1
|
Choi BK, Lee HW. The Murine CD137/CD137 Ligand Signalosome: A Signal Platform Generating Signal Complexity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:553715. [PMID: 33362756 PMCID: PMC7758191 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.553715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CD137, a member of the TNFR family, is a costimulatory receptor, and CD137L, a member of the TNF family, is its ligand. Studies using CD137- and CD137L-deficient mice and antibodies against CD137 and CD137L have revealed the diverse and paradoxical effects of these two proteins in various cancers, autoimmunity, infections, and inflammation. Both their cellular diversity and their spatiotemporal expression patterns indicate that they mediate complex immune responses. This intricacy is further enhanced by the bidirectional signal transduction events that occur when these two proteins interact in various types of immune cells. Here, we review the biology of murine CD137/CD137L, particularly, the complexity of their proximal signaling pathways, and speculate on their roles in immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beom K Choi
- Biomedicine Production Branch, Program for Immunotherapy Research, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Hyeon-Woo Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Graduate School, Institute of Oral Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nguyen P, Okeke E, Clay M, Haydar D, Justice J, O’Reilly C, Pruett-Miller S, Papizan J, Moore J, Zhou S, Throm R, Krenciute G, Gottschalk S, DeRenzo C. Route of 41BB/41BBL Costimulation Determines Effector Function of B7-H3-CAR.CD28ζ T Cells. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2020; 18:202-214. [PMID: 32728609 PMCID: PMC7369352 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
B7-H3 is actively being explored as an immunotherapy target for pediatric patients with solid tumors using monoclonal antibodies or T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). B7-H3-CARs containing a 41BB costimulatory domain are currently favored by several groups based on preclinical studies. In this study, we initially performed a detailed analysis of T cells expressing B7-H3-CARs with different hinge/transmembrane (CD8α versus CD28) and CD28 or 41BB costimulatory domains (CD8α/CD28, CD8α/41BB, CD28/CD28, CD28/41BB). Only subtle differences in effector function were observed between CAR T cell populations in vitro. However, CD8α/CD28-CAR T cells consistently outperformed other CAR T cell populations in three animal models, resulting in a significant survival advantage. We next explored whether adding 41BB signaling to CD8α/CD28-CAR T cells would further enhance effector function. Surprisingly, incorporating 41BB signaling into the CAR endodomain had detrimental effects, while expressing 41BBL on the surface of CD8α/CD28-CAR T cells enhanced their ability to kill tumor cells in repeat stimulation assays. Furthermore, 41BBL expression enhanced CD8α/CD28-CAR T cell expansion in vivo and improved antitumor activity in one of four evaluated models. Thus, our study highlights the intricate interplay between CAR hinge/transmembrane and costimulatory domains. Based on our study, we selected CD8α/CD28-CAR T cells expressing 41BBL for early phase clinical testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Nguyen
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Emmanuel Okeke
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Michael Clay
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Dalia Haydar
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Julie Justice
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Carla O’Reilly
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Shondra Pruett-Miller
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - James Papizan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jennifer Moore
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Sheng Zhou
- Experimental Cellular Therapeutics Laboratory, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Robert Throm
- Vector Development and Production Laboratory, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Giedre Krenciute
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Stephen Gottschalk
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Christopher DeRenzo
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kwon B. Is CD137 Ligand (CD137L) Signaling a Fine Tuner of Immune Responses? Immune Netw 2015; 15:121-4. [PMID: 26140043 PMCID: PMC4486774 DOI: 10.4110/in.2015.15.3.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Now, it has been being accepted that reverse signaling through CD137 ligand (CD137L) plays an important role in vivo during hematopoiesis and in immune regulation. However, due to technical difficulty in dissecting both directional signaling events simultaneously in vivo, most biological activities caused by CD137-CD137L interactions are considered as results from signaling events of the CD137 receptor. To make the story more complex, CD137(-/-) and CD137L(-/-) mice have increased or decreased immune responses in a context-dependent manner. In this Mini review, I will try to provide a plausible explanation for how CD137L signaling is controlled during immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byungsuk Kwon
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tu TH, Kim CS, Nam-Goong IS, Nam CW, Kim YI, Goto T, Kawada T, Park T, Yoon Park JH, Ryoo ZY, Park JW, Choi HS, Yu R. 4-1BBL signaling promotes cell proliferation through reprogramming of glucose metabolism in monocytes/macrophages. FEBS J 2015; 282:1468-80. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thai H. Tu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition; University of Ulsan; South Korea
| | - Chu-Sook Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition; University of Ulsan; South Korea
| | - Il S. Nam-Goong
- Department of Internal Medicine; Ulsan University Hospital; University of Ulsan College of Medicine; South Korea
| | - Chang W. Nam
- Department of Surgery; Ulsan University Hospital; University of Ulsan College of Medicine; South Korea
| | - Young-Il Kim
- Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Uji Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Goto
- Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Uji Japan
| | - Teruo Kawada
- Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Uji Japan
| | - Taesun Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition; Yonsei University; Seoul South Korea
| | - Jung H. Yoon Park
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition and Research Institute for Bioscience & Biotechnology; Hallym University; Chuncheon South Korea
| | - Zae Y. Ryoo
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology; Kyungpook National University; Daegu South Korea
| | - Jeong W. Park
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Ulsan; South Korea
| | - Hye-Seon Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Ulsan; South Korea
| | - Rina Yu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition; University of Ulsan; South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
LV WEI, DUAN QIANGLIN, WANG LEMIN, GONG ZHU, YANG FAN, SONG YANLI. Expression of B-cell-associated genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with symptomatic pulmonary embolism. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:2299-305. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
6
|
Yao S, Zhu Y, Chen L. Advances in targeting cell surface signalling molecules for immune modulation. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2013; 12:130-46. [PMID: 23370250 PMCID: PMC3698571 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has witnessed a surge in the development of immunomodulatory approaches to combat a broad range of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmunity and inflammation as well as in the prevention of transplant rejection. Immunomodulatory approaches mostly involve the use of monoclonal antibodies or recombinant fusion proteins that target cell surface signalling molecules on immune cells to drive immune responses towards the desired direction. Advances in our understanding of the human immune system, along with valuable lessons learned from the first generation of therapeutic biologics, are aiding the design of the next generation of immunomodulatory biologics with better therapeutic efficacy, minimized adverse effects and long-lasting clinical benefit. The recent encouraging results from antibodies targeting programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) and B7 homolog 1 (B7H1; also known as PDL1) for the treatment of various advanced human cancers show that immunomodulatory therapy has come of age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Yao
- Department of Immunobiology and Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06519, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jiang D, Tang Q, Schwarz H. Involvement of the cytokine receptor CD137 in murine hematopoiesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 691:375-82. [PMID: 21153341 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6612-4_38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Immunology Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bae JS, Kim HS, Park JH, Park SH, Lee HW. Cross-linking of CD137 ligand modulates immune responses of thioglycollate-elicited mouse peritoneal macrophages. Inflamm Res 2010; 60:467-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-010-0289-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
9
|
Shao Z, Schwarz H. CD137 ligand, a member of the tumor necrosis factor family, regulates immune responses via reverse signal transduction. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 89:21-9. [PMID: 20643812 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0510315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
CD137 (4-1BB, TNFR superfamily 9) and its ligand are members of the TNFR and TNF families, respectively, and are involved in the regulation of a wide range of immune activities. CD137 ligand cross-links its receptor, CD137, which is expressed on activated T cells, and costimulates T cell activities. CD137 ligand can also be expressed as a transmembrane protein on the cell surface and transmit signals into the cells on which it is expressed (reverse signaling). CD137 ligand expression is found on most types of leukocytes and on some nonimmune cells. In monocytic cells (monocytes, macrophages, and DCs), CD137 ligand signaling induces activation, migration, survival, and differentiation. The activities of T cells, B cells, hematopoietic progenitor cells, and some malignant cells are also influenced by CD137 ligand, but the physiological significance is understood only partly. As CD137 and CD137 ligand are regarded as valuable targets for immunotherapy, it is pivotal to determine which biological effects are mediated by which of the 2 molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Shao
- Department of Physiology and Immunology Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang X, Voskens CJ, Sallin M, Maniar A, Montes CL, Zhang Y, Lin W, Li G, Burch E, Tan M, Hertzano R, Chapoval AI, Tamada K, Gastman BR, Schulze DH, Strome SE. CD137 Promotes Proliferation and Survival of Human B Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 184:787-95. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
11
|
Omiya R, Tsushima F, Narazaki H, Sakoda Y, Kuramasu A, Kim Y, Xu H, Tamura H, Zhu G, Chen L, Tamada K. Leucocyte-associated immunoglobulin-like receptor-1 is an inhibitory regulator of contact hypersensitivity. Immunology 2009; 128:543-55. [PMID: 19930044 PMCID: PMC2792138 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03140.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Revised: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucocyte-associated immunoglobulin-like receptor-1 (LAIR-1) is a membrane receptor of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily that is expressed on most types of haematopoietic cells, and delivers inhibitory signals through interacting with collagens. In order to elucidate the immunological functions of LAIR-1 in vivo, we established transgenic mice expressing a chimeric protein composed of the extracellular domain of LAIR-1 fused with an Ig tag (LAIR-1-Ig), which acts as a decoy by competing with endogenous LAIR-1. The transgenic mice showed an increased susceptibility for development of contact hypersensitivity (CHS), an experimental model of allergic contact dermatitis, in association with enhanced hapten-specific T-cell responses. When T cells from the hapten-sensitized donor mice were transferred into non-sensitized recipients, treatment of either donor mice or recipient mice with LAIR-1-Ig protein accelerated CHS, suggesting a potentially negative role of LAIR-1 in both the sensitization and the elicitation of hapten-reactive T cells. In vitro assays revealed that LAIR-1 decreased the production of interleukin-6 and interleukin-12 in dendritic cells, and inhibited the proliferation and cytokine production of naïve and memory T cells along with G(0)/G(1) cell cycle arrest. Collectively, our findings suggest that LAIR-1 plays a crucial inhibitory role in CHS by regulating antigen-presenting cell and T-cell functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryusuke Omiya
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Schabowsky RH, Elpek KG, Madireddi S, Sharma RK, Yolcu ES, Bandura-Morgan L, Miller R, MacLeod KJ, Mittler RS, Shirwan H. A novel form of 4-1BBL has better immunomodulatory activity than an agonistic anti-4-1BB Ab without Ab-associated severe toxicity. Vaccine 2009; 28:512-22. [PMID: 19836479 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.09.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Revised: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Agonistic Abs to select costimulatory members of CD28 and TNFR family have shown efficacy in various preclinical cancer immunotherapeutic settings. However, the use of agonistic Abs is often associated with severe toxicity due to non-specific activation of lymphocytes. We hypothesized that natural costimulatory ligands may serve as more potent and safer alternative to agonistic Abs for immunotherapy. In this communication, we focused on 4-1BBL as the molecule of choice because of the pleiotropic effects of 4-1BB signaling in the immune system and the demonstrated therapeutic efficacy of 4-1BB agonistic Abs in preclinical cancer and infection models. We report that a novel form of soluble ligand, SA-4-1BBL, delivered more potent and qualitatively different signals to T cells than an agonistic Ab. Importantly, while treatment of naïve mice with the agonistic Ab resulted in severe toxicity, as assessed by enlarged spleen and peripheral LNs, non-specific T cell proliferation, hepatitis, and systemic inflammatory cytokine production, treatment with SA-4-1BBL lacked these immune anomalies. Agonistic Ab treatment produced full toxicity in FcgammaR(-/-) or complement C1q(-/-) or C3(-/-) knockout mice, suggesting lack of involvement of stimulatory FcgammaRs or complement system in the observed toxicity. Naïve and memory T cells served as direct targets of anti-4-1BB Ab-mediated toxicity. Potent immunostimulatory activity combined with lack of toxicity rationalizes further development of soluble SA-4-1BBL as an immunomodulatory component of therapeutic vaccines against cancer and chronic infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rich-Henry Schabowsky
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and James Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kim DK, Lee SC, Lee HW. CD137 ligand-mediated reverse signals increase cell viability and cytokine expression in murine myeloid cells: involvement of mTOR/p70S6 kinase and Akt. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:2617-28. [PMID: 19676073 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cross-linking of CD137 ligand (CD137L), a member of the TNF family, with recombinant CD137-Fc (rCD137-Fc) protein enhanced adherence of bone marrow-derived macrophages, and increased the expression of ICAM-1, IL-1beta, IL-6, M-CSF and phosphotyrosine proteins. In RAW264.7 cells, a murine myeloid cell line, rCD137-Fc not only increased adherence but also cell multiplication, in a manner comparable to LPS or M-CSF. In addition, it up-regulated expression of IL-1beta, IL-1 receptor antagonist, IL-6, COX2, tenascin C, neuropeptide Y and M-CSF mRNA. Neutralization of M-CSF by incubating the RAW264.7 cells with anti-M-CSF mAb did not prevent the CD137L signal-induced viability. Viability was blocked by PP2, an Src tyrosine kinase inhibitor, rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor and LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor, but not by Wortmannin, another PI3K inhibitor. Cross-linking of CD137L increased phosphorylation of Akt and p70S6 kinase. The latter was blocked by PP2, rapamycin or LY294002, but not by Wortmannin, whereas phosphorylation of Akt was blocked by LY294002 or Wortmannin. These findings demonstrate that reverse signals evoked by CD137L regulate immune functions in macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ku Kim
- Graduate School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Pochon CHA University, CHA Stem Cell Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang C, Lin GHY, McPherson AJ, Watts TH. Immune regulation by 4-1BB and 4-1BBL: complexities and challenges. Immunol Rev 2009; 229:192-215. [PMID: 19426223 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2009.00765.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY The tumor necrosis factor receptor family member 4-1BB plays a key role in the survival of activated and memory CD8(+) T cells. Depending on the disease model, 4-1BB can participate at different stages and influence different aspects of the immune response, likely due to the differential expression of receptor and ligand relative to other costimulatory molecules. Studies comparing mild versus severe influenza infection of mice suggest that the immune system uses inducible receptors such as 4-1BB to prolong the immune response when pathogens take longer to clear. The expression of 4-1BB on diverse cell types, evidence for bidirectional as well as receptor-independent signaling by 4-1BBL, the unexpected hyperproliferation of 4-1BB-deficient T cells, and complex effects of agonistic anti-4-1BB therapy have revealed additional roles for the 4-1BB/4-1BBL receptor/ligand pair in the immune system. In this review, we discuss these diverse roles of 4-1BB and its ligand in the immune response, exploring possible mechanisms for the observed complexities and implications for therapeutic applications of 4-1BB/4-1BBL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nolte MA, van Olffen RW, van Gisbergen KPJM, van Lier RAW. Timing and tuning of CD27-CD70 interactions: the impact of signal strength in setting the balance between adaptive responses and immunopathology. Immunol Rev 2009; 229:216-31. [PMID: 19426224 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2009.00774.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY After binding its natural ligand cluster of differentiation 70 (CD70), CD27, a tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factor-binding member of the TNFR family, regulates cellular activity in subsets of T, B, and natural killer cells as well as hematopoietic progenitor cells. In normal immune responses, CD27 signaling appears to be limited predominantly by the restricted expression of CD70, which is only transiently expressed by cells of the immune system upon activation. Studies performed in CD27-deficient and CD70-transgenic mice have defined a non-redundant role of this receptor-ligand pair in shaping adaptive T-cell responses. Moreover, adjuvant properties of CD70 have been exploited for the design of anti-cancer vaccines. However, continuous CD27-CD70 interactions may cause immune dysregulation and immunopathology in conditions of chronic immune activation such as during persistent virus infection and autoimmune disease. We conclude that optimal tuning of CD27-CD70 interaction is crucial for the regulation of the cellular immune response. We provide a detailed comparison of costimulation through CD27 with its closely related family members 4-1BB (CD137), CD30, herpes virus entry mediator, OX40 (CD134), and glucocorticoid-induced TNFR family-related gene, and we argue that these receptors do not have a unique function per se but that rather the timing, context, and intensity of these costimulatory signals determine the functional consequence of their activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martijn A Nolte
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lee SW, Salek-Ardakani S, Mittler RS, Croft M. Hypercostimulation through 4-1BB distorts homeostasis of immune cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:6753-62. [PMID: 19454670 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The deleterious side effects associated with a recent clinical trial with anti-CD28 superagonist Abs have questioned the use of reagents to costimulatory molecules in human therapy. We now show that sustained signaling from an agonist Ab to 4-1BB, a member of the TNFR superfamily, results in detrimental effects on immune cell homeostasis. Repeated anti-4-1BB treatment during the reconstitution of hematopoietic cells in irradiated mice engrafted with bone marrow, or in mice infected with vaccinia virus, induced abnormal apoptosis of premature and immature B cells in the bone marrow, and led to peripheral B cell depletion. Inhibition of B cell development was indirect and due to costimulation of CD8 T cells and dependent on IFN-gamma. Moreover, anti-4-1BB also suppressed the development of NK and NKT cells, but in this case independently of T cells and IFN-gamma. The altered NK cell homeostasis resulted from activation-induced cell death triggered by anti-4-1BB. These results show that hypercostimulation elicits strong T cell immunity, but it can simultaneously distort immune homeostasis, suggesting that careful attention to activity, dose, and periodicity of treatment will be needed in any immunotherapeutic strategy with agonist Abs to costimulatory molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Woo Lee
- Division of Molecular Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
van Olffen RW, Koning N, van Gisbergen KPJM, Wensveen FM, Hoek RM, Boon L, Hamann J, van Lier RAW, Nolte MA. GITR Triggering Induces Expansion of Both Effector and Regulatory CD4+ T Cells In Vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:7490-500. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0802751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
18
|
Jiang D, Chen Y, Schwarz H. CD137 Induces Proliferation of Murine Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells and Differentiation to Macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:3923-32. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.6.3923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
19
|
Induction of Proliferation and Monocytic Differentiation of Human CD34+Cells by CD137 Ligand Signaling. Stem Cells 2008; 26:2372-81. [DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2008-0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
20
|
Lee SW, Park Y, So T, Kwon BS, Cheroutre H, Mittler RS, Croft M. Identification of regulatory functions for 4-1BB and 4-1BBL in myelopoiesis and the development of dendritic cells. Nat Immunol 2008; 9:917-26. [PMID: 18604213 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2008] [Accepted: 06/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The costimulatory molecule 4-1BB and its ligand 4-1BBL can control adaptive immunity, but here we show that their interaction also suppressed myelopoiesis. We found that 4-1BBL was expressed on hematopoietic stem cells, differentiating common myeloid progenitors and granulocyte-macrophage progenitors, and 4-1BB was inducible on activated myeloid progenitors. Steady-state numbers of granulocyte-macrophage progenitors, myeloid-lineage cells and mature dendritic cells were higher in 4-1BB- and 4-1BBL-deficient mice, indicative of a negative function, and we confirmed that result with bone marrow chimeras and in vitro, where the absence of interactions between 4-1BB and 4-1BBL led to enhanced differentiation into dendritic cell lineages. The regulatory activity was mediated by 4-1BBL, with binding by 4-1BB inhibiting differentiation of myeloid progenitors. Thus, 4-1BB and 4-1BBL have a previously unknown function in limiting myelopoiesis and the development of dendritic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Woo Lee
- Division of Molecular Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Shin HH, Lee JE, Choi HS. Absence of 4-1BB increases cell influx into the peritoneal cavity in response to LPS stimulation by decreasing macrophage IL-10 levels. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:4355-60. [PMID: 17716663 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2007] [Revised: 06/15/2007] [Accepted: 08/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Peritoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increased the influx of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages into the peritoneal cavity (PEC), with significantly higher cell numbers in the 4-1BB-deficient (KO) mice than in wild-type (WT) mice. The peritoneal macrophages of KO mice contained less IL-10 transcripts and protein than those of WT after LPS treatment, and immobilization of 4-1BB-Fc increased the level of IL-10. Injection of IL-10 resulted in lower cell numbers into the PEC of KO mice, suggesting that lower level of IL-10 is responsible for stimulated cell influx in KO mice due to lack of 4-1BB and 4-1BBL interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Hee Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences and Immunomodulation Research Center, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749, Republic of Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Niu L, Strahotin S, Hewes B, Zhang B, Zhang Y, Archer D, Spencer T, Dillehay D, Kwon B, Chen L, Vella AT, Mittler RS. Cytokine-mediated disruption of lymphocyte trafficking, hemopoiesis, and induction of lymphopenia, anemia, and thrombocytopenia in anti-CD137-treated mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:4194-213. [PMID: 17371976 PMCID: PMC2770095 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.7.4194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
CD137-mediated signals costimulate T cells and protect them from activation-induced apoptosis; they induce curative antitumor immunity and enhance antiviral immune responses in mice. In contrast, anti-CD137 agonistic mAbs can suppress T-dependent humoral immunity and reverse the course of established autoimmune disease. These results have provided a rationale for assessing the therapeutic potential of CD137 ligands in human clinical trials. In this study, we report that a single 200-mug injection of anti-CD137 given to otherwise naive BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice led to the development of a series of immunological anomalies. These included splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, multifocal hepatitis, anemia, altered trafficking of B cells and CD8 T cells, loss of NK cells, and a 10-fold increase in bone marrow (BM) cells bearing the phenotype of hemopoietic stem cells. These events were dependent on CD8 T cells, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and type I IFNs. BM cells up-regulated Fas, and there was a significant increase in the number of CD8+ T cells that correlated with a loss of CD19+ and Ab-secreting cells in the BM. TCR Valphabeta usage was random and polyclonal among liver-infiltrating CD8 T cells, and multifocal CD8+ T cell infiltrates were resolved upon termination of anti-CD137 treatment. Anti-CD137-treated mice developed lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia, and had lowered levels of hemoglobin and increased numbers of reticulocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liguo Niu
- Emory Vaccine Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - Simona Strahotin
- Emory Vaccine Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - Becker Hewes
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - Benyue Zhang
- Emory Vaccine Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Emory Vaccine Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - David Archer
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - Trent Spencer
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - Dirck Dillehay
- Department of Animal Resources, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - Byoung Kwon
- The Immunomodulation Research Center, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Lieping Chen
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Anthony T. Vella
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Robert S. Mittler
- Emory Vaccine Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Robert S. Mittler, Emory Vaccine Center, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329. E-mail address:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhu Y, Zhu G, Luo L, Flies AS, Chen L. CD137 stimulation delivers an antigen-independent growth signal for T lymphocytes with memory phenotype. Blood 2007; 109:4882-9. [PMID: 17244673 PMCID: PMC1885532 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-10-043463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CD137 has long been recognized as a costimulatory receptor for growth and functional maturation of recently activated T cells in the presence of T-cell receptor signal. In this report, we present the fact that, in the absence of MHC and antigen, triggering of CD137 by an agonist monoclonal antibody induces vigorous growth of both CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells with memory phenotype, whereas it does not affect naive T cells. Moreover, T cells with memory phenotype accumulate progressively in transgenic mice overexpressing CD137 ligand. CD137-mediated proliferation of memory T cells is directly through CD137 on T cells and does not require IL-15 and IFN-gamma. Our results define a new role of CD137 signal in the growth of memory T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Mediicne, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Shin HH, Lee JE, Lee EA, Kwon BS, Choi HS. Enhanced osteoclastogenesis in 4-1BB-deficient mice caused by reduced interleukin-10. J Bone Miner Res 2006; 21:1907-12. [PMID: 17002586 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.060813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Enhanced osteoclastogenesis was observed in bone marrow-derived macrophage cells from 4-1BB-deficient mice than in those from wildtype mice. 4-1BB and 4-1BB ligand interaction may play a role at a certain stage of osteoclast formation through increased level of IL-10, a negative regulator of osteoclastogenesis. INTRODUCTION 4-1BB is an inducible T-cell costimulatory molecule and a member of the TNF receptor family. The expression pattern of 4-1BB and 4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL) has suggested that 4-1BB plays a role not only in various responses related to innate immunity but also in bone metabolism. MATERIALS AND METHODS Osteoclast formation was evaluated in bone marrow-derived macrophage cells (BMMs) from wildtype and 4-1BB-deficient (4-1BB-/-) mice. Expression of interleukin-10 (IL-10) during osteoclast formation was analyzed at the mRNA and protein levels. RESULTS Expression of IL-10 was higher in RANKL-stimulated wildtype BMMs than 4-1BB-/- BMMs. When 4-1BBL was stimulated with 4-1BB-Fc fusion protein, the expression of IL-10 in BMMs increased. Neutralization of IL-10 was not as effective in preventing inhibition by IL-10 of osteoclast differentiation in 4-1BB-/- BMMs as in wildtype BMMs. When IL-10 was added to the culture medium, osteoclast formation was inhibited more efficiently in the 4-1BB-/- BMMs than in the wildtype BMMs. CONCLUSIONS Interaction of 4-1BB and 4-1BBL stimulates IL-10 production through 4-1BBL signaling. 4-1BBL plays a role at a certain stage of osteoclast formation, and IL-10 may mediate this effect. The elevated level of osteoclastogenesis in 4-1BB-/- BMMs may thus be caused, in part, by a lower level of IL-10.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Hee Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Immunomodulation Research Center, University of Ulsan, Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Harrison JM, Bertram EM, Ramshaw IA. Exploiting 4-1BB Costimulation for Enhancing Antiviral Vaccination. Viral Immunol 2006; 19:593-601. [PMID: 17201654 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2006.19.593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
4-1BB, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily, is emerging as an important costimulatory molecule, particularly in the regulation of CD8(+) T cell responses. Costimulation through 4-1BB, such as by utilizing agonistic anti-4-1BB monoclonal antibodies, has been well studied in various tumor models. However, 4-1BB is also an important regulator of antiviral CD8(+) T cell responses. This review summarizes these findings and describes how 4-1BB is beginning to be exploited in terms of boosting antiviral vaccine responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jodie M Harrison
- Department of Immunology and Genetics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
T cells require costimulatory signals for optimal proliferation, differentiation, and survival and thus to induce protective immune responses. Recent data, however, show that during chronic lymphocyte choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection, triggering of the costimulatory receptor CD27 by its ligand CD70 impedes neutralizing antibody production and leads to viral persistence. Thus, while being crucial for the induction of some adaptive effector pathways, costimulation may block the development of others. Pathogens may exploit this Achilles' heal to achieve persistence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martijn A Nolte
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
T-cell activation in the absence of costimulation is futile because T-cells deprived of costimulatory signals enter a state of unresponsiveness or anergy. The interaction of 4-1BB and 4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL) activates an important costimulatory pathway with diverse and important roles in immune regulation. Signals relayed through 4-1BB generate strong CD8(+) T-cell responses rather than CD4(+) T-cell responses; this action results in cytokine induction and promotes T-cell survival. In recent years, 4-1BB-mediated immune regulation has gained great significance because of the seemingly contradictory dual roles of agonistic anti-4-1BB in vivo disease models. To date, agonistic 4-1BB monoclonal antibody has shown therapeutic potential against a variety of tumors, CD4(+) T-cell-mediated autoimmune diseases, and chronic graft-versus-host disease. In addition, blockade of 4-1BB/4-1BBL interaction has produced therapeutic effects against coxsackievirus-induced myocardial inflammation, herpetic stromal keratitis, and graft rejection. We propose that the dual roles of agonistic anti-4-1BB--an enhanced effector function and a suppressor function--are mediated by a novel CD11c(+)CD8(+) T-cell population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dass S Vinay
- Department of Ophthalmology, LSU Eye Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Polte T, Foell J, Werner C, Hoymann HG, Braun A, Burdach S, Mittler RS, Hansen G. CD137-mediated immunotherapy for allergic asthma. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:1025-36. [PMID: 16528411 PMCID: PMC1395480 DOI: 10.1172/jci23792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2004] [Accepted: 01/17/2006] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of asthma continues to increase. Asthma is caused by a Th2 cell-driven immune response. Its optimal treatment remains a challenge, and a sufficient immunotherapeutic approach to treating asthma has yet to be found. Using a murine asthma model, we show that a single injection of an anti-CD137 (4-1BB) mAb prevents the development of airway hyperreactivity, eosinophilic airway inflammation, excessive mucus production, and elevated IgE during the observation period of 7 weeks. Most importantly, even established disease is completely reversed by anti-CD137 mAb administration. The protection is associated with markedly reduced Th2 cytokine production and increased secretion of the Th1 cytokine IFN-gamma. While B lymphocytes are partly depleted, the number of CD8+ T cells is increased. Blockade of IFN-gamma and depletion of CD8+ T cells during treatment with anti-CD137 mAb reduces in part but does not abrogate the protective effect of CD137 mAb. In contrast, CD137 mAb-mediated CD4+ T cell anergy is critical for the observed effects, since transfer of CD4+ T cells from CD137 mAb-treated mice conveyed protection. These data demonstrate, for the first time to our knowledge, the capacity of anti-CD137 mAb to ameliorate allergic asthma, and they indicate CD137 as a possible target for therapeutic intervention in this disease.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibody Specificity
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- Asthma/immunology
- Asthma/metabolism
- Asthma/therapy
- Bronchial Hyperreactivity/immunology
- Bronchial Hyperreactivity/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Clonal Anergy
- Collagen/immunology
- Collagen/metabolism
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Female
- Immunoglobulin E/metabolism
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Lung/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/immunology
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/physiology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/physiology
- Signal Transduction
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Polte
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology and Neonatology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
Division of Allergy and Pulmonology, and
Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.
Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany.
Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
Department of Surgery and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Juergen Foell
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology and Neonatology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
Division of Allergy and Pulmonology, and
Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.
Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany.
Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
Department of Surgery and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Christoph Werner
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology and Neonatology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
Division of Allergy and Pulmonology, and
Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.
Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany.
Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
Department of Surgery and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Heinz-Gerd Hoymann
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology and Neonatology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
Division of Allergy and Pulmonology, and
Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.
Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany.
Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
Department of Surgery and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Armin Braun
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology and Neonatology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
Division of Allergy and Pulmonology, and
Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.
Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany.
Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
Department of Surgery and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Stefan Burdach
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology and Neonatology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
Division of Allergy and Pulmonology, and
Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.
Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany.
Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
Department of Surgery and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Robert S. Mittler
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology and Neonatology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
Division of Allergy and Pulmonology, and
Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.
Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany.
Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
Department of Surgery and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Gesine Hansen
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology and Neonatology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
Division of Allergy and Pulmonology, and
Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.
Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany.
Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
Department of Surgery and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Shin HH, Lee EA, Kim SJ, Kwon BS, Choi HS. A signal through 4-1BB ligand inhibits receptor for activation of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis by increasing interferon (IFN)-beta production. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:1601-6. [PMID: 16480981 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.01.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2005] [Revised: 01/21/2006] [Accepted: 01/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We tested whether any intracellular signals are transmitted through 4-1BB/CD137 ligand (4-1BBL), using a 4-1BB-Fc fusion protein and 4-1BB-deficient mice. Immobilized 4-1BB-Fc fusion protein strongly inhibited osteoclastogenesis induced by macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL) derived from bone marrow macrophages (BMM). Incubation of BMM with M-CSF increased 4-1BBL mRNA and surface expression of 4-1BBL protein. Cross-linking 4-1BBL with immobilized 4-1BB-Fc also dramatically reduced the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinuclear cells (MNC) derived from the BMM from 4-1BB-deficient mice, suggesting that the inhibitory effect of immobilized 4-1BB on osteoclastogenesis is due to a signal through 4-1BBL. Reverse signaling by 4-1BB-Fc increased the level of interferon (IFN)-beta in BMM and neutralization of IFN-beta reversed the inhibitory effect of immobilized 4-1BB-Fc. Inhibition of osteoclastogenesis by immobilized 4-1BB-Fc is, therefore, at least in part, due to elevation of the level of the negative regulator, IFN-beta in BMM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Hee Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences and Immunomodulation Research Center, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Bukczynski J, Wen T, Wang C, Christie N, Routy JP, Boulassel MR, Kovacs CM, Macdonald KS, Ostrowski M, Sekaly RP, Bernard NF, Watts TH. Enhancement of HIV-Specific CD8 T Cell Responses by Dual Costimulation with CD80 and CD137L. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:6378-89. [PMID: 16272290 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.10.6378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
HIV-specific CD8 T cell responses are defective in chronic HIV infection. In this study, we report that costimulation with either CD137L (4-1BBL) or CD80 (B7.1) enhanced the Ag-specific expansion and acquisition of effector function by HIV-specific memory CD8 T cells. Ag-specific T cells from recently infected donors showed maximal expansion with single costimulatory molecules. Dual costimulation of T cells from recently infected donors or from healthy donors responding to influenza epitopes led to enhanced responses when the accumulation of cytokines was measured. However, accumulation of regulatory cytokines, particularly IFN-gamma, led to inhibition of further Ag-specific CD8 T cell expansion in the cultures. This inhibition was relieved by neutralization of IFN-gamma or of IFN-gamma, TNF, and IL-10. Thus, strong costimulation of T cells in vitro can lead to induction of regulatory cytokines at levels that limit further T cell expansion. In marked contrast, T cells from long-term (>4 years) infected HIV+ donors exhibited reduced Ag-specific CD8 T cell expansion, reduced CD4 T cell responses, and minimal cytokine accumulation. Dual costimulation with both 4-1BBL and B7.1 enhanced responses of T cells from long-term infected subjects to a level similar to that obtained with T cells from early in HIV infection. Experiments with purified CD8 T cells showed that B7.1 and 4-1BBL could act directly and synergistically on CD8 T cells. Taken together, these data suggest that 4-1BBL and B7.1 have additive or synergistic effects on HIV-specific CD8 T cell responses and represent a promising combination for therapeutic vaccination for HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Bukczynski
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hendriks J, Xiao Y, Rossen JWA, van der Sluijs KF, Sugamura K, Ishii N, Borst J. During viral infection of the respiratory tract, CD27, 4-1BB, and OX40 collectively determine formation of CD8+ memory T cells and their capacity for secondary expansion. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:1665-76. [PMID: 16034107 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.3.1665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Independent studies have shown that CD27, 4-1BB, and OX40 can all promote survival of activated CD8+ T cells. We have therefore compared their impact on CD8+ memory T cell formation and responsiveness within one, physiologically relevant model system. Recombinant mice, selectively lacking input of one or two receptors, were challenged intranasally with influenza virus, and the immunodominant virus-specific CD8+ T cell response was quantified at priming and effector sites. Upon primary infection, CD27 and (to a lesser extent) 4-1BB made nonredundant contributions to accumulation of CD8+ virus-specific T cells in draining lymph nodes and lung, while OX40 had no effect. Interestingly though, in the memory response, accumulation of virus-specific CD8+ T cells in spleen and lung critically depended on all three receptor systems. This was explained by two observations: 1) CD27, 4-1BB, and OX40 were collectively responsible for generation of the same memory CD8+ T cell pool; 2) CD27, 4-1BB, and OX40 collectively determined the extent of secondary expansion, as shown by adoptive transfers with standardized numbers of memory cells. Surprisingly, wild-type CD8+ memory T cells expanded normally in primed OX40 ligand- or 4-1BB ligand-deficient mice. However, when wild-type memory cells were generated in OX40 ligand- or 4-1BB ligand-deficient mice, their secondary expansion was impaired. This provides the novel concept that stimulation of CD8+ T cells by OX40 and 4-1BB ligand during priming imprints into them the capacity for secondary expansion. Our data argue that ligand on dendritic cells and/or B cells may be critical for this.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Administration, Intranasal
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/metabolism
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/virology
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Cell Proliferation
- Genomic Imprinting
- Immunization, Secondary
- Immunologic Memory/genetics
- Influenza A virus/immunology
- Ligands
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Glycoproteins/deficiency
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- OX40 Ligand
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/genetics
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/deficiency
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/physiology
- Receptors, OX40
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/deficiency
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/physiology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/transplantation
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/virology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/biosynthesis
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/physiology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9
- Tumor Necrosis Factors
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Hendriks
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Several members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family function after initial T cell activation to sustain T cell responses. This review focuses on CD27, 4-1BB (CD137), OX40 (CD134), HVEM, CD30, and GITR, all of which can have costimulatory effects on T cells. The effects of these costimulatory TNFR family members can often be functionally, temporally, or spatially segregated from those of CD28 and from each other. The sequential and transient regulation of T cell activation/survival signals by different costimulators may function to allow longevity of the response while maintaining tight control of T cell survival. Depending on the disease condition, stimulation via costimulatory TNF family members can exacerbate or ameliorate disease. Despite these complexities, stimulation or blockade of TNFR family costimulators shows promise for several therapeutic applications, including cancer, infectious disease, transplantation, and autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tania H Watts
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lee SW, Vella AT, Kwon BS, Croft M. Enhanced CD4 T Cell Responsiveness in the Absence of 4-1BB. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:6803-8. [PMID: 15905521 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.11.6803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The 4-1BB (CD137) is a member of the TNFR superfamily, and is expressed on several cell types, including activated T cells. Although 4-1BB ligation by agonistic Ab or 4-1BB ligand-expressing APCs can costimulate T cells, the physiological significance of 4-1BB expression in vivo during T cell responses is still being elucidated. In this study, we have addressed the impact on CD4 T cell priming when 4-1BB is absent after gene targeting. Surprisingly, 4-1BB(-/-) mice generated more enhanced effector CD4 T cell responses to OVA protein in adjuvant, even though Ab responses in 4-1BB(-/-) mice were normal. Using an adoptive transfer system with OT-II TCR transgenic CD4 T cells, we found that 4-1BB(-/-) CD4 cells responding in a 4-1BB-sufficient environment had enhanced cell division compared with wild-type cells and displayed augmented clonal expansion during the primary response. This was not due to a developmental defect as 4-1BB-deficient CD4 cells could respond normally to Ag in vitro. These results demonstrate that the absence of 4-1BB can make CD4 T cells hyperresponsive to protein Ag in vivo, suggesting a new unappreciated negative regulatory role of 4-1BB when expressed on a T cell.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/physiology
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antigens, CD
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Cell Division/genetics
- Cell Division/immunology
- Cell Proliferation
- Clone Cells
- Female
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin M/biosynthesis
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/deficiency
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/physiology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/deficiency
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/physiology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Woo Lee
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, Division of Molecular Immunology, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kim J, Choi WS, La S, Suh JH, Kim BS, Cho HR, Kwon BS, Kwon B. Stimulation with 4-1BB (CD137) inhibits chronic graft-versus-host disease by inducing activation-induced cell death of donor CD4+ T cells. Blood 2005; 105:2206-13. [PMID: 15522958 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-06-2080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
4-1BB, a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily, is a costimulator for activated T cells. Previous studies have established that treatment with agonistic anti–4-BB monoclonal antibody (3H3) is effective in reversing the progression of spontaneous systemic lupus erythematosus. Its therapeutic effect is mediated by suppression of autoantibody production. In this report, we show that a single injection of 3H3 blocks chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) in the parent-into-F1 model. In particular, donor CD4+ T cells are rapidly eliminated from host spleens by activation-induced cell death after 4-1BB triggering. Since donor CD4+ T cells are required for the development of cGVHD, and 3H3-mediated inhibition of autoantibody production occurs without donor CD8+ T cells, 3H3 blocks cGVHD by preventing alloreactive donor CD4+ T cells from activating host B cells. Importantly, 3H3 treatment can reverse the progression of advanced cGVHD. Our findings indicate that agonistic anti–4-1BB monoclonal antibody has potential as an immunotherapeutic agent for preventing and treating cGVHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juyang Kim
- The Immunomodulation Research Center, University of Ulsan, San29, Mukeo-dong, Nam-ku, Ulsan 680-749, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Members of both the CD28 and TNFR families can have costimulatory roles in T cell activation. Gene targeted mice as well as in vivo blocking experiments have established distinct roles for CD28/B7; ICOS/ICOSL; CD27/CD70; 4-1BB/4-1BBL and OX40/OX40L during viral infection. Many issues remain to be addressed, including the timing and location of the interactions, the possibility of partial redundancy between related family members and the molecular basis for the specific phenotypes observed in the different gene targeted mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward M Bertram
- Australian Phenomics Facility and Division of Immunology and Genetics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia 2601
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
CD137 is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family and a potent regulator of T cell activities. Agonists of CD137 have been used widely and successfully to treat cancer in animal models, and recently, it has become evident that CD137 agonists can also be used to treat autoimmune disease. An aspect of the CD137 receptor/ligand system, which has been comparatively little-explored, is its ability of reverse signaling. Just as is CD137, the CD137 ligand is also expressed as a cell membrane protein, and it too can transduce signals into the cells on which it is expressed. This bidirectional signaling capacity allows the CD137 receptor/ligand system to mediate extensive cross-talk between immune cells and between immune and nonimmune cells. This review summarizes the known activities of the CD137 ligand on the different leukocyte subsets and on cancer cells and discusses their influence on the course of immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Schwarz
- National University of Singapore, 2 Medical Drive, MD 9, Singapore 117597.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
The activation of T cells plays a central role in antitumor immunity. In order to activate naïve T cells, two key signals are required. Signal one is provided through the T-cell receptor (TCR) while signal two is that of costimulation. The CD28:B7 molecules are one of the best-studied costimulatory pathways, thought to be the main mechanism through which primary T-cell stimulation occurs. However, a number of molecules have been identified which serve to amplify and diversify the T-cell response, following initial T-cell activation. These include the more recently described 4-1BB:4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL) molecules. 4-1BB:4-1BBL are a member of the TNFR:TNF ligand family, which are expressed on T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs), respectively. Therapies utilizing the 4-1BB:4-1BBL signaling pathway have been shown to have antitumor effects in a number of model systems. In this paper, we focus on the 4-1BB:4-1BBL costimulatory molecules. In particular, we will describe the structure and function of the 4-1BB molecule, its receptor and how 4-1BB:4-1BBL costimulation has and may be used for the immunotherapy of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam T C Cheuk
- Leukaemia Science Laboratories, Department of Haematological Medicine, Guy's, King's & St Thomas' School of Medicine, King's College London, Rayne Institute, 123 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Nolte MA, Arens R, Kraus M, van Oers MHJ, Kraal G, van Lier RAW, Mebius RE. B Cells Are Crucial for Both Development and Maintenance of the Splenic Marginal Zone. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:3620-7. [PMID: 15004164 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.6.3620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The splenic marginal zone is a unique compartment that separates the lymphoid white pulp from the surrounding red pulp. Due to the orchestration of specialized macrophages and B cells flanking a marginal sinus, this compartment plays an important role in uptake of blood-borne Ags and it gives the spleen its specialized function in antibacterial immunity. In this study, we demonstrate that both development and maintenance of this marginal zone is highly dependent on the presence of B cells. Spleens from B cell-deficient mice were found to lack both metallophilic and marginal zone macrophages as well as mucosal addressin cellular adhesion molecule-1+ sinus lining cells. Using an inducible Cre/loxP-driven mouse model in which mature B cells could be partially depleted by removal of the B cell receptor subunit Igalpha, we could show that the integrity and function of an established marginal zone was also dependent on the presence of B cells. This was confirmed in a transgenic model in which all B cells were gradually depleted due to overexpression of the TNF family member CD70. The loss of all cellular subsets from the marginal zone in these CD70 transgenic mice was effectively prevented by crossing these mice on a CD27(-/-) or TCRalpha(-/-) background, because this prohibited the ongoing B cell depletion. Therefore, we conclude that B cells are not only important for the development, but also for maintenance, of the marginal zone. This direct correlation between circulating B cells and the function of the spleen implies an increased risk for B cell lymphopenic patients with bacterial infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martijn A Nolte
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Interactions between co-stimulatory ligands and their receptors are crucial for the activation of T cells, the prevention of tolerance and the development of T-cell immunity. It is now evident that members of the immunoglobulin-like CD28-B7 co-stimulatory family cannot fully account for an effective long-lasting T-cell response or the generation of memory T cells. Several members of the tumour-necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily--OX40, 4-1BB, CD27, CD30 and HVEM (herpes-virus entry mediator)--are poised to deliver co-stimulatory signals both early and late after encounter with antigen. The roles of these molecules in initiating and sustaining the T-cell response and in promoting long-lived immunity are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Croft
- Division of Molecular Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, California 92121, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Lindstedt M, Johansson-Lindbom B, Borrebaeck CAK. Expression of CD137 (4-1BB) on human follicular dendritic cells. Scand J Immunol 2003; 57:305-10. [PMID: 12662292 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.2003.01217.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) are the antigen (Ag)-trapping accessory cells of the germinal centres (GCs), essential for the development of humoral immune responses and memory. FDCs reside in the microenvironment of secondary lymphoid tissue where Ag-activated B cells expand, and undergo isotype switching and affinity maturation prior to becoming memory B cells. In addition to delivering Ag, FDCs also provide potent nonspecific accessory signals to the B cells, which are important for the GC reaction. In this report, we show that human tonsilar FDCs express the costimulatory molecule CD137. Surface expression of CD137 on FDCs was confirmed by immunofluorescent labelling and fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis. CD137 was also highly expressed by the human cell line HK, which displays many characteristics of in vivo FDCs. The interaction between B cells and FDCs is essential for the GC reactions, and our finding suggests that CD137 plays a role in FDC-regulated B-cell responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Lindstedt
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, S-220 07 Lund, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Hellstrom KE, Hellstrom I. Therapeutic vaccination with tumor cells that engage CD137. J Mol Med (Berl) 2003; 81:71-86. [PMID: 12601523 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-002-0413-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2002] [Accepted: 12/11/2002] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic cancer vaccination is based on the finding that tumors in both humans and experimental animals, such as mice, express potential immunological targets, some of which have high selectivity for cancer cells. In contrast to the successful vaccination against some infectious diseases, where most vaccines induce neutralizing antibodies that act prophylactically, the aim of therapeutic cancer vaccines is to treat established tumors (primarily micrometastases). Since most tumor-destructive immune responses are cell-mediated, therapeutic cancer vaccination needs to induce and expand such responses and also to overcome "escape" mechanisms that allow tumors to evade immunological destruction. Tumor antigens (as with other antigens) are presented by "professional" antigen-presenting cells, most notably dendritic cells (DC). Therefore DC that have been transfected or "pulsed" to present antigen provide a logical source of tumor vaccines, and some encouraging results have been obtained clinically as well as in preclinical models. An alternative and more physiological approach is to develop vaccines that deliver tumor antigen for in vivo uptake and presentation by the DC. Vaccines of the latter type include tumor cells that have been modified to produce certain lymphokines or express costimulatory molecules, as well as cDNAs, recombinant viruses, proteins, peptides and glycolipids which are often given together with an adjuvant. Several studies over the past 5 years have demonstrated dramatic therapeutic responses against established mouse tumors as a result of repeated injections of agonistic monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to the costimulatory molecule CD137 (4-1BB). However, the clinical use of such MAbs may be problematic since they depress antibody formation, for example, to infectious agents. The alternative approach to transfect tumor cells to express the CD137 ligand (CD137L) increases their immunogenicity, but vaccination with tumor cells expressing CD137L is ineffective in several systems where injection of anti-CD137 MAb produces tumor regression. Recent findings indicate that a more effective way to engage CD137 towards tumor destruction is to transfect tumor cells to express a cell-bound form of anti-CD137 single-chain Fv fragments (scFv). Notably, tumors from melanoma K1735, growing either subcutaneously or in the lung, could be eradicated following vaccination with K1735 cells that expressed anti-CD137 scFv. This was in spite of the fact that K1735, as with many human neoplasms, expresses very low levels of MHC class I and has low immunogenicity. Similar results were subsequently obtained with other tumors of low immunogenicity, including sarcoma Ag104. We hypothesize that the concomitant expression of tumor antigen and anti-CD137 scFv effectively engages NK cells, monocytes and dendritic cells, as well as activated CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells (all of which express CD137) so as to induce and expand a tumor-destructive Th1 response. While vaccines in the form of transfected tumor cells can be effective, at least in mouse models, the logical next step is to construct vaccines that combine genes that encode molecularly defined tumor antigens with a gene that encodes anti-CD137 scFv. Before planning any clinical trials, vaccines that engage CD137 via scFv need to be compared in demanding mouse models for efficacy and side effects with vaccines that are already being tested clinically, including transfected DC and tumor cells producing granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor.
Collapse
|
42
|
Lindstedt M, Johansson-Lindbom B, Borrebaeck CAK. Global reprogramming of dendritic cells in response to a concerted action of inflammatory mediators. Int Immunol 2002; 14:1203-13. [PMID: 12356685 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxf082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Maturation of dendritic cells (DC) serves a deterministic role in the link between innate and adaptive immunity, constituting a checkpoint with regard to whether responses from the lymphocyte compartment shall be raised and what class of response is needed to protect the host against invading pathogens. Since DC have not been shown to possess mechanisms such as gene recombination or somatic mutation for generating a diverse repertoire of antigen-recognition receptors, it is unlikely that these leukocytes can intrinsically respond to all conceivable molecules present in our environment. In the present study, we have therefore determined how mediators of the inflammatory response regulate global gene transcription in DC. The data represent an extensive and time-ordered reprogramming of the DC during their course of maturation, involving genes encoding proteins that regulate responses of both innate cells and lymphocytes. This transcriptional reorganization may reflect the effect of in vivo released inflammatory mediators induced by endogenous or pathogenic stimulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malin Lindstedt
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, PO Box 7031, 220 07 Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Pauly S, Broll K, Wittmann M, Giegerich G, Schwarz H. CD137 is expressed by follicular dendritic cells and costimulates B lymphocyte activation in germinal centers. J Leukoc Biol 2002. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.72.1.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Pauly
- Departments of Pathology and University of Regensburg, Germany
| | - Karin Broll
- Departments of Pathology and University of Regensburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Herbert Schwarz
- Departments of Pathology and University of Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Halstead ES, Mueller YM, Altman JD, Katsikis PD. In vivo stimulation of CD137 broadens primary antiviral CD8+ T cell responses. Nat Immunol 2002; 3:536-41. [PMID: 12021777 DOI: 10.1038/ni798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Given the key role CD8+ T cells play in controlling viral infection, strategies to enhance these responses may have important clinical applications. We found that in vivo CD137 stimulation with an agonistic monoclonal antibody enhanced the primary CD8+ T cell response to influenza type A viral infection in mice. Stimulation of CD137 increased the absolute number of CD8+ T cells to influenza epitopes in the lungs of infected animals, preferentially expanded CD8+ T cells that recognized nondominant epitopes and greatly enhanced direct ex vivo cytotoxicity. CD137 stimulation also restored the CD8+ T cell response to the immunodominant influenza epitope in CD28-/- mice. Thus, in vivo CD137 stimulation enhances and broadens the CD8+ T cell response to influenza virus and can restore the CD8+ T cell response when CD28 costimulation is absent. This suggests that CD137 stimulation may be useful as a strategy to enhance the CD8+ T cell response to viruses.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, Viral
- CD28 Antigens/genetics
- CD28 Antigens/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Epitopes
- Female
- Immunodominant Epitopes
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin M/biosynthesis
- In Vitro Techniques
- Lung/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Orthomyxoviridae/immunology
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/agonists
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/agonists
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Scott Halstead
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, MCP Hahnemann University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Martínez-Barnetche J, Madrid-Marina V, Flavell RA, Moreno J. Does CD40 ligation induce B cell negative selection? JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:1042-9. [PMID: 11801637 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.3.1042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Binding of CD154 to its receptor, CD40, provides costimulation for mature B cell activation and differentiation in response to Ag receptor signals. In mice, early B cell precursors express CD40, but its function at this stage is unknown. We examined the effects of CD40 ligation during B cell ontogeny in transgenic mice constitutively expressing CD154 on B cells (kappaEP-CD154). Precursors beyond pro-B cells were absent in adult bone marrow but were increased in the fetal liver. Newborn kappaEP-CD154 mice had largely increased numbers of peripheral B cells, which were CD154+, and that 36 h after birth expressed high surface levels of CD23 and MHC class II, resembling activated mature B cells. Nevertheless, kappaEP-CD154 mice were hypogammaglobulinemic, indicating that the expanded population of apparently activated B cells was nonfunctional. Further analysis revealed that soon after birth, kappaEP-CD154 mice-derived B cells became CD5+/Fas+, after which progressively decreased in the periphery in a CD154-CD40-dependent manner. These results indicate that CD40 ligation during B cell ontogeny induces negative selection characterized by either hyporesponsiveness or an arrest in maturation depending on the time of analysis and the anatomic site studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Martínez-Barnetche
- Research Unit on Autoimmune Diseases, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 03020 México City, Distrito Federal, México
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
He X, Weyand CM, Goronzy JJ, Zhong W, Stuart JM. Bi-directional modulation of T cell-dependent antibody production by prostaglandin E(2). Int Immunol 2002; 14:69-77. [PMID: 11751754 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/14.1.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell-dependent Ig production involves interaction between T cells and B cells. This study evaluated the effects of prostaglandin (PG) E(2) on Ig production in a system in which B cells were co-cultured with autologous CD4(+) T cell clones non-specifically activated by anti-CD3. The effects of PGE(2) on T cell-dependent Ig production differed substantially, depending on the T cells employed. We selected six T cell clones that were able to enhance Ig production (resistant T cell clones) and six T cell clones that inhibited Ig production in the presence of PGE(2) (sensitive T cell clones) for comparison. The resistant T cells produced high levels (>1000 pg/ml) of IL-2 and/or IL-4, and expressed high CD40L, OX40 and CD45RA, and low CD45RO. In contrast, sensitive T cells secreted low IL-2 (<500 pg/ml) and IL-4 (<200 pg/ml), and expressed low CD40, OX40 and CD45RA, and high CD45RO. Adding supernatant derived from resistant T cell clones restored Ig production inhibited by PGE(2), while removing IL-2, IL-4 or IL-10 using specific antibodies inhibited Ig production. In addition, we demonstrated a direct effect of PGE(2) on B cells to enhance Ig production. Consistently, in the presence of resistant T cells, PGE(2) increased B cell proliferation and differentiation. In conclusion, the effects of PGE(2) on Ig production consist of its indirect effects through T cells and its direct effects on B cells. The outcome of the effects can be up-regulatory or down-regulatory, depending whether resistant or sensitive T cells are involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen He
- Research Service 151, VA Medical Center Memphis, 1030 Jefferson Avenue, TN 38104, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|