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Akhtar N, Wani AK, Sharma NR, Sanami S, Kaleem S, Machfud M, Purbiati T, Sugiono S, Djumali D, Retnaning Prahardini PE, Purwati RD, Supriadi K, Rahayu F. Microbial exopolysaccharides: Unveiling the pharmacological aspects for therapeutic advancements. Carbohydr Res 2024; 539:109118. [PMID: 38643705 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2024.109118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Microbial exopolysaccharides (EPSs) have emerged as a fascinating area of research in the field of pharmacology due to their diverse and potent biological activities. This review paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the pharmacological properties exhibited by EPSs, shedding light on their potential applications in various therapeutic areas. The review begins by introducing EPSs, exploring their various sources, significance in microbial growth and survival, and their applications across different industries. Subsequently, a thorough examination of the pharmaceutical properties of microbial EPSs unveils their antioxidant, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, antidepressant, antidiabetic, antiviral, antihyperlipidemic, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. Mechanistic insights into how different EPSs exert these therapeutic effects have also been discussed in this review. The review also provides comprehensive information about the monosaccharide composition, backbone, branches, glycosidic bonds, and molecular weight of pharmacologically active EPSs from various microbial sources. Furthermore, the factors that can affect the pharmacological activities of EPSs and approaches to improve the EPSs' pharmacological activity have also been discussed. In conclusion, this review illuminates the immense pharmaceutical promise of microbial EPS as versatile bioactive compounds with wide-ranging therapeutic applications. By elucidating their structural features, biological activities, and potential applications, this review aims to catalyze further research and development efforts in leveraging the pharmaceutical potential of microbial EPS for the advancement of human health and well-being, while also contributing to sustainable and environmentally friendly practices in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Akhtar
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, (144411), Punjab, India
| | - Atif Khurshid Wani
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, (144411), Punjab, India.
| | - Neeta Raj Sharma
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, (144411), Punjab, India
| | - Samira Sanami
- Health Promotion Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shaikh Kaleem
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, (144411), Punjab, India
| | - Moch Machfud
- Research Center for Estate Crops, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, (16911), Indonesia
| | - Titiek Purbiati
- Research Center for Horticulture, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, (16911), Indonesia
| | - Sugiono Sugiono
- Research Center for Horticulture, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, (16911), Indonesia
| | - Djumali Djumali
- Research Center for Estate Crops, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, (16911), Indonesia
| | | | - Rully Dyah Purwati
- Research Center for Estate Crops, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, (16911), Indonesia
| | - Khojin Supriadi
- Research Center for Food Crops, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, (16911), Indonesia
| | - Farida Rahayu
- Research Center for Genetic Engineering, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, (16911), Indonesia
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Marafini I, Monteleone I, Laudisi F, Monteleone G. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Signalling in the Control of Gut Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4527. [PMID: 38674118 PMCID: PMC11050475 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a transcription factor activated by many natural and synthetic ligands, represents an important mediator of the interplay between the environment and the host's immune responses. In a healthy gut, AHR activation promotes tolerogenic signals, which help maintain mucosal homeostasis. AHR expression is defective in the inflamed gut of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), where decreased AHR signaling is supposed to contribute to amplifying the gut tissue's destructive immune-inflammatory responses. We here review the evidence supporting the role of AHR in controlling the "physiological" intestinal inflammation and summarize the data about the therapeutic effects of AHR activators, both in preclinical mouse models of colitis and in patients with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Marafini
- Gastroenterology Unit, Policlinico Universitario Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Ivan Monteleone
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Federica Laudisi
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Monteleone
- Gastroenterology Unit, Policlinico Universitario Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy;
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3
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Song Y, Sun M, Mu G, Tuo Y. Exopolysaccharide secreted by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Y12 showed inhibitory effect on the pathogenicity of Shigella flexneri in vitro and in vivo. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129478. [PMID: 38237822 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Shigella flexneri is a prevalent foodborne and waterborne pathogen that threatens human health. Our previous research indicated that the Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Y12 exopolysaccharide (L-EPS) potentially inhibited the pathogenicity of S. flexneri. The in vitro results of this study demonstrated that L-EPS effectively mitigated the symptoms induced by S. flexneri in HT-29 cells, including inhibited gene expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, TLR 2/4, and NOD1/2; decreased apoptosis ratio; and alleviated damage degree of intestinal barrier function (Zona occludens 1, Occludin, and Claudin-1). The in vivo results demonstrated that S. flexneri treated with L-EPS elicited mild adverse physiological manifestations, an inflammatory response, and tissue damage. The infection of S. flexneri caused significant alterations in the abundance of phylum (Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, Actinobacteriota, and Proteobacteria), family (Lachnospiraceae, Muribaculaceae, Rikenellaceae, Prevotellaceaea, Ruminococcaceae, and Lactobaillaceae), and genus (Escherichia Shigella and Lachnospirillaceae NK4A136 group) within the cecal microbiota. These changes were accompanied by perturbations in taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle activity, arginine biosynthesis, and histidine metabolic pathways. However, intervention with L-EPS attenuated the dysbiosis of cecal microbiota and metabolic disturbances. In summary, our research suggested a potential application of L-EPS as a functional food additive for mitigating S. flexneri infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinglong Song
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China
| | - Mengying Sun
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China
| | - Guangqing Mu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China; Dalian Probiotics Function Research Key Laboratory, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China.
| | - Yanfeng Tuo
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China.
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Kalinina O, Minter LM, Sperling AI, Hollinger MK, Le P, Osborne BA, Zhang S, Stiff P, Knight KL. Exopolysaccharide-Treated Dendritic Cells Effectively Ameliorate Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease. Transplant Cell Ther 2024; 30:79.e1-79.e10. [PMID: 37924979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtct.2023.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a primary and often lethal complication of allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Prophylactic regimens for GVHD are given as standard pretransplantation therapy; however, up to 50% of these patients develop acute GVHD (aGVHD) and require additional immunosuppressive intervention. Using a mouse GVHD model, we previously showed that injecting mice with exopolysaccharide (EPS) from Bacillus subtilis prior to GVHD induction significantly increased 80-day survival after transplantation of complete allogeneic major histocompatibility complex-mismatched cells. To ask whether EPS might also inhibit GVHD in humans, we used humanized NSG-HLA-A2 mice and induced GVHD by i.v. injection of A2neg human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Because we could not inject human donors with EPS, we transferred EPS-pretreated dendritic cells (DCs) to inhibit aGVHD. We derived these DCs from CD34+ human cord blood cells, treated them with EPS, and then injected them together with PBMCs into the NSG-HLA-A2 mice. We found that all mice that received untreated DCs were dead by day 35, whereas 25% of mice receiving EPS-treated DCs (EPS-DCs) survived. This DC cell therapy could be readily translatable to humans, because we can generate large numbers of human EPS-DCs and use them as an "off the shelf" treatment for patients undergoing HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kalinina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Lisa M Minter
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Anne I Sperling
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division, and Carter Center for Immunology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | | | - Phong Le
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Barbara A Osborne
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts; HasenTech, LLC, Leverett, Massachusetts
| | - Shubin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Patrick Stiff
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Katherine L Knight
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois; HasenTech, LLC, Leverett, Massachusetts.
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Nguyen MR, Ma E, Wyatt D, Knight KL, Osipo C. The effect of an exopolysaccharide probiotic molecule from Bacillus subtilis on breast cancer cells. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1292635. [PMID: 38074643 PMCID: PMC10702531 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1292635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Many well-known risk factors for breast cancer are associated with dysbiosis (an aberrant microbiome). However, how bacterial products modulate cancer are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effect of an exopolysaccharide (EPS) produced by the commensal bacterium Bacillus subtilis on breast cancer phenotypes. Although B. subtilis is commonly included in probiotic preparations and its EPS protects against inflammatory diseases, it was virtually unknown whether B. subtilis-derived EPS affects cancer. Methods This work investigated effects of EPS on phenotypes of breast cancer cells as a cancer model. The phenotypes included proliferation, mammosphere formation, cell migration, and tumor growth in two immune compromised mouse models. RNA sequencing was performed on RNA from four breast cancer cells treated with PBS or EPS. IKKβ or STAT1 signaling was assessed using pharmacologic or RNAi-mediated knock down approaches. Results Short-term treatment with EPS inhibited proliferation of certain breast cancer cells (T47D, MDA-MB-468, HCC1428, MDA-MB-453) while having little effect on others (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, BT549, ZR-75-30). EPS induced G1/G0 cell cycle arrest of T47D cells while increasing apoptosis of MDA-MB-468 cells. EPS also enhanced aggressive phenotypes in T47D cells including cell migration and cancer stem cell survival. Long-term treatment with EPS (months) led to resistance in vitro and promoted tumor growth in immunocompromised mice. RNA-sequence analysis showed that EPS increased expression of pro-inflammatory pathways including STAT1 and NF-κB. IKKβ and/or STAT1 signaling was necessary for EPS to modulate phenotypes of EPS sensitive breast cancer cells. Discussion These results demonstrate a multifaceted role for an EPS molecule secreted by the probiotic bacterium B. subtilis on breast cancer cell phenotypes. These results warrant future studies in immune competent mice and different cancer models to fully understand potential benefits and/or side effects of long-term use of probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai R. Nguyen
- M.D./Ph.D. Program, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - Emily Ma
- M.D./Ph.D. Program, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
- Integrated Cell Biology Program, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - Debra Wyatt
- Department of Cancer Biology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - Katherine L. Knight
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - Clodia Osipo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
- Department of Cancer Biology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
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Zamora-Pineda J, Kalinina O, Sperling AI, Knight KL. Mechanism of TLR4-Mediated Anti-Inflammatory Response Induced by Exopolysaccharide from the Probiotic Bacillus subtilis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:1232-1239. [PMID: 37672039 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal inflammatory diseases affect millions of people worldwide, and one class of drugs showing promise toward treatment of several inflammatory diseases is probiotics. Numerous studies have been performed using probiotics to prevent and treat intestinal inflammatory diseases. Most of these studies used intact bacteria, and neither the active molecule nor the molecular mechanisms by which they affect immune responses are known. We have shown that the probiotic Bacillus subtilis is anti-inflammatory and can protect mice from acute colitis induced by the enteric pathogen Citrobacter rodentium. We identified and purified the active molecule, exopolysaccharide (EPS), and showed that it protects mice from C. rodentium-induced colitis by inducing anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages or inhibitory dendritic cells (DCs), both of which inhibit excessive T cell responses. We showed previously that EPS affects macrophages and DCs in a TLR4-dependent manner, and in the current study we asked how EPS induces these anti-inflammatory cells and how they function to inhibit T cells. By investigating the signaling downstream of TLR4 that leads to acquisition of inhibitory properties of macrophages and DCs, we found that EPS induces expression of the inhibitory molecule IDO in bone marrow-derived DCs, and that inhibition of T cell proliferation by IDO-expressing bone marrow-derived DCs utilizes the kynurenine/aryl hydrocarbon receptor circuit. Furthermore, unlike LPS, EPS does not induce inflammatory cytokines upon injection in vivo, directly demonstrating different outcomes induced by two different TLR4 agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Zamora-Pineda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL
| | - Olga Kalinina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL
| | - Anne I Sperling
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Katherine L Knight
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL
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Murphy CK, O’Donnell MM, Hegarty JW, Schulz S, Hill C, Ross RP, Rea MC, Farquhar R, Chesnel L. Novel, non-colonizing, single-strain live biotherapeutic product ADS024 protects against Clostridioides difficile infection challenge in vivo. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2023; 14:71-85. [PMID: 37727283 PMCID: PMC10505952 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v14.i4.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimate that Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) causes half a million infections (CDI) annually and is a major cause of total infectious disease death in the United States, causing inflammation of the colon and potentially deadly diarrhea. We recently reported the isolation of ADS024, a Bacillus velezensis (B. velezensis) strain, which demonstrated direct in vitro bactericidal activity against C. difficile, with minimal collateral impact on other members of the gut microbiota. In this study, we hypothesized that in vitro activities of ADS024 will translate in vivo to protect against CDI challenge in mouse models. AIM To investigate the in vivo efficacy of B. velezensis ADS024 in protecting against CDI challenge in mouse models. METHODS To mimic disruption of the gut microbiota, the mice were exposed to vancomycin prior to dosing with ADS024. For the mouse single-dose study, the recovery of ADS024 was assessed via microbiological analysis of intestinal and fecal samples at 4 h, 8 h, and 24 h after a single oral dose of 5 × 108 colony-forming units (CFU)/mouse of freshly grown ADS024. The single-dose study in miniature swine included groups that had been pre-dosed with vancomycin and that had been exposed to a dose range of ADS024, and a group that was not pre-dosed with vancomycin and received a single dose of ADS024. The ADS024 colonies [assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) using ADS024-specific primers] were counted on agar plates. For the 28-d miniature swine study, qPCR was used to measure ADS024 levels from fecal samples after oral administration of ADS024 capsules containing 5 × 109 CFU for 28 consecutive days, followed by MiSeq compositional sequencing and bioinformatic analyses to measure the impact of ADS024 on microbiota. Two studies were performed to determine the efficacy of ADS024 in a mouse model of CDI: Study 1 to determine the effects of fresh ADS024 culture and ADS024 spore preparations on the clinical manifestations of CDI in mice, and Study 2 to compare the efficacy of single daily doses vs dosing 3 times per day with fresh ADS024. C. difficile challenge was performed 24 h after the start of ADS024 exposure. To model the human distal colon, an anerobic fecal fermentation system was used. MiSeq compositional sequencing and bioinformatic analyses were performed to measure microbiota diversity changes following ADS024 treatment. To assess the potential of ADS024 to be a source of antibiotic resistance, its susceptibility to 18 different antibiotics was tested. RESULTS In a mouse model of CDI challenge, single daily doses of ADS024 were as efficacious as multiple daily doses in protecting against subsequent challenge by C. difficile pathogen-induced disease. ADS024 showed no evidence of colonization based on the observation that the ADS024 colonies were not recovered 24 h after single doses in mice or 72 h after single doses in miniature swine. In a 28-d repeat-dose study in miniature swine, ADS024 was not detected in fecal samples using plating and qPCR methods. Phylogenetic analysis performed in the human distal colon model showed that ADS024 had a selective impact on the healthy human colonic microbiota, similarly to the in vivo studies performed in miniature swine. Safety assessments indicated that ADS024 was susceptible to all the antibiotics tested, while in silico testing revealed a low potential for off-target activity or virulence and antibiotic-resistance mechanisms. CONCLUSION Our findings, demonstrating in vivo efficacy of ADS024 in protecting against CDI challenge in mouse models, support the use of ADS024 in preventing recurrent CDI following standard antibiotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher K Murphy
- Research and Development, Adiso Therapeutics Inc., Concord, MA 01742, United States
| | | | - James W Hegarty
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark Fermoy, Cork P61 C996, Ireland
| | - Sarah Schulz
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland
| | - Colin Hill
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland
| | - R Paul Ross
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland
| | - Mary C Rea
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark Fermoy, Cork P61 C996, Ireland
| | - Ronald Farquhar
- Executive Leadership Team, Adiso Therapeutics Inc., Concord, MA 01742, United States
| | - Laurent Chesnel
- Research and Development, Adiso Therapeutics Inc., Concord, MA 01742, United States
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Wala SJ, Ragan MV, Sajankila N, Volpe SG, Purayil N, Dumbauld Z, Besner GE. Probiotics and novel probiotic delivery systems. Semin Pediatr Surg 2023; 32:151307. [PMID: 37295299 DOI: 10.1016/j.sempedsurg.2023.151307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is an infectious and inflammatory intestinal disease that is the most common surgical emergency in the premature patient population. Although the etiology of the disease is multifactorial, intestinal dysbiosis is a hallmark of this disease. Based on this, probiotics may play a therapeutic role in NEC by introducing beneficial bacteria with immunomodulating, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory functions into the gastrointestinal tract. Currently, there is no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved probiotic for the prevention and treatment of NEC. All probiotic clinical studies to date have administered the bacteria in their planktonic (free-living) state. This review will discuss established probiotic delivery systems including planktonic probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics, as well as novel probiotic delivery systems such as biofilm-based and designer probiotics. We will also shed light on whether or not probiotic efficacy is influenced by administration with breast milk. Finally, we will consider the challenges associated with developing an FDA-approved probiotic for NEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Wala
- Center for Perinatal Research, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mecklin V Ragan
- Center for Perinatal Research, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Nitin Sajankila
- Center for Perinatal Research, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Samuel G Volpe
- Center for Perinatal Research, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Nanditha Purayil
- Center for Perinatal Research, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Zachary Dumbauld
- Center for Perinatal Research, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Gail E Besner
- Center for Perinatal Research, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Salimi F, Farrokh P. Recent advances in the biological activities of microbial exopolysaccharides. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:213. [PMID: 37256348 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03660-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Microbial exopolysaccharides (EPSs) are valuable extracellular macromolecules secreted as capsules or slime layers. Various microorganisms, including bacteria, yeasts, fungi, and algae have been studied for their ability to produce EPSs. Microbial EPSs exist as homopolysaccharides or heteropolysaccharides with various properties such as different monosaccharide compositions, structural conformation, molecular weight, and functional groups. They are cost-effective alternatives to plant and animal-derived polysaccharides because the microbial cells produced them in large quantities by biotechnological processes using low-cost substrates such as industrial wastes in a short time. Microbial EPSs are safe, biodegradable, and compatible polymers. They have extensive bioactivities, including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant, antitumor, antidiabetic, antiulcer, anticoagulant, antiaging, immunomodulatory, wound healing, and cholesterol-lowering activities. Microbial EPSs owing to biological activities, special biochemical structures, and attractive physicochemical properties find plenty of potential applications in various industries. The enhancement of the production of EPSs and improving their properties can be provided by genetic engineering methods. The current review aims to provide a comprehensive examination of the therapeutic activities of microbial EPSs in infectious diseases and metabolic disorders, with a focus on the mechanisms involved. Also, the effect of the physicochemical characteristics of EPSs on these bioactivities was discussed to reveal the structure-activity relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Salimi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Damghan University, Damghan, 36716-41167, Iran.
| | - Parisa Farrokh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Damghan University, Damghan, 36716-41167, Iran
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Xu S, Xiong Y, Fu B, Guo D, Sha Z, Lin X, Wu H. Bacteria and macrophages in the tumor microenvironment. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1115556. [PMID: 36825088 PMCID: PMC9941202 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1115556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer and microbial infections are significant worldwide health challenges. Numerous studies have demonstrated that bacteria may contribute to the emergence of cancer. In this review, we assemble bacterial species discovered in various cancers to describe their variety and specificity. The relationship between bacteria and macrophages in cancer is also highlighted, and we look for ample proof to establish a biological basis for bacterial-induced macrophage polarization. Finally, we quickly go over the potential roles of metabolites, cytokines, and microRNAs in the regulation of the tumor microenvironment by bacterially activated macrophages. The complexity of bacteria and macrophages in cancer will be revealed as we gain a better understanding of their pathogenic mechanisms, which will lead to new therapeutic approaches for both inflammatory illnesses and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Beibei Fu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dong Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhou Sha
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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11
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Probiotic Bacillus Strains Enhance T Cell Responses in Chicken. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020269. [PMID: 36838233 PMCID: PMC9965164 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Banning antibiotic growth promotors and other antimicrobials in poultry production due to the increasing antimicrobial resistance leads to increased feeding of potential alternatives such as probiotics. However, the modes of action of those feed additives are not entirely understood. They could act even with a direct effect on the immune system. A previously established animal-related in vitro system using primary cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was applied to investigate the effects of immune-modulating feed additives. Here, the immunomodulation of different preparations of two probiotic Bacillus strains, B. subtilis DSM 32315 (BS), and B. amyloliquefaciens CECT 5940 (BA) was evaluated. The count of T-helper cells and activated T-helper cells increased after treatment in a ratio of 1:3 (PBMCs: Bacillus) with vital BS (CD4+: p < 0.05; CD4+CD25+: p < 0.01). Furthermore, vital BS enhanced the proliferation and activation of cytotoxic T cells (CD8+: p < 0.05; CD8+CD25+: p < 0.05). Cell-free probiotic culture supernatants of BS increased the count of activated T-helper cells (CD4+CD25+: p < 0.1). UV-inactivated BS increased the proportion of cytotoxic T cells significantly (CD8+: p < 0.01). Our results point towards a possible involvement of secreted factors of BS in T-helper cell activation and proliferation, whereas it stimulates cytotoxic T cells presumably through surface contact. We could not observe any effect on B cells after treatment with different preparations of BS. After treatment with vital BA in a ratio of 1:3 (PBMCs:Bacillus), the count of T-helper cells and activated T-helper cells increased (CD4+: p < 0.01; CD4+CD25+: p < 0.05). Cell-free probiotic culture supernatants of BA as well as UV-inactivated BA had no effect on T cell proliferation and activation. Furthermore, we found no effect of BA preparations on B cells. Overall, we demonstrate that the two different Bacillus strains enhanced T cell activation and proliferation, which points towards an immune-modulating effect of both strains on chicken immune cells in vitro. Therefore, we suggest that administering these probiotics can improve the cellular adaptive immune defense in chickens, thereby enabling the prevention and reduction of antimicrobials in chicken farming.
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Bacillus subtilis Provides Long-Term Protection in a Murine Model of Allergic Lung Disease by Influencing Bacterial Composition. ALLERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/allergies3010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are an attractive target for reducing the incidence of allergic disease. Bacillus subtilis is a gut-associated probiotic bacteria that can suppress allergic lung disease; however, it is not clear for how long this protection lasts. We exposed C57Bl/6 mice to B. subtilis via oral gavage and challenged them with intranasal house-dust mite for up to 8 weeks. We found that B. subtilis treatment was able to provide protection from eosinophil infiltration of the airways for 3 weeks. This loss of protection correlated with an increase in the eosinophil chemoattractant CCL24. Additionally, we demonstrate that B. subtilis treatment altered the bacterial composition by increasing the phylum Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicorbiota. The phylum Verrucomicorbiota was reduced in B. subtilis-treated mice at 8 weeks when protection was lost. These results support B. subtilis as a prophylactic for preventing the production of allergic lung disease and highlights that protection can last up to 3 weeks. This work also expands our understanding of how B. subtilis mediates protection and that in addition to modifying the immune system it is also altering the host microbiota.
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13
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Qu M, Zhu H, Zhang X. Extracellular vesicle-mediated regulation of macrophage polarization in bacterial infections. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1039040. [PMID: 36619996 PMCID: PMC9815515 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1039040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale membrane-enveloped vesicles secreted by prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, which are commonly defined as membrane vesicles (MVs) and exosomes, respectively. They play critical roles in the bacteria-bacteria and bacteria-host interactions. In infectious diseases caused by bacteria, as the first line of defense against pathogens, the macrophage polarization mode commonly determines the success or failure of the host's response to pathogen aggression. M1-type macrophages secrete pro-inflammatory factors that support microbicidal activity, while alternative M2-type macrophages secrete anti-inflammatory factors that perform an antimicrobial immune response but partially allow pathogens to replicate and survive intracellularly. Membrane vesicles (MVs) released from bacteria as a distinctive secretion system can carry various components, including bacterial effectors, nucleic acids, or lipids to modulate macrophage polarization in host-pathogen interaction. Similar to MVs, bacteria-infected macrophages can secrete exosomes containing a variety of components to manipulate the phenotypic polarization of "bystander" macrophages nearby or long distance to differentiate into type M1 or M2 to regulate the course of inflammation. Exosomes can also repair tissue damage associated with the infection by upregulating the levels of anti-inflammatory factors, downregulating the pro-inflammatory factors, and regulating cellular biological behaviors. The study of the mechanisms by which EVs modulate macrophage polarization has opened new frontiers in delineating the molecular machinery involved in bacterial pathogenesis and challenges in providing new strategies for diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjuan Qu
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China,Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai, China
| | - Hongwei Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China,Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai, China,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment for Animal Products, Jinan, China
| | - Xingxiao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China,Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai, China,Shandong Breeding Environmental Control Engineering Laboratory, Yantai, China,*Correspondence: Xingxiao Zhang, ✉
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Gao J, Sadiq FA, Zheng Y, Zhao J, He G, Sang Y. Biofilm-based delivery approaches and specific enrichment strategies of probiotics in the human gut. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2126274. [PMID: 36175161 PMCID: PMC9542427 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2126274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of probiotics has been one of the effective strategies to restructure perturbed human gut microbiota following a disease or metabolic disorder. One of the biggest challenges associated with the use of probiotic-based gut modulation strategies is to keep the probiotic cells viable and stable during the gastrointestinal transit. Biofilm-based probiotics delivery approaches have emerged as fascinating modes of probiotic delivery in which probiotics show significantly greater tolerance and biotherapeutic potential, and interestingly probiotic biofilms can be developed on food-grade surfaces too, which is ideal for the growth and proliferation of bacterial cells for incorporation into food matrices. In addition, biofilms can be further encapsulated with food-grade materials or with bacterial self-produced biofilms. This review presents a newly emerging and unprecedently discussed techniques for the safe delivery of probiotics based on biofilms and further discusses newly emerging prebiotic materials which target specific gut microbiota groups for growth and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- Collge of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Faizan Ahmed Sadiq
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology & Food Sciences Unit, Melle, Belgium
| | - Yixin Zheng
- Collge of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jinrong Zhao
- Collge of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Guoqing He
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,CONTACT Guoqing He College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yaxin Sang
- Collge of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China,Yaxin Sang Collge of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
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15
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Probiotics Bring New Hope for Atherosclerosis Prevention and Treatment. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:3900835. [PMID: 36193065 PMCID: PMC9526629 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3900835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of human mortality and morbidity worldwide. Atherosclerosis (AS) is the underlying pathological responsible in most acute and severe cardiovascular diseases including myocardial infarction and stroke. However, current drugs applied to the treatment of AS are not clinically effective, and there is a large residual risk of cardiovascular disease and multiple side effects. Increasing evidence supports a close relationship between microorganisms and the incidence of AS. Recent data have shown that probiotics can improve multiple key factors involved in the development and progression of AS, including cholesterol metabolism imbalance, endothelial dysfunction, proinflammatory factor production, macrophage polarization, intestinal flora disturbance, and infection with pathogenic microorganisms, and therefore probiotics have attracted great interest as a novel potential “medicine”. This review is aimed at summarizing the effects of probiotics on various influencing factors, and providing valuable insights in the search for early prevention and potential therapeutic strategies for AS.
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Lu S, Na K, Li Y, Zhang L, Fang Y, Guo X. Bacillus-derived probiotics: metabolites and mechanisms involved in bacteria-host interactions. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:1701-1714. [PMID: 36066454 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2118659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus probiotics have a sporulation capacity that makes them more suitable for processing and storage and for surviving passage through the gastrointestinal tract. The probiotic functions and regulatory mechanisms of different Bacillus have been exploited in many reports, but little is known about how various Bacillus probiotics perform different functions. This knowledge gap results in a lack of specificity in the selection and application of Bacillus. The probiotic properties are strain-specific and cell-type-specific, and are related to the germination potential and to the diversity of metabolites produced following intestinal germination, as this causes the variation in probiotic function and mechanisms. In this review, we discuss the Bacillus metabolites produced during germination and sporulation in the GI tract, as well as possible processes affecting intestinal homeostasis. We conclude that the oxygen-capturing capability and the production of antimicrobials, exoenzymes, competence and sporulation factors (CSF), exopolysaccharides, lactic acid, and cell components are specifically associated with the functional mechanisms of probiotic Bacillus. The aim of this review is to guide the screening of potential Bacillus strains for probiotics and their application in nutrition research. The information provided will also promote further research on Bacillus-derived functional metabolites in human nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Lu
- College of Life Science, South-Central Minzu University, Hubei Province, China
| | - Kai Na
- College of Life Science, South-Central Minzu University, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yuanrong Li
- College of Life Science, South-Central Minzu University, Hubei Province, China
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Life Science, South-Central Minzu University, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ying Fang
- College of Life Science, South-Central Minzu University, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiaohua Guo
- College of Life Science, South-Central Minzu University, Hubei Province, China
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17
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Novel Exopolysaccharide from Marine Bacillus subtilis with Broad Potential Biological Activities: Insights into Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, Cytotoxicity, and Anti-Alzheimer Activity. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12080715. [PMID: 36005587 PMCID: PMC9413097 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12080715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In the presented study, Bacillus subtilis strain AG4 isolated from marine was identified based on morphological, physiological, phylogenetic characteristics and an examination of 16S rRNA sequences. Novel exopolysaccharide (EPSR4) was extracted and isolated from the Bacillus subtilis strain as a major fraction of exopolysaccharide (EPS). The analysis of structural characterization indicated that EPSR4 is a β-glycosidic sulphated heteropolysaccharide (48.2%) with a molecular weight (Mw) of 1.48 × 104 g/mole and has no uronic acid. Analysis of monosaccharide content revealed that EPSR4 consists of glucose, rhamnose and arabinose monosaccharide in a molar ratio of 5:1:3, respectively. Morphological analysis revealed that EPSR4 possess a high crystallinity degree with a significant degree of porosity, and its aggregation and conformation in the lipid phase might have a significant impact on the bioactivity of EPSR4. The biological activity of EPSR4 was screened and evaluated by investigating its antioxidant, cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory, and anti-Alzheimer activities. The antioxidant activity results showed that EPSR4 has 97.6% scavenging activity toward DPPH free radicals at 1500 µg/mL, with an IC50 value of 300 µg/mL, and 64.8% at 1500 µg/mL toward hydrogen peroxide free radicals (IC50 = 1500 µg/mL, 30 min). Furthermore, EPSR4 exhibited considerable inhibitory activity towards the proliferation of T-24 (bladder carcinoma), A-549 (lung cancer) and HepG-2 (hepatocellular carcinoma) cancer cell lines with IC50 of 244 µg/mL, 148 µg/mL and 123 µg/mL, respectively. An evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity revealed that EPSR4 has potent lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibitory activity (IC50 of 54.3 µg/mL) and a considerable effect on membrane stabilization (IC50 = 112.2 ± 1.2 µg/mL), while it showed cyclooxygenase (COX2) inhibitory activity up to 125 µg/mL. Finally, EPSR4 showed considerable inhibitory activity towards acetylcholine esterase activity. Taken together, this study reveals that Bacillus subtilis strain AG4 could be considered as a potential natural source of novel EPS with potent biological activities that would be useful for the healthcare system.
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18
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Wong-Chew RM, de Castro JAA, Morelli L, Perez M, Ozen M. Gut immune homeostasis: the immunomodulatory role of Bacillus clausii, from basic to clinical evidence. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2022; 18:717-729. [PMID: 35674642 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2022.2085559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The gut microbiota affects the development of the gut immune system in early life. Perturbations to microbiota structure and composition during this period can have long-term consequences on the health of the individual, through its effects on the immune system. Research in the last few decades has shown that probiotic administration can reverse these effects in strain- and environment-specific ways. Bacillus clausii (B. clausii) has been in use for many decades as a safe and efficacious probiotic, but its mode of action has not yet been completely elucidated. AREAS COVERED In this review, we discuss how the gut immune system works, the factors that affect its functioning, and the plethora of research highlighting its role in various diseases. We also discuss the known modes of action of Bacillus probiotics, and highlight the preclinical and clinical evidence that reveal how B. clausii acts to bolster gut defense. EXPERT OPINION We anticipate that the treatment and/or prevention of dysbiosis will be central to managing human health and disease in the future. Discovering the pathophysiology of autoimmune diseases, infections, allergies, and some cancers will aid our understanding of the key role played by microbial communities in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa María Wong-Chew
- Facultad de Medicina, División de Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Cdmx
| | - Jo-Anne A de Castro
- Department of Pediatrics de la Salle Medical and Health Sciences Institute (DLSMHSI), Dasmariñas Cavite, Philippines; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Pamantasan ng Lunsod ng Maynila (PLM), College of Medicine Intramuros, Manila, Philippines
| | - Lorenzo Morelli
- Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Piacenza - Cremona, Italy
| | | | - Metehan Ozen
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, School of Medicine, Istanbul Turkey
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19
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Yang J, Kuang H, Li N, Hamdy AM, Song J. The modulation and mechanism of probiotic-derived polysaccharide capsules on the immune response in allergic diseases. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:8768-8780. [PMID: 35400262 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2062294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Allergic diseases, derived from the dysregulation of immune tolerance mechanisms, have been rising in the last two decades. Recently, increasing evidence has shown that probiotic-derived polysaccharide capsules exhibit a protective effect against allergic diseases, involving regulation of Th1/Th2 balance, induction of differentiation of T regulatory cells and activation of dendritic cells (DCs). DCs have a central role in controlling the immune response through their interaction with gut microbiota via their pattern recognition receptors, including Toll-like receptors and C-type-lectin receptors. This review discusses the effects and critical mechanism of probiotic-derived polysaccharide capsules in regulating the immune system to alleviate allergic diseases. We first describe the development of immune response in allergic diseases and recent relevant findings. Particular emphasis is placed on the effects of probiotic-derived polysaccharide capsules on allergic immune response. Then, we discuss the underlying mechanism of the impact of probiotic-derived polysaccharide capsules on DCs-mediated immune tolerance induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Processing & Storage of Distinct Agricultural Products, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Kuang
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Processing & Storage of Distinct Agricultural Products, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ning Li
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Processing & Storage of Distinct Agricultural Products, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ahmed Mahmoud Hamdy
- Dairy Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Jiajia Song
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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20
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Katkar GD, Sayed IM, Anandachar MS, Castillo V, Vidales E, Toobian D, Usmani F, Sawires JR, Leriche G, Yang J, Sandborn WJ, Das S, Sahoo D, Ghosh P. Artificial intelligence-rationalized balanced PPARα/γ dual agonism resets dysregulated macrophage processes in inflammatory bowel disease. Commun Biol 2022; 5:231. [PMID: 35288651 PMCID: PMC8921270 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03168-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A computational platform, Boolean network explorer (BoNE), has recently been developed to infuse AI-enhanced precision into drug discovery; it enables invariant Boolean Implication Networks of disease maps for prioritizing high-value targets. Here we used BoNE to query an Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)-map and prioritize a therapeutic strategy that involves dual agonism of two nuclear receptors, PPARα/γ. Balanced agonism of PPARα/γ was predicted to modulate macrophage processes, ameliorate colitis, 'reset' the gene expression network from disease to health. Predictions were validated using a balanced and potent PPARα/γ-dual-agonist (PAR5359) in Citrobacter rodentium- and DSS-induced murine colitis models. Using inhibitors and agonists, we show that balanced-dual agonism promotes bacterial clearance efficiently than individual agonists, both in vivo and in vitro. PPARα is required and sufficient to induce the pro-inflammatory cytokines and cellular ROS, which are essential for bacterial clearance and immunity, whereas PPARγ-agonism blunts these responses, delays microbial clearance; balanced dual agonism achieved controlled inflammation while protecting the gut barrier and 'reversal' of the transcriptomic network. Furthermore, dual agonism reversed the defective bacterial clearance observed in PBMCs derived from IBD patients. These findings not only deliver a macrophage modulator for use as barrier-protective therapy in IBD, but also highlight the potential of BoNE to rationalize combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajanan D Katkar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - Ibrahim M Sayed
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | | | - Vanessa Castillo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - Eleadah Vidales
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - Daniel Toobian
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - Fatima Usmani
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - Joseph R Sawires
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - Geoffray Leriche
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - Jerry Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - William J Sandborn
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA.
| | - Soumita Das
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA.
| | - Debashis Sahoo
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jacob's School of Engineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA. .,Rebecca and John Moore Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA.
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA. .,Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA. .,Rebecca and John Moore Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA. .,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, La Jolla, San Diego, USA.
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Zhang L, Yi H. Potential antitumor and anti-inflammatory activities of an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) from Bacillus subtilis isolated from a housefly. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1383. [PMID: 35082324 PMCID: PMC8791979 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05143-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis, a probiotic, has been applied in the medical, food, and feed industries among others. However, the mechanisms of its benefits to hosts are not yet fully understood. Here the characterization and bioactivities of an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) from Bacillus subtilis were investigated to reveal its partial mechanisms and provide the theoretical basics for further development and utilization of Bacillus subtilis. In this study, the novel strain Bacillus subtilis xztubd1 (GenBank: MG458322.1) was isolated from a housefly's body, identified according to phenotypical and genotypical analyses, and found to produce large amounts of an EPS. Through ultraviolet spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR spectroscopy), the EPS was found to contain a variety of chemical functional groups, such as O-H groups, C=C, C=O, CH3, C-O-H and C-O-C bonds, and alpha-type pyranose. Furthermore, the in vitro antioxidant activity of the EPS on DPPH radicals at a concentration of 90 μg/ml was 62%; on the superoxide radical at a concentration of 90 μg/ml, this value was 75%; and on hydroxyl radicals at a concentration of 90 μg/ml, the activity was 54%. EPS also enhanced significantly phagocytosis, lysozyme activity in macrophages, IL-2 content in mice and inhibited dramatically the growth of HeLa cells. These results showed that the EPS with reductive groups have the strong capacity to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS), reinforce the immune system and inhibit the growth of cancer cell, which helps theirs hosts defence against many diseases, including inflammation and cancer. The EPS from Bacillus subtilis has the potential to be an anticancer and anti-inflammatory drug candidate in the pharmaceutical industries, which provide scientific evidence for the development and utilization of probiotic-derived medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxiu Zhang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, No. 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China.,College of Environment and Resource Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China.,Department of Biology, Xinzhou Teachers University, Xinzhou, 034000, China
| | - Huilan Yi
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, No. 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
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Probiotic Molecules That Inhibit Inflammatory Diseases. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12031147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of probiotics for health purposes has increased vastly in the past few decades, and yet the scientific evidence to support health benefits from probiotics is only beginning to emerge. As more probiotics are studied, we are beginning to understand the mechanisms of action by which they benefit human health, as well as to identify the bacterial molecules responsible for these benefits. A new era of therapeutics is on the horizon in which purified molecules from probiotics will be used to prevent and treat diseases. In this review, we summarize the active molecules from probiotic bacteria that have been shown to affect innate and adaptive immunity and have health benefits in experimental settings. We focus particularly on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the probiotic Bacillus subtilis and its active molecule, exopolysaccharide (ESPBs).
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An exopolysaccharide from Bacillus subtilis alleviates airway inflammatory responses via the NF-κB and STAT6 pathways in asthmatic mice. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:230674. [PMID: 35040955 PMCID: PMC8799920 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20212461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis is an intestinal probiotic for immune homeostasis and its exopolysaccharide (EPS) is known to possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood. In the present study, we investigated the effects of the EPS (50, 100, 200 mg/kg) on airway inflammation in asthmatic mice. Our results showed that EPS treatment of asthmatic mice significantly alleviated pathological damage in the lungs, remarkably decreased the counts of total inflammatory cells including lymphocytes, and eosinophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and reduced indexes of oxidative damage. Moreover, the expression of type II T-helper cell (Th2) cytokines (interleukin- (IL)4 and -5) subsequent to EPS treatment was found to be dramatically down-regulated in a concentration-dependent manner. Additionally, the EPS treatment reduced JAK1, STAT6 and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) expression in the lungs of asthmatic mice. Taken together, these results suggest that the EPS from B. subtilis alleviates asthmatic airway inflammation, which involves the reduction in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the down-regulation of the STAT6 and NF-κB inflammatory pathways, which can further reduce Th2 cytokine expression and eosinophilic inflammation. Thus, our findings provide a potential mechanism through which the EPS mitigates asthma, suggesting that the EPS could be a potential source of an anti-asthmatic drug.
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Piewngam P, Chiou J, Ling J, Liu R, Pupa P, Zheng Y, Otto M. Enterococcal bacteremia in mice is prevented by oral administration of probiotic Bacillus spores. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eabf4692. [PMID: 34818053 PMCID: PMC11097119 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abf4692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Whether and how probiotics promote human health is a controversial issue. Their claimed benefit for counteracting gastrointestinal infection is linked predominantly to reducing pathogen abundance within the intestinal microbiota. Less understood mechanistically is the reported value that probiotics could have in reducing systemic infections. Enterococcus faecalis is an opportunistic pathogen that causes systemic infection after translocation through the intestinal epithelium, particularly in hospitalized and immune-depleted patients receiving antibiotic therapy. In this study, we used an E. faecalis mouse infection model with wild-type and isogenic mutant strains deficient in genes of the E. faecalis Fsr (fecal streptococci regulator) quorum-sensing system. We show that E. faecalis translocation from the mouse gut into the blood is mediated by the Fsr quorum-sensing system through production of the protease GelE, which compromises intestinal epithelium integrity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that orally administered probiotic Bacillus subtilis spores blocked E. faecalis translocation from the gut to the bloodstream and subsequent systemic infection in mice by inhibiting Fsr activity. These findings demonstrate that a key aspect of Enterococcus pathogenesis is controlled by quorum sensing, which can be targeted with probiotic Bacillus spores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pipat Piewngam
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S. National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
| | - Janice Chiou
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S. National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
| | - Joie Ling
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S. National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
| | - Ryan Liu
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S. National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
| | - Pawiya Pupa
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S. National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
| | - Yue Zheng
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S. National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
| | - Michael Otto
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S. National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
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25
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Arnaouteli S, Bamford NC, Stanley-Wall NR, Kovács ÁT. Bacillus subtilis biofilm formation and social interactions. Nat Rev Microbiol 2021; 19:600-614. [PMID: 33824496 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-021-00540-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm formation is a process in which microbial cells aggregate to form collectives that are embedded in a self-produced extracellular matrix. Bacillus subtilis is a Gram-positive bacterium that is used to dissect the mechanisms controlling matrix production and the subsequent transition from a motile planktonic cell state to a sessile biofilm state. The collective nature of life in a biofilm allows emergent properties to manifest, and B. subtilis biofilms are linked with novel industrial uses as well as probiotic and biocontrol processes. In this Review, we outline the molecular details of the biofilm matrix and the regulatory pathways and external factors that control its production. We explore the beneficial outcomes associated with biofilms. Finally, we highlight major advances in our understanding of concepts of microbial evolution and community behaviour that have resulted from studies of the innate heterogeneity of biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Arnaouteli
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Natalie C Bamford
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Nicola R Stanley-Wall
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
| | - Ákos T Kovács
- Bacterial Interactions and Evolution Group, DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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26
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Zhang D, Wang Y, Li G, Zhang B. Tanshinone IIA alleviates vitiligo by suppressing AKT mediated CD8 + T cells activation in a mouse model. Dermatol Ther 2021; 34:e15086. [PMID: 34350676 DOI: 10.1111/dth.15086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tanshinone IIA has been reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory effects, while it is not clear whether Tanshinone IIA has protective role in vitiligo. Premelanosome (PMEL) CD8+ T cells were adoptive transferred into Krt14- Kitl* mice with Kit ligand (KITL) over-expressed, to construct the vitiligo model. Pdk1fl/fl and Stat3fl/fl mice were crossed with Cd8cre mice to establish Pdk1TKO and Stat3TKO mice. Tanshinone IIA (200 μg) was intravenous injected to treat vitiligo in mice every 3 days. The accumulation of macrophages and CD8+ T cells in the ear skin was assayed by flow cytometry. Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were induced and stimulated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and IL-4. It was found that Tanshinone IIA alleviated the development of vitiligo, impaired PMEL CD8+ T cells accumulation in the ear skin, and inhibited LPS-induced TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β expression and secretion in BMDMs, which could also inhibit IL-4-induced Arg-1 and Mrc-1 expression in BMDMs. In addition, Tanshinone IIA could inhibit the proliferation and cytotoxic function of CD8+ T cells indicated by the expression of Perforin, Granzymeb, and IFN-γ. Furthermore, Tanshinone IIA treated Pdk1TKO mice, not Stat3TKO mice, showed impaired PMEL CD8+ T cells accumulation in the ear skin. In summary, Tanshinone IIA alleviates vitiligo development with impaired CD8+ T cells accumulation and activation of Pdk1-Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yujie Wang
- Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Qingzhou, China
| | - Guangzhi Li
- Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Qingzhou, China
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27
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Burns GL, Hoedt EC, Keely S. Spore-forming probiotics for functional dyspepsia. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 6:772-773. [PMID: 34358485 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-1253(21)00260-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grace L Burns
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2305, Australia; Viruses, Infection, Immunity, Vaccine and Asthma Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia.
| | - Emily C Hoedt
- School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2305, Australia; Viruses, Infection, Immunity, Vaccine and Asthma Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Simon Keely
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2305, Australia; Viruses, Infection, Immunity, Vaccine and Asthma Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
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28
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Zayed A, Mansour MK, Sedeek MS, Habib MH, Ulber R, Farag MA. Rediscovering bacterial exopolysaccharides of terrestrial and marine origins: novel insights on their distribution, biosynthesis, biotechnological production, and future perspectives. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:597-617. [PMID: 34320886 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1942779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria exist in colonies as aggregates or associated with surfaces forming biofilms rather than planktonic cells. Living in such a unique manner is always mediated via a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances, which are composed mainly of polysaccharides or specifically exopolysaccharides (EPS). Biofilm formation and hence EPS production are affected by biotic and abiotic factors inducing/inhibiting several involved genes and other molecules. In addition, various aspects of bacterial EPS regarding: physiological functions, molecular weight, and chemical composition were demonstrated. Recent investigations have revealed a wide spectrum of EPS chemical and physicochemical properties showing promising applications in different industrial sectors. For instance, lactic acid bacteria (LAB)- and marine-derived EPS exhibit: immunomodulatory, antioxidant, antitumor, bioremediation of heavy metals, as well as thickening and viscosity modifiers in the food industry. However, bacterial EPS have not yet been commercially implemented, in contrast to plant-derived analogues. The current review aims to rediscover the EPS structural and biosynthetic features derived from marine and terrestrial bacteria, and applications as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Zayed
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.,Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Mai K Mansour
- Department of Medicinal Plants and Natural Products, National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S Sedeek
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed H Habib
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Roland Ulber
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.,Chemistry Department, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt
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29
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Trombetta AC, Farias GB, Gomes AMC, Godinho-Santos A, Rosmaninho P, Conceição CM, Laia J, Santos DF, Almeida ARM, Mota C, Gomes A, Serrano M, Veldhoen M, Sousa AE, Fernandes SM. Severe COVID-19 Recovery Is Associated with Timely Acquisition of a Myeloid Cell Immune-Regulatory Phenotype. Front Immunol 2021; 12:691725. [PMID: 34248984 PMCID: PMC8265310 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.691725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
After more than one year since the COVID-19 outbreak, patients with severe disease still constitute the bottleneck of the pandemic management. Aberrant inflammatory responses, ranging from cytokine storm to immune-suppression, were described in COVID-19 and no treatment was demonstrated to change the prognosis significantly. Therefore, there is an urgent need for understanding the underlying pathogenic mechanisms to guide therapeutic interventions. This study was designed to assess myeloid cell activation and phenotype leading to recovery in patients surviving severe COVID-19. We evaluated longitudinally patients with COVID-19 related respiratory insufficiency, stratified according to the need of intensive care unit admission (ICU, n = 11, and No-ICU, n = 9), and age and sex matched healthy controls (HCs, n = 11), by flow cytometry and a wide array of serum inflammatory/immune-regulatory mediators. All patients featured systemic immune-regulatory myeloid cell phenotype as assessed by both unsupervised and supervised analysis of circulating monocyte and dendritic cell subsets. Specifically, we observed a reduction of CD14lowCD16+ monocytes, and reduced expression of CD80, CD86, and Slan. Moreover, mDCs, pDCs, and basophils were significantly reduced, in comparison to healthy subjects. Contemporaneously, both monocytes and DCs showed increased expression of CD163, CD204, CD206, and PD-L1 immune-regulatory markers. The expansion of M2-like monocytes was significantly higher at admission in patients featuring detectable SARS-CoV-2 plasma viral load and it was positively correlated with the levels of specific antibodies. In No-ICU patients, we observed a peak of the alterations at admission and a progressive regression to a phenotype similar to HCs at discharge. Interestingly, in ICU patients, the expression of immuno-suppressive markers progressively increased until discharge. Notably, an increase of M2-like HLA-DRhighPD-L1+ cells in CD14++CD16− monocytes and in dendritic cell subsets was observed at ICU discharge. Furthermore, IFN-γ and IL-12p40 showed a decline over time in ICU patients, while high values of IL1RA and IL-10 were maintained. In conclusion, these results support that timely acquisition of a myeloid cell immune-regulatory phenotype might contribute to recovery in severe systemic SARS-CoV-2 infection and suggest that therapeutic agents favoring an innate immune system regulatory shift may represent the best strategy to be implemented at this stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia C Trombetta
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Guilherme B Farias
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - André M C Gomes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Clinica Universitária de Medicina Intensiva, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Godinho-Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Rosmaninho
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carolina M Conceição
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joel Laia
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Diana F Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Afonso R M Almeida
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Catarina Mota
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Serviço de Medicina II, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Andreia Gomes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marta Serrano
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marc Veldhoen
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana E Sousa
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Susana M Fernandes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Clinica Universitária de Medicina Intensiva, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Serviço de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal
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30
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Antunes VDC, Freitag D, Serrato RV. Differential exopolysaccharide production and composition by Herbaspirillum strains from diverse ecological environments. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:3883-3892. [PMID: 34009446 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02371-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria belonging to the genus Herbaspirillum are found in many different ecological niches. Some species are typically endophytic, while others were reported as free-living organisms that occupy various environments. Also, opportunistic herbaspirilli have been found infecting humans affected by several diseases. We have analyzed the production of exopolysaccharides (EPS) by Herbaspirillum strains isolated from different sources and with distinct ecological characteristics. The monosaccharide composition was determined for the EPS obtained for selected strains including free-living, plant-associated and clinical isolates, and the relationship with the ecological niches occupied by Herbaspirillum spp. is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valquíria D C Antunes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Setor de Ciências Biológicas-Centro Politécnico, Universidade Federal do Paraná , R. Francisco H. dos Santos, 100 , PO Box 19046, Curitiba, PR, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Daniela Freitag
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Setor de Ciências Biológicas-Centro Politécnico, Universidade Federal do Paraná , R. Francisco H. dos Santos, 100 , PO Box 19046, Curitiba, PR, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo V Serrato
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Setor de Ciências Biológicas-Centro Politécnico, Universidade Federal do Paraná , R. Francisco H. dos Santos, 100 , PO Box 19046, Curitiba, PR, 81531-980, Brazil.
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31
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Kalinina O, Talley S, Zamora-Pineda J, Paik W, Campbell EM, Knight KL. Amelioration of Graft-versus-Host Disease by Exopolysaccharide from a Commensal Bacterium. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:2101-2108. [PMID: 33846225 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGvHD) is a severe, often lethal, complication of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and although prophylactic regimens are given as standard pretransplantation therapy, up to 60% of these patients develop aGvHD, and require additional immunosuppressive intervention. We treated mice with a purified probiotic molecule, exopolysaccharide (EPS) from Bacillus subtilis, shortly before and after induction of aGvHD and found that, whereas only 10% of control mice survived to day 80, 70% of EPS-treated mice survived to 80 d. EPS treatment of donor-only mice resulted in ∼60% survival. Using a biosensor mouse model to assess inflammation in live mice during aGvHD, we found that EPS prevented the activation of alloreactive donor T cells. In vitro, EPS did not affect T cells directly but, instead, induced bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) that displayed characteristics of inhibitory dendritic cells (DCs). Development of these BMDCs required TLR4 signaling through both MyD88 and TRIF pathways. Using BMDCs derived from IDO knockout mice, we showed that T cell inhibition by EPS-treated BMDCs was mediated through the suppressive effects of IDO. These studies describe a bacterial molecule that modulates immune responses by inducing inhibitory DCs in a TLR4-dependent manner, and these cells have the capacity to inhibit T cell activation through IDO. We suggest that EPS or EPS-treated DCs can serve as novel agents for preventing aGvHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kalinina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL
| | - Sarah Talley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL
| | - Jesus Zamora-Pineda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL
| | - Wonbeom Paik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL
| | - Edward M Campbell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL
| | - Katherine L Knight
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL
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32
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Raheem A, Liang L, Zhang G, Cui S. Modulatory Effects of Probiotics During Pathogenic Infections With Emphasis on Immune Regulation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:616713. [PMID: 33897683 PMCID: PMC8060567 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.616713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to inhibit pathogenic complications and to enhance animal and poultry growth, antibiotics have been extensively used for many years. Antibiotics applications not only affect target pathogens but also intestinal beneficially microbes, inducing long-lasting changes in intestinal microbiota associated with diseases. The application of antibiotics also has many other side effects like, intestinal barrier dysfunction, antibiotics residues in foodstuffs, nephropathy, allergy, bone marrow toxicity, mutagenicity, reproductive disorders, hepatotoxicity carcinogenicity, and antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which greatly compromise the efficacy of antibiotics. Thus, the development of new antibiotics is necessary, while the search for antibiotic alternatives continues. Probiotics are considered the ideal antibiotic substitute; in recent years, probiotic research concerning their application during pathogenic infections in humans, aquaculture, poultry, and livestock industry, with emphasis on modulating the immune system of the host, has been attracting considerable interest. Hence, the adverse effects of antibiotics and remedial effects of probiotics during infectious diseases have become central points of focus among researchers. Probiotics are live microorganisms, and when given in adequate quantities, confer good health effects to the host through different mechanisms. Among them, the regulation of host immune response during pathogenic infections is one of the most important mechanisms. A number of studies have investigated different aspects of probiotics. In this review, we mainly summarize recent discoveries and discuss two important aspects: (1) the application of probiotics during pathogenic infections; and (2) their modulatory effects on the immune response of the host during infectious and non-infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Raheem
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Technology of Beijing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Liang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Technology of Beijing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Guangzhi Zhang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Technology of Beijing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Shangjin Cui
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Technology of Beijing, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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33
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Luft L, Confortin TC, Todero I, Neto JRC, Tonato D, Felimberti PZ, Zabot GL, Mazutti MA. Different techniques for concentration of extracellular biopolymers with herbicidal activity produced by Phoma sp. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2021; 42:1392-1401. [PMID: 31526308 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2019.1669720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The natural ability of microorganisms to secrete high levels of bioactive compounds make them attractive hosts for producing novel compounds. Microbial biopolymers have potential applications in most of the sectors of the world economy. According to the physicochemical properties, they present some advantages, such as biodegradability, reproducibility, and stability. Based on this context, the objective of this work was to evaluate different methods for concentration and characterisation of extracellular biopolymers produced by Phoma sp. Extracellular biopolymers were produced by submerged fermentation and were concentrated by hollow fibre membranes and by adsorption. The structural characterisation of purified biopolymers was determined by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy. Phytotoxic effects were assessed through absorption assays in detached leaves of Cucumis sativus and evaluated on the seventh day after application. The surface tension was evaluated for each sample. Hollow-fibre microfiltration membrane presented a higher purification factor than hollow-fibre ultrafiltration membrane. Extracellular biopolymers were identified in the permeate and retentate fractions, but in higher concentration in the retentate fractions. The adsorption process was efficient for recovering more than 88% of extracellular biopolymers from cell-free fermented broth. The best performance was obtained by using silica and activated carbon as adsorbent, with a recovery higher than 93%. The herbicidal activity was proportional to the concentration of biopolymers and the results are very promising for future applications because a concentrated solution of biopolymers can increase weed control. Membrane processes can be used to develop a liquid formulation of bioherbicide, whereas adsorption can be used to develop a solid formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Luft
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Tássia C Confortin
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Izelmar Todero
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | - Denise Tonato
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Pietra Z Felimberti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Giovani L Zabot
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
- Laboratory of Agroindustrial Processes Engineering (LAPE), Federal University of Santa Maria, Cachoeira do Sul - RS, Brazil
| | - Marcio A Mazutti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
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34
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Examining the Gastrointestinal and Immunomodulatory Effects of the Novel Probiotic Bacillus subtilis DE111. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052453. [PMID: 33671071 PMCID: PMC7957723 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics make up a large and growing segment of the commercial market of dietary supplements and are touted as offering a variety of human health benefits. Some of the purported positive impacts of probiotics include, but are not limited to, stabilization of the gut microbiota, prevention of gastrointestinal disorders and modulation of the host immune system. Current research suggests that the immunomodulatory effects of probiotics are strain-specific and vary in mode of action. Here, we examined the immunomodulatory properties of Bacillus subtilis strain DE111 in a healthy human population. In a pilot randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled four-week intervention, we examined peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) at basal levels pre- and post-intervention, as well as in response to stimulation with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We observed an increase in anti-inflammatory immune cell populations in response to ex vivo LPS stimulation of PBMCs in the DE111 intervention group. Overall perceived gastrointestinal health, microbiota, and circulating and fecal markers of inflammation (Il-6, sIgA) and gut barrier function (plasma zonulin) were largely unaffected by DE111 intervention, although the study may have been underpowered to detect these differences. These pilot data provide information and justification to conduct an appropriately powered clinical study to further examine the immunomodulatory potential of B. subtilis DE111 in human populations.
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35
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Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis from New Record Aquatic Bacteria of Nile Tilapia and Evaluation of their Biological Activity. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.14.4.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study investigates the isolation identification of bioactive strain from fish collected from El-Burrllus region in Egypt. The objective of the current study is to identify and assess the biological profile of a new record strain in Egypt Bacillus maritimus. The molecular identification of the selected promising isolate and phylogenetic analysis confirmed the accurate identity of the isolate as Bacillus maritimus. The novelty of the present study was not due to only to the fact that the Bacillus maritimus isolate was the first record from brackish-water Egyptian fish gut, but also due to the fact that there is no previous study on the bioactivity of Bacillus maritimus and their efficiency as biogenic nanoparticles synthesis. The bioactivities for the Bacillus maritimus were investigated through different biochemical assays as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity against six of the tested human pathogens namely; Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883 and Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC 19615. Bacillus maritimus bacteria were grown in nutrient broth for 24 h at 37°C and the optical density was determined at 600 nm using the UV-visible spectrophotometer. The optical density (OD) of the broth was adjusted to 0.5 with sterile phosphate-buffered saline, pH 7.4 (PBS). the bacterial isolate showed antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. In addition the bacteria showed great reducing agent ability as a biogenic agent for the silver nanoparticles. The phytochemical screening of the Bacillus maritimus isolates have showed varieties of bioactive groups in addition to total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannic acid, carbohydrates, sulfated polysaccharides, total proteins and lipids. This study highlighted also that the Bacillus maritimus isolate could also produce novel secondary metabolites. The current study report for the first time the Bacillus maritimus in Egypt. Further studies are needed to isolate and characterize more bioactive strains from Egyptian Fishes that could possibly act as novel bioactive compounds source of medical and agricultures importance.
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Barreto HC, Cordeiro TN, Henriques AO, Gordo I. Rampant loss of social traits during domestication of a Bacillus subtilis natural isolate. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18886. [PMID: 33144634 PMCID: PMC7642357 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76017-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Most model bacteria have been domesticated in laboratory conditions. Yet, the tempo with which a natural isolate diverges from its ancestral phenotype under domestication to a novel laboratory environment is poorly understood. Such knowledge, however is essential to understanding the rate of evolution, the time scale over which a natural isolate can be propagated without loss of its natural adaptive traits, and the reliability of experimental results across labs. Using experimental evolution, phenotypic assays, and whole-genome sequencing, we show that within a week of propagation in a common laboratory environment, a natural isolate of Bacillus subtilis acquires mutations that cause changes in a multitude of traits. A single adaptive mutational step in the gene coding for the transcriptional regulator DegU impairs a DegU-dependent positive autoregulatory loop and leads to loss of robust biofilm architecture, impaired swarming motility, reduced secretion of exoproteases, and to changes in the dynamics of sporulation across environments. Importantly, domestication also resulted in improved survival when the bacteria face pressure from cells of the innate immune system. These results show that degU is a target for mutations during domestication and underscores the importance of performing careful and extremely short-term propagations of natural isolates to conserve the traits encoded in their original genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo C Barreto
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Tiago N Cordeiro
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Adriano O Henriques
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Isabel Gordo
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.
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37
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Mandal RK, Jiang T, Wideman RF, Lohrmann T, Kwon YM. Microbiota Analysis of Chickens Raised Under Stressed Conditions. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:482637. [PMID: 33134343 PMCID: PMC7575692 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.482637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A substantial progress has been made toward understanding stress-associated gut and extraintestinal microbiota. However, a comprehensive understanding of the extraintestinal microbiota of chickens raised under stressed conditions is lacking. In this study, chickens were raised on a wire-floor model to induce stress, and the microbiota in the gut (ceca) and extraintestinal sites (blood, femur, and tibia) were characterized at different ages (1, 17, and 56 days) using 16S rRNA gene microbiota profiling. Open reference OTU picking showed extraintestinal sites had a significantly higher number of unassigned OTUs compared to ceca across all ages of chickens. Extraintestinal sites of all ages, irrespective of body sites, as well as ceca of 1 day-old chickens had significantly lower alpha diversity than ceca of older chickens. Intriguingly, bacterial diversity (alpha and beta) and OTU interaction network analysis showed relatively stable bacterial composition within the extraintestinal sites of chickens regardless of age and sites compared to ceca. Furthermore, assessment using UniFrac distance suggested the gut as a possible source of extraintestinal bacteria. Lastly, LEfSe analysis showed that both commensal and pathogenic bacteria were translocated into the extraintestinal tissues and organs under the stress. Extraintestinal sites have highly abundant novel taxa that need to be further explored. In ovo microbiota colonization and/or translocation of circulating maternal blood microbiota into ovarian follicles might be the source of intestinal and extraintestinal microbiota in 1 day-old chickens. Our comprehensive microbiota data including extraintestinal sites in reference to gut provide unique insights into microbiota of chickens raised under stressed conditions, which may be relevant in other animal species as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabindra K Mandal
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Tieshan Jiang
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Robert F Wideman
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Troy Lohrmann
- Quality Technology International, Inc., Elgin, IL, United States
| | - Young Min Kwon
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States.,Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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38
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Wang B, Wu Y, Liu R, Xu H, Mei X, Shang Q, Liu S, Yu D, Li W. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG promotes M1 polarization in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages by activating TLR2/MyD88/MAPK signaling pathway. Anim Sci J 2020; 91:e13439. [PMID: 32779289 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) is increasingly applied in functional food products and acts as a probiotic model in nutritious and clinical studies. Increasing evidences have revealed the immune modulation of LGG on macrophages. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of LGG on macrophage polarization of murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). BMDMs were treated with 108 colony-forming units (CFU)/ml LGG for 1.5, 3, and 6 hr. Results showed that LGG obviously upregulated the mRNA expression of M1-associated cytokines (p < .05), including interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), whereas had no effect on the expression of M2-associated markers (p > .05), including arginase 1 (Arg1), mannose receptor, and chitinase-like protein 3 (YM1). Furthermore, LGG markedly increased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-12p40, cyclooxygenase-2 [COX-2], and interferon-γ [IFN-γ]) (p < .05) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, IL-4, and transforming growth factor-β [TGF-β]) (p < .05). In addition, we also found that TLR2/MyD88/MAPK signaling pathway was required for LGG-induced M1 macrophage polarization and M1-related cytokines expression. Together, these findings demonstrate that probiotic LGG facilitates M1 polarization of BMDMs, suggesting that LGG may have an immunotherapeutic potential in regulating the host defense against pathogen invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baikui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rongrong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Han Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Mei
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qinqin Shang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shijie Liu
- National Animal Husbandry Service, Beijing, China
| | - Dongyou Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weifen Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Luft L, Confortin TC, Todero I, Zabot GL, Mazutti MA. An overview of fungal biopolymers: bioemulsifiers and biosurfactants compounds production. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2020; 40:1059-1080. [DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1805405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Luft
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Tássia C. Confortin
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Izelmar Todero
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Giovani L. Zabot
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
- Laboratory of Agroindustrial Processes Engineering (LAPE), Federal University of Santa Maria, Cachoeira do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marcio A. Mazutti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
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40
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Song Y, Sun M, Feng L, Liang X, Song X, Mu G, Tuo Y, Jiang S, Qian F. Antibiofilm Activity of Lactobacillus plantarum 12 Exopolysaccharides against Shigella flexneri. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:e00694-20. [PMID: 32444475 PMCID: PMC7376565 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00694-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In developing countries, Shigella flexneri is the most common enteric pathogen causing bacillary dysentery. Biofilm formation by S. flexneri can cause the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains, which poses serious threats to food safety and human health. In this study, the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum 12 exopolysaccharides (L-EPSs) and S. flexneri exopolysaccharides (S-EPSs) on S. flexneri CMCC51574 biofilm formation were investigated. The results showed that L-EPS could decrease polysaccharide production in the extracellular polymeric matrix of S. flexneri and inhibit biofilm formation by S. flexneri L-EPS could decrease the minimum biofilm elimination concentration (MBEC) of antibiotics against S. flexneri biofilm and inhibit S. flexneri adhesion to and invasion into HT-29 cell monolayers, which might be ascribed to S. flexneri biofilm disturbance by L-EPS. In contrast, S-EPS exhibited the opposite effects compared to L-EPS. The monosaccharide composition analysis showed that L-EPS was composed of mannose, glucuronic acid, galactosamine, glucose, galactose, and xylose, with the molar ratio of 32.26:0.99:1.79:5.63:0.05:4.07, while S-EPS was composed of mannose, glucuronic acid, galactosamine, glucose, and galactose, with the molar ratio of 25.43:2.28:7.13:5.35. L-EPS was separated into the neutral polysaccharide L-EPS 1-1 and the acidic polysaccharide L-EPS 2-1 by ion-exchange chromatography and gel chromatography. L-EPS 2-1 exerted higher antibiofilm activity than L-EPS 1-1. The antibiofilm activity of L-EPS might be associated with its structure.IMPORTANCES. flexneri is a widespread foodborne pathogen causing food contamination and responsible for food poisoning outbreaks related to various foods in developing countries. Not only has biofilm formation by S. flexneri been difficult to eliminate, but it has also increased the drug resistance of the strain. In the present study, it was demonstrated that L-EPSs secreted by Lactobacillus plantrum 12 could inhibit S. flexneri biofilm formation on, adhesion to, and invasion into HT-29 cells. Also, L-EPSs could decrease the minimum biofilm elimination concentration (MBEC) of the antibiotics used against S. flexneri biofilm. Therefore, L-EPSs were shown to be bioactive macromolecules with the potential ability to act against S. flexneri infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinglong Song
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengying Sun
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Feng
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Liang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Song
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangqing Mu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
- Dalian Probiotics Function Research Key Laboratory, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfeng Tuo
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Shujuan Jiang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Qian
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
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41
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Nowak B, Śróttek M, Ciszek-Lenda M, Skałkowska A, Gamian A, Górska S, Marcinkiewicz J. Exopolysaccharide from Lactobacillus rhamnosus KL37 Inhibits T Cell-dependent Immune Response in Mice. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2020; 68:17. [PMID: 32448979 PMCID: PMC7246254 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-020-00581-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Exopolysaccharides (EPSs), major components of the bacterial biofilm, display strong strain-specific immunomodulatory properties. Previously, we have shown that crude EPS derived from Lactobacillus rhamnosus KL37 depresses the production of arthritogenic anti-collagen IgG and ameliorates collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in DBA/1 mice, when lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used as adjuvant. In this study, we used highly purified EPS from L. rhamnosus KL37 (EPS-37) to verify its anti-inflammatory properties and the ability to suppress T cell-dependent humoral response. We have employed the model of active CIA, in which mice immunized with type II collagen (CII) along with LPS were treated with pure EPS-37. Intravenous administration of purified EPS-37 markedly ameliorated arthritis and reduced CII-specific antibody production. EPS-37 injected subcutaneously reduced the clinical symptoms of CIA but without the reduction of arthritogenic antibodies. In addition, the effect of EPS-37 on T-cell functions was tested ex vivo and in vitro. EPS-37 inhibited the in vitro proliferation of T cells activated both in vivo (CII immunization) and in vitro (antigen/mitogen), and markedly reduced the production of interferon (IFN)-γ. These results together with other reports suggest that anti-inflammatory potential of EPS-37 depends on its ability to inhibit either one or the other or both possible inflammatory signaling pathways. Namely, Th1 → IFN-γ → M1 inflammatory macrophages → arthritis and/or Th1 → IFN-γ → B cells → arthritogenic antibodies → arthritis. We suggest that L. rhamnosus KL37 EPS might be utilized to control T cell-dependent immune responses in various inflammatory diseases. However, the most effective route of EPS-37 administration needs to be tailored for a given disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadeta Nowak
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121, Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Śróttek
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marta Ciszek-Lenda
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Skałkowska
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121, Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Gamian
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Sabina Górska
- Laboratory of Microbiome Immunology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Janusz Marcinkiewicz
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121, Kraków, Poland.
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42
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Hsieh SA, Allen PM. Immunomodulatory Roles of Polysaccharide Capsules in the Intestine. Front Immunol 2020; 11:690. [PMID: 32351514 PMCID: PMC7174666 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The interplay between the immune system and the microbiota in the human intestine dictates states of health vs. disease. Polysaccharide capsules are critical elements of bacteria that protect bacteria against environmental and host factors, including the host immune system. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which polysaccharide capsules from commensal and pathogenic bacteria in the gut microbiota modulate the innate and adaptive immune systems in the intestine. A deeper understanding of the roles of polysaccharide capsules in microbiota-immune interactions will provide a basis to harness their therapeutic potential to advance human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A Hsieh
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Paul M Allen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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43
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Suppression of Staphylococcus aureus Superantigen-Independent Interferon Gamma Response by a Probiotic Polysaccharide. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00661-19. [PMID: 31932326 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00661-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive opportunistic pathogen that causes a variety of diseases. Bloodstream infection is the most severe, with mortality rates reaching 20 to 50%. Exopolysaccharide (EPS) from the probiotic Bacillus subtilis reduces bacterial burden and inflammation during S. aureus bloodstream infection in mice. Protection is due, in part, to hybrid macrophages that restrict S. aureus growth through reactive oxygen species and to limiting superantigen-induced T cell activation and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production during infection. A decrease in IFN-γ production was observed within 24 h after infection, and here, we investigated how EPS abrogates its production. We discovered that S. aureus uses a rapid, superantigen-independent mechanism to induce host IFN-γ and that this is mediated by interleukin-12 (IL-12) activation of NK cells. Furthermore, we found that EPS limits IFN-γ production by modulating host immunity in a Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-dependent manner, a signaling pathway that is required for EPS-mediated protection from S. aureus infection in vivo We conclude that EPS protects hosts from acute bloodstream S. aureus infection not only by inducing macrophages that restrict S. aureus growth and inhibit superantigen-activated T cells but also by limiting NK cell production of IFN-γ after S. aureus infection in a TLR4-dependent manner.
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Dellacecca ER, Cosgrove C, Mukhatayev Z, Akhtar S, Engelhard VH, Rademaker AW, Knight K, Poole ICL. Antibiotics Drive Microbial Imbalance and Vitiligo Development in Mice. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:676-687.e6. [PMID: 31472106 PMCID: PMC9851193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.08.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vitiligo is impacted by environmental triggers. We studied the contribution of the microbiome in FH mice, in which depigmentation is mediated by tyrosinase-reactive T cells. The mice received oral antibiotics and were monitored for depigmentation. The microbiome was studied in fecal and skin samples using 16S rRNA analysis. The resulting T-cell distributions were evaluated. In untreated mice, pigment loss did not expand to the pelage, whereas mice in the ampicillin group were approximately 1/3 depigmented at 30 weeks. In contrast to models of autoimmunity that are less dependent on IFN-γ, ampicillin but not neomycin treatment correlated with accelerated disease and reduced bacteria in the fecal pellets. Modified cytokine patterns in the tissue and serum suggest a response that transcends the gut. Ampicillin-induced depigmentation was accompanied by gut but not skin dysbiosis, and reduced T cell numbers in both sites. Neomycin induced a redistribution of gut T cells and an accumulation of skin regulatory T cells. This treatment spurred a Bacteroides-dominated population of fecal bacteria. Reduced diversity is prominent particularly after ampicillin treatment, when the gut is dominated by Pseudomonas species. In line with current concepts relating the microbiome and the immune system, we predict that dietary measures might promote skin health and delay vitiligo onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia R. Dellacecca
- Oncology Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago (IL), USA,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago (IL), USA,Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago (IL), USA
| | - Cormac Cosgrove
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago (IL), USA,Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago (IL), USA
| | - Zhussipbek Mukhatayev
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago (IL), USA,Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago (IL), USA,Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Suhail Akhtar
- Oncology Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago (IL), USA,Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago (IL), USA
| | - Victor H. Engelhard
- Carter Immunology Center and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (VA), USA
| | - Alfred W. Rademaker
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago (IL), USA
| | - Katherine Knight
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago (IL), USA
| | - I. Caroline Le Poole
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago (IL), USA,Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago (IL), USA,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago (IL), USA
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45
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Hsieh S, Porter NT, Donermeyer DL, Horvath S, Strout G, Saunders BT, Zhang N, Zinselmeyer B, Martens EC, Stappenbeck TS, Allen PM. Polysaccharide Capsules Equip the Human Symbiont Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron to Modulate Immune Responses to a Dominant Antigen in the Intestine. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2020; 204:1035-1046. [PMID: 31900343 PMCID: PMC7002182 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria express multiple diverse capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) for protection against environmental and host factors, including the host immune system. Using a mouse TCR transgenic CD4+ T cell, BθOM, that is specific for B. thetaiotaomicron and a complete set of single CPS-expressing B. thetaiotaomicron strains, we ask whether CPSs can modify the immune responses to specific bacterial Ags. Acapsular B. thetaiotaomicron, which lacks all B. thetaiotaomicron CPSs, stimulated BθOM T cells more strongly than wild-type B. thetaiotaomicron Despite similar levels of BθOM Ag expression, many single CPS-expressing B. thetaiotaomicron strains were antistimulatory and weakly activated BθOM T cells, but a few strains were prostimulatory and strongly activated BθOM T cells just as well or better than an acapsular strain. B. thetaiotaomicron strains that expressed an antistimulatory CPS blocked Ag delivery to the immune system, which could be rescued by Fc receptor-dependent Ab opsonization. All single CPS-expressing B. thetaiotaomicron strains stimulated the innate immune system to skew toward M1 macrophages and release inflammatory cytokines in an MyD88-dependent manner, with antistimulatory CPS activating the innate immune system in a weaker manner than prostimulatory CPS. The expression of antistimulatory versus prostimulatory CPSs on outer membrane vesicles also regulated immune responses. Moreover, antistimulatory and prostimulatory single CPS-expressing B. thetaiotaomicron strains regulated the activation of Ag-specific and polyclonal T cells as well as clearance of dominant Ag in vivo. These studies establish that the immune responses to specific bacterial Ags can be modulated by a diverse set of CPSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Hsieh
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Nathan T Porter
- Division of Industrial Biotechnology, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Sweden
| | - David L Donermeyer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Stephen Horvath
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Gregory Strout
- Washington University Center for Cellular Imaging, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; and
| | - Brian T Saunders
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Bernd Zinselmeyer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Eric C Martens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Thaddeus S Stappenbeck
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Paul M Allen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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Caro-Astorga J, Álvarez-Mena A, Hierrezuelo J, Guadix JA, Heredia-Ponce Z, Arboleda-Estudillo Y, González-Munoz E, de Vicente A, Romero D. Two genomic regions encoding exopolysaccharide production systems have complementary functions in B. cereus multicellularity and host interaction. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1000. [PMID: 31969664 PMCID: PMC6976573 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57970-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial physiology and adaptation are influenced by the exopolysaccharides (EPS) they produce. These polymers are indispensable for the assembly of the biofilm extracellular matrix in multiple bacterial species. In a previous study, we described the profound gene expression changes leading to biofilm assembly in B. cereus ATCC14579 (CECT148). We found that a genomic region putatively dedicated to the synthesis of a capsular polysaccharide (eps2) was overexpressed in a biofilm cell population compared to in a planktonic population, while we detected no change in the transcript abundance from another genomic region (eps1) also likely to be involved in polysaccharide production. Preliminary biofilm assays suggested a mild role for the products of the eps2 region in biofilm formation and no function for the products of the eps1 region. The aim of this work was to better define the roles of these two regions in B. cereus multicellularity. We demonstrate that the eps2 region is indeed involved in bacterial adhesion to surfaces, cell-to-cell interaction, cellular aggregation and biofilm formation, while the eps1 region appears to be involved in a kind of social bacterial motility. Consistent with these results, we further demonstrate using bacterial-host cell interaction experiments that the eps2 region is more relevant to the adhesion to human epithelial cells and the zebrafish intestine, suggesting that this region encodes a bacterial factor that may potentiate gut colonization and enhance pathogenicity against humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquin Caro-Astorga
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora" -Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Málaga, Bulevar Louis Pasteur 31 (Campus Universitario de Teatinos), 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Ana Álvarez-Mena
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora" -Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Málaga, Bulevar Louis Pasteur 31 (Campus Universitario de Teatinos), 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Jesús Hierrezuelo
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora" -Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Málaga, Bulevar Louis Pasteur 31 (Campus Universitario de Teatinos), 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Guadix
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga - IBIMA, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain
- Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología (BIONAND), Junta de Andalucía, Universidad de Málaga, C/ Severo Ochoa 35, 29590, Campanillas (Málaga), Spain
| | - Zahira Heredia-Ponce
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora" -Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Málaga, Bulevar Louis Pasteur 31 (Campus Universitario de Teatinos), 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Yohanna Arboleda-Estudillo
- LARCEL, Andalusian Laboratory of Cell Reprogramming, Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology-BIONAND, 29590, Málaga, Spain
| | - Elena González-Munoz
- LARCEL, Andalusian Laboratory of Cell Reprogramming, Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology-BIONAND, 29590, Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonio de Vicente
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora" -Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Málaga, Bulevar Louis Pasteur 31 (Campus Universitario de Teatinos), 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Diego Romero
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora" -Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Málaga, Bulevar Louis Pasteur 31 (Campus Universitario de Teatinos), 29071, Málaga, Spain.
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Li J, Dubois W, Thovarai V, Wu Z, Feng X, Peat T, Zhang S, Sen SK, Trinchieri G, Chen J, Mock BA, Young NS. Attenuation of immune-mediated bone marrow damage in conventionally housed mice. Mol Carcinog 2020; 59:237-245. [PMID: 31898340 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In humans, bone marrow (BM) failure syndromes, both constitutional and acquired, predispose to myeloid malignancies. We have modeled acquired immune aplastic anemia, the paradigmatic disease of these syndromes, in the mouse by infusing lymph node cells from specific pathogen-free (SPF) CD45.1 congenic C57BL/6 (B6) donors into hybrid CByB6F1 recipients housed either in conventional (CVB) or SPF facilities. The severity of BM damage was reduced in CVB recipients; they also had reduced levels of CD44+ CD62L- effector memory T cells, reduced numbers of donor-type CD44+ T cells, and reduced expansion of donor-type CD8 T cells carrying T-cell receptor β-variable regions 07, 11, and 17. Analyses of fecal samples through 16S ribosomal RNA amplicon sequencing revealed greater gut microbial alpha diversity in CVB mice relative to that of SPF mice. Thus, the presence of a broader spectrum of gut microorganisms in CVB-housed CByB6F1 could have primed recipient animal's immune system leading to suppression of allogeneic donor T-cell activation and expansion and attenuation of host BM destruction. These results suggest the potential benefit of diverse gut microbiota in patients receiving BM transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wendy Dubois
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Vishal Thovarai
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Zhijie Wu
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Xingmin Feng
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Tyler Peat
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Shuling Zhang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Shurjo K Sen
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Giorgio Trinchieri
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jichun Chen
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Beverly A Mock
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Neal S Young
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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48
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Macrophage Polarization Induced by Probiotic Bacteria: a Concise Review. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2019; 12:798-808. [DOI: 10.1007/s12602-019-09612-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Fu C, Jiang L, Hao S, Liu Z, Ding S, Zhang W, Yang X, Li S. Activation of the IL-4/STAT6 Signaling Pathway Promotes Lung Cancer Progression by Increasing M2 Myeloid Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2638. [PMID: 31798581 PMCID: PMC6863933 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence shows that signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) plays critical roles in tumor development. We previously found high-level expression of STAT6 in human lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, specifically in infiltrated immune cells located in the lung interstitium. Nevertheless, the role of STAT6 signaling in lung carcinogenesis and lung cancer proliferation and its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the role of STAT6 and the interaction between STAT6 and the tumor microenvironment in pulmonary tumorigenesis. We established a murine model of primary lung carcinogenesis in STAT6-deficient (STAT6−/−) and STAT6 wild-type (WT) BALB/c mice using the carcinogen urethane. Two-month-old male mice were intraperitoneally injected with urethane (1 g/kg) dissolved in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Primary tumors were monitored in vivo by positron emission tomography scanning. At 4, 6, and 9 months after urethane injection, lung tumors were harvested from the STAT6−/− and WT mice for analysis. Small interfering RNA was used to downregulate the expression of STAT6 in tumor cells. Fluorescence activated cell sorting analysis was used to analyze fluorescence-conjugated cell markers. Transwell assays were used in coculturing experiments. STAT6 protein expression was detected by Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. STAT6 mRNA expression was detected by quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction. Cell Counting Kit-8 and colony formation assays were performed to evaluate cell proliferation. We detected high expression of STAT6 in CD11b+ cells of lung carcinoma. Our results indicate that STAT6 deficiency inhibits carcinogen-induced tumor growth and improves prognosis. STAT6 deficiency also decreased the mobilization and differentiation of CD11b+ cells. STAT6 deficiency in CD11b+ cells but not tumor cells decreased interleukin (IL)-4 secretion and the differentiation of CD11b+ cells into M2 macrophage cells. In conclusion, our findings indicate that IL-4/STAT6 signaling in CD11b+ cells promotes lung cancer progression by triggering an IL-4 positive feedback loop and increasing M2 myeloid cells. STAT6 may be a new therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiping Fu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liyan Jiang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengyu Hao
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zilong Liu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Suling Ding
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangdong Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanqun Li
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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He C, Lin HY, Wang CC, Zhang M, Lin YY, Huang FY, Lin YZ, Tan GH. Exopolysaccharide from Paecilomyces lilacinus modulates macrophage activities through the TLR4/NF‑κB/MAPK pathway. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:4943-4952. [PMID: 31638207 PMCID: PMC6854591 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple exopolysaccharides (EPSs) have been isolated from various organisms in extreme environments and have yielded a variety of activities. The present study evaluated the immunomodulatory capabilities of an EPS (termed PH‑EPS) derived from the fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus PH0016, which was isolated from a tropical and hyperhaline environment in southern China. The macrophage RAW 264.7 cell line was used to investigate the mechanism of PH‑EPS‑induced macrophage activation. The results indicated that RAW 264.7 macrophages were activated by PH‑EPS, in an effect slightly inferior to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), as evidenced by secretion of interleukin (IL)‑1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α and nitric oxide (NO), and by significantly increased phagocytosis in the cells treated with PH‑EPS. Nuclear factor (NF)‑κB p65 was significantly translocated into the nucleus in the PH‑EPS‑treated cells. In addition, expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and IκB‑α degradation were enhanced in PH‑EPS‑treated cells. The phosphorylation levels of p38, JNK and ERK were also significantly increased in the PH‑EPS‑treated cells. Furthermore, IL‑1β and TNF‑α production was markedly decreased in PH‑EPS‑treated cells when the mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways were blocked by the inhibitor Dectin‑1 and by antibodies against Toll‑like receptor 4 (TLR4). The present results indicated that PH‑EPS from Paecilomyces lilacinus possessed the capability of activating RAW 264.7 cells via the TLR4/NF‑κB/MAPKs signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao He
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan 571199, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Yan Lin
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan 571199, P.R. China
| | - Cai-Chun Wang
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan 571199, P.R. China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan 571199, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Ying Lin
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan 571199, P.R. China
| | - Feng-Ying Huang
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan 571199, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Zi Lin
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan 571199, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Hong Tan
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan 571199, P.R. China
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