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel H Bonami
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232; and
| | - James W Thomas
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232; and Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN 37232
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chujo D, Nguyen TS, Foucat E, Blankenship D, Banchereau J, Nepom GT, Chaussabel D, Ueno H. Adult-onset type 1 diabetes patients display decreased IGRP-specific Tr1 cells in blood. Clin Immunol 2015; 161:270-7. [PMID: 26341315 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The breakdown of immune tolerance against islet antigens causes type 1 diabetes (T1D). The antigens associated with adult-onset T1D (AT1D) remain largely undefined. It is possible that AT1D patients display a unique type of CD4(+) T cells specific for a certain islet antigen. Here we analyzed the cytokine production profiles of CD4(+) helper T (Th) cells that are specific for three islet antigens; GAD65, preproinsulin, and IGRP in patients with AT1D, juvenile-onset T1D (JT1D), and age-, gender- and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched control adults. While IGRP-specific Th cells in AT1D patients were dominantly Th1 cells, IGRP-specific Th cells in control adults and JT1D patients were dominantly Th2 and T regulatory type 1 (Tr1) cells. Notably, the frequency of IGRP-specific Tr1 cells was significantly lower in AT1D patients than in control adults and JT1D patients. In conclusion, our study suggests that IGRP-specific Th cells play a unique pathogenic role in AT1D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Chujo
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX, USA; National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Emile Foucat
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Gerald T Nepom
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Hideki Ueno
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Babad J, Mukherjee G, Follenzi A, Ali R, Roep BO, Shultz LD, Santamaria P, Yang OO, Goldstein H, Greiner DL, DiLorenzo TP. Generation of β cell-specific human cytotoxic T cells by lentiviral transduction and their survival in immunodeficient human leucocyte antigen-transgenic mice. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 179:398-413. [PMID: 25302633 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Several β cell antigens recognized by T cells in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of type 1 diabetes (T1D) are also T cell targets in the human disease. While numerous antigen-specific therapies prevent diabetes in NOD mice, successful translation of rodent findings to patients has been difficult. A human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-transgenic mouse model incorporating human β cell-specific T cells might provide a better platform for evaluating antigen-specific therapies. The ability to study such T cells is limited by their low frequency in peripheral blood and the difficulty in obtaining islet-infiltrating T cells from patients. We have worked to overcome this limitation by using lentiviral transduction to 'reprogram' primary human CD8 T cells to express three T cell receptors (TCRs) specific for a peptide derived from the β cell antigen islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein (IGRP265-273 ) and recognized in the context of the human class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule HLA-A2. The TCRs bound peptide/MHC multimers with a range of avidities, but all bound with at least 10-fold lower avidity than the anti-viral TCR used for comparison. One exhibited antigenic recognition promiscuity. The β cell-specific human CD8 T cells generated by lentiviral transduction with one of the TCRs released interferon (IFN)-γ in response to antigen and exhibited cytotoxic activity against peptide-pulsed target cells. The cells engrafted in HLA-A2-transgenic NOD-scid IL2rγ(null) mice and could be detected in the blood, spleen and pancreas up to 5 weeks post-transfer, suggesting the utility of this approach for the evaluation of T cell-modulatory therapies for T1D and other T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Babad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Garciafigueroa Y, Trucco M, Giannoukakis N. A brief glimpse over the horizon for type 1 diabetes nanotherapeutics. Clin Immunol 2015; 160:36-45. [PMID: 25817545 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The pace at which nanotherapeutic technology for human disease is evolving has accelerated exponentially over the past five years. Most of the technology is centered on drug delivery which, in some instances, offers tunable control of drug release. Emerging technologies have resulted in improvements in tissue and cell targeting while others are at the initial stages of pairing drug release and drug release kinetics with microenvironmental stimuli or changes in homeostasis. Nanotherapeutics has only recently been adopted for consideration as a prophylaxis/treatment approach in autoimmunity. Herein, we summarize the current state-of-the art of nanotherapeutics specifically for type 1 diabetes mellitus and offer our view over the horizon of where we envisage this modality evolving towards.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yesica Garciafigueroa
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, 11th Floor South Tower, Allegheny Health Network, 320 East North Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA.
| | - Massimo Trucco
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, 11th Floor South Tower, Allegheny Health Network, 320 East North Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA.
| | - Nick Giannoukakis
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, 11th Floor South Tower, Allegheny Health Network, 320 East North Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hunsucker SA, McGary CS, Vincent BG, Enyenihi AA, Waugh JP, McKinnon KP, Bixby LM, Ropp PA, Coghill JM, Wood WA, Gabriel DA, Sarantopoulos S, Shea TC, Serody JS, Alatrash G, Rodriguez-Cruz T, Lizée G, Buntzman AS, Frelinger JA, Glish GL, Armistead PM. Peptide/MHC tetramer-based sorting of CD8⁺ T cells to a leukemia antigen yields clonotypes drawn nonspecifically from an underlying restricted repertoire. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 3:228-35. [PMID: 25576336 PMCID: PMC4351150 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-14-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Testing of T cell-based cancer therapeutics often involves measuring cancer antigen-specific T-cell populations with the assumption that they arise from in vivo clonal expansion. This analysis, using peptide/MHC tetramers, is often ambiguous. From a leukemia cell line, we identified a CDK4-derived peptide epitope, UNC-CDK4-1 (ALTPVVVTL), that bound HLA-A*02:01 with high affinity and could induce CD8⁺ T-cell responses in vitro. We identified UNC-CDK4-1/HLA-A*02:01 tetramer⁺ populations in 3 of 6 patients with acute myeloid leukemia who had undergone allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Using tetramer-based, single-cell sorting and T-cell receptor β (TCRβ) sequencing, we identified recurrent UNC-CDK4-1 tetramer-associated TCRβ clonotypes in a patient with a UNC-CDK4-1 tetramer⁺ population, suggesting in vivo T-cell expansion to UNC-CDK4-1. In parallel, we measured the patient's TCRβ repertoire and found it to be highly restricted/oligoclonal. The UNC-CDK4-1 tetramer-associated TCRβ clonotypes represented >17% of the entire TCRβ repertoire-far in excess of the UNC-CDK4-1 tetramer⁺ frequency-indicating that the recurrent TCRβ clonotypes identified from UNC-CDK-4-1 tetramer⁺ cells were likely a consequence of the extremely constrained T-cell repertoire in the patient and not in vivo UNC-CDK4-1-driven clonal T-cell expansion. Mapping recurrent TCRβ clonotype sequences onto TCRβ repertoires can help confirm or refute antigen-specific T-cell expansion in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Colleen S McGary
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - Atim A Enyenihi
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jennifer P Waugh
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Karen P McKinnon
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Lisa M Bixby
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Patricia A Ropp
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - James M Coghill
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - William A Wood
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Don A Gabriel
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Stefanie Sarantopoulos
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Thomas C Shea
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jonathan S Serody
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Gheath Alatrash
- Section of Transplantation Immunology, Department of Stem Cell Transplant and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Tania Rodriguez-Cruz
- Department of Melanoma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Gregory Lizée
- Department of Melanoma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Adam S Buntzman
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | | | - Gary L Glish
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Paul M Armistead
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Serra P, Santamaria P. Nanoparticle-based autoimmune disease therapy. Clin Immunol 2015; 160:3-13. [PMID: 25704658 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The goal of immunotherapy against autoimmunity is to block pathogenic inflammation without impairing immunity against infections and tumours. Regulatory T-cells (Tregs) play a central role in maintaining immune homeostasis, and autoimmune inflammation is frequently associated with decreased numbers and/or function of these T-cells. Therapies harnessing Tregs to treat autoimmune inflammation remain under-developed with caveats ranging from the lack of antigenic and disease specificity to the potential phenotypic and functional instability of in vitro-expanded Treg cells in vivo. Here, we review nanotechnology-based approaches designed to promote immune tolerance through various mechanisms, ranging from systemic or local suppression of antigen-presenting cells and deletion of antigen-specific T-cells, to the systemic expansion of antigen- and disease-specific Treg cells in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pau Serra
- Institut D'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona 08036, Spain.
| | - Pere Santamaria
- Institut D'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona 08036, Spain; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cummings School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Sims S, Bolinger B, Klenerman P. Increasing inflationary T-cell responses following transient depletion of MCMV-specific memory T cells. Eur J Immunol 2014; 45:113-8. [PMID: 25331015 PMCID: PMC4477908 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Murine CMV (MCMV) infection induces effector CD8+ T cells that continue to increase in frequency after acute infection (“inflation”) and are stably maintained at a high frequency, with up to 20% of the CD8+ T-cell compartment being specific for one epitope, although the flexibility and turnover of these populations is not fully defined. Here we report that effector/memory CD8+ T cells induced by MCMV can be paradoxically boosted following transient depletion of epitope specific CD8+ T cells. Treatment of MCMV-infected mice with MHC-Class I-saporin tetramers led to partial (80–90%) depletion of epitope-specific CD8+ T cells—rapidly followed by a rebound, leading to expansion and maintenance of up to 40% of total CD8+ T cells, with minimal changes in response to a control epitope (M45). These data indicate the tight balance between host and virus during persistent infection and the functional flexibility of the “inflated” CD8+ T cell responses during persistent infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Sims
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hess SM, Young EF, Miller KR, Vincent BG, Buntzman AS, Collins EJ, Frelinger JA, Hess PR. Deletion of naïve T cells recognizing the minor histocompatibility antigen HY with toxin-coupled peptide-MHC class I tetramers inhibits cognate CTL responses and alters immunodominance. Transpl Immunol 2013; 29:138-45. [PMID: 24161680 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alloreactive T-cell responses directed against minor histocompatibility (H) antigens, which arise from diverse genetic disparities between donor and recipient outside the MHC, are an important cause of rejection of MHC-matched grafts. Because clinically significant responses appear to be directed at only a few antigens, the selective deletion of naïve T cells recognizing donor-specific, immunodominant minor H antigens in recipients before transplantation may be a useful tolerogenic strategy. We have previously demonstrated that peptide-MHC class I tetramers coupled to a toxin can efficiently eliminate specific TCR-transgenic T cells in vivo. Here, using the minor histocompatibility antigen HY as a model, we investigated whether toxic tetramers could inhibit the subsequent priming of the two H2-D(b)-restricted, immunodominant T-cell responses by deleting precursor CTL. Immunization of female mice with male bone marrow elicited robust CTL activity against the Uty and Smcy epitopes, with Uty constituting the major response. As hypothesized, toxic tetramer administration prior to immunization increased survival of cognate peptide-pulsed cells in an in vivo CTL assay, and reduced the frequency of corresponding T cells. However, tetramer-mediated decreases in either T-cell population magnified CTL responses against the non-targeted epitope, suggesting that D(b)-Uty(+) and D(b)-Smcy(+) T cells compete for a limited common resource during priming. Toxic tetramers conceivably could be used in combination to dissect manipulate CD8(+) T-cell immunodominance hierarchies, and to prevent the induction of donor-specific, minor H antigen CTL responses in allotransplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina M Hess
- Immunology Program, Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Mukherjee G, Geliebter A, Babad J, Santamaria P, Serreze DV, Freeman GJ, Tarbell KV, Sharpe A, DiLorenzo TP. DEC-205-mediated antigen targeting to steady-state dendritic cells induces deletion of diabetogenic CD8⁺ T cells independently of PD-1 and PD-L1. Int Immunol 2013; 25:651-60. [PMID: 24021877 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxt031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8⁺ T cells specific for islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein (IGRP) have been implicated in type 1 diabetes in both humans and non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, in which T cells specific for IGRP₂₀₆₋₂₁₄ are highly prevalent. We sought to manipulate these pathogenic T cells by exploiting the ability of steady-state dendritic cells (DCs) to present antigens in a tolerogenic manner. The endocytic receptor DEC-205 was utilized to deliver an IGRP₂₀₆₋₂₁₄ mimotope to DCs in NOD mice, and the impact of this delivery on a polyclonal population of endogenous islet-reactive cognate T cells was determined. Assessment of islet-infiltrating CD8⁺ T cells showed a decrease in the percentage, and the absolute number, of endogenous IGRP₂₀₆₋₂₁₄-specific T cells when the mimotope was delivered to DCs, compared with delivery of a specificity control. Employing an adoptive transfer system, deletion of CD8⁺ T cells as a result of DEC-205-mediated antigen targeting was found to occur independently of programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1), both often implicated in the regulation of peripheral T-cell tolerance. Given its promise for the manipulation of self-reactive polyclonal T cells demonstrated here, the distinctive characteristics of this antigen delivery system will be important to appreciate as its potential as an intervention for autoimmune diseases continues to be investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gayatri Mukherjee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Xu D, Prasad S, Miller SD. Inducing immune tolerance: a focus on Type 1 diabetes mellitus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 3:415-426. [PMID: 24505231 DOI: 10.2217/dmt.13.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Tolerogenic strategies that specifically target diabetogenic immune cells in the absence of complications of immunosuppression are the desired treatment for the prevention or even reversal of Type 1 diabetes (T1D). Antigen (Ag)-based therapies must not only suppress disease-initiating diabetogenic T cells that are already activated, but, more importantly, prevent activation of naive auto-Ag-specific T cells that may become autoreactive through epitope spreading as a result of Ag liberation from damaged islet cells. Therefore, identification of auto-Ags relevant to T1D initiation and progression is critical to the design of effective Ag-specific therapies. Animal models of T1D have been successfully employed to identify potential diabetogenic Ags, and have further facilitated translation of Ag-specific tolerance strategies into human clinical trials. In this review, we highlight important advances using animal models in Ag-specific T1D immunotherapies, and the application of the preclinical findings to human subjects. We provide an up-to-date overview of the strengths and weaknesses of various tolerance-inducing strategies, including infusion of soluble Ags/peptides by various routes of delivery, genetic vaccinations, cell- and inert particle-based tolerogenic approaches, and various other strategies that target distinct tolerance-inducing pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xu
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology & Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Suchitra Prasad
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology & Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Stephen D Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology & Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Blanchfield JL, Shorter SK, Evavold BD. Monitoring the Dynamics of T Cell Clonal Diversity Using Recombinant Peptide:MHC Technology. Front Immunol 2013; 4:170. [PMID: 23840195 PMCID: PMC3699728 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity to probe antigen specific T cells within the polyclonal repertoire has been revolutionized by the advent of recombinant peptide:MHC (pMHC) technology. Monomers and multimers of pMHC molecules can enrich for and identify antigen specific T cells to elucidate the contributions of T cell frequency, localization, and T cell receptor (TCR) affinity during immune responses. Two-dimensional (2D) measurements of TCR–pMHC interactions are at the forefront of this field because the biological topography is replicated such that TCR and pMHC are membrane anchored on opposing cells, allowing for biologically pertinent measures of TCR antigen specificity and diversity. 2D measurements of TCR-pMHC kinetics have also demonstrated increased fidelity compared to three-dimensional surface plasmon resonance data and are capable of detecting T cell affinities that are below the detection level of most pMHC multimers. Importantly, 2D techniques provide a platform to evaluate T cell affinity and antigen specificity against multiple protein epitopes within the polyclonal repertoire directly ex vivo from sites of ongoing immune responses. This review will discuss how antigen specific pMHC molecules, with a focus on 2D technologies, can be used as effective tools to evaluate the range of TCR affinities that comprise an immune response and more importantly how the breadth of affinities determine functional outcome against a given exposure to antigen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Lori Blanchfield
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA , USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Barcala Tabarrozzi AE, Castro CN, Dewey RA, Sogayar MC, Labriola L, Perone MJ. Cell-based interventions to halt autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 171:135-46. [PMID: 23286940 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) results from death of insulin-secreting β cells mediated by self-immune cells, and the consequent inability of the body to maintain insulin levels for appropriate glucose homeostasis. Probably initiated by environmental factors, this disease takes place in genetically predisposed individuals. Given the autoimmune nature of T1DM, therapeutics targeting immune cells involved in disease progress have been explored over the last decade. Several high-cost trials have been attempted to prevent and/or reverse T1DM. Although a definitive solution to cure T1DM is not yet available, a large amount of information about its nature and development has contributed greatly to both the improvement of patient's health care and design of new treatments. In this study, we discuss the role of different types of immune cells involved in T1DM pathogenesis and their therapeutic potential as targets and/or modified tools to treat patients. Recently, encouraging results and new approaches to sustain remnant β cell mass and to increase β cell proliferation by different cell-based means have emerged. Results coming from ongoing clinical trials employing cell therapy designed to arrest T1DM will probably proliferate in the next few years. Strategies under consideration include infusion of several types of stem cells, dendritic cells and regulatory T cells, either manipulated genetically ex vivo or non-manipulated. Their use in combination approaches is another therapeutic alternative. Cell-based interventions, without undesirable side effects, directed to block the uncontrollable autoimmune response may become a clinical reality in the next few years for the treatment of patients with T1DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A E Barcala Tabarrozzi
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA), CONICET, Instituto Partner de la Sociedad Max Planck, Buenos Aires
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Multiple roles of glucose-6-phosphatases in pathophysiology. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:2608-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
35
|
Diz R, Garland A, Vincent BG, Johnson MC, Spidale N, Wang B, Tisch R. Autoreactive effector/memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells infiltrating grafted and endogenous islets in diabetic NOD mice exhibit similar T cell receptor usage. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52054. [PMID: 23251685 PMCID: PMC3522632 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Islet transplantation provides a “cure” for type 1 diabetes but is limited in part by recurrent autoimmunity mediated by β cell-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Insight into the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire of effector T cells driving recurrent autoimmunity would aid the development of immunotherapies to prevent islet graft rejection. Accordingly, we used a multi-parameter flow cytometry strategy to assess the TCR variable β (Vβ) chain repertoires of T cell subsets involved in autoimmune-mediated rejection of islet grafts in diabetic NOD mouse recipients. Naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T cells exhibited a diverse TCR repertoire, which was similar in all tissues examined in NOD recipients including the pancreas and islet grafts. On the other hand, the effector/memory CD8+ T cell repertoire in the islet graft was dominated by one to four TCR Vβ chains, and specific TCR Vβ chain usage varied from recipient to recipient. Similarly, islet graft- infiltrating effector/memory CD4+ T cells expressed a limited number of prevalent TCR Vβ chains, although generally TCR repertoire diversity was increased compared to effector/memory CD8+ T cells. Strikingly, the majority of NOD recipients showed an increase in TCR Vβ12-bearing effector/memory CD4+ T cells in the islet graft, most of which were proliferating, indicating clonal expansion. Importantly, TCR Vβ usage by effector/memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells infiltrating the islet graft exhibited greater similarity to the repertoire found in the pancreas as opposed to the draining renal lymph node, pancreatic lymph node, or spleen. Together these results demonstrate that effector/memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells mediating autoimmune rejection of islet grafts are characterized by restricted TCR Vβ chain usage, and are similar to T cells that drive destruction of the endogenous islets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro Diz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Alaina Garland
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Benjamin G. Vincent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mark C. Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Spidale
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Roland Tisch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Bunztman A, Vincent BG, Krovi H, Steele S, Frelinger JA. The LCMV gp33-specific memory T cell repertoire narrows with age. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2012; 9:17. [PMID: 22894656 PMCID: PMC3472190 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4933-9-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Background The memory response to LCMV in mice persists for months to years with only a small decrease in the number of epitope specific CD8 T cells. This long persistence is associated with resistance to lethal LCMV disease. In contrast to studies focused on the number and surface phenotype of the memory cells, relatively little attention has been paid to the diversity of TCR usage in these cells. CD8+ T cell responses with only a few clones of identical specificity are believed to be relatively ineffective, presumably due to the relative ease of virus escape. Thus, a broad polyclonal response is associated with an effective anti-viral CD8+ T cell response. Results In this paper we show that the primary CD8+ T cell response to the LCMV gp33-41 epitope is extremely diverse. Over time while the response remains robust in terms of the number of gp33-tetramer+ T cells, the diversity of the response becomes less so. Strikingly, by 26 months after infection the response is dominated by a small number TCRβ sequences. In addition, it is of note the gp33 specific CD8+ T cells sorted by high and low tetramer binding populations 15 and 22 months after infection. High and low tetramer binding cells had equivalent diversity and were dominated by a small number of clones regardless of the time tested. A similar restricted distribution was seen in NP396 specific CD8+ T cells 26 months after infection. The identical TCRVβ sequences were found in both the tetramerhi and tetramerlo binding populations. Finally, we saw no evidence of public clones in the gp33-specific response. No CDR3 sequences were found in more than one mouse. Conclusions These data show that following LCMV infection the CD8+ gp33-specific CD8 T cell response becomes highly restricted with enormous narrowing of the diversity. This narrowing of the repertoire could contribute to the progressively ineffective immune response seen in aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Bunztman
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ross P, Buntzman AS, Vincent BG, Grover EN, Gojanovich GS, Collins EJ, Frelinger JA, Hess PR. Allelic diversity at the DLA-88 locus in Golden Retriever and Boxer breeds is limited. TISSUE ANTIGENS 2012; 80:175-83. [PMID: 22571293 PMCID: PMC3407292 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2012.01889.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the dog, previous analyses of major histocompatibility complex class I genes suggest a single polymorphic locus, dog leukocyte antigen (DLA)-88. While 51 alleles have been reported, estimates of prevalence have not been made. We hypothesized that, within a breed, DLA-88 diversity would be restricted, and one or more dominant alleles could be identified. Accordingly, we determined allele usage in 47 Golden Retrievers and 39 Boxers. In each population, 10 alleles were found; 4 were shared. Seven novel alleles were identified. DLA-88*05101 and *50801 predominated in Golden Retrievers, while most Boxers carried *03401. In these breeds, DLA-88 polymorphisms are limited and largely non-overlapping. The finding of highly prevalent alleles fulfills an important prerequisite for studying canine CD8+ T-cell responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ross
- Department of Clinical Sciences, and Immunology Program, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Adam S. Buntzman
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Benjamin G. Vincent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Elise N. Grover
- Department of Clinical Sciences, and Immunology Program, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Gregory S. Gojanovich
- Department of Clinical Sciences, and Immunology Program, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Edward J. Collins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Paul R. Hess
- Department of Clinical Sciences, and Immunology Program, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Antal Z, Baker JC, Smith C, Jarchum I, Babad J, Mukherjee G, Yang Y, Sidney J, Sette A, Santamaria P, DiLorenzo TP. Beyond HLA-A*0201: new HLA-transgenic nonobese diabetic mouse models of type 1 diabetes identify the insulin C-peptide as a rich source of CD8+ T cell epitopes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2012; 188:5766-75. [PMID: 22539795 PMCID: PMC3358524 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease characterized by T cell responses to β cell Ags, including insulin. Investigations employing the NOD mouse model of the disease have revealed an essential role for β cell-specific CD8(+) T cells in the pathogenic process. As CD8(+) T cells specific for β cell Ags are also present in patients, these reactivities have the potential to serve as therapeutic targets or markers for autoimmune activity. NOD mice transgenic for human class I MHC molecules have previously been employed to identify T cell epitopes having important relevance to the human disease. However, most studies have focused exclusively on HLA-A*0201. To broaden the reach of epitope-based monitoring and therapeutic strategies, we have looked beyond this allele and developed NOD mice expressing human β(2)-microglobulin and HLA-A*1101 or HLA-B*0702, which are representative members of the A3 and B7 HLA supertypes, respectively. We have used islet-infiltrating T cells spontaneously arising in these strains to identify β cell peptides recognized in the context of the transgenic HLA molecules. This work has identified the insulin C-peptide as an abundant source of CD8(+) T cell epitopes. Responses to these epitopes should be of considerable utility for immune monitoring, as they cannot reflect an immune reaction to exogenously administered insulin, which lacks the C-peptide. Because the peptides bound by one supertype member were found to bind certain other members also, the epitopes identified in this study have the potential to result in therapeutic and monitoring tools applicable to large numbers of patients and at-risk individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Antal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, NY 10467
| | - Jason C. Baker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
- Department of Medicine (Division of Endocrinology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Carla Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Irene Jarchum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Jeffrey Babad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Gayatri Mukherjee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Yang Yang
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - John Sidney
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Pere Santamaria
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa P. DiLorenzo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
- Department of Medicine (Division of Endocrinology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Making the most of major histocompatibility complex molecule multimers: applications in type 1 diabetes. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:380289. [PMID: 22693523 PMCID: PMC3368179 DOI: 10.1155/2012/380289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II molecules present peptides to cognate T-cell receptors on the surface of T lymphocytes. The specificity with which T cells recognize peptide-MHC (pMHC) complexes has allowed for the utilization of recombinant, multimeric pMHC ligands for the study of minute antigen-specific T-cell populations. In type 1 diabetes (T1D), CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes, in conjunction with CD4+ T helper cells, destroy the insulin-producing β cells within the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. Due to the importance of T cells in the progression of T1D, the ability to monitor and therapeutically target diabetogenic clonotypes of T cells provides a critical tool that could result in the amelioration of the disease. By administering pMHC multimers coupled to fluorophores, nanoparticles, or toxic moieties, researchers have demonstrated the ability to enumerate, track, and delete diabetogenic T-cell clonotypes that are, at least in part, responsible for insulitis; some studies even delay or prevent diabetes onset in the murine model of T1D. This paper will provide a brief overview of pMHC multimer usage in defining the role T-cell subsets play in T1D etiology and the therapeutic potential of pMHC for antigen-specific identification and modulation of diabetogenic T cells.
Collapse
|
40
|
Madhumathi J, Verma RS. Therapeutic targets and recent advances in protein immunotoxins. Curr Opin Microbiol 2012; 15:300-9. [PMID: 22647353 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Targeted therapy has replaced the conventional methods of disease management with the advances in recombinant technology and increased understanding of molecular mechanisms of diseases. The immunotoxin strategy for diseases like cancer and a variety of autoimmune disorders has been used successfully in the past since its discovery. Since bacterial, fungal and plant toxins have various limitations like toxicity and immunogenicity, studies on fully humanized immunotoxins have gained attraction recently, which reduced toxicity significantly. Improved methods of antibody engineering have led to the emergence of various new formats of immunotoxins. This review summarizes the target moieties used in immunotoxin constructs in different diseases and describes the recent advances in immunotoxin targeting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madhumathi J
- Stem Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamilnadu, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Gojanovich GS, Murray SL, Buntzman AS, Young EF, Vincent BG, Hess PR. The use of peptide-major-histocompatibility-complex multimers in type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2012; 6:515-24. [PMID: 22768881 DOI: 10.1177/193229681200600305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and MHC class II molecules present short peptides that are derived from endogenous and exogenous proteins, respectively, to cognate T-cell receptors (TCRs) on the surface of T cells. The exquisite specificity with which T cells recognize particular peptide-major-histocompatibility-complex (pMHC) combinations has permitted development of soluble pMHC multimers that bind exclusively to selected T-cell populations. Because the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is driven largely by islet-reactive T-cell activity that causes β-cell death, these reagents are useful tools for studying and, potentially, for treating this disease. When coupled to fluorophores or paramagnetic nanoparticles, pMHC multimers have been used to visualize the expansion and islet invasion of T-cell effectors during diabetogenesis. Administration of pMHC multimers to mice has been shown to modulate T-cell responses by signaling through the TCR or by delivering a toxic moiety that deletes the targeted T cell. In the nonobese diabetic mouse model of T1DM, a pMHC-I tetramer coupled to a potent ribosome-inactivating toxin caused long-term elimination of a specific diabetogenic cluster of differentiation 8+ T-cell population from the pancreatic islets and delayed the onset of diabetes. This review will provide an overview of the development and use of pMHC multimers, particularly in T1DM, and describe the therapeutic promise these reagents have as an antigen-specific means of ameliorating deleterious T-cell responses in this autoimmune disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Greg S Gojanovich
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Coppieters KT, von Herrath MG. Viruses and cytotoxic T lymphocytes in type 1 diabetes. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2012; 41:169-78. [PMID: 21181304 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-010-8220-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Histopathological studies on pancreas tissues from individuals with recent-onset type 1 diabetes (T1D) consistently find that CD8 T cells substantially contribute to the formation of islet lesions. CD8 T cells reactive against islet-associated antigens can also be found in blood samples from T1D patients. Mechanistic studies on the pathogenic role of this T cell subset have mostly focused on two animal models, i.e., the non-obese diabetic mouse and the virally induced rat insulin promoter-lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus model. Data were obtained in support of a role for viral infection in expanding a population of diabetogenic cytotoxic T lymphocytes. In view of the theorized association of viral infection with initiation of islet autoimmunity and progression to clinically overt disease, CD8 T cells thus represent an attractive target for immunotherapy. We will review here arguments in favor of a pivotal role for CD8 T cells in driving T1D development and speculate on etiologic agents that may provoke their aberrant activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken T Coppieters
- Type 1 Diabetes Center, The La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, CA, 92037, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Infiltration of tumors by regulatory T cells confers growth and metastatic advantages by inhibiting antitumor immunity and by production of receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK) ligand, which may directly stimulate metastatic propagation of RANK-expressing cancer cells. Modulation of regulatory T cells can enhance the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. Strategies include depletion, interference with function, inhibition of tumoral migration, and exploitation of T-cell plasticity. Problems with these strategies include a lack of specificity, resulting in depletion of antitumor effector T cells or global interruption of regulatory T cells, which may predispose to autoimmune diseases. Emerging technologies, such as RNA interference and tetramer-based targeting, may have the potential to improve selectivity and efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William L Byrne
- Cork Cancer Research Centre, Mercy University Hospital and Leslie C. Quick Jnr. Laboratory, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
DiLorenzo TP. Multiple antigens versus single major antigen in type 1 diabetes: arguing for multiple antigens. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2011; 27:778-83. [PMID: 22069259 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.1251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Our recent review of the literature revealed that approximately 20 antigens are now known to be targeted by T cells in the NOD mouse model of the autoimmune disease type 1 diabetes. Of these, insulin has received considerable attention and has been described by some in the research community as an 'initiating' or 'single major' antigen in the disease. Insulin may indeed be worthy of these titles, at least in NOD mice and in the context of the particular major histocompatibility complex molecules expressed in this strain. However, here we present arguments in favour of viewing type 1 diabetes as a disease in which multiple antigens should be considered, rather than just one. In our view, other antigens may prove to be more worthy of these titles in humans, and the major histocompatibility complex molecules expressed may well be a determining factor. Furthermore, even if insulin is 'the initiating antigen' in type 1 diabetes, multiple pathogenic specificities are known to exist even during the prediabetic period and it is at our peril that we ignore them. The recent discovery of novel beta-cell antigens, e.g. ZnT8 and chromogranin A, has taught us that we still have much to learn about the targets of the autoimmune response in type 1 diabetes. Increased knowledge will promote a clearer picture of disease pathogenesis and will better position the field to be successful in its translational goals of immune monitoring and disease prevention and reversal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa P DiLorenzo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Davis MM, Altman JD, Newell EW. Interrogating the repertoire: broadening the scope of peptide-MHC multimer analysis. Nat Rev Immunol 2011; 11:551-8. [PMID: 21760610 PMCID: PMC3699324 DOI: 10.1038/nri3020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Labelling antigen-specific T cells with peptide-MHC multimers has provided an invaluable way to monitor T cell-mediated immune responses. A number of recent developments in this technology have made these multimers much easier to make and use in large numbers. Furthermore, enrichment techniques have provided a greatly increased sensitivity that allows the analysis of the naive T cell repertoire directly. Thus, we can expect a flood of new information to emerge in the coming years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ferrando-Martinez S, Leal M, González-Escribano MF, Vega Y, Ruiz-Mateos E. Simplified sequence-specific oligonucleotide-based polymerase chain reaction protocol to characterize human major histocompatibility complex A*02 and A*24 specificities. Hum Immunol 2011; 72:869-71. [PMID: 21741422 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2011.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) multimer technology is used in studies of high scientific and clinical interest for the identification, analysis, purification, and adoptive transfer of virus-specific T cells. MHC peptide multimers are usually specific for MHC A*02 or A*24 specificities because both specificities exhibit a high worldwide frequency. However, commercially available typing methods perform complete typing instead of browsing for these prevailing specificities. In this study we demonstrate an easy and accessible polymerase chain reaction-based method to accurately identify A*02 and A*24 samples in a cost-effective way.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ferrando-Martinez
- Laboratory of Molecular Immuno-Biology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Whitfield-Larry F, Young EF, Talmage G, Fudge E, Azam A, Patel S, Largay J, Byrd W, Buse J, Calikoglu AS, Shultz LD, Frelinger JA. HLA-A2-matched peripheral blood mononuclear cells from type 1 diabetic patients, but not nondiabetic donors, transfer insulitis to NOD-scid/γc(null)/HLA-A2 transgenic mice concurrent with the expansion of islet-specific CD8+ T cells. Diabetes 2011; 60:1726-33. [PMID: 21521873 PMCID: PMC3114397 DOI: 10.2337/db10-1287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of insulin-producing β-cells. NOD mice provide a useful tool for understanding disease pathogenesis and progression. Although much has been learned from studies with NOD mice, increased understanding of human type 1 diabetes can be gained by evaluating the pathogenic potential of human diabetogenic effector cells in vivo. Therefore, our objective in this study was to develop a small-animal model using human effector cells to study type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We adoptively transferred HLA-A2-matched peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from type 1 diabetic patients and nondiabetic control subjects into transgenic NOD-scid/γc(null)/HLA-A*0201 (NOD-scid/γc(null)/A2) mice. At various times after adoptive transfer, we determined the ability of these mice to support the survival and proliferation of the human lymphoid cells. Human lymphocytes were isolated and assessed from the blood, spleen, pancreatic lymph node and islets of NOD-scid/γc(null)/A2 mice after transfer. RESULTS Human T and B cells proliferate and survive for at least 6 weeks and were recovered from the blood, spleen, draining pancreatic lymph node, and most importantly, islets of NOD-scid/γc(null)/A2 mice. Lymphocytes from type 1 diabetic patients preferentially infiltrate the islets of NOD-scid/γc(null)/A2 mice. In contrast, PBMCs from nondiabetic HLA-A2-matched donors showed significantly less islet infiltration. Moreover, in mice that received PBMCs from type 1 diabetic patients, we identified epitope-specific CD8(+) T cells among the islet infiltrates. CONCLUSIONS We show that insulitis is transferred to NOD-scid/γc(null)/A2 mice that received HLA-A2-matched PBMCs from type 1 diabetic patients. In addition, many of the infiltrating CD8(+) T cells are epitope-specific and produce interferon-γ after in vitro peptide stimulation. This indicates that NOD-scid/γc(null)/A2 mice transferred with HLA-A2-matched PBMCs from type 1 diabetic patients may serve as a useful tool for studying epitope-specific T-cell-mediated responses in patients with type 1 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Whitfield-Larry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill North Carolina
- Corresponding author: Fatima Whitfield-Larry,
| | - Ellen F. Young
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill North Carolina
| | - Garrick Talmage
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill North Carolina
| | - Elizabeth Fudge
- Division of Endocrinology, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Anita Azam
- Division of Endocrinology, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Shipra Patel
- Division of Endocrinology, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Joseph Largay
- Division of Endocrinology, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Warren Byrd
- Division of Endocrinology, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - John Buse
- Division of Endocrinology, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ali S. Calikoglu
- Division of Endocrinology, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - Jeffrey A. Frelinger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Chaparro RJ, Dilorenzo TP. An update on the use of NOD mice to study autoimmune (Type 1) diabetes. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2011; 6:939-55. [PMID: 20979558 DOI: 10.1586/eci.10.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The widely used nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of autoimmune (Type 1) diabetes mellitus shares multiple characteristics with the human disease, and studies employing this model continue to yield clinically relevant and important information. Here, we review some of the recent key findings obtained from NOD mouse investigations that have both advanced our understanding of disease pathogenesis and suggested new therapeutic targets and approaches. Areas discussed include antigen discovery, identification of genes and pathways contributing to disease susceptibility, development of strategies to image islet inflammation and the testing of therapeutics. We also review recent technical advances that, combined with an improved understanding of the NOD mouse model's limitations, should work to ensure its popularity, utility and relevance in the years ahead.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo José Chaparro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease which occurs in (human leukocyte antigen) genetically predisposed individuals as a consequence of the organ-specific immune destruction of the insulin-producing β cells in the islets of Langherans within the pancreas. Type 1 diabetes is the result of a breakdown in immune regulation that leads to expansion of autoreactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, autoantibody-producing B lymphocytes and activation of the innate immune system. Islet-related autoantibodies revealed themselves to be good predictors of future onset of the disease, although they are not directly pathogenetic; T cells instead play a dominant role in disease initiation and progression. In this review, we first discuss the approaches that several laboratories attempted to measure human islet autoantigen-specific T-cell function in type 1 diabetes. T-cell assays could be used in combination with standardized autoantibody screenings to improve predictive strategies. They could also help to monitor in long-term follow-up the efficacy of tolerogenic immunotherapeutic strategies when established at the onset of the disease, and help to predict the recurrence of disease. Although some recent developments based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot and immunoblotting techniques have been able to distinguish with good sensitivity and specificity patients from controls, T-cell results, as revealed by international workshops, were indeed largely inconclusive. Nowadays, novel technologies have been exploited that could contribute to answering the tantalizing question of identifying autoreactive T cells. We particularly focus on and discuss MHC multimer tools and emphasize the advantages they can offer but also their weaknesses when used in combination with other T-cell assays. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Fierabracci
- Research Laboratories, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Research Institute (IRCCS), Piazza S. Onofrio 4, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Minor histocompatibility antigens: presentation principles, recognition logic and the potential for a healing hand. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2010; 15:512-25. [PMID: 20616723 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e32833c1552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There is ample evidence indicating a pathologic role for minor histocompatibility antigens in inciting graft-versus-host disease in major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-matched bone marrow transplantation and rejection of solid organ allografts. Here we review the current knowledge of the genetic and biochemical bases for the cause of minor histoincompatibility and the structural basis for the recognition of the resulting alloantigens by the T-cell receptor. RECENT FINDINGS Recent evidence indicates that we as independently conceived individuals are genetically unique, thus, offering a mechanism for minor histoincompatibility between MHC-identical donor-recipient pairs. Furthermore, advances in delineating the mechanisms underlying antigen cross-presentation by MHC class I molecules and a critical role for autophagy in presenting cytoplasmic antigens by MHC class II molecules have been made. These new insights coupled with the X-ray crystallographic solution of several peptide/MHC-T-cell receptor structures have revealed mechanisms of histoincompatibility. SUMMARY On the basis of these new insights, ways to test for allograft compatibility and concoction of immunotherapies are discussed.
Collapse
|