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Peng Y, Yang H, Chen Q, Jin H, Xue YH, Du MQ, Liu S, Yao SY. An angel or a devil? Current view on the role of CD8 + T cells in the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis. J Transl Med 2024; 22:183. [PMID: 38378668 PMCID: PMC10877804 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-04965-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myasthenia gravis (MG) and the experimental autoimmune MG (EAMG) animal model are characterized by T-cell-induced and B-cell-dominated autoimmune diseases that affect the neuromuscular junction. Several subtypes of CD4+ T cells, including T helper (Th) 17 cells, follicular Th cells, and regulatory T cells (Tregs), contribute to the pathogenesis of MG. However, increasing evidence suggests that CD8+ T cells also play a critical role in the pathogenesis and treatment of MG. MAIN BODY Herein, we review the literature on CD8+ T cells in MG, focusing on their potential effector and regulatory roles, as well as on relevant evidence (peripheral, in situ, cerebrospinal fluid, and under different treatments), T-cell receptor usage, cytokine and chemokine expression, cell marker expression, and Treg, Tc17, CD3+CD8+CD20+ T, and CXCR5+ CD8+ T cells. CONCLUSIONS Further studies on CD8+ T cells in MG are necessary to determine, among others, the real pattern of the Vβ gene usage of autoantigen-specific CD8+ cells in patients with MG, real images of the physiology and function of autoantigen-specific CD8+ cells from MG/EAMG, and the subset of autoantigen-specific CD8+ cells (Tc1, Tc17, and IL-17+IFN-γ+CD8+ T cells). There are many reports of CD20-expressing T (or CD20 + T) and CXCR5+ CD8 T cells on autoimmune diseases, especially on multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. Unfortunately, up to now, there has been no report on these T cells on MG, which might be a good direction for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Peng
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, 412000, Hunan, China.
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, 412000, Hunan, China.
| | - Huan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Quan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, 412000, Hunan, China
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, 412000, Hunan, China
| | - Hong Jin
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, 412000, Hunan, China
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, 412000, Hunan, China
| | - Ya-Hui Xue
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, 412000, Hunan, China
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, 412000, Hunan, China
| | - Miao-Qiao Du
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, 412000, Hunan, China
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, 412000, Hunan, China
| | - Shu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, 412000, Hunan, China
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, 412000, Hunan, China
| | - Shun-Yu Yao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, 412000, Hunan, China
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhuzhou, 412000, Hunan, China
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Rasquinha MT, Sur M, Lasrado N, Reddy J. IL-10 as a Th2 Cytokine: Differences Between Mice and Humans. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2021; 207:2205-2215. [PMID: 34663593 PMCID: PMC8544817 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of IL-10 more than 30 years ago marked the beginning of our understanding of how cytokines regulate immune responses, based on cross-regulation between Th1 and Th2 cytokines. Although multiple cell types were shown to produce IL-10, its identity as a Th2 cytokine remained strong because it was rigidly associated with Th2 clones in mice, whereas both Th1 and Th2 clones could secrete IL-10 in humans. However, as new Th1/Th2 cell functionalities emerged, anti-inflammatory action of IL-10 gained more attention than its inhibitory effect on Th1 cells, which may occur as an indirect consequence of suppression of APCs. This notion is also supported by the discovery of regulatory T cells, whose suppressor functions involve the mediation of IL-10, among other molecules. From this perspective, we discuss the functionalities of IL-10 by highlighting important differences between mice and humans with an emphasis on the Th1 and Th2 paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahima T Rasquinha
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Meghna Sur
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Ninaad Lasrado
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Jay Reddy
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
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Sheng JR, Rezania K, Soliven B. Impaired regulatory B cells in myasthenia gravis. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 297:38-45. [PMID: 27397074 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory B cells (Bregs) attenuate the severity of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) in an interleukin-10 (IL-10)-dependent manner. The goal of this study was to investigate the role of human Bregs in MG focusing on CD19(+)CD1d(hi) CD5(+) and CD19(+)CD24(hi)CD38(hi) subsets. We found that MG patients exhibited a decrease in the frequency of both Breg subsets and IL-10 producing B cells within each subset, which correlated with disease severity. In addition, there was impaired suppression of Th1 polarization in MG. These findings, taken together with EAMG data, indicate that Bregs play an important role in regulating the severity of MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Rong Sheng
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States
| | - Kourosh Rezania
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States
| | - Betty Soliven
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States.
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Sheng JR, Quan S, Soliven B. IL-10 derived from CD1dhiCD5⁺ B cells regulates experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis. J Neuroimmunol 2015; 289:130-8. [PMID: 26616882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-10-competent subset within CD1d(hi)CD5(+) B cells, also known as B10 cells, has been shown to regulate autoimmune diseases. In our previous study, adoptive transfer of CD1d(hi)CD5(+) B cells expanded in vivo by GM-CSF prevented and suppressed experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG). The goal of this study was to further examine the role and mechanism of IL-10 in the regulatory function of B10 cells in EAMG. We found that only IL-10 competent CD1d(hi)CD5(+) B cells sorted from WT mice, but not IL-10 deficient CD1d(hi)CD5(+) B cells exhibited regulatory function in vitro and in vivo. Adoptive transfer of IL-10 competent CD1d(hi)CD5(+) B cells led to higher frequency of Tregs and B10 cells, and low levels of proinflammatory cytokines and autoantibody production. We conclude that IL-10 production within CD1d(hi)CD5(+) B cells plays an important role in immune regulation of EAMG.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer/methods
- Animals
- Antigens, CD1d/metabolism
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/chemistry
- CD5 Antigens/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation/physiology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Interleukin-10/genetics
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Myasthenia Gravis, Autoimmune, Experimental/chemically induced
- Myasthenia Gravis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Myasthenia Gravis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Myasthenia Gravis, Autoimmune, Experimental/physiopathology
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Receptors, Nicotinic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Rong Sheng
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Songhua Quan
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Betty Soliven
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Sun C, Zhang H, Xu J, Gao J, Qi X, Li Z. Improved methodology to obtain large quantities of correctly folded recombinant N-terminal extracellular domain of the human muscle acetylcholine receptor for inducing experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis in rats. Arch Med Sci 2014; 10:389-95. [PMID: 24904677 PMCID: PMC4042039 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2013.36921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 07/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disorder of the neuromuscular system. Experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) is a well-established animal model for MG that can be induced by active immunization with the Torpedo californica-derived acetylcholine receptor (AChR). Due to the expensive cost of purifying AChR from Torpedo californica, the development of an easier and more economical way of inducing EAMG remains critically needed. MATERIAL AND METHODS Full-length cDNA of the human skeletal muscle AChR α1 subunit was obtained from TE671 cells. The DNA fragment encoding the extracellular domain (ECD) was then amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and inserted into pET-16b. The reconstructed plasmid was transformed into the host strain BL21(DE3)pLysS, which was derived from Escherichia coli. Isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) was used to induce the expression of the N-terminal ECD. The produced protein was purified with immobilized Ni(2+) affinity chromatography and refolded by dialysis. RESULTS The recombinant protein was efficiently refolded to soluble active protein, which was verified by ELISA. After immunization with the recombinant ECD, all rats acquired clinical signs of EAMG. The titer of AChR antibodies in the serum was significantly higher in the EAMG group than in the control group, indicating successful induction of EAMG. CONCLUSIONS We describe an improved procedure for refolding recombinant ECD of human muscle AChR. This improvement allows for the generation of large quantities of correctly folded recombinant ECD of human muscle AChR, which provides for an easier and more economical way of inducing the animal model of MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjing Sun
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'An, China
- Department of Neurology, PLA Navy General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiang Xu
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'An, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'An, China
| | - Xiaokun Qi
- Department of Neurology, PLA Navy General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuyi Li
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'An, China
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6
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Aricha R, Mizrachi K, Fuchs S, Souroujon MC. Blocking of IL-6 suppresses experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis. J Autoimmun 2011; 36:135-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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7
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Liu R, Hao J, Dayao CS, Shi FD, Campagnolo DI. T-bet deficiency decreases susceptibility to experimental myasthenia gravis. Exp Neurol 2009; 220:366-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Revised: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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8
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Bai Y, Liu R, Huang D, La Cava A, Tang YY, Iwakura Y, Campagnolo DI, Vollmer TL, Ransohoff RM, Shi FD. CCL2 recruitment of IL-6-producing CD11b+ monocytes to the draining lymph nodes during the initiation of Th17-dependent B cell-mediated autoimmunity. Eur J Immunol 2008; 38:1877-88. [PMID: 18581322 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200737973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The development and function of Th17 cells are influenced in part by the cytokines TGF-beta, IL-23 and IL-6, but the mechanisms that govern recruitment and activity of Th17 cells during initiation of autoimmunity remain poorly defined. We show here that the development of autoreactive Th17 cells in secondary lymphoid organs in experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis--an animal model of human myasthenia gravis--is modulated by IL-6-producing CD11b(+) cells via the CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2). Notably, acetylcholine receptor (AChR)-reactive Th17 cells provide help for the B cells to produce anti-AChR antibodies, which are responsible for the impairment of the neuromuscular transmission that contributes to the clinical manifestations of autoimmunity, as indicated by a lack of disease induction in IL-17-deficient mice. Thus, Th17 cells can promote humoral autoimmunity via a novel mechanism that involves CCL2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Bai
- Institute of Neuroinformatics and Laboratory for Brain and Mind, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
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9
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Conti-Fine BM, Milani M, Wang W. CD4+T Cells and Cytokines in the Pathogenesis of Acquired Myasthenia Gravis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 1132:193-209. [DOI: 10.1196/annals.1405.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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10
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Aricha R, Feferman T, Fuchs S, Souroujon MC. Ex vivo generated regulatory T cells modulate experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:2132-9. [PMID: 18250419 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.4.2132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Naturally occurring CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells are key players in immune tolerance and have therefore been suggested as potential therapeutic tools for autoimmune diseases. In myasthenia gravis (MG), reduced numbers or functionally impaired Treg cells have been reported. We have observed that PBL from myasthenic rats contain decreased numbers of CD4(+)CD25(high)Foxp3(+) cells as compared with PBL from healthy controls, and we have tested whether Treg cells from healthy donors can suppress experimental autoimmune MG in rats. Because the number of naturally occurring Treg cells is low, we used an approach for a large-scale ex vivo generation of functional Treg cells from CD4(+) splenocytes of healthy donor rats. Treg cells were generated ex vivo from CD4(+) cells by stimulation with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 Abs in the presence of TGF-beta and IL-2. The obtained cells expressed high levels of CD25, CTLA-4, and Foxp3, and they were capable of suppressing in vitro proliferation of T cells from myasthenic rats in response to acetylcholine receptor, the major autoantigen in myasthenia. Administration of ex vivo-generated Treg cells to myasthenic rats inhibited the progression of experimental autoimmune MG and led to down-regulation of humoral acetylcholine receptor-specific responses, and to decreased IL-18 and IL-10 expression. The number of CD4(+)CD25(+) cells in the spleen of treated rats remained unchanged, but the subpopulation of CD4(+)CD25(+) cells expressing Foxp3 was significantly elevated. Our findings imply that Treg cells play a critical role in the control of myasthenia and could thus be considered as potential agents for the treatment of MG patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revital Aricha
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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11
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Li X, Xiao BG, Xi JY, Lu CZ, Lu JH. Decrease of CD4+CD25highFoxp3+ regulatory T cells and elevation of CD19+BAFF-R+ B cells and soluble ICAM-1 in myasthenia gravis. Clin Immunol 2008; 126:180-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2007.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2007] [Revised: 09/12/2007] [Accepted: 10/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Yilmaz V, Tütüncü Y, Bariş Hasbal N, Parman Y, Serdaroglu P, Deymeer F, Saruhan-Direskeneli G. Polymorphisms of interferon-γ, interleukin-10, and interleukin-12 genes in myasthenia gravis. Hum Immunol 2007; 68:544-9. [PMID: 17509455 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2007.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2006] [Revised: 01/30/2007] [Accepted: 02/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To assess the involvement of polymorphisms in genetic susceptibility to myasthenia gravis (MG), this study analyzed four polymorphisms of interferon (IFN)-gamma, interleukin (IL)-10, and IL-12 genes in 115 patients and 204 healthy controls (HC). IFNG +874T carriers were less frequent in MG, in patients with anti-acetylcholine receptor (AChR) (63%) and anti-titin (56.2%) antibodies compared with HC (p = 0.01 for all, OR: 0.5, 0.5, and 0.4, respectively). The presence of thymoma was also associated with lower frequency of IFNG +874T allele (p = 0.018, OR = 0.34). At IL10, -2763A allele was found to be slightly more frequent in MG and in patients with anti-AChR than in HC group (p = 0.05, OR = 1.7, p = 0.036, OR = 1.83). However, these associations did not remain significant after correction for multiple comparisons. IL12B allele distribution was not different among groups. These data suggest that some cytokine gene polymorphisms may contribute to susceptibility to or antibody production in MG. These findings need to be replicated in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vuslat Yilmaz
- I.U. DETAE Department of Immunology, Istanbul University Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
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13
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Fostieri E, Kostelidou K, Poulas K, Tzartos SJ. Recent advances in the understanding and therapy of myasthenia gravis. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2006. [DOI: 10.2217/14796708.1.6.799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a T-cell dependent autoimmune disease mediated by autoantibodies, which mainly target muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChR) and cause loss of functional AChRs in the neuromuscular junction. Both MG and its major autoantigen are studied extensively, yet the etiology of the disease remains unclear, although it is known to be associated with the thymus. A genetic predisposition, combined with several unidentified environmental stimuli, likely creates a favorable milieu in which the disease can appear. Current research focusses on elucidating the cellular and molecular pathways of immune dysregulation, which underly MG outburst and progression. Considerable progress has been made concerning the involvement of the thymus, the identification of impaired mechanisms of immune control and the B–T-cell interaction in MG pathogenesis, while the role of chemokines arises as an intriguing new puzzle. Recent findings fueled the development of novel therapeutic approaches with some encouraging, although preliminary, results. This review summarizes recent achievements in the fields of both basic research and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrosini Fostieri
- Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Department of Biochemistry, 127 Vas. Sofias Avenue, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Kostelidou
- Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Department of Biochemistry, 127 Vas. Sofias Avenue 11521 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Socrates J Tzartos
- Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Department of Biochemistry, 127 Vas. Sofias Avenue, 11521 Athens, Greece and, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
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14
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Abstract
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease mediated by antibodies to nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) interfering with the neuromuscular transmission. Experimental autoimmune MG serves as an excellent animal model to study possible therapeutic modalities for MG. This review will focus on the different ways to turn off the autoimmune response to AChR, which results in suppression of myasthenia. This paper will describe the use of fragments or peptides derived from the AChR, antigen-presenting cells and anti-T cell receptor antibodies, and will discuss the underlying mechanisms of action. Finally, the authors propose new promising therapeutic prospects, including treatment based on the modulation of regulatory T cells, which have recently been found to be functionally defective in MG patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Berrih-Aknin
- CNRS UMR 8078, Universite Paris Sud, IPSC Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 133 Avenue de la Résistance, 92350 Le Plessis Robinson, France Tel: +33 1 45 37 15 51; Fax: +33 1 46 30 45 64; E-mail:
- The Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Immunology, Rehovot 76100, Israel Tel: +972 8 934 2618; Fax: +972 8 934 4141; E-mail:
| | - Sara Fuchs
- The Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Immunology, Rehovot 76100, Israel Tel: +972 8 934 2618; Fax: +972 8 934 4141; E-mail:
| | - Miriam C Souroujon
- The Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Immunology, Rehovot 76100, Israel Tel: +972 8 934 2618; Fax: +972 8 934 4141; E-mail:
- The Open University of Israel, Raanana 43104, Israel Tel: +972 9 778 1758; E-mail:
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15
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Sheng JR, Li L, Ganesh BB, Vasu C, Prabhakar BS, Meriggioli MN. Suppression of Experimental Autoimmune Myasthenia Gravis by Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Is Associated with an Expansion of FoxP3+Regulatory T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:5296-306. [PMID: 17015715 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.8.5296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) have the potential to activate or tolerize T cells in an Ag-specific manner. Although the precise mechanism that determines whether DCs exhibit tolerogenic or immunogenic functions has not been precisely elucidated, growing evidence suggests that DC function is largely dependent on differentiation status, which can be manipulated using various growth factors. In this study, we investigated the effects of mobilization of specific DC subsets-using GM-CSF and fms-like tyrosine kinase receptor 3-ligand (Flt3-L)-on the susceptibility to induction of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG). We administered GM-CSF or Flt3-L to C57BL/6 mice before immunization with acetylcholine receptor (AChR) and observed the effect on the frequency and severity of EAMG development. Compared with AChR-immunized controls, mice treated with Flt3-L before immunization developed EAMG at an accelerated pace initially, but disease frequency and severity was comparable at the end of the observation period. In contrast, GM-CSF administered before immunization exerted a sustained suppressive effect against the induction of EAMG. This suppression was associated with lowered serum autoantibody levels, reduced T cell proliferative responses to AChR, and an expansion in the population of FoxP3+ regulatory T cells. These results highlight the potential of manipulating DCs to expand regulatory T cells for the control of autoimmune diseases such as MG.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoimmune Diseases/therapy
- Cell Communication/immunology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Forkhead Transcription Factors
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/administration & dosage
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/pharmacology
- Immunization
- Membrane Proteins/administration & dosage
- Membrane Proteins/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Myasthenia Gravis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Myasthenia Gravis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Myasthenia Gravis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Receptors, Cholinergic/administration & dosage
- Receptors, Cholinergic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Rong Sheng
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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16
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Aricha R, Feferman T, Souroujon MC, Fuchs S. Overexpression of phosphodiesterases in experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis: suppression of disease by a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. FASEB J 2005; 20:374-6. [PMID: 16365386 DOI: 10.1096/fj.05-4909fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Myasthenia gravis (MG) and experimental autoimmune MG (EAMG) are T cell-dependent antibody-mediated autoimmune disorders, in which the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) is the major autoantigen. DNA microarray analysis revealed increased levels of several phosphodiesterase (PDE) subtypes in lymph node cells (LNC) and muscles of EAMG rats compared with healthy controls. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis indicated that EAMG is characterized by an increase of PDE subtypes 1, 3, 4, and 7 in LNC and of PDE subtypes 2, 3, 4, and 7 in muscles. Pentoxifylline (PTX), a general PDE inhibitor, inhibited the progression of EAMG when treatment started at either the acute or chronic stages of disease. This suppression was associated with down-regulation of humoral and cellular AChR-specific responses, as well as down-regulation of PDE4, TNF-alpha, IL-18, IL-12, and IL-10 in LNC and of PDEs 1, 4, 7, and TNF-alpha in muscles. The expression of Foxp3, a transcription factor essential for CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cell function, was increased in splenocytes although the number of these cells remained unchanged. PTX also reduced the expression of the endopeptidase cathepsin-l, a marker of muscle damage, in EAMG muscles. This study demonstrates the involvement of PDE regulation in EAMG pathogenesis and suggests that PDE inhibitors may be considered for immunotherapy of MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revital Aricha
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Delpy L, Douin-Echinard V, Garidou L, Bruand C, Saoudi A, Guéry JC. Estrogen enhances susceptibility to experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis by promoting type 1-polarized immune responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:5050-7. [PMID: 16210608 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.8.5050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an organ-specific autoimmune disease caused in most cases by autoantibodies against the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR). It is now well documented that many autoimmune diseases, including MG, are more prevalent in women than in men, and that fluctuations in disease severity occur during pregnancy. These observations raise the question of the potential role of sex hormones, such as estrogens, as mediators of sex differences in autoimmunity. In the present study, we have analyzed the effect of 17beta-estradiol (E2) on the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG), an animal model of MG. We show that treatment with E2 before Ag priming is necessary and sufficient to promote AChR-specific Th1 cell expansion in vivo. This time-limited exposure to E2 enhances the production of anti-AChR IgG2a(b) (specific for b allotype; e.g., B6) and IgG2b, but not IgG1, and significantly increases the severity of EAMG in mice. Interestingly, the E2-mediated augmentation in AChR-specific Th1 response correlates with an enhanced production of IL-12 by splenic APCs through the recruitment of CD8alpha(+) dendritic cells. These data provide the first evidence that estrogen enhances EAMG, and sheds some light on the role of sex hormones in immune responses and susceptibility to autoimmune disease in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Delpy
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 563, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Institut Claude de Préval, Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France
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18
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Adikari SB, Lefvert AK, Pirskanen R, Press R, Link H, Huang YM. Dendritic cells activate autologous T cells and induce IL-4 and IL-10 production in myasthenia gravis. J Neuroimmunol 2004; 156:163-70. [PMID: 15465607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2003] [Revised: 04/27/2004] [Accepted: 04/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC), as initiators and orchestrators of immune responses, control both naive and primed T cell responses. Depending on their maturation stage, DC promote immunity or tolerance. Here we investigated (1) the phenotype and cytokine secretion patterns of IL-10-modulated immature DC (IL-10-DC) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-driven mature DC (LPS-DC) in comparison with unmodulated immature DC (imDC) and (2) the effects of IL-10-DC, and of LPS-DC, vs. imDC on autologous T cell responses in patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) compared with healthy controls (HC). All three types of DC derived from MG significantly increased the levels of CD4+CD25+ T cells and of their subfraction expressing CD69, when compared to DC derived from HC. IL-10-DC induced production of IL-10 and IL-4 by T cells from MG patients, but only IL-10 production from HC. LPS-DC activated autologous T cells as reflected by augmented CD25, CD69 and CTLA-4 expression on CD4+ T cells, without differences between MG and HC. This was associated with increased production of both Th1 (IFN-gamma) and Th2 (IL-10 and IL-4) cytokines by T cells. These results indicate that DC-induced activation of autologous T cells is more pronounced in MG than in HC. In addition, DC-induced T cell responses in MG vs. HC are more Th2-prone.
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Wang W, Milani M, Okita D, Ostlie N, Conti-Fine BM. Epitope Repertoire of Th1 and Th2 Cells Reactive with the Mouse Muscle AChR α Subunit in C57Bl/6 Mice. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2003; 998:384-7. [PMID: 14592901 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1254.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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Milani M, Ostlie N, Wang W, Conti-Fine BM. T Cells and Cytokines in the Pathogenesis of Acquired Myasthenia Gravis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2003; 998:284-307. [PMID: 14592887 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1254.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Although the symptoms of myasthenia gravis (MG) and experimental MG (EAMG) are caused by autoantibodies, CD4(+) T cells specific for the target antigen, the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, and the cytokines they secrete, have an important role in these diseases. CD4(+) T cells have a pathogenic role, by permitting and facilitating the synthesis of high-affinity anti-AChR antibodies. Th1 CD4(+) cells are especially important because they drive the synthesis of anti-AChR complement-fixing IgG subclasses. Binding of those antibodies to the muscle AChR at the neuromuscular junction will trigger the complement-mediated destruction of the postsynaptic membrane. Thus, IL-12, a crucial cytokine for differentiation of Th1 cells, is necessary for development of EAMG. Th2 cells secrete different cytokines, with different effects on the pathogenesis of EAMG. Among them, IL-10, which is a potent growth and differentiation factor for B cells, facilitates the development of EAMG. In contrast, IL-4 appears to be involved in the differentiation of AChR-specific regulatory CD4(+) T cells, which can prevent the development of EAMG and its progression to a self-maintaining, chronic autoimmune disease. Studies on the AChR-specific CD4(+) cells commonly present in the blood of MG patients support a crucial role of CD4(+) T cells in the development of MG. Circumstantial evidence supports a pathogenic role of IL-10 also in human MG. On the other hand, there is no direct or circumstantial evidence yet indicating a role of IL-4 in the modulatory or immunosuppressive circuits in MG.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cytokines/classification
- Cytokines/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Humans
- Immunization
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- Mice, Transgenic
- Muscles/metabolism
- Muscles/physiopathology
- Muscles/transplantation
- Myasthenia Gravis/immunology
- Myasthenia Gravis/metabolism
- Myasthenia Gravis/pathology
- Myasthenia Gravis, Autoimmune, Experimental/etiology
- Myasthenia Gravis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Myasthenia Gravis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Protein Subunits
- Receptors, Cholinergic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/classification
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Milani
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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Brenner T, Hamra-Amitay Y, Evron T, Boneva N, Seidman S, Soreq H. The role of readthrough acetylcholinesterase in the pathophysiology of myasthenia gravis. FASEB J 2003; 17:214-22. [PMID: 12554700 DOI: 10.1096/fj.02-0609com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Alternative splicing induces, under abnormal cholinergic neurotransmission, overproduction of the rare "readthrough" acetylcholinesterase variant AChE-R. We explored the pathophysiological relevance of this phenomenon in patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) and rats with experimental autoimmune MG (EAMG), neuromuscular junction diseases with depleted acetylcholine receptors. In MG and EAMG, we detected serum AChE-R accumulation. In EAMG, we alleviated electromyographic abnormalities by nanomolar doses of EN101, an antisense oligonucleotide that selectively lowers AChE-R in blood and muscle yet leaves unaffected the synaptic variant AChE-S. Whereas animals treated with placebo or conventional anticholinesterases continued to deteriorate, a 4 wk daily oral administration of EN101 improved survival, neuromuscular strength and clinical status in moribund EAMG rats. The efficacy of targeting only one AChE splicing variant highlights potential advantages of mRNA-targeted therapeutics for chronic cholinergic malfunctioning.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylcholinesterase/genetics
- Acetylcholinesterase/metabolism
- Animals
- Electromyography
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Transgenic
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiopathology
- Myasthenia Gravis/blood
- Myasthenia Gravis/drug therapy
- Myasthenia Gravis/physiopathology
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Receptors, Cholinergic/blood
- Receptors, Cholinergic/genetics
- Receptors, Cholinergic/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Talma Brenner
- Department of Neurology, Hadassah University Hospital and Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel 91120
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Duplan V, Dutartre P, Druet P, Saoudi A. LF 15-0195 prevents from the development and inhibits the progression of rat experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis. J Neuroimmunol 2002; 129:115-24. [PMID: 12161027 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(02)00189-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) is a T cell-dependent antibody-mediated neuromuscular autoimmune disease induced in susceptible rats by a single immunisation with torpedo acetylcholine receptor (AChR). Here, we report that subcutaneous administration of a novel immunosuppressant, LF 15-0195, is effective in inhibiting the induction and the progression of rat EAMG-suggesting that this drug may be used for preventive and curative treatment. The beneficial effect of LF 15-0195 is accompanied by decreased production of pathogenic autoantibodies and inhibition of the differentiation of antigen specific T cells into effector lymphocytes. These finding suggest that LF 15-0195 is a promising therapeutic for this autoimmune disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoantibodies/drug effects
- Autoantibodies/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Division/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Guanidines/pharmacology
- Immunoglobulin G/drug effects
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Interleukins/biosynthesis
- Interleukins/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Male
- Myasthenia Gravis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Myasthenia Gravis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Myasthenia Gravis, Autoimmune, Experimental/physiopathology
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Receptors, Cholinergic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Duplan
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U563, and Université Paul Sabatier, Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France
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Lang R, Rutschman RL, Greaves DR, Murray PJ. Autocrine deactivation of macrophages in transgenic mice constitutively overexpressing IL-10 under control of the human CD68 promoter. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:3402-11. [PMID: 11907098 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.7.3402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-10 plays an essential role in blocking cytokine production by activated macrophages. To analyze the consequences of enforced expression of IL-10 by macrophages on innate and adaptive immune responses, we generated transgenic mice (macIL-10tg mice) expressing an epitope-tagged IL-10 (Flag-IL-10) under control of the human CD68 promoter. Expression of Flag-IL-10 was constitutive and restricted to macrophages, as shown by sorting splenocyte cell populations and intracellular staining for IL-10. Transgenic macrophages displayed suppressed production of TNF-alpha and IL-12 upon stimulation with LPS. When macIL-10tg mice were challenged with LPS, serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines were attenuated compared with controls. Infection with Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin resulted in approximately 10-fold-higher bacterial loads than in wild-type mice. Normal T and B cell responses were observed in macIL-10tg mice, suggesting that macrophage-specific overexpression of IL-10 predominantly acts in an autocrine/paracrine manner, resulting in chronically deactivated macrophages that manifest an impaired ability to control pathogens.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/physiology
- Autocrine Communication/immunology
- Cell Count
- Cells, Cultured
- Colony Count, Microbial
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Gene Dosage
- Humans
- Infertility, Male/genetics
- Infertility, Male/mortality
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Interferon-gamma/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-10/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-10/genetics
- Interleukin-12/biosynthesis
- Lipopolysaccharides/administration & dosage
- Lymphoid Tissue/cytology
- Macrophage Activation/genetics
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mycobacterium bovis/immunology
- Myeloid Cells/cytology
- Oligopeptides
- Peptides/genetics
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Tuberculosis/genetics
- Tuberculosis/immunology
- Tuberculosis/microbiology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Lang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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25
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Monfardini C, Milani M, Ostlie N, Wang W, Karachunski PI, Okita DK, Lindstrom J, Conti-Fine BM. Adoptive protection from experimental myasthenia gravis with T cells from mice treated nasally with acetylcholine receptor epitopes. J Neuroimmunol 2002; 123:123-34. [PMID: 11880157 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(01)00454-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Nasal administration of synthetic CD4(+) epitopes of the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) prevents experimental myasthenia gravis (EMG) in C57Bl/6 mice, but not in IL4-deficient C57Bl/6 (IL4(-/-)) mice. Here we verify that nasal tolerance requires IL4, by showing that CD4(+) cells from C57Bl/6 mice treated nasally with a pool of AChR CD4(+) epitopes protected IL4(-/-) mice from EMG and caused a reduced production of anti-AChR antibody. CD4(+) cells from C57Bl/6 mice treated with unrelated peptides or sham-treated did not induce protection. CD4(+) cells from C57Bl/6 mice treated with just one AChR peptide protected IL4(-/-) mice from EMG without affecting antibody synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Monfardini
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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26
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Garcia YR, May JJ, Green AM, Krolick KA. Acetylcholine receptor-reactive antibody induces nitric oxide production by a rat skeletal muscle cell line: influence of cytokine environment. J Neuroimmunol 2001; 120:103-11. [PMID: 11694325 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(01)00414-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The monoclonal Lewis rat skeletal muscle cell line, LE1, responded to the acetylcholine receptor (AChR)-reactive antibody mAb35 by up-regulating levels of mRNA for inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS/NOS-II), followed by levels of NO. Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) were also each capable of inducing iNOS message, and synergistically with mAb35. Finally, myocyte-derived NO was implicated as a possible source of immunomodulation in experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG), as shown by the ability of the culture fluids from IFN-gamma-activated LE1 cells to inhibit the proliferation of AChR-reactive T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Division/immunology
- Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured/immunology
- Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Cytokines/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Cytokines/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Synergism
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/pharmacology
- Interleukin-1/immunology
- Interleukin-1/metabolism
- Interleukin-1/pharmacology
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/immunology
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Myasthenia Gravis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Myasthenia Gravis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Myasthenia Gravis, Autoimmune, Experimental/physiopathology
- Nitric Oxide/biosynthesis
- Nitric Oxide Donors/pharmacology
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Receptors, Cholinergic/drug effects
- Receptors, Cholinergic/immunology
- Receptors, Cholinergic/metabolism
- Stem Cells/drug effects
- Stem Cells/immunology
- Stem Cells/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Y R Garcia
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, Mail Code 7758, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
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Prehn JL, Landers C, Muller GW, Man HW, Stirling DI, Targan SR. Potent inhibition of cytokine production from intestinal lamina propria T cells by phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitory thalidomide analogues. J Clin Immunol 2001; 21:357-64. [PMID: 11720008 DOI: 10.1023/a:1012292703871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In Crohn's disease, intestinal lamina propria (LP) T cells overproduce TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma, and clinical and animal studies indicate that this is pathogenic. Thalidomide influences cytokine production by leukocytes, inhibiting macrophage TNF-alpha, and is beneficial in treating Crohn's disease. Chemical analogues have been synthesized that may lack teratogenic and other side effects of thalidomide. We tested three analogues [selective cytokine inhibitory drugs (SelCIDs) A, B, and C, all potent PDE4 inhibitors] for effect on TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and IL-10 production by and on proliferation of intestinal LP mononuclear cells after T-cell stimulation and results were compared with those for peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL). While thalidomide itself had little effect, the SelCIDs were potent inhibitors, with relative inhibitory potencies: A> or =B>>C. The LP T cells were less sensitive to inhibition by the SelCIDs than were PBL. Since highly pre-activated PBL were even less sensitive, activation state alone can account for the responsiveness of intestinal LP T cells. Thalidomide analogues could play a role in treating Crohn's disease and other inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Prehn
- Cedars-Sinai Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
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