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DeLeo AB, Appella E. The p53 Saga: Early Steps in the Development of Tumor Immunotherapy. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 204:2321-2328. [PMID: 32312843 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This year marks the 40th anniversary of the initial identification of p53 as a transformation-related Ag, which was the result of our effort to identify an antigenically distinct tumor Ag of a chemically induced mouse tumor and develop a cancer vaccine. Many researchers at the time viewed this effort as folly. Since then, its characterization has progressed from being an attractive cancer vaccine candidate to recognition as a key player in regulating critical pathways controlling the cell cycle and oncogenesis. Advances in molecular immunology and oncology have enhanced the role of p53 in both fields. It is now apparent that p53 plays a critical role in controlling immune recognition and responses in normal tissues as well as the tumor microenvironment. Together with the advances in clinical implementation of p53-based cancer immunotherapy, they highlight the importance of p53 in many areas of basic and translational cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert B DeLeo
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15232; and
| | - Ettore Appella
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814
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2
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Abstract
The importance of cancer-cell-autonomous functions of the tumour suppressor p53 (encoded by TP53) has been established in many studies, but it is now clear that the p53 status of the cancer cell also has a profound impact on the immune response. Loss or mutation of p53 in cancers can affect the recruitment and activity of myeloid and T cells, allowing immune evasion and promoting cancer progression. p53 can also function in immune cells, resulting in various outcomes that can impede or support tumour development. Understanding the role of p53 in tumour and immune cells will help in the development of therapeutic approaches that can harness the differential p53 status of cancers compared with most normal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianna Blagih
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Michael D Buck
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Karen H Vousden
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
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3
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Qian X, Leonard F, Wenhao Y, Sudhoff H, Hoffmann TK, Ferrone S, Kaufmann AM, Albers AE. Immunotherapeutics for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma stem cells. HNO 2020; 68:94-99. [PMID: 31996933 DOI: 10.1007/s00106-020-00819-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cell (CSC)-related therapy resistance has become a new obstacle to the successful application of cancer treatment and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is no exception to this finding. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is highly immune-suppressive, and recently the immune suppression and invasion of HNSCC-CSCs have been characterized. These characteristics have received research and clinical attention because they would enable the stratification of patients into specific cancer subtypes and, consequently, the establishment of new therapeutic approaches with improved efficacy. This review discusses the feasibility of CSC-targeted strategies and their incorporation with nanotechnology to improve the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Qian
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - F Leonard
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Y Wenhao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - H Sudhoff
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medizinische Fakultät OWL, Klinikum Bielefeld, Universität Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - T K Hoffmann
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - S Ferrone
- Department of Surgery, Massachussets General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A M Kaufmann
- Clinic for Gynecology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - A E Albers
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
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4
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Albers AE, Qian X, Kaufmann AM, Mytilineos D, Ferris RL, Hoffmann TK, DeLeo AB. Phenotype of p53 wild-type epitope-specific T cells in the circulation of patients with head and neck cancer. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10716. [PMID: 30013227 PMCID: PMC6048165 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29067-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) specific for non-mutated, wild type (wt) sequence p53 peptides derived from wt or mutant p53 molecules expressed in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) have been detected in the circulation of patients with this disease. The frequency and differentiation/maturation phenotypes of these anti-tumor specific CTL can reflect the host’s immunologic response. Therefore, we investigated the frequency and phenotypes of wt sequence p53 peptide-specific CTL in patients with HNSCC (n = 33) by flow cytometric analysis using HLA-A*0201 tetrameric peptides (tet) complexed with the wt sequence p53264–272 or p53149–157 peptide and co-staining with phenotypic markers. One main finding was that increasing frequencies of tet+ CD8+ T cells in patients’ circulation correlated with increased frequencies of inactive naïve tet+ cells, while those with effector memory and terminally differentiated phenotypes, which are associated with positive anti-tumor immune responses, decreased. We also found that the frequency of circulating tet+ CD8+ T cells negatively correlated with p53 expression in tumor tissues and tumor stage. Our findings support further clinical-based investigations to define the frequencies and phenotypes of wt sequence p53 peptide-specific CD8+ T cells to predict disease severity, enhance selection of patients for inclusion in vaccination trials and highlight prerequisites to enhance immune susceptibility by activation of inactive naïve tet+ T cells and/or enhancing circulating effector T cell activity by checkpoint blockage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas E Albers
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Xu Qian
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas M Kaufmann
- Clinic for Gynecology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daphne Mytilineos
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Robert L Ferris
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Thomas K Hoffmann
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Albert B DeLeo
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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5
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Abstract
Although head and neck squamous cell carcinoma has traditionally been considered to be a very immunosuppressive, or at least nonimmunogenic, tumor type, recent results from clinical studies of immune checkpoint blockade strategies have led to resurgence in the enthusiasm for immunotherapeutic approaches. Additional strategies for immunotherapy that are under active investigation include enhancement of cetuximab-mediated antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, tumor vaccines, and engineered T cells for adoptive therapy. All of these studies have early-phase clinical trials under way, and the next several years will be exciting as the results of these studies are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Schoppy
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - John B Sunwoo
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Azevedo R, Ferreira JA, Peixoto A, Neves M, Sousa N, Lima A, Santos LL. Emerging antibody-based therapeutic strategies for bladder cancer: A systematic review. J Control Release 2015. [PMID: 26196222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is the most common malignancy of the urinary tract, presents the highest recurrence rate among solid tumors and is the second leading cause of death in genitourinary cancers. Despite recent advances in understanding of pathophysiology of the disease, the management of bladder cancer patients remains a clinically challenging problem. Particularly, bladder tumors invading the muscularis propria and disseminated disease are often not responsive to currently available therapeutic approaches, which include surgery and conventional chemotherapy. Antibody-based therapeutic strategies have become an established treatment option for over a decade in several types of cancer. However, bladder cancer has remained mostly an "orphan disease" regarding the introduction of these novel therapeutics, which has been translated in few improvements in patients overall survival. In order to shift this paradigm, several clinical studies involving antibody-based therapeutic strategies targeting the most prominent bladder cancer-related biomolecular pathways and immunological mediators are ongoing. This systematic review explores antibody-based therapeutics for bladder cancer undergoing clinical trial and discusses the future perspectives in this field, envisaging the development of more effective guided therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Azevedo
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group - Research Center, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal; Abel Salazar Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Alexandre Ferreira
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group - Research Center, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal; Mass Spectrometry Center, QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Andreia Peixoto
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group - Research Center, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel Neves
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group - Research Center, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal; Abel Salazar Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Aurea Lima
- CESPU, Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies (Iinfacts), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rua Central de Gandra 1317, 4585-116, Gandra-PRD, Portugal; Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group - Research Center, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Lucio Lara Santos
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group - Research Center, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal; Health School of University of Fernando Pessoa, Praça 9 de Abril 349, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal; Department of Surgical Oncology, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO-Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
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7
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Buchwald ZS, Efstathiou JA. Immunotherapy and Radiation - A New Combined Treatment Approach for Bladder Cancer? Bladder Cancer 2015; 1:15-27. [PMID: 30561443 PMCID: PMC6218185 DOI: 10.3233/blc-150014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recently, immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors has been showing promise in clinical trials for stage IV bladder cancer. Herein, we review the literature regarding the role for radiation therapy, the role for immunotherapy, and the potential synergy of these treatments combined in bladder cancer. There is ample pre-clinical data in a number of different tumor models, coupled with a growing body of clinical evidence in melanoma and other malignancies to suggest combining radiation and immunotherapy could lead to substantial advances in treatment outcomes for bladder cancer. Yet, these data for bladder cancer remain at the pre-clinical stage, and further study is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason A Efstathiou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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8
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Radhakrishnan V, S. Swanson M, K. Sinha U. Monoclonal Antibodies as Treatment Modalities in Head and Neck Cancers. AIMS MEDICAL SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.3934/medsci.2015.4.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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9
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Schuler PJ, Harasymczuk M, Visus C, DeLeo A, Trivedi S, Lei Y, Argiris A, Gooding W, Butterfield LH, Whiteside TL, Ferris RL. Phase I dendritic cell p53 peptide vaccine for head and neck cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:2433-44. [PMID: 24583792 PMCID: PMC4017234 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-2617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND p53 accumulation in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells creates a targetable tumor antigen. Adjuvant dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccination against p53 was tested in a phase I clinical trial. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS Monocyte-derived DC from 16 patients were loaded with two modified HLA-class I p53 peptides (Arm 1), additional Th tetanus toxoid peptide (Arm 2), or additional Th wild-type (wt) p53-specific peptide (Arm 3). Vaccine DCs (vDC) were delivered to inguinal lymph nodes at three time points. vDC phenotype, circulating p53-specific T cells, and regulatory T cells (Treg) were serially monitored by flow cytometry and cytokine production by Luminex. vDC properties were compared with those of DC1 generated with an alternative maturation regimen. RESULTS No grade II-IV adverse events were observed. Two-year disease-free survival of 88% was favorable. p53-specific T-cell frequencies were increased postvaccination in 11 of 16 patients (69%), with IFN-γ secretion detected in four of 16 patients. Treg frequencies were consistently decreased (P = 0.006) relative to prevaccination values. The phenotype and function of DC1 were improved relative to vDC. CONCLUSION Adjuvant p53-specific vaccination of patients with HNSCC was safe and associated with promising clinical outcome, decreased Treg levels, and modest vaccine-specific immunity. HNSCC patients' DC required stronger maturation stimuli to reverse immune suppression and improve vaccine efficacy.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Cancer Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Cancer Vaccines/adverse effects
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/immunology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/mortality
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/therapy
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/genetics
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/immunology
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/mortality
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/pathology
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/therapy
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Immunotherapy/adverse effects
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Staging
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Phenotype
- Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Treatment Outcome
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/chemistry
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/immunology
- Vaccination
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J. Schuler
- Cancer Immunology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Carmen Visus
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Albert DeLeo
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Sumita Trivedi
- Cancer Immunology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Yu Lei
- Cancer Immunology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute
| | - Athanassios Argiris
- Department of Medicine, Hematology /Oncology, University of Texas-San Antonio Cancer Center
| | - William Gooding
- Biostatistics Facility, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute
| | - Lisa H. Butterfield
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh
| | - Theresa L. Whiteside
- Cancer Immunology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Robert L. Ferris
- Cancer Immunology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
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10
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Lee JJ, Yeh CY, Jung CJ, Chen CW, Du MK, Yu HM, Yang CJ, Lin HY, Sun A, Ko JY, Cheng SJ, Chang YL, Chia JS. Skewed distribution of IL-7 receptor-α-expressing effector memory CD8+ T cells with distinct functional characteristics in oral squamous cell carcinoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85521. [PMID: 24465587 PMCID: PMC3900423 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells play important roles in anti-tumor immunity but distribution profile or functional characteristics of effector memory subsets during tumor progression are unclear. We found that, in oral squamous carcinoma patients, circulating CD8+ T cell pools skewed toward effector memory subsets with the distribution frequency of CCR7−CD45RA−CD8+ T cells and CCR7− CD45RA+CD8+ T cells negatively correlated with each other. A significantly higher frequency of CD127lo CCR7−CD45RA−CD8+ T cells or CCR7−CD45RA+CD8+ T cells among total CD8+ T cells was found in peripheral blood or tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, but not in regional lymph nodes. The CD127hi CCR7−CD45RA−CD8+ T cells or CCR7−CD45RA+CD8+ T cells maintained significantly higher IFN-γ, IL-2 productivity and ex vivo proliferative capacity, while the CD127lo CCR7−CD45RA−CD8+ T cells or CCR7−CD45RA+CD8+ T cells exhibited higher granzyme B productivity and susceptibility to activation induced cell death. A higher ratio of CCR7−CD45RA+CD8+ T cells to CCR7−CD45RA−CD8+ T cells was associated with advanced cancer staging and poor differentiation of tumor cells. Therefore, the CD127lo CCR7−CD45RA−CD8+ T cells and CCR7−CD45RA+CD8+ T cells are functionally similar CD8+ T cell subsets which exhibit late differentiated effector phenotypes and the shift of peripheral CD8+ effector memory balance toward CCR7−CD45RA+CD8+ T cells is associated with OSCC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang-Jaer Lee
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chiou-Yueh Yeh
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chiau-Jing Jung
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ching-Wen Chen
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Mao-Kuang Du
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hui-Ming Yu
- Genomic Research Center, Academic Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chia-Ju Yang
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hui-yi Lin
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Andy Sun
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jenq-Yuh Ko
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shih Jung Cheng
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yen-Liang Chang
- Fu Jen Catholic University, School of Medicine, and Department of Otolaryngology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jean-San Chia
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- * E-mail:
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11
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Demethylation of cancer/testis antigens and CpG ODN stimulation enhance dendritic cell and cytotoxic T lymphocyte function in a mouse mammary model. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:196894. [PMID: 24294600 PMCID: PMC3835908 DOI: 10.1155/2013/196894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background. Cancer/testis antigens (CTAs) are ideal targets for cancer immunotherapy in virtue of their restricted expression profile in normal tissues. However, CTA-targeted immunotherapy has been rather disappointing clinical setting for CTAs are downregulated by cytosine-phosphate-guanosine (CpG) methylation in their promoter regions, so that tumor cells have low immunogenicity. Methods. We reinduced mouse CTA P1A through demethylation process and generated P1A-specific cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTLs) by immunizing BALB/c (H-2d) mice with dendritic cells pulsed with a P1A-specific peptide and CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) immune adjuvant. Results. We found that demethylation and CpG ODN immune adjuvant stimulation facilitated DC maturation and enhanced the allogenic capacity of P1A-specific CTLs against target cells both in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions. Our results suggested that CTA induction and immune adjuvant stimulation is a feasible strategy in cancer immunotherapy.
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12
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Turksma AW, Braakhuis BJ, Bloemena E, Meijer CJ, Leemans CR, Hooijberg E. Immunotherapy for head and neck cancer patients: shifting the balance. Immunotherapy 2013; 5:49-61. [PMID: 23256798 DOI: 10.2217/imt.12.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is the sixth most common cancer in the western world. Over the last few decades little improvement has been made to increase the relatively low 5-year survival rate. This calls for novel and improved therapies. Here, we describe opportunities in immunotherapy for head and neck cancer patients and hurdles yet to be overcome. Viruses are involved in a subset of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cases. The incidence of HPV-related head and neck cancer is increasing and is a distinctly different disease from other head and neck carcinomas. Virus-induced tumors express viral antigens that are good targets for immunotherapeutic treatment options. The type of immunotherapeutic treatment, either active or passive, should be selected depending on the HPV status of the tumor and the immune status of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies W Turksma
- VU University Medical Center - Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Pathology 2.26, de Boelelaan 1117, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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13
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Tong CCL, Kao J, Sikora AG. Recognizing and reversing the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment of head and neck cancer. Immunol Res 2013; 54:266-74. [PMID: 22454102 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-012-8306-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The estimated annual incidence of oral cavity and pharyngeal cancer is 39,000 in the United States and 260,000 cases worldwide. Despite significant advances in surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, the 5-year survival rate for locally advanced head and neck tumors remains at 50 %. With further intensification of existing treatment limited by the already significant morbidity of multi-modality treatment, there is a clear need for novel therapeutic strategies [1]. Accumulating evidence suggests that the tumor microenvironment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is highly immunosuppressive, mediated by soluble and cell-associated inhibitory mediators and recruitment of host immunosuppressive cells. Thus, understanding and reversing the specific mechanisms underlying tumor-mediated immunosuppression in HNSCC is an important approach to generating an effective antitumor immune response, either as a component of immune-based therapy or as a complement to conventional treatment approaches. This article outlines significant immune-suppressive mechanisms in the HNSCC tumor microenvironment and potential approaches to enhancing the antitumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles C L Tong
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1189, New York, NY, USA
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14
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Schilling B, Harasymczuk M, Schuler P, Egan J, Ferrone S, Whiteside TL. IRX-2, a novel immunotherapeutic, enhances functions of human dendritic cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e47234. [PMID: 23408925 PMCID: PMC3567103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In a recent phase II clinical trial for HNSCC patients, IRX-2, a cell-derived biologic, promoted T-cell infiltration into the tumor and prolonged overall survival. Mechanisms responsible for these IRX-2-mediated effects are unknown. We hypothesized that IRX-2 enhanced tumor antigen-(TA)-specific immunity by up-regulating functions of dendritic cells (DC). Methodology/Principal Findings Monocyte-derived DC obtained from 18 HNSCC patients and 12 healthy donors were matured using IRX-2 or a mix of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 (“conv. mix”). Multicolor flow cytometry was used to study the DC phenotype and antigen processing machinery (APM) component expression. ELISPOT and cytotoxicity assays were used to evaluate tumor-reactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). IL-12p70 and IL-10 production by DC was measured by Luminex® and DC migration toward CCL21 was tested in transwell migration assays. IRX-2-matured DC functions were compared with those of conv. mix-matured DC. IRX-2-matured DC expressed higher levels (p<0.05) of CD11c, CD40, CCR7 as well as LMP2, TAP1, TAP2 and tapasin than conv. mix-matured DC. IRX-2-matured DC migrated significantly better towards CCL21, produced more IL-12p70 and had a higher IL12p70/IL-10 ratio than conv. mix-matured DC (p<0.05 for all). IRX-2-matured DC carried a higher density of tumor antigen-derived peptides, and CTL primed with these DC mediated higher cytotoxicity against tumor targets (p<0.05) compared to the conv. mix-matured DC. Conclusion Excellent ability of IRX-2 to induce ex vivo DC maturation in HNSCC patients explains, in part, its clinical benefits and emphasizes its utility in ex vivo maturation of DC generated for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Schilling
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Pathology and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Malgorzata Harasymczuk
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Pathology and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Patrick Schuler
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Pathology and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - James Egan
- IRX Therapeutic Inc., Farmingdale, New York, United States of America
| | - Soldano Ferrone
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Pathology and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Theresa L. Whiteside
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Pathology and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Schuler PJ, Hoffmann TK, Gauler TC, Bergmann C, Brandau S, Lang S. [Immunotherapy of head and neck cancer. Current developments]. HNO 2012; 61:559-72. [PMID: 23247754 DOI: 10.1007/s00106-012-2635-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In order to improve the prognosis for patients with head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) the introduction of new therapeutic strategies is necessary. The concept of immunotherapy has been applied and improved for several years and recent studies have used tumor-specific antigens which facilitates targeted oncologic therapy. However, immunotherapy is hampered by the fact that immunosuppressive mechanisms are pronounced and relevant effector cells are suppressed, especially in patients with HNSCC. Successful immunotherapy could induce an antitumor immune response by restitution of these cell populations. Current anti-tumor immunotherapy includes unspecific immune stimulation, genetic modification of tumor and immune cells, the use of monoclonal antibodies, e.g. cetuximab, adoptive cell transfer and tumor vaccination. In the future, these biologic therapies alone or in combination with conventional therapeutic regimens could present a valuable therapeutic option for HNSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Schuler
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenkrankheiten, Universität Duisburg-Essen.
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16
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Clinical and immunologic evaluation of dendritic cell-based immunotherapy in combination with gemcitabine and/or S-1 in patients with advanced pancreatic carcinoma. Pancreas 2012; 41:195-205. [PMID: 21792083 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0b013e31822398c6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In the current study, we have evaluated the clinical and immunological responses in patients with advanced pancreatic carcinoma who received dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapy in combination with gemcitabine and/or S-1. METHODS Dendritic cell-based immunotherapy (DC vaccine alone or DC vaccine plus lymphokine-activated killer [LAK] cell therapy) in combination with gemcitabine and/or S-1 has been carried out in 49 patients with inoperable pancreatic carcinoma refractory to standard treatment. RESULTS Of 49 patients, 2 patients had complete remission, 5 had partial remission, and 10 had stable disease. Prolongation of survival in this cohort was highly likely (median survival, 360 days). Survival of patients receiving DC vaccine and chemotherapy plus LAK cell therapy was longer than those receiving DC vaccine in combination with chemotherapy but no LAK cells. Increased numbers of cancer antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells and decreased regulatory T cells were observed in several patients on immunotherapy, but increased overall survival time tended to be associated only with the latter. None of the patients experienced grade 3 or worse adverse events during the treatment period. CONCLUSIONS Dendritic cell vaccine-based immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy was shown to be safe and possibly effective in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer refractory to standard treatment.
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17
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Fishman MN, Thompson JA, Pennock GK, Gonzalez R, Diez LM, Daud AI, Weber JS, Huang BY, Tang S, Rhode PR, Wong HC. Phase I trial of ALT-801, an interleukin-2/T-cell receptor fusion protein targeting p53 (aa264-272)/HLA-A*0201 complex, in patients with advanced malignancies. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:7765-75. [PMID: 21994418 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-1817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE ALT-801 is a bifunctional fusion protein comprising interleukin-2 (IL-2) linked to a soluble, single-chain T-cell receptor domain that recognizes a peptide epitope (aa264-272) of the human p53 antigen displayed on cancer cells in the context of HLA-A*0201 (p53+/HLA-A*0201). We evaluated the safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of ALT-801 in p53+/HLA-A*0201 patients with metastatic malignancies. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN p53+/HLA-A*0201 patients were treated with ALT-801 on a schedule of four daily 15-minute intravenous infusions, then 10 days rest and four more daily infusions. Cohorts of patients were treated at 0.015, 0.040, and 0.080 mg/kg/dose. RESULTS Four, 16, and 6 patients were treated at the 0.015, 0.04, and 0.08 mg/kg cohorts, respectively. Two dose-limiting toxicities (a grade 4 transient thrombocytopenia and a myocardial infarction) in the 0.08 mg/kg cohort established the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) at 0.04 mg/kg. Patients treated at the MTD experienced toxicities similar to those associated with high-dose IL-2 but of lesser severity. The serum half-life of ALT-801 was 4 hours and ALT-801 serum recovery was as expected based on the dose administered. ALT-801 treatment induced an increase of serum IFN-γ but not TNF-α. Response assessment showed 10 subjects with stable disease at at least 11 weeks, and in one who had melanoma metastasis, there is an ongoing complete absence of identifiable disease after resection of radiographically identified lesions. CONCLUSION This first-in-man study defines an ALT-801 regimen that can be administered safely and is associated with immunologic changes of potential antitumor relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayer N Fishman
- Departments of Genitourinary Oncology and Cutaneous Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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18
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Garrido C, Romero I, Berruguilla E, Cancela B, Algarra I, Collado A, García-Lora A, Garrido F. Immunotherapy eradicates metastases with reversible defects in MHC class I expression. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:1257-68. [PMID: 21553283 PMCID: PMC11028956 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1027-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Tumor or metastatic cells lose MHC class I (MHC-I) expression during cancer progression as an escape mechanism from immune surveillance. These defects in MHC-I may be reversible by cytokines or different agents (soft lesions) or irreversible due to structural defects (hard lesions). The nature of these MHC-I alterations might determine the success or failure of immunotherapy treatments. In this study, we have used an MHC-I-positive murine fibrosarcoma tumor clone, GR9-A7, which generates multiple lung and lymph node metastases with reversible MHC-I alterations after treatment with IFN-γ. Four different antitumor treatments were carried out after primary tumor excision to determine their capacity to inhibit spontaneous metastatic colonization of the GR9-A7 tumor clone. We found that 2 different immunotherapy protocols (CpG plus autologous irradiated-GR9-A7 cells and protein-bound polysaccharide K (PSK) and 1 chemoimmunotherapy (docetaxel plus PSK) induced eradication of metastases. In contrast, chemotherapy with docetaxel alone produced only partial reduction in the number of metastases. Flow cytometric analysis of lymphocyte populations showed an immunosuppression in GR9-A7 tumor-bearing host, which could be reverted by immunotherapy treatments. Our results suggest that irreversible or reversible MHC-I alterations in tumor target cells may determine its progression or regression independently of the type of immunotherapy used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Garrido
- Departamento De Bioquímica y Biología Molecular III e Inmunología, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos and Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Av. Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Irene Romero
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos and Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Av. Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Enrique Berruguilla
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos and Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Av. Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Bárbara Cancela
- Servicio de Farmacia, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Ignacio Algarra
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Antonia Collado
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Angel García-Lora
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos and Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Av. Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Federico Garrido
- Departamento De Bioquímica y Biología Molecular III e Inmunología, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos and Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Av. Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014 Granada, Spain
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19
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Albers AE, Strauss L, Liao T, Hoffmann TK, Kaufmann AM. T cell-tumor interaction directs the development of immunotherapies in head and neck cancer. Clin Dev Immunol 2010; 2010:236378. [PMID: 21234340 PMCID: PMC3017942 DOI: 10.1155/2010/236378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The competent immune system controls disease effectively due to induction, function, and regulation of effector lymphocytes. Immunosurveillance is exerted mostly by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) while specific immune suppression is associated with tumor malignancy and progression. In squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, the presence, activity, but also suppression of tumor-specific CTL have been demonstrated. Functional CTL may exert a selection pressure on the tumor cells that consecutively escape by a combination of molecular and cellular evasion mechanisms. Certain of these mechanisms target antitumor effector cells directly or indirectly by affecting cells that regulate CTL function. This results in the dysfunction or apoptosis of lymphocytes and dysregulated lymphocyte homeostasis. Another important tumor-escape mechanism is to avoid recognition by dysregulation of antigen processing and presentation. Thus, both induction of functional CTL and susceptibility of the tumor and its microenvironment to become T cell targets should be considered in CTL-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. E. Albers
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12200 Berlin, Germany
| | - L. Strauss
- Fondazione Humanitas per la Ricerca, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - T. Liao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12200 Berlin, Germany
| | - T. K. Hoffmann
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Universität Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - A. M. Kaufmann
- Department of Gynecology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin and Campus Mitte, 12200 Berlin, Germany
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20
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Badoual C, Sandoval F, Pere H, Hans S, Gey A, Merillon N, Van Ryswick C, Quintin-Colonna F, Bruneval P, Brasnu D, Fridman WH, Tartour E. Better understanding tumor-host interaction in head and neck cancer to improve the design and development of immunotherapeutic strategies. Head Neck 2010; 32:946-58. [PMID: 20191626 DOI: 10.1002/hed.21346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancers are heavily infiltrated by immune cells, the significance of which is complex. The natural immune response against head and neck tumors, including anti-human papillomavirus (HPV) T cells, and humoral responses has been clearly documented. However, during the course of tumor progression, co-option of the immune system by tumor cells for their own advantage and increased resistance of tumor cells to immune attack also occur. Inflammation and immune subversion to support angiogenesis are key factors promoting tumor growth. Only a better understanding of this tumor-host interaction will permit a rational design of new immunotherapeutic approaches combining immunostimulation with drugs endowed with the ability to counteract immunoevasion mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Badoual
- EA 4054 Universite Paris Descartes, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons Alfort, France
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21
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Dendritic/pancreatic carcinoma fusions for clinical use: Comparative functional analysis of healthy- versus patient-derived fusions. Clin Immunol 2010; 135:384-400. [PMID: 20226739 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2009] [Revised: 02/06/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fetal calf serum (FCS)-independent pancreatic cancer cells were established in plasma protein fraction (PPF)-supplemented medium that is an agent of good manufacturing practice (GMP) grade. Dendritic cells (DCs) were activated with the Toll-like receptor agonist, penicillin-inactivated Streptococcus pyogenes (OK-432) that is also a GMP grade agent. Therefore, sufficient amounts of FCS-independent fusions were successfully generated with decreased potential hazards of FCS. The FCS-independent fusions expressed tumor-associated antigens, HLA-DR, costimulatory molecules, IL-12, and IL-10. Stimulation of T cells with fusions from healthy donors resulted in proliferation of T cells with high expression levels of perforin/granzyme B and IFN-gamma and efficient induction of antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Selection and expansion of T-cell clones were confirmed by TCR Vbeta analysis. However, fusions from patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer induced increased expression levels of TGF-beta1 in CD4+ CD25high T cells and low levels of CTLs with decreased IFN-gamma production.
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22
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Theoret MR, Cohen CJ, Nahvi AV, Ngo LT, Suri KB, Powell DJ, Dudley ME, Morgan RA, Rosenberg SA. Relationship of p53 overexpression on cancers and recognition by anti-p53 T cell receptor-transduced T cells. Hum Gene Ther 2009; 19:1219-32. [PMID: 19848582 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2008.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor suppressor p53 is reported to be an attractive immunotherapy target because it is mutated in approximately half of human cancers, resulting in inactivation and often an accumulation of the protein in the tumor cells. Only low amounts of protein are detectable in normal tissues. The differential display of antigen in normal versus tumor tissues has been reported to create an opportunity to target p53 by immunotherapy. We sought to determine the relationship between p53 expression and its recognition by cognate T cells in human tumors including common epithelial malignancies. Inasmuch as nonsense or missense p53 mutations may disrupt processing and presentation, we studied tumors with either identified wild-type or mutated p53, based on our gene-sequencing studies or published data. T cells transduced with a high-affinity, p53(264-272)-reactive T cell receptor (TCR) derived from HLA-A2.1 transgenic mice recognized a wide panel of human tumor lines. There was no significant correlation between p53 expression in tumors and recognition by the anti-p53 TCR-transduced T cells. This conclusion was based on the study of 48 cell lines and is in contrast to several prior studies that used only a limited number of selected cell lines. A panel of normal cells was evaluated for recognition, and some of these populations were capable of stimulating anti-p53 T cells, albeit at low levels. These studies raise doubts concerning the suitability of targeting p53 in the immunotherapy of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc R Theoret
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1201, USA
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23
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Gulen D, Abe F, Maas S, Reed E, Cowan K, Pirruccello S, Wisecarver J, Warkentin P, Northam M, Turken O, Coskun U, Senesac J, Talmadge JE. Closing the manufacturing process of dendritic cell vaccines transduced with adenovirus vectors. Int Immunopharmacol 2008; 8:1728-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2008.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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24
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Wen J, Zhu X, Liu B, You L, Kong L, Lee HI, Han KP, Wong JL, Rhode PR, Wong HC. Targeting activity of a TCR/IL-2 fusion protein against established tumors. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2008; 57:1781-94. [PMID: 18369620 PMCID: PMC11031049 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0504-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 03/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported that a single-chain T cell receptor/IL-2 fusion protein (scTCR-IL2) exhibits potent targeted antitumor activity in nude mice bearing human tumor xenografts that display cognate peptide/HLA complexes. In this study, we further explore the mechanism of action of this molecule. We compared the biological activities of c264scTCR-IL2, a scTCR-IL2 protein recognizing the aa264-272 peptide of human p53, with that of MART-1scTCR-IL2, which recognizes the MART-1 melanoma antigen (aa27-35). In vitro studies showed that c264scTCR-IL2 and MART-1scTCR-IL2 were equivalent in their ability to bind cell-surface IL-2 receptors and stimulate NK cell responses. In mice, MART-1scTCR-IL2 was found to have a twofold longer serum half-life than c264scTCR-IL2. However, despite its shorter serum half-life, c264scTCR-IL2 showed significantly better antitumor activity than MART-1scTCR-IL2 against p53(+)/HLA-A2(+) tumor xenografts. The more potent antitumor activity of c264scTCR-IL2 correlated with an enhanced capacity to promote NK cell infiltration into tumors. Similar differences in antigen-dependent tumor infiltration were observed with activated splenocytes pre-treated in vitro with c264scTCR-IL2 or MART-1scTCR-IL2 and then transferred into p53(+)/HLA-A2(+) tumor bearing recipients. The data support a model where c264scTCR-IL2 activates immune cells to express IL-2 receptors. Following stable interactions with cell-surface IL-2 receptors, c264scTCR-IL2 fusion molecule enhances the trafficking of immune cells to tumors displaying target peptide/HLA complexes where the immune cells mediate antitumor effects. Thus, this type of fusion molecule could be used directly as a targeted immunotherapeutic or in adoptive cell transfer approaches to activate and improve the anti-cancer activities of immune cells by providing them with pre-selected antigen recognition capability.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Half-Life
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Interleukin-2/immunology
- Interleukin-2/metabolism
- Interleukin-2/therapeutic use
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- MART-1 Antigen
- Melanoma, Experimental/drug therapy
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasm Proteins/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/therapeutic use
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacology
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/immunology
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghai Wen
- Altor Bioscience Corporation, 2810 N Commerce Parkway, Miramar, FL 33025 USA
| | - Xiaoyun Zhu
- Altor Bioscience Corporation, 2810 N Commerce Parkway, Miramar, FL 33025 USA
| | - Bai Liu
- Altor Bioscience Corporation, 2810 N Commerce Parkway, Miramar, FL 33025 USA
| | - Lijing You
- Altor Bioscience Corporation, 2810 N Commerce Parkway, Miramar, FL 33025 USA
| | - Lin Kong
- Altor Bioscience Corporation, 2810 N Commerce Parkway, Miramar, FL 33025 USA
| | - Hyung-il Lee
- Altor Bioscience Corporation, 2810 N Commerce Parkway, Miramar, FL 33025 USA
| | - Kai-ping Han
- Altor Bioscience Corporation, 2810 N Commerce Parkway, Miramar, FL 33025 USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Wong
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232 USA
| | - Peter R. Rhode
- Altor Bioscience Corporation, 2810 N Commerce Parkway, Miramar, FL 33025 USA
| | - Hing C. Wong
- Altor Bioscience Corporation, 2810 N Commerce Parkway, Miramar, FL 33025 USA
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25
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Álvarez-Busto I, Albers A, del Carmen Visus M, Ignacio Mayordomo J, Sanz J, Ángel Burillo M, Güemes A, Dolores García-Prats M, Moros M, De Leo A, Tres A. Detección de linfocitos T citotóxicos contra los epítopos 264-272 y 149-157 de la proteína p53 en sangre periférica de pacientes con cáncer de mama. Med Clin (Barc) 2008; 131:685-8. [DOI: 10.1157/13129112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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DeLeo AB, Whiteside TL. Development of multi-epitope vaccines targeting wild-type sequence p53 peptides. Expert Rev Vaccines 2008; 7:1031-40. [PMID: 18767952 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.7.7.1031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Loss of p53 tumor-suppressor function is the most common abnormality in human cancer, which can result in enhanced presentation to immune cells of wild-type (wt)-sequence peptides from tumor p53 molecules, thus providing the rationale for wt p53 peptide-based cancer vaccines. We review evidence from preclinical murine tumor models and preclinical studies that led to the clinical introduction of wt p53 peptide-based vaccines for cancer immunotherapy. Overall, this review illustrates the complex process of wt p53 epitope selection and the issues and concerns involved in the application of p53-based vaccines for patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert B DeLeo
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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27
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Pavelko KD, Heckman KL, Hansen MJ, Pease LR. An Effective Vaccine Strategy Protective against Antigenically Distinct Tumor Variants. Cancer Res 2008; 68:2471-8. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-5937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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28
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Visus C, Ito D, Amoscato A, Maciejewska-Franczak M, Abdelsalem A, Dhir R, Shin DM, Donnenberg VS, Whiteside TL, DeLeo AB. Identification of human aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member A1 as a novel CD8+ T-cell-defined tumor antigen in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Cancer Res 2007; 67:10538-45. [PMID: 17974998 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-1346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Few epitopes are available for vaccination therapy of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). Using a tumor-specific CTL, aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member A1 (ALDH1A1) was identified as a novel tumor antigen in SCCHN. Mass spectral analysis of peptides in tumor-derived lysates was used to determine that the CTL line recognized the HLA-A*0201 (HLA-A2) binding ALDH1A1(88-96) peptide. Expression of ALDH1A1 in established SCCHN cell lines, normal mucosa, and primary keratinocytes was studied by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and immunostaining. Protein expression was further defined by immunoblot analysis, whereas ALDH1A1 activity was measured using ALDEFLUOR. ALDH1A1(88-96) peptide was identified as an HLA-A2-restricted, naturally presented, CD8(+) T-cell-defined tumor peptide. ALDH1A1(88-96) peptide-specific CD8(+) T cells recognized only HLA-A2(+) SCCHN cell lines, which overexpressed ALDH1A1, as well as targets transfected with ALDH1A1 cDNA. Target recognition was blocked by anti-HLA class I and anti-HLA-A2 antibodies. SCCHN cell lines overexpressing ALDH1 had high enzymatic activity. ALDH1A1 protein was expressed in 12 of 17 SCCHN, and 30 of 40 dysplastic mucosa samples, but not in normal mucosa. ALDH1A1 expression levels in target cells correlated with their recognition by ALDH1A1(88-96) peptide-specific CD8(+) T cells. Our findings identify ALDH1A1, a metabolic antigen, as a potential target for vaccination therapy in the cohort of SCCHN subjects with tumors overexpressing this protein. A smaller cohort of subjects with SCCHN, whose tumors express little to no ALDH1A1, and thus are deficient in conversion of retinal to retinoic acid, could benefit from chemoprevention therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Visus
- Division of Basic Research, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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29
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DAVIS ID, TONER G, BROAD A, CAMPANO LM, ROSENTHAL M. Phase II trial of anti-idiotypic p53 peptides (Pentrys) plus granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-7563.2007.00101.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Song GY, Gibson G, Haq W, Huang ECC, Srivasta T, Hollstein M, Daftarian P, Wang Z, Diamond D, Ellenhorn JDI. An MVA vaccine overcomes tolerance to human p53 in mice and humans. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:1193-205. [PMID: 17219151 PMCID: PMC11030254 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-006-0270-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2006] [Accepted: 11/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cellular regulatory protein p53 is overexpressed by almost 50% of all malignancies making it an attractive target for a vaccine approach to cancer. A number of immunotherapy approaches targeting p53 have been evaluated successfully in murine models, but translation of these preclinical findings to the clinic has been unsuccessful. Prior studies in our laboratory employing murine models demonstrated that a modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vaccine expressing murine p53 could stimulate p53 specific immunity. Systemic administration of the MVA vaccine was able to effect the rejection of established tumors. To better understand the immunologic mechanisms that underlie the vaccine function of human p53, we utilized a murine model in which the murine germ line copy of p53 was replaced with a modified human one. These mice, referred to as Hupki, were evaluated as a tolerant model to explore the capacity of MVA expressing human p53 to overcome tolerance and reject human p53-expressing tumors. RESULTS MVAp53 immunization of Hupki mice resulted in the generation of p53-specific CD8(+) T cells and the rejection of a highly aggressive murine mammary carcinoma cell line 4T1(H-2d) transfected with human p53 (4T1p53). An immunologic correlate of tumor protection was evaluated utilizing an overlapping peptide library spanning the full length of human p53. This reagent was also used in combination with MVAp53 to stimulate p53-specific CD8(+) T cell responses in cancer patients. CONCLUSION These studies demonstrate the potential of MVAp53 to overcome tolerance to p53 for cancer immunotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/chemistry
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/pharmacology
- Cancer Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/immunology
- Cells, Cultured/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
- Female
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/immunology
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance
- Immunotherapy, Active
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Peptide Fragments/chemical synthesis
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Transfection
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/chemistry
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Yun Song
- Department of General and Oncologic Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA USA
| | - Glen Gibson
- Department of General and Oncologic Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA USA
| | - Wahajul Haq
- Laboratory of Vaccine Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA USA
| | - Eric C. C. Huang
- Laboratory of Vaccine Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA USA
| | - Tumul Srivasta
- Laboratory of Vaccine Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA USA
| | - Monica Hollstein
- Division of Genetic Alterations in Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pirouz Daftarian
- Laboratory of Vaccine Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA USA
| | - Zhongde Wang
- Laboratory of Vaccine Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA USA
| | - Don Diamond
- Laboratory of Vaccine Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA USA
| | - Joshua D. I. Ellenhorn
- Department of General and Oncologic Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA USA
- Division of Surgery, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010 USA
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31
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Sakakura K, Chikamatsu K, Furuya N, Appella E, Whiteside TL, DeLeo AB. Toward the development of multi-epitope p53 cancer vaccines: an in vitro assessment of CD8(+) T cell responses to HLA class I-restricted wild-type sequence p53 peptides. Clin Immunol 2007; 125:43-51. [PMID: 17631051 PMCID: PMC2583371 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2007.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2007] [Revised: 05/23/2007] [Accepted: 05/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Wild-type sequence (wt) p53 peptides are attractive candidates for broadly applicable cancer vaccines. Six HLA-A2 or HLA-A24-restricted wt p53 peptides were evaluated for their ex vivo immunogenicity and their potential for use in cancer vaccines. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) obtained from HLA-A*0201(+) and/or HLA-A*2402(+) normal donors and subjects with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) were analyzed for p53 peptide-specific reactivity in ELISPOT IFN-gamma assays. CD8(+) T cells in 7/10 normal donors (HD) and 11/23 subjects with SCCHN responded to at least one of the wt p53 peptides. CD8(+) T cell precursors responsive to wt p53 epitopes were detected in the circulation of most subjects with early disease, and an elevated blood Tc(1)/Tc(2) ratio distinguished wt p53 peptide responders from non-responders. The identification of multiple wt p53 peptides able to induce cytolytic T lymphocytes in most subjects with cancer promotes the development of multi-epitope p53 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Sakakura
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Chikamatsu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Furuya
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | | | - Theresa L. Whiteside
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- Corresponding author: Theresa L. Whiteside, Ph.D., University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Suite 1.27, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. Fax: 412-624-0264. Email address:
| | - Albert B. DeLeo
- Division of Basic Research University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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32
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Ito D, Visus C, Hoffmann TK, Balz V, Bier H, Appella E, Whiteside TL, Ferris RL, DeLeo AB. Immunological characterization of missense mutations occurring within cytotoxic T cell-defined p53 epitopes in HLA-A*0201+ squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. Int J Cancer 2007; 120:2618-24. [PMID: 17294448 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Previous analyses of p53 in 40 HLA-A*0201(HLA-A2)(+) squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (SCCHN) indicated that 6/13 p53 missense mutations that were detected, S149C, T150R, V157F, Y220C, Y220H and E271K, occurred within HLA-A2-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-defined p53 epitopes. Of the 6, the p53 S149C, Y220C and Y220H peptides were immunogenic. Anti-p53 mutant S149C and Y220H effector cells cross-reacted against the parental wild type sequence (wt) p53 peptides, whereas anti-p53 Y220C effector cells were specific for the mutant peptide, p53 Y220C cDNA-transfected HLA-A2(+) SaOS cells, and an HLA-A2(+) SCCHN cell line naturally expressing the mutation. These results indicate that the p53 Y220C mutation can be processed and presented for CD8(+) T cell recognition. Furthermore, using an autologous PBMC/tumor system, anti-p53 Y220C peptide-effector cells recognizing the autologous tumor could also be generated. Our analysis of p53 in 10 additional HLA-A2(+) SCCHN tumors detected the p53 Y220C in 2/10 tumors raising the overall frequency of the p53 Y220C mutation to 6/50 (12%) HLA-A2(+) SCCHN tumors. In contrast, independent of their HLA class I genotypes, the p53 Y220C mutation frequency for all human tumors analyzed to date is approximately 1.5%. This unexpectedly high frequency of the p53 Y220C mutation in HLA-A2(+) SCCHN suggests that vaccines targeting this mutation would not only be expected to induce robust anti-tumor immune responses in HLA-A2(+) subjects, but also be more widely applicable than previously envisioned for any given p53 missense mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Ito
- Division of Basic Research, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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33
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Ito D, Albers A, Zhao YX, Visus C, Appella E, Whiteside TL, DeLeo AB. The wild-type sequence (wt) p53(25-35) peptide induces HLA-DR7 and HLA-DR11-restricted CD4+ Th cells capable of enhancing the ex vivo expansion and function of anti-wt p53(264-272) peptide CD8+ T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 177:6795-803. [PMID: 17082593 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.10.6795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tumor peptide-based vaccines are more effective when they include tumor-specific Th cell-defined as well as CTL-defined peptides. Presently, two overlapping wild-type sequences (wt) p53 helper peptides, p53(108-122) and p53(110-124), have been identified as HLA-DR1- and/or HLA-DR4-restricted epitopes. These HLA-DR alleles are expressed by approximately 35% of subjects with cancer. To identify Th cell-defined wt p53 peptides suitable for use on the remaining subject population, a dendritic cell (DC)-based coculture system was developed. CD4+ T cells isolated from PBMC obtained from HLA-DR4- normal donors were stimulated ex vivo with autologous DC transfected with wt p53 or mutant p53 cDNA. Reactivity of T cells was tested in ELISPOT IFN-gamma assays against DC pulsed individually with a panel of algorithm-predicted, multiple HLA-DR-binding wt p53 peptides. The wt p53(25-35) peptide was identified as capable of inducing and being recognized by CD4+ T cells in association, at a minimum, with HLA-DR7 and -DR11 molecules, each of which is expressed by approximately 15% of the population. In addition, the presence of anti-p53(25-35) CD4+ Th cells was shown to enhance the in vitro generation/expansion of HLA-A2-restricted, anti-wt p53(264-272) CD8+ T cells, which from one donor were initially "nonresponsive" to the wt p53(264-272) peptide. The wt p53(25-35) peptide has attributes of a naturally presented Th cell-defined peptide, which could be incorporated into antitumor vaccines applicable to a broader population of subjects for whom a wt p53 helper peptide is presently unavailable, as well as used for monitoring anti-p53 Th cell activity in cancer subjects receiving p53-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Ito
- Division of Basic Research, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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34
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Kaplan BLF, Norell H, Callender GG, Ohlum T, Kiessling R, Nishimura MI. Interferon-gamma renders tumors that express low levels of Her-2/neu sensitive to cytotoxic T cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2006; 55:653-62. [PMID: 16151808 PMCID: PMC11029886 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-005-0050-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2005] [Accepted: 06/23/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Her-2/neu is a tumor-associated antigen that has been targeted with both antibodies and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Despite the isolation of Her-2/neu-reactive CTL in vaccinated patients, their therapeutic use has been limited by the observation that they often do not robustly recognize Her-2/neu(+) tumors. We sought to determine the mechanism for this escape using Ag201P and Ag201M cells, which are murine osteosarcoma tumor lines that express a functional HLA-A2/K(b) molecule. We now demonstrate that Ag201P and Ag201M express low levels of murine Her-2/neu, and that Ag201M was modestly and inconsistently recognized by an HLA-A2-restricted, Her-2/neu-reactive human CTL clone. In order to determine whether inefficient antigen processing might account for the weak recognition, COS-A2 cells were transfected with a short Her-2/neu minigene coding for the immunodominant Her-2/neu:369 epitope that did not require antigen processing or a long Her-2/neu minigene that did require antigen processing. Her-2/neu-reactive CTL clones only recognized COS-A2 cells transfected with the short minigene, indicating that lack of proper antigen processing could be responsible for the poor recognition of target cells. To confirm these results, it was demonstrated that following treatment with interferon-gamma, both Ag201P and Ag201M robustly and consistently stimulated the CTL clones. Furthermore, CTL clone recognition was enhanced following interferon-gamma treatment using another murine tumor line that expressed low levels of Her-2/neu (B16-A2/K(b)). The enhanced recognition of Ag201P and Ag201M in the presence of interferon-gamma was not due to an upregulation of Her-2/neu protein expression. Collectively, these results suggest that inefficient antigen processing of Her-2/neu can contribute to the lack of tumor recognition by CTL. These results also suggest that even tissues that express low levels of Her-2/neu might become CTL targets under conditions in which antigen processing is enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara L. F. Kaplan
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Håkan Norell
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Hospital, R8:01, Stockholm, 171 76 Sweden
| | - Glenda G. Callender
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Tomas Ohlum
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Hospital, R8:01, Stockholm, 171 76 Sweden
| | - Rolf Kiessling
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Hospital, R8:01, Stockholm, 171 76 Sweden
| | - Michael I. Nishimura
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
- 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC 5031, Chicago, IL 60657 USA
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35
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Cicinnati VR, Zhang X, Yu Z, Ferencik S, Schmitz KJ, Dworacki G, Kaczmarek E, Oldhafer K, Frilling A, Baba HA, Schmid KW, Grosse-Wilde H, Broelsch CE, DeLeo AB, Gerken G, Beckebaum S. Increased frequencies of CD8+ T lymphocytes recognizing wild-type p53-derived epitopes in peripheral blood correlate with presence of epitope loss tumor variants in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2006; 119:2851-60. [PMID: 16998881 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Wild-type (WT) sequence p53 peptides are attractive candidates for broadly applicable cancer vaccines. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of a WT p53-based immunotherapeutic approach for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Circulating CD8+ T cells specific for WT p53(149-157) and WT p53(264-272) HLA-A*0201 restricted epitopes were directly identified in the peripheral blood by the use of peptide/HLA-A2.1 tetramers in 24 HCC patients. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity after WT p53 peptide-specific stimulation was assessed by analysis of granzyme B and interferon-gamma mRNA transcription, using a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay. Tumor immunophenotyping was performed to evaluate the p53 status, the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and costimulatory molecules in freshly isolated tumor cells. HCC patients exhibited significantly higher frequencies of WT p53-specific memory CD8+ T cells and stronger WT p53-specific CTL activity, when compared with healthy controls. Increased frequencies of p53-specific CD8+ T cells and their activity correlated with selective HLA-A2 allele loss and reduced costimulatory molecule expression of tumor cells. Moreover, augmented numbers of p53-specific T cells coincided with high MHC class II expression in tumor cells but were inversely related to the T status of the tumor node metastasis staging system. Our results indicate the existence of natural immunosurveillance and tumor immune evasion, involving a T cell response against WT p53 tumor antigen in patients with HCC. These findings may have important implications for the future development of cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito R Cicinnati
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany.
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36
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Cohen CJ, Zheng Z, Bray R, Zhao Y, Sherman LA, Rosenberg SA, Morgan RA. Recognition of fresh human tumor by human peripheral blood lymphocytes transduced with a bicistronic retroviral vector encoding a murine anti-p53 TCR. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:5799-808. [PMID: 16237072 PMCID: PMC1473968 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.9.5799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The p53 protein is markedly up-regulated in a high proportion of human malignancies. Using an HLA-A2 transgenic mouse model, it was possible to isolate high-avidity murine CTLs that recognize class I-restricted human p53 epitopes. We isolated the alpha- and beta-chain of a TCR from a highly avid murine CTL clone that recognized the human p53(264-272) epitope. These genes were cloned into a retroviral vector that mediated high efficiency gene transfer into primary human lymphocytes. Efficiencies of >90% for gene transfer into lymphocytes were obtained without selection for transduced cells. The p53 TCR-transduced lymphocytes were able to specifically recognize with high-avidity, peptide-pulsed APCs as well as HLA-A2.1+ cells transfected with either wild-type or mutant p53 protein. p53 TCR-transduced cells demonstrated recognition and killing of a broad spectrum of human tumor cell lines as well as recognition of fresh human tumor cells. Interestingly, both CD8+ and CD4+ subsets were capable of recognizing and killing target cells, stressing the potential application of such a CD8-independent TCR molecule that can mediate both helper and cytotoxic responses. These results suggest that lymphocytes genetically engineered to express anti-p53 TCR may be of value for the adoptive immunotherapy of patients with a variety of common malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille J. Cohen
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Zhili Zheng
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Regina Bray
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Yangbing Zhao
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Linda A. Sherman
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Steven A. Rosenberg
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Richard A. Morgan
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Richard A. Morgan, Surgery Branch, Building 10, Room 3W5940, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1201, Bethesda, MD 20892-1201. E-mail address:
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37
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Hoffmann TK, Arsov C, Schirlau K, Bas M, Friebe-Hoffmann U, Klussmann JP, Scheckenbach K, Balz V, Bier H, Whiteside TL. T cells specific for HPV16 E7 epitopes in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx. Int J Cancer 2005; 118:1984-91. [PMID: 16284959 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinomas of the oropharynx (SCCO) are often infected with oncogenic human papilloma virus (HPV) subtype 16. To determine the frequency of T cells specific for human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2.1 restricted HPV16 E7 protein-derived epitopes, tetramer analysis was performed using peripheral blood lymphocytes of 20 HLA-A2.1+ patients and 20 HLA-A2.1+ healthy individuals. Tetramers specific for 3 HPV16 peptides (E711-20, E782-90 and E786-93), an influenza matrix peptide (a model recall antigen) or an HIV reverse transcriptase peptide (a model novel antigen) were used in multicolor flow analysis. The HPV-specific T-cell frequencies were correlated with the HPV16 E7 and p16 status in tumor sections. In vitro stimulation (IVS) with autologous dendritic cells (DC) pulsed with HPV16 E7 epitopes was performed to demonstrate proliferation and antitumor activity of the HPV-responsive T cells. Frequencies of CD8+ T cells specific for HPV16 E7 peptides were not significantly different in patients with SCCO relative to normal donors. However, patients with tumors expressing HPV16 E7 (60%) and p16 (50%) had an increased frequency (p<0.05) of T cells specific for the E711-20 epitope compared to those with tumors negative for both markers. HPV16 E711-20 and HPV16 E786-93 specific T cells were expandable upon IVS with cognate peptide-pulsed DC and were reactive against peptide-pulsed targets or, in case of the E711-20 epitope-specific T cells, against HPV16 E7 expressing CaSki cell line. Thus, in patients with HPV16+ SCCO, precursor T cells specific for E711-20 epitope are present (1/3,947) in the circulation, are responsive to stimulation with the cognate viral peptide and recognize in vitro HPV16 E7+ tumor cells. Further studies have to elucidate why those T cells are unable to eliminate the tumor in vivo and this might also allow for finding potential strategies that will increase the chances of developing a future HPV-based vaccine in patients with SCCO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas K Hoffmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Duesseldorf, Germany.
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38
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Albers AE, Ferris RL, Kim GG, Chikamatsu K, DeLeo AB, Whiteside TL. Immune responses to p53 in patients with cancer: enrichment in tetramer+ p53 peptide-specific T cells and regulatory T cells at tumor sites. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2005; 54:1072-81. [PMID: 15959774 PMCID: PMC11032902 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-005-0670-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2004] [Accepted: 12/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A majority of human cancers, including head and neck cancer (HNC), "overexpress" p53. Although T cells specific for wild-type (wt) sequence p53 peptides are detectable in the peripheral blood of patients with HNC, it is unknown whether such T cells accumulate in tumor-involved tissues. Also, the localization of "regulatory" T cells (Treg) to tumor sites in HNC has not been investigated to date. METHODS Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), tumor-involved or non-involved lymph node lymphocytes (LNL) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were obtained from 24 HLA-A2.1+ patients with HNC. Using tetramers and four-color flow cytometry, the frequency of Treg and CD3+CD8+ T cells specific for wt p53 epitopes as well as their functional attributes were determined. RESULTS The CD3+CD8+ tetramer+ cell frequency was significantly higher (P<0.001) in TIL than autologous PBMC as was the percentage of CD4+CD25+ T cells (P<0.003). TIL were enriched in FOXp3+, GITR+ and CTLA-4+ Treg. CD8+ TIL had low Zeta expression and produced little IFN-gamma after ex vivo stimulation relative to autologous PBMC or PBMC from NC. CONCLUSIONS Anti-wt p53 epitope-specific T cells and Treg preferentially localize to tumor sites in patients with HNC. However, despite enrichment in tumor peptide-specific T cells, the effector cell population (CD3+CD8+) in TIL or PBMC was unresponsive to activation in the tumor microenvironment enriched in Treg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas E. Albers
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute and Departments of Pathology (ABD, TLW), Immunology and Otolaryngology (RLF, TLW), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213 USA
| | - Robert L. Ferris
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute and Departments of Pathology (ABD, TLW), Immunology and Otolaryngology (RLF, TLW), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213 USA
| | - Grace G. Kim
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute and Departments of Pathology (ABD, TLW), Immunology and Otolaryngology (RLF, TLW), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213 USA
| | - Kazuaki Chikamatsu
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute and Departments of Pathology (ABD, TLW), Immunology and Otolaryngology (RLF, TLW), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213 USA
| | - Albert B. DeLeo
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute and Departments of Pathology (ABD, TLW), Immunology and Otolaryngology (RLF, TLW), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213 USA
| | - Theresa L. Whiteside
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute and Departments of Pathology (ABD, TLW), Immunology and Otolaryngology (RLF, TLW), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213 USA
- Research Pavilion at the Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Avenue, Suite 1.27, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
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39
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Nijman HW, Lambeck A, van der Burg SH, van der Zee AGJ, Daemen T. Immunologic aspect of ovarian cancer and p53 as tumor antigen. J Transl Med 2005; 3:34. [PMID: 16164749 PMCID: PMC1243238 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-3-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2005] [Accepted: 09/15/2005] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer represents the fifth leading cause of death from all cancers for women. During the last decades overall survival has improved due to the use of new chemotherapy schedules. Still, the majority of patients die of this disease. Research reveals that ovarian cancer patients exhibit significant immune responses against their tumor. In this review the knowledge obtained thus far on the interaction of ovarian cancer tumor cells and the immune system is discussed. Furthermore the role of p53 as tumor antigen and its potential role as target antigen in ovarian cancer is summarized. Based on the increased knowledge on the role of the immune system in ovarian cancer major improvements are to be expected of immunotherapy based treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- HW Nijman
- Dept. of Gynaecologic Oncology, Groningen University Medical Center
| | - A Lambeck
- Dept. of Gynaecologic Oncology, Groningen University Medical Center
- Dept. of Medical Microbiology, Molecular Virology Section, Groningen University Medical Center
| | - SH van der Burg
- Dept. of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center
| | - AGJ van der Zee
- Dept. of Gynaecologic Oncology, Groningen University Medical Center
| | - T Daemen
- Dept. of Medical Microbiology, Molecular Virology Section, Groningen University Medical Center
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Bae J, Martinson JA, Klingemann HG. Heteroclitic CD33 peptide with enhanced anti-acute myeloid leukemic immunogenicity. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 10:7043-52. [PMID: 15501984 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-0322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The goal of these studies was to engineer a synthetic CD33 peptide with enhanced immunogenicity for the induction of acute myeloid leukemia (AML)-specific CTLs. Eight modified CD33 peptides YLISGDSPV, YIGSGDSPV, YIIIGDSPV, YIILGDSPV, YIISGISPV, YIISGDLPV, YIISGDSWV and YIISGDSPL were designed for increased HLA-A2.1 or T cell receptor affinity and compared with the native CD33(65-73) peptide, AIISGDSPV, for enhanced immunogenicity. The YLISGDSPV peptide was found to be the most immunogenic epitope producing highly cytolytic CTLs against AML target cells. The CTLs generated withYLISGDSPV peptide showed CD33 peptide-specificity through targeting of both native (AIISGDSPV) and modified (YLISGDSPV) peptide presenting EBV-BLCL. The CTL cultures displayed a distinct phenotype consisting of a high percentage of activated memory (CD69(+)/CD45RO(+))-CD8(+)and a low percentage of naive (CD45RA(+)/CCR7(+))-CD8(+)cells. In addition, T-cell clones specific to the YLISGDSPV peptide were isolated and characterized to target AML cells. The clones exhibited both HLA-A2.1-restricted and AML cell-specific cytotoxicity that was mediated through a granule-dependent pathway. More importantly, the CTL clones did not lyse or inhibit the proliferation of normal CD34(+) progenitor cells. In conclusion, we report on the identification of a highly immunogenic heteroclitic YLISGDSPV CD33 epitope that is a promising candidate for immunotherapy targeting AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jooeun Bae
- Section of Bone Marrow Transplant and Cell Therapy, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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41
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Abstract
Biologic therapies able to induce or up-regulate anti-tumor immune responses could represent a complementary approach to improve the conventional treatment of squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (SCCHN). Patients with SCCHN are frequently immunocompromised due to the elimination and dysfunction of critical immune effector cells. Therefore, it might be necessary to restore these immune functions to allow for the generation of effective anti-tumor host responses. Simultaneously, to prevent tumor escape from immunological recognition and destruction, it might also be necessary to alter antigenic and immunogenic attributes of the malignant cells. The present overview summarizes general aspects, historical data, and recent advances in the field of immunotherapy of SCCHN, including non-specific immune stimulation, transfer of immunocompetent cells, gene therapy, use of monoclonal antibodies, and anti-cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Hoffmann
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenkrankheiten der Universität Düsseldorf.
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Prasad SJ, Farrand KJ, Matthews SA, Chang JH, McHugh RS, Ronchese F. Dendritic cells loaded with stressed tumor cells elicit long-lasting protective tumor immunity in mice depleted of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:90-8. [PMID: 15611231 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.1.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccination represents a promising approach to harness the specificity and potency of the immune system to combat cancer. Finding optimal strategies for tumor Ag preparation and subsequent pulsing of DC, as well as improving the immunogenicity of weak tumor Ags remain among the first challenges of this approach. In this report, we use a prophylactic vaccine consisting of DC loaded with whole, nonmanipulated B16-F10 melanoma cells that had been stressed by heat shock and gamma irradiation. Stressed B16-F10 cells underwent apoptosis and were internalized by bone marrow-derived DC during coculture. Surprisingly, coculture of DC with stressed B16-F10 undergoing apoptosis and necrosis did not induce DC maturation. However, a marked retardation in tumor growth was observed in C57BL/6 mice immunized using DC loaded with stressed B16-F10 cells and subsequently challenged with B16-F10 cells. Growth retardation was further increased by treating DC with LPS before in vivo administration. In vivo depletion studies revealed that both CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells played a critical role in retarding tumor growth. In addition, treatment with anti-CD25 Ab to deplete CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells before DC vaccination considerably improved the effect of the vaccine and allowed the development of long-lived immune responses that were tumor protective. Our results demonstrate that depletion of regulatory T cells is an effective approach to improving the success of DC-based vaccination against weakly immunogenic tumors. Such a strategy can be readily applied to other tumor models and extended to therapeutic vaccination settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Prasad
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington South, New Zealand
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Hoffmann TK, Bier H, Whiteside TL. Targeting the immune system: novel therapeutic approaches in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2004; 53:1055-67. [PMID: 15095020 PMCID: PMC11032895 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-004-0530-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2003] [Accepted: 03/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, the overall survival rates for patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) have not changed over the last decades. Clearly, novel therapeutic strategies are needed for this cancer, which is highly immunosuppressive. Therefore, biologic therapies able to induce and/or up-regulate antitumor immune responses could represent a complementary approach to conventional treatments. Because patients with SCCHN are frequently immunocompromised due to the elimination or dysfunction of critical effector cells of the immune system, it might be necessary to restore these immune functions to allow for the generation of more effective antitumor host responses. Simultaneously, to prevent tumor escape, it might be necessary to alter attributes of the malignant cells. The present review summarizes recent advances in the field of immunotherapy of SCCHN, including techniques of nonspecific immune stimulation, the use of monoclonal antibodies, advances in adoptive immunotherapy and genetic engineering, as well as anticancer vaccines. These biologic therapies, alone or in combination with conventional treatment, are likely to develop into useful future treatment options for patients with SCCHN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas K Hoffmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Graner MW, Likhacheva A, Davis J, Raymond A, Brandenberger J, Romanoski A, Thompson S, Akporiaye E, Katsanis E. Cargo from tumor-expressed albumin inhibits T-cell activation and responses. Cancer Res 2004; 64:8085-92. [PMID: 15520220 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-1871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we show that rodent albumin is expressed by and cell surface localized on at least some murine tumor cells. We have been able to purify this tumor-expressed albumin from in vivo grown tumor masses. The tumor-expressed albumin, unlike normal serum albumin purified from blood, is capable of inhibiting T-cell activation, proliferation, and function in both in vitro and in vivo settings. Tumor-expressed albumin does not appear to affect antigen processing or presentation by professional antigen-presenting cells. The activity appears to lie in relatively small, lipid-like moieties that are presumably cargo for tumor-expressed albumin, and that activity can be removed from the albumin by lipid removal or treatment with lipase. Thus, we herein report of a novel form of tumor-induced immune suppression attributable to lipid-like entities, cloaked by albumin produced by tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Graner
- Department of Pediatrics, Steele Memorial Children's Research Center, University of Arizona, Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
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Cicinnati VR, Dworacki G, Albers A, Beckebaum S, Tüting T, Kaczmarek E, DeLeo AB. Impact of p53-based immunization on primary chemically-induced tumors. Int J Cancer 2004; 113:961-70. [PMID: 15514940 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In mice as well as humans, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) specific for wild-type-sequence (wt) p53 peptides have been shown to react against a wide range of tumors, but not normal cells. As such, they are attractive candidates for developing broadly applicable cancer vaccines. Of particular interest is the potential of using p53-based vaccines in high-risk individuals to prevent cancer. Methylcholanthrene, an immunosuppressive polycyclic hydrocarbon carcinogen implicated as a causative agent in human cancers, has long been used to induce murine tumors with a high incidence of genetic alterations and sensitivity to wt p53-specific CTL. To analyze the potential of p53-based vaccines on primary tumors, we evaluated the efficacy of DNA and dendritic cell vaccines targeting wt p53 peptides given to methylcholanthrene-treated mice in the protection or therapy settings. The results indicate that the efficacy of these vaccines relative to reducing tumor incidence were severely compromised by vaccine-induced tumor escape. As compared to tumors induced in non-immunized mice, a higher incidence of epitope-loss tumors was detected in tumors from the immunized mice. The increase in tumor escape arose as a consequence of either increased frequencies of mutations within/flanking p53 epitope-coding regions or downregulation of expression of the major histocompatibility complex Class I molecules that present these epitopes for T cell recognition These findings are consistent with current views of immunoselection occurring in patients receiving tumor peptide-based immunotherapy, and impact on the design and implementation of p53-based vaccines, in particular, those aimed at treating individuals at high risk for developing cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito R Cicinnati
- Division of Basic Research, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Department of Pathology, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Sirianni N, Ha PK, Oelke M, Califano J, Gooding W, Westra W, Whiteside TL, Koch WM, Schneck JP, DeLeo A, Ferris RL. Effect of Human Papillomavirus-16 Infection on CD8+ T-Cell Recognition of a Wild-Type Sequence p53264–272 Peptide in Patients with Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:6929-37. [PMID: 15501971 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-0672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Wild-type sequence (wt) p53 peptides are attractive candidates for broadly applicable cancer vaccines, currently considered primarily for patients whose tumors overexpress p53. Circumstances exist, however, where increased p53 degradation may result in appreciable presentation of p53-derived peptides, despite low p53 expression. Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck is associated with oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) subtypes, which inactivate p53 through proteasomal degradation. The criterion of p53 overexpression would exclude these individuals from wt p53-based immunotherapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We tested the correlation of HPV infection with enhanced antigenicity of the p53 protein and postulated that removal of HPV-16(+) tumors with enhanced p53(264)-(272) peptide presentation might lead to a drop in T cells specific for this peptide in vivo. Circulating frequencies of T cells specific for the HLA A*0201:p53(264)-(272) complex were measured ex vivo using dimeric HLA:peptide complexes in 15 head and neck cancer patients before and 6 months after tumor excision. RESULTS CD8+ T-cell recognition of HLA A*0201 restricted wt p53(264)-(272) peptide presented by HPV-16(-) squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck lines was enhanced by HPV-16 E6 expression, sometimes exceeding that of a naturally transformed, HPV-16(+) wt p53 expressing squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck cell line. In patients with HPV-16(-) tumors, the frequency of wt p53(264-272)-specific T cells remained largely unchanged after tumor removal. However, a significant decline in frequency of anti-p53(264-272) T cells was observed postoperatively in HPV-16(+) patients (P < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS Recognition of HPV-associated squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck appears associated with levels of wt p53-specific T cells and inversely with p53 expression. p53 peptides may be useful tumor antigens for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck immunotherapy in addition to viral gene products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicky Sirianni
- Department of Otolaryngology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Chang CC, Campoli M, Ferrone S. HLA class I antigen expression in malignant cells: why does it not always correlate with CTL-mediated lysis? Curr Opin Immunol 2004; 16:644-50. [PMID: 15342012 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2004.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
HLA class I antigen defects are frequently found in malignant cells. They appear to play a role in the clinical course of the disease, probably because they provide tumor cells with a mechanism to escape cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) recognition and destruction. Expression of HLA class I antigens, however, is not always associated with the susceptibility of tumor cells to CTL lysis. Many mechanisms may underlie this finding, including the lack of tumor antigen (TA)-derived peptide presentation by a given HLA class I allospecificity, and/or the expression of immunosuppressive molecules such as HLA-G. These findings emphasize the need to develop probes to measure HLA class I allospecificity-TA peptide complex expression in malignant cells. Furthermore, the evaluation of the role of HLA class I antigens in the interaction of malignant cells with host immune cells should take into account the potential interference of tumor-derived immunomodulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Chung Chang
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
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Kaufman HL, Wang W, Manola J, DiPaola RS, Ko YJ, Sweeney C, Whiteside TL, Schlom J, Wilding G, Weiner LM. Phase II Randomized Study of Vaccine Treatment of Advanced Prostate Cancer (E7897): A Trial of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22:2122-32. [PMID: 15169798 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2004.08.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose A phase II clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the feasibility and tolerability of a prime/boost vaccine strategy using vaccinia virus and fowlpox virus expressing human prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in patients with biochemical progression after local therapy for prostate cancer. The induction of PSA-specific immunity was also evaluated. Patients and Methods A randomized clinical trial was conducted by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology group and 64 eligible patients were randomly assigned to receive four vaccinations with fowlpox-PSA (rF-PSA), three rF-PSA vaccines followed by one vaccinia-PSA (rV-PSA) vaccine, or one rV-PSA vaccine followed by three rF-PSA vaccines. The major end point was PSA response at 6 months, and immune monitoring included measurements of anti-PSA and anti-vaccinia antibody titers and PSA-specific T-cell responses. Results The prime/boost schedule was well tolerated with few adverse events. Of the eligible patients, 45.3% of men remained free of PSA progression at 19.1 months and 78.1% demonstrated clinical progression-free survival. There was a trend favoring the treatment group that received a priming dose of rV-PSA. Although no significant increases in anti-PSA antibody titers were detected, 46% of patients demonstrated an increase in PSA-reactive T-cells. Conclusion Therapy with poxviruses expressing PSA and delivered in a prime/boost regimen was feasible and associated with minimal toxicity in the cooperative group setting. A significant proportion of men remained free of PSA and clinical progression after 19 months follow-up, and nearly half demonstrated an increase in PSA-specific T-cell responses. Phase III studies are needed to define the role of vaccination in men with prostate cancer or those who are at risk for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard L Kaufman
- Columbia University Medical Center, 177 Fort Washington Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Bathe OF, Dalyot-Herman N, Malek TR. Therapeutic limitations in tumor-specific CD8+ memory T cell engraftment. BMC Cancer 2003; 3:21. [PMID: 12882650 PMCID: PMC183847 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-3-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2003] [Accepted: 07/28/2003] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adoptive immunotherapy with cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) represents an alternative approach to treating solid tumors. Ideally, this would confer long-term protection against tumor. We previously demonstrated that in vitro-generated tumor-specific CTL from the ovalbumin (OVA)-specific OT-I T cell receptor transgenic mouse persisted long after adoptive transfer as memory T cells. When recipient mice were challenged with the OVA-expressing E.G7 thymoma, tumor growth was delayed and sometimes prevented. The reasons for therapeutic failures were not clear. METHODS OT-I CTL were adoptively transferred to C57BL/6 mice 21-28 days prior to tumor challenge. At this time, the donor cells had the phenotypical and functional characteristics of memory CD8+ T cells. Recipients which developed tumor despite adoptive immunotherapy were analyzed to evaluate the reason(s) for therapeutic failure. RESULTS Dose-response studies demonstrated that the degree of tumor protection was directly proportional to the number of OT-I CTL adoptively transferred. At a low dose of OT-I CTL, therapeutic failure was attributed to insufficient numbers of OT-I T cells that persisted in vivo, rather than mechanisms that actively suppressed or anergized the OT-I T cells. In recipients of high numbers of OT-I CTL, the E.G7 tumor that developed was shown to be resistant to fresh OT-I CTL when examined ex vivo. Furthermore, these same tumor cells no longer secreted a detectable level of OVA. In this case, resistance to immunotherapy was secondary to selection of clones of E.G7 that expressed a lower level of tumor antigen. CONCLUSIONS Memory engraftment with tumor-specific CTL provides long-term protection against tumor. However, there are several limitations to this immunotherapeutic strategy, especially when targeting a single antigen. This study illustrates the importance of administering large numbers of effectors to engraft sufficiently efficacious immunologic memory. It also demonstrates the importance of targeting several antigens when developing vaccine strategies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver F Bathe
- Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Nava Dalyot-Herman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami School, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Thomas R Malek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami School, Miami, FL, USA
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