1
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Guo Q, Yang C, Gao F. The state of CD44 activation in cancer progression and therapeutic targeting. FEBS J 2022; 289:7970-7986. [PMID: 34478583 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
CD44, a non-kinase transmembrane glycoprotein, is ubiquitously expressed on various types of cells, especially cancer stem cells (CSCs), and has been implicated in cancer onset and aggressiveness. The major ligand for the CD44, hyaluronan (HA), binds to and interacts with CD44, which in turn triggers downstream signaling cascades, thereby promoting cellular behaviors such as proliferation, motility, invasiveness and chemoresistance. The CD44-HA interaction is cell-specific and strongly affected by the state of CD44 activation. Therefore, the binding of HA to CD44 is essential for the activation of CD44 during which the detailed regulatory mechanism needs to be clarified. Different CD44 activation states distribute in human carcinoma and normal tissue; however, whether CD44 activation is a critical requirement for tumor initiation, progression and notorious CSC properties remains to be clarified. A deeper understanding of the regulation of CD44 activation may facilitate the development of novel targeted drugs in the future. Here, we review the current findings concerning the states of CD44 activation on the cell surface, the underlying regulatory mechanisms of CD44 activation, the known role for CD44 activation in tumor progression and CSC hallmarks, as well as the potential of HA-coated nanoparticle for targeting activated CD44 for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Guo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Cuixia Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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2
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Itoh Y. Proteolytic modulation of tumor microenvironment signals during cancer progression. Front Oncol 2022; 12:935231. [PMID: 36132127 PMCID: PMC9483212 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.935231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Under normal conditions, the cellular microenvironment is optimized for the proper functioning of the tissues and organs. Cells recognize and communicate with the surrounding cells and extracellular matrix to maintain homeostasis. When cancer arises, the cellular microenvironment is modified to optimize its malignant growth, evading the host immune system and finding ways to invade and metastasize to other organs. One means is a proteolytic modification of the microenvironment and the signaling molecules. It is now well accepted that cancer progression relies on not only the performance of cancer cells but also the surrounding microenvironment. This mini-review discusses the current understanding of the proteolytic modification of the microenvironment signals during cancer progression.
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3
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Itoh Y. Modulation of Microenvironment Signals by Proteolytic Shedding of Cell Surface Extracellular Matrix Receptors. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:736735. [PMID: 34796172 PMCID: PMC8593224 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.736735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Multicellular organisms are composed of cells and extracellular matrix (ECM). ECM is a network of multidomain macromolecules that fills gaps between cells. It acts as a glue to connect cells, provides scaffolding for migrating cells, and pools cytokines and growth factors. ECM also directly sends signals to the cells through ECM receptors, providing survival signals and migration cues. Altogether, ECM provides a correct microenvironment for the cells to function in the tissue. Although ECM acts as a signaling molecule, they are insoluble solid molecules, unlike soluble receptor ligands such as cytokines and growth factors. Upon cell binding to the ECM through ECM receptors and signals transmitted, cells then need to have a mechanism to release from ECM to prevent prolonged signals, which may be tumorigenic, and migrate on ECM. One effective means to release the cells from ECM is to cleave the ECM receptors by proteinases. In this mini-review, current knowledge of ECM receptor shedding will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Itoh
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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4
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Johnson P, Arif AA, Lee-Sayer SSM, Dong Y. Hyaluronan and Its Interactions With Immune Cells in the Healthy and Inflamed Lung. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2787. [PMID: 30555472 PMCID: PMC6281886 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan is a hygroscopic glycosaminoglycan that contributes to both extracellular and pericellular matrices. While the production of hyaluronan is essential for mammalian development, less is known about its interaction and function with immune cells. Here we review what is known about hyaluronan in the lung and how it impacts immune cells, both at homeostasis and during lung inflammation and fibrosis. In the healthy lung, alveolar macrophages provide the first line of defense and play important roles in immunosurveillance and lipid surfactant homeostasis. Alveolar macrophages are surrounded by a coat of hyaluronan that is bound by CD44, a major hyaluronan receptor on immune cells, and this interaction contributes to their survival and the maintenance of normal alveolar macrophage numbers. Alveolar macrophages are conditioned by the alveolar environment to be immunosuppressive, and can phagocytose particulates without alerting an immune response. However, during acute lung infection or injury, an inflammatory immune response is triggered. Hyaluronan levels in the lung are rapidly increased and peak with maximum leukocyte infiltration, suggesting a role for hyaluronan in facilitating leukocyte access to the injury site. Hyaluronan can also be bound by hyaladherins (hyaluronan binding proteins), which create a provisional matrix to facilitate tissue repair. During the subsequent remodeling process hyaluronan concentrations decline and levels return to baseline as homeostasis is restored. In chronic lung diseases, the inflammatory and/or repair phases persist, leading to sustained high levels of hyaluronan, accumulation of associated immune cells and an inability to resolve the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Arif A Arif
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sally S M Lee-Sayer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yifei Dong
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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5
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The CD44-HA axis and inflammation in atherosclerosis: A temporal perspective. Matrix Biol 2018; 78-79:201-218. [PMID: 29792915 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) due to atherosclerosis is a disease of chronic inflammation at both the systemic and the tissue level. CD44 has previously been implicated in atherosclerosis in both humans and mice. This multi-faceted receptor plays a critical part in the inflammatory response during the onset of CVD, though little is known of CD44's role during the latter stages of the disease. This review focuses on the role of CD44-dependent HA-dependent effects on inflammatory cells in several key processes, from disease initiation throughout the progression of atherosclerosis. Understanding how CD44 and HA regulate inflammation in atherogenesis is key in determining the utility of the CD44-HA axis as a therapeutic target to halt disease and potentially promote disease regression.
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6
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The survival of fetal and bone marrow monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages is promoted by CD44 and its interaction with hyaluronan. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:601-614. [PMID: 29067996 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages maintain lung homeostasis by performing important roles in immunosurveillance and lung surfactant catabolism. They express high levels of CD44 and are one of the few macrophage populations that constitutively bind hyaluronan, a ligand for CD44 and component of pericellular and extracellular matrices. Using adoptive transfer experiments and a mouse model of inflammation, we found that alveolar macrophages are initially depleted after an inflammatory insult then rapidly self-renew and return to original numbers after the resolution phase. Monocytes recruited to an inflamed lung differentiate and contribute to the alveolar macrophage pool, but this occurs over a much slower time frame than alveolar macrophage self-renewal. CD44 expression on both fetal and bone marrow-derived alveolar macrophages promoted their survival and provided a competitive advantage over CD44-deficient alveolar macrophages at homeostasis and after inflammation. CD44-mediated hyaluronan binding was induced by the alveolar environment, and this interaction promoted alveolar macrophage survival both ex vivo and in vivo. Without CD44, alveolar macrophages lacked a hyaluronan coat, were more susceptible to death, and were present at lower numbers in the alveolar space. This demonstrates a new role for CD44 and hyaluronan in promoting alveolar macrophage survival.
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7
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Lee-Sayer SSM, Dougan MN, Cooper J, Sanderson L, Dosanjh M, Maxwell CA, Johnson P. CD44-mediated hyaluronan binding marks proliferating hematopoietic progenitor cells and promotes bone marrow engraftment. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196011. [PMID: 29684048 PMCID: PMC5912764 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CD44 is a widely expressed cell adhesion molecule that binds to the extracellular matrix component, hyaluronan. However, this interaction is not constitutive in most immune cells at steady state, as the ability of CD44 to engage hyaluronan is highly regulated. While activated T cells and macrophages gain the ability to bind hyaluronan by CD44, the status in other immune cells is less studied. Here we found a percentage of murine eosinophils, natural killer and natural killer T cells were capable of interacting with hyaluronan at steady state. To further investigate the consequences of hyaluronan binding by CD44 in the hematopoietic system, point mutations of CD44 that either cannot bind hyaluronan (LOF-CD44) or have an increased affinity for hyaluronan (GOF-CD44) were expressed in CD44-deficient bone marrow. Competitive bone marrow reconstitution of irradiated mice revealed an early preference for GOF-CD44 over WT-CD44 expressing cells, and for WT-CD44 over LOF-CD44 expressing cells, in the hematopoietic progenitor cell compartment. The advantage of the hyaluronan-binding cells was observed in the hematopoietic stem and progenitor populations, and was maintained throughout the immune system. Hematopoietic stem cells bound minimal hyaluronan at steady state, and this was increased when the cells were induced to proliferate whereas multipotent progenitors had an increased ability to bind hyaluronan at steady state. In vitro, the addition of hyaluronan promoted their proliferation. Thus, proliferating hematopoietic progenitors bind hyaluronan, and hyaluronan binding cells have a striking competitive advantage in bone marrow engraftment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally S. M. Lee-Sayer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - Meghan N. Dougan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - Jesse Cooper
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - Leslie Sanderson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - Manisha Dosanjh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - Christopher A. Maxwell
- Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - Pauline Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
- * E-mail:
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8
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Rios de la Rosa JM, Tirella A, Tirelli N. Receptor-Targeted Drug Delivery and the (Many) Problems We Know of: The Case of CD44 and Hyaluronic Acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201800049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julio M. Rios de la Rosa
- NorthWest Centre for Advanced Drug Delivery (NoWCADD); School of Health Sciences; University of Manchester; Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PT UK
| | - Annalisa Tirella
- NorthWest Centre for Advanced Drug Delivery (NoWCADD); School of Health Sciences; University of Manchester; Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PT UK
| | - Nicola Tirelli
- NorthWest Centre for Advanced Drug Delivery (NoWCADD); School of Health Sciences; University of Manchester; Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PT UK
- Laboratory of Polymers and Biomaterials; Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Genova 16163 Italy
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9
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Dörr K, Kilch T, Kappel S, Alansary D, Schwär G, Niemeyer BA, Peinelt C. Cell type-specific glycosylation of Orai1 modulates store-operated Ca2+ entry. Sci Signal 2016; 9:ra25. [PMID: 26956484 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaa9913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
N-glycosylation of cell surface proteins affects protein function, stability, and interaction with other proteins. Orai channels, which mediate store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE), are composed of N-glycosylated subunits. Upon activation by Ca(2+) sensor proteins (stromal interaction molecules STIM1 or STIM2) in the endoplasmic reticulum, Orai Ca(2+) channels in the plasma membrane mediate Ca(2+) influx. Lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins, and Siglecs are a family of sialic acid-binding lectins with immunoglobulin-like repeats. Using Western blot analysis and lectin-binding assays from various primary human cells and cancer cell lines, we found that glycosylation of Orai1 is cell type-specific. Ca(2+) imaging experiments and patch-clamp experiments revealed that mutation of the only glycosylation site of Orai1 (Orai1N223A) enhanced SOCE in Jurkat T cells. Knockdown of the sialyltransferase ST6GAL1 reduced α-2,6-linked sialic acids in the glycan structure of Orai1 and was associated with increased Ca(2+) entry in Jurkat T cells. In human mast cells, inhibition of sialyl sulfation altered the N-glycan of Orai1 (and other proteins) and increased SOCE. These data suggest that cell type-specific glycosylation influences the interaction of Orai1 with specific lectins, such as Siglecs, which then attenuates SOCE. In summary, the glycosylation state of Orai1 influences SOCE-mediated Ca(2+) signaling and, thus, may contribute to pathophysiological Ca(2+) signaling observed in immune disease and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Dörr
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg 66421, Germany. Molecular Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg 66421, Germany. Center of Human and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Tatiana Kilch
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg 66421, Germany. Center of Human and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Sven Kappel
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg 66421, Germany. Center of Human and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Dalia Alansary
- Molecular Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Gertrud Schwär
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg 66421, Germany. Molecular Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Barbara A Niemeyer
- Molecular Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Christine Peinelt
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg 66421, Germany. Center of Human and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Homburg 66421, Germany.
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10
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Cao H, Heazlewood SY, Williams B, Cardozo D, Nigro J, Oteiza A, Nilsson SK. The role of CD44 in fetal and adult hematopoietic stem cell regulation. Haematologica 2015; 101:26-37. [PMID: 26546504 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2015.135921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout development, hematopoietic stem cells migrate to specific microenvironments, where their fate is, in part, extrinsically controlled. CD44 standard as a member of the cell adhesion molecule family is extensively expressed within adult bone marrow and has been previously reported to play important roles in adult hematopoietic regulation via CD44 standard-ligand interactions. In this manuscript, CD44 expression and function are further assessed and characterized on both fetal and adult hematopoietic stem cells. Using a CD44(-/-) mouse model, conserved functional roles of CD44 are revealed throughout development. CD44 is critical in the maintenance of hematopoietic stem and progenitor pools, as well as in hematopoietic stem cell migration. CD44 expression on hematopoietic stem cells as well as other hematopoietic cells within the bone marrow microenvironment is important in the homing and lodgment of adult hematopoietic stem cells isolated from the bone/bone marrow interface. CD44 is also involved in fetal hematopoietic stem cell migration out of the liver, via a process involving stromal cell-derived factor-1α. The absence of CD44 in neonatal bone marrow has no impact on the size of the long-term reconstituting hematopoietic stem cell pool, but results in an enhanced long-term engraftment potential of hematopoietic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Cao
- Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Melbourne, Australia Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Shen Y Heazlewood
- Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Melbourne, Australia Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Brenda Williams
- Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Melbourne, Australia Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Daniela Cardozo
- Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Melbourne, Australia Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Julie Nigro
- Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ana Oteiza
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Norway
| | - Susan K Nilsson
- Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Melbourne, Australia Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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11
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Regulated Hyaluronan Synthesis by Vascular Cells. Int J Cell Biol 2015; 2015:208303. [PMID: 26448750 PMCID: PMC4581571 DOI: 10.1155/2015/208303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular microenvironment plays a critical role in several pathologies including atherosclerosis. Hyaluronan (HA) content often reflects the progression of this disease in promoting vessel thickening and cell migration. HA synthesis is regulated by several factors, including the phosphorylation of HA synthase 2 (HAS2) and other covalent modifications including ubiquitination and O-GlcNAcylation. Substrate availability is important in HA synthesis control. Specific drugs reducing the UDP precursors are able to reduce HA synthesis whereas the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) increases the concentration of HA precursor UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) leading to an increase of HA synthesis. The flux through the HBP in the regulation of HA biosynthesis in human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) was reported as a critical aspect. In fact, inhibiting O-GlcNAcylation reduced HA production whereas increased O-GlcNAcylation augmented HA secretion. Additionally, O-GlcNAcylation regulates HAS2 gene expression resulting in accumulation of its mRNA after induction of O-GlcNAcylation with glucosamine treatments. The oxidized LDLs, the most common molecules related to atherosclerosis outcome and progression, are also able to induce a strong HA synthesis when they are in contact with vascular cells. In this review, we present recent described mechanisms involved in HA synthesis regulation and their role in atherosclerosis outcome and development.
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12
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Murai T. Lipid Raft-Mediated Regulation of Hyaluronan-CD44 Interactions in Inflammation and Cancer. Front Immunol 2015; 6:420. [PMID: 26347743 PMCID: PMC4542320 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan is a major component of the extracellular matrix and plays pivotal roles in inflammation and cancer. Hyaluronan oligomers are frequently found in these pathological conditions, in which they exert their effects via association with the transmembrane receptor CD44. Lipid rafts are cholesterol- and glycosphingolipid-enriched membrane microdomains that may regulate membrane receptors while serving as platforms for transmembrane signaling at the cell surface. This article focuses on the recent discovery that lipid rafts regulate the interaction between CD44 and hyaluronan, which depends largely on hyaluronan's size. Lipid rafts regulate CD44's ability to bind hyaluronan in T cells, control the rolling adhesion of lymphocytes on vascular endothelial cells, and regulate hyaluronan- and CD44-mediated cancer cell migration. The implications of these findings for preventing inflammatory disorders and cancer are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Murai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University , Suita , Japan
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13
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Rayahin JE, Buhrman JS, Zhang Y, Koh TJ, Gemeinhart RA. High and low molecular weight hyaluronic acid differentially influence macrophage activation. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2015; 1:481-493. [PMID: 26280020 PMCID: PMC4533115 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5b00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages exhibit phenotypic diversity permitting wide-ranging roles in maintaining physiologic homeostasis. Hyaluronic acid, a major glycosaminoglycan of the extracellular matrix, has been shown to have differential signaling based on its molecular weight. With this in mind, the main objective of this study was to elucidate the role of hyaluronic acid molecular weight on macrophage activation and reprogramming. Changes in macrophage activation were assessed by activation state selective marker measurement, specifically quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction, and cytokine enzyme-linked immunoassays, after macrophage treatment with differing molecular weights of hyaluronic acid under four conditions: the resting state, concurrent with classical activation, and following inflammation involving either classically or alternatively activated macrophages. Regardless of initial polarization state, low molecular weight hyaluronic acid induced a classically activated-like state, confirmed by up-regulation of pro-inflammatory genes, including nos2, tnf, il12b, and cd80, and enhanced secretion of nitric oxide and TNF-α. High molecular weight hyaluronic acid promoted an alternatively activated-like state, confirmed by up regulation of pro-resolving gene transcription, including arg1, il10, and mrc1, and enhanced arginase activity. Overall, our observations suggest that macrophages undergo phenotypic changes dependent on molecular weight of hyaluronan that correspond to either (1) pro-inflammatory response for low molecular weight HA or (2) pro-resolving response for high molecular weight HA. These observations bring significant further understanding of the influence of extracellular matrix polymers, hyaluronic acid in particular, on regulating the inflammatory response of macrophages. This knowledge can be used to guide the design of HA-containing biomaterials to better utilize the natural response to HAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie E. Rayahin
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612-7231, USA
| | - Jason S. Buhrman
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612-7231, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612-7231, USA
| | - Timothy J. Koh
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612-7246, USA
| | - Richard A. Gemeinhart
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612-7231, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607-7052, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612-4319, USA
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14
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Lee-Sayer SSM, Dong Y, Arif AA, Olsson M, Brown KL, Johnson P. The where, when, how, and why of hyaluronan binding by immune cells. Front Immunol 2015; 6:150. [PMID: 25926830 PMCID: PMC4396519 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan is made and extruded from cells to form a pericellular or extracellular matrix (ECM) and is present in virtually all tissues in the body. The size and form of hyaluronan present in tissues are indicative of a healthy or inflamed tissue, and the interactions of hyaluronan with immune cells can influence their response. Thus, in order to understand how inflammation is regulated, it is necessary to understand these interactions and their consequences. Although there is a large turnover of hyaluronan in our bodies, the large molecular mass form of hyaluronan predominates in healthy tissues. Upon tissue damage and/or infection, the ECM and hyaluronan are broken down and an inflammatory response ensues. As inflammation is resolved, the ECM is restored, and high molecular mass hyaluronan predominates again. Immune cells encounter hyaluronan in the tissues and lymphoid organs and respond differently to high and low molecular mass forms. Immune cells differ in their ability to bind hyaluronan and this can vary with the cell type and their activation state. For example, peritoneal macrophages do not bind soluble hyaluronan but can be induced to bind after exposure to inflammatory stimuli. Likewise, naïve T cells, which typically express low levels of the hyaluronan receptor, CD44, do not bind hyaluronan until they undergo antigen-stimulated T cell proliferation and upregulate CD44. Despite substantial knowledge of where and when immune cells bind hyaluronan, why immune cells bind hyaluronan remains a major outstanding question. Here, we review what is currently known about the interactions of hyaluronan with immune cells in both healthy and inflamed tissues and discuss how hyaluronan binding by immune cells influences the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally S M Lee-Sayer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | - Yifei Dong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | - Arif A Arif
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | - Mia Olsson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | - Kelly L Brown
- Department of Pediatrics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | - Pauline Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
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15
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Gaudet AD, Popovich PG. Extracellular matrix regulation of inflammation in the healthy and injured spinal cord. Exp Neurol 2014; 258:24-34. [PMID: 25017885 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Throughout the body, the extracellular matrix (ECM) provides structure and organization to tissues and also helps regulate cell migration and intercellular communication. In the injured spinal cord (or brain), changes in the composition and structure of the ECM undoubtedly contribute to regeneration failure. Less appreciated is how the native and injured ECM influences intraspinal inflammation and, conversely, how neuroinflammation affects the synthesis and deposition of ECM after CNS injury. In all tissues, inflammation can be initiated and propagated by ECM disruption. Molecules of ECM newly liberated by injury or inflammation include hyaluronan fragments, tenascins, and sulfated proteoglycans. These act as "damage-associated molecular patterns" or "alarmins", i.e., endogenous proteins that trigger and subsequently amplify inflammation. Activated inflammatory cells, in turn, further damage the ECM by releasing degradative enzymes including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). After spinal cord injury (SCI), destabilization or alteration of the structural and chemical compositions of the ECM affects migration, communication, and survival of all cells - neural and non-neural - that are critical for spinal cord repair. By stabilizing ECM structure or modifying their ability to trigger the degradative effects of inflammation, it may be possible to create an environment that is more conducive to tissue repair and axon plasticity after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Gaudet
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 670 Biomedical Research Tower, 460 West 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Phillip G Popovich
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 670 Biomedical Research Tower, 460 West 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Reers S, Pfannerstill AC, Maushagen R, Pries R, Wollenberg B. Stem cell profiling in head and neck cancer reveals an Oct-4 expressing subpopulation with properties of chemoresistance. Oral Oncol 2013; 50:155-62. [PMID: 24387977 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In the past decade cancer, including head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC), is increasingly being regarded as a stem cell associated disease which arises from cells with the property of stemness. According to the cancer stem cell (CSC) theory, only a specific subpopulation of cancer cells has the ability to initiate and perpetuate cancer growth, especially under treatment. In this article we describe a subpopulation of cells within HNSCC that expresses the stemness factor Oct-4, which leads to apoptotic resistance after exposure to chemotherapeutic agents. MATERIALS AND METHODS Permanent cell lines and HNSCC tissue were analyzed for expression of stem cell markers using flow cytometric, immunohistochemical approaches and an antibody based protein array. Chemotherapeutic agent-induced growth inhibition, also known as "enrichment", was determined by the colorimetric cell proliferation assay (MTT-based) and putative stem cell markers were investigated by flow cytometry. RESULTS Various potential CSC markers were identified in heterogenic expression profiles in permanent cell lines and solid tumors. Our data suggest the Oct-4A isoform as a marker of stemness in HNSCC and the enrichment of cancer stem-like cells by various chemotherapeutic agents was associated with a significantly higher expression of Oct-4. CONCLUSION This data suggests that many potential CSC markers are expressed on different expression levels in HNSCC. Among these markers Oct-4(A) plays a pivotal role in the detection of cancer cells with enhanced chemoresistance and provide evidence for the existence of cancer stem-like cells in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Reers
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Regina Maushagen
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ralph Pries
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Barbara Wollenberg
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany.
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17
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CD44 mediated hyaluronan adhesion of Toxoplasma gondii-infected leukocytes. Parasitol Int 2013; 63:479-84. [PMID: 24157443 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasite that infects humans and animals. Ingested parasites cross the intestinal epithelium, invade leukocytes and are then disseminated to peripheral organs. However, the mechanism of extravasation of the infected leukocytes remains poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrate that T. gondii-invaded human and mouse leukocytes express higher level of CD44, a ligand of hyaluronan (HA), and its expression on myeloid and non-myeloid leukocytes causes T. gondii-invaded human and mouse leukocyte to adhere to HA more effectively than non-invaded leukocytes. The specific adherence of parasite-invaded leukocytes was inhibited by anti CD44 antibody. Leukocytes of CD44 knockout mice did not show parasite-invaded leukocyte specific adhesion. Our results indicate that parasite-invaded leukocytes, regardless of whether myeloid or not, gain higher ability to adhere to HA than non-invaded leukocytes, via upregulation of CD44 expression and/or selective invasion to CD44 highly expressing cells. The difference in ability to adhere to HA between parasite-invaded cells and non-invaded neighboring cells might facilitate effective delivery of parasite-invaded leukocytes to the HA-producing endothelial cell surface and/or HA-rich extra cellular matrix.
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Murai T, Sato M, Nishiyama H, Suga M, Sato C. Ultrastructural analysis of nanogold-labeled cell surface microvilli in liquid by atmospheric scanning electron microscopy and their relevance in cell adhesion. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:20809-19. [PMID: 24135874 PMCID: PMC3821644 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141020809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The adhesion of leukocytes circulating in the blood to vascular endothelium is critical for their trafficking in the vasculature, and CD44 is an important cell surface receptor for rolling adhesion. In this study, we demonstrate the correlative observation of CD44 distribution at the lymphocyte cell surface in liquid by fluorescence optical microscopy and immuno-electron microscopy using an atmospheric scanning electron microscope (ASEM). The ultrastructure of the cell surface was clearly imaged by ASEM using positively charged Nanogold particles. ASEM analysis demonstrated microvilli projections around the cell surface and the localization of CD44 on the microvilli. Treatment of cells with cytochalasin D resulted in a loss of the microvilli projections and concomitantly abrogated CD44-mediated adhesion to its ligand hyaluronan. These results suggest the functional relevance of microvilli in CD44-mediated rolling adhesion under shear flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Murai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mari Sato
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan; E-Mails: (M.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Hidetoshi Nishiyama
- Advanced Technology Division, JEOL Ltd., Akishima, Tokyo 196-8558, Japan; E-Mails: (H.N.); (M.S.)
| | - Mitsuo Suga
- Advanced Technology Division, JEOL Ltd., Akishima, Tokyo 196-8558, Japan; E-Mails: (H.N.); (M.S.)
| | - Chikara Sato
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan; E-Mails: (M.S.); (C.S.)
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Murai T, Sato C, Sato M, Nishiyama H, Suga M, Mio K, Kawashima H. Membrane cholesterol modulates the hyaluronan-binding ability of CD44 in T lymphocytes and controls rolling under shear flow. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:3284-94. [PMID: 23729731 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.120014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The adhesion of circulating lymphocytes to the surface of vascular endothelial cells is important for their recruitment from blood to secondary lymphoid organs and to inflammatory sites. CD44 is a key adhesion molecule for this interaction and its ligand-binding ability is tightly regulated. Here we show that the hyaluronan-binding ability of CD44 in T cells is upregulated by the depletion of membrane cholesterol with methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD), which disintegrates lipid rafts, i.e. cholesterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane microdomains. Increasing concentrations of MβCD led to a dose-dependent decrease in cellular cholesterol content and to upregulation of hyaluronan binding. Additionally, a cholesterol-binding agent filipin also increased hyaluronan binding. Cholesterol depletion caused CD44 to be dispersed from cholesterol-enriched membrane microdomains. Cholesterol depletion also increased the number of cells undergoing rolling adhesion under physiological flow conditions. Our results suggest that the ligand-binding ability of CD44 is governed by its cholesterol-dependent allocation to membrane microdomains at the cell surface. These findings provide novel insight into the regulation of T cell adhesion under blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Murai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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20
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CD44 targeting magnetic glyconanoparticles for atherosclerotic plaque imaging. Pharm Res 2013; 31:1426-37. [PMID: 23568520 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1021-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The cell surface adhesion molecule CD44 plays important roles in the initiation and development of atherosclerotic plaques. We aim to develop nanoparticles that can selectively target CD44 for the non-invasive detection of atherosclerotic plaques by magnetic resonance imaging. METHODS Magnetic glyconanoparticles with hyaluronan immobilized on the surface have been prepared. The binding of these nanoparticles with CD44 was evaluated in vitro by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. In vivo magnetic resonance imaging of plaques was performed on an atherosclerotic rabbit model. RESULTS The magnetic glyconanoparticles can selectively bind CD44. In T2* weighted magnetic resonance images acquired in vivo, significant contrast changes in aorta walls were observed with a very low dose of the magnetic nanoparticles, allowing the detection of atherosclerotic plaques. Furthermore, imaging could be performed without significant delay after probe administration. The selectivity of hyaluronan nanoparticles in plaque imaging was established by several control experiments. CONCLUSIONS Magnetic nanoparticles bearing surface hyaluronan enabled the imaging of atherosclerotic plaques in vivo by magnetic resonance imaging. The low dose of nanoparticles required, the possibility to image without much delay and the high biocompatibility are the advantages of these nanoparticles as contrast agents for plaque imaging.
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21
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Distinct kinetic and molecular requirements govern CD44 binding to hyaluronan versus fibrin(ogen). Biophys J 2013; 103:415-423. [PMID: 22947857 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2012.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
CD44 is a multifunctional glycoprotein that binds to hyaluronan and fibrin(ogen). Alternative splicing is responsible for the generation of numerous different isoforms, the smallest of which is CD44s. Insertion of variant exons into the extracellular membrane proximal region generates the variant isoforms (CD44v). Here, we used force spectroscopy to delineate the biophysical and molecular requirements of CD44-HA and CD44-fibrin(ogen) interactions at the single-molecule level. CD44v-HA and CD44s-HA single bonds exhibit similar kinetic and micromechanical properties because the HA-binding motif on CD44 is common to all of the isoforms. Although this is the primary binding site, O- and N-linked glycans and sulfation also contribute to the tensile strength of the CD44-HA bond. The CD44s-fibrin pair has a lower unstressed dissociation rate and a higher tensile strength than CD44s-fibrinogen but is weaker than the CD44-HA bond. In contrast to CD44-HA binding, the molecular interaction between CD44 and fibrin(ogen) is predominantly mediated by the chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate on CD44. Blocking sulfation on CD44s modestly decreases the tensile strength of CD44s-fibrin(ogen) binding, which is in stark contrast to CD44v-fibrin interaction. Collectively, the results obtained by force spectroscopy in conjunction with biochemical interventions enable us to delineate the biophysical parameters and molecular constituents of CD44 binding to hyaluronan and fibrin(ogen).
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22
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Alves CS, Konstantopoulos K. PDGF suppresses the sulfation of CD44v and potentiates CD44v-mediated binding of colon carcinoma cells to fibrin under flow. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41472. [PMID: 23056168 PMCID: PMC3466257 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrin(ogen) mediates sustained tumor cell adhesion and survival in the pulmonary vasculature, thereby facilitating the metastatic dissemination of tumor cells. CD44 is the major functional fibrin receptor on colon carcinoma cells. Growth factors, such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), induce post-translational protein modifications, which modulate ligand binding activity. In view of the roles of PDGF, fibrin(ogen) and CD44 in cancer metastasis, we aimed to delineate the effect of PDGF on CD44-fibrin recognition. By immunoprecipitating CD44 from PDGF-treated and untreated LS174T colon carcinoma cells, which express primarily CD44v, we demonstrate that PDGF enhances the adhesion of CD44v-coated beads to immobilized fibrin. Enzymatic inhibition studies coupled with flow-based adhesion assays and autoradiography reveal that PDGF augments the binding of CD44v to fibrin by significantly attenuating the extent of CD44 sulfation primarily on chondroitin and dermatan sulfate chains. Surface plasmon resonance assays confirm that PDGF enhances the affinity of CD44v-fibrin binding by markedly reducing its dissociation rate while modestly increasing the association rate. PDGF mildly reduces the affinity of CD44v-hyaluronan binding without affecting selectin-CD44v recognition. The latter is attributed to the fact that CD44v binds to selectins via sialofucosylated O-linked residues independent of heparan, dermatan and chondroitin sulfates. Interestingly, PDGF moderately reduces the sulfation of CD44s and CD44s-fibrin recognition. Collectively, these data offer a novel perspective into the mechanism by which PGDF regulates CD44-dependent binding of metastatic colon carcinoma cells to fibrin(ogen).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina S. Alves
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Konstantinos Konstantopoulos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences, Oncology Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Ouasti S, Kingham PJ, Terenghi G, Tirelli N. The CD44/integrins interplay and the significance of receptor binding and re-presentation in the uptake of RGD-functionalized hyaluronic acid. Biomaterials 2012; 33:1120-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Jacobs PP, Sackstein R. CD44 and HCELL: preventing hematogenous metastasis at step 1. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:3148-58. [PMID: 21827751 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite great strides in our knowledge of the genetic and epigenetic changes underlying malignancy, we have limited information on the molecular basis of metastasis. Over 90% of cancer deaths are caused by spread of tumor cells from a primary site to distant organs and tissues, highlighting the pressing need to define the molecular effectors of cancer metastasis. Mounting evidence suggests that circulating tumor cells (CTCs) home to specific tissues by hijacking the normal leukocyte trafficking mechanisms. Cancer cells characteristically express CD44, and there is increasing evidence that hematopoietic cell E-/L-selectin ligand (HCELL), a sialofucosylated glycoform of CD44, serves as the major selectin ligand on cancer cells, allowing interaction of tumor cells with endothelium, leukocytes, and platelets. Here, we review the structural biology of CD44 and of HCELL, and present current data on the function of these molecules in mediating organ-specific homing/metastasis of CTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter P Jacobs
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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25
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Ruffell B, Poon GFT, Lee SSM, Brown KL, Tjew SL, Cooper J, Johnson P. Differential use of chondroitin sulfate to regulate hyaluronan binding by receptor CD44 in Inflammatory and Interleukin 4-activated Macrophages. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:19179-90. [PMID: 21471214 PMCID: PMC3103297 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.200790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
CD44 is a cell surface receptor for the extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan and is involved in processes ranging from leukocyte recruitment to wound healing. In the immune system, the binding of hyaluronan to CD44 is tightly regulated, and exposure of human peripheral blood monocytes to inflammatory stimuli increases CD44 expression and induces hyaluronan binding. Here we sought to understand how mouse macrophages regulate hyaluronan binding upon inflammatory and anti-inflammatory stimuli. Mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages stimulated with tumor necrosis factor α or lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ (LPS/IFNγ) induced hyaluronan binding by up-regulating CD44 and down-regulating chondroitin sulfation on CD44. Hyaluronan binding was induced to a lesser extent in interleukin-4 (IL-4)-activated macrophages despite increased CD44 expression, and this was attributable to increased chondroitin sulfation on CD44, as treatment with β-d-xyloside to prevent chondroitin sulfate addition significantly enhanced hyaluronan binding. These changes in the chondroitin sulfation of CD44 were associated with changes in mRNA expression of two chondroitin sulfotransferases, CHST3 and CHST7, which were decreased in LPS/IFNγ-stimulated macrophages and increased in IL-4-stimulated macrophages. Thus, inflammatory and anti-inflammatory stimuli differentially regulate the chondroitin sulfation of CD44, which is a dynamic physiological regulator of hyaluronan binding by CD44 in mouse macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Ruffell
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Grace F. T. Poon
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Sally S. M. Lee
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Kelly L. Brown
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Sie-Lung Tjew
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jessie Cooper
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Pauline Johnson
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
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Wong NK, Lai JC, Maeshima N, Johnson P. CD44-mediated elongated T cell spreading requires Pyk2 activation by Src family kinases, extracellular calcium, phospholipase C and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase. Cell Signal 2011; 23:812-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Revised: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
The CD44 protein family spans a large group of transmembrane glycoproteins acquired by alternative splicing and post-translational modifications. The great heterogeneity in molecular structure is reflected in its various important functions: CD44 mediates (1) interaction between cell and extracellular matrix, (2) signal submission, e.g., by acting as co-receptor for membrane-spanning receptor tyrosine kinases or by association with intracellular molecules initiating several signaling pathways, and (3) anchor function connecting to the cytoskeleton via the ezrin-radixin-moesin protein family. The expression pattern of the different CD44 isoforms display strong variations dependent on cell type, state of activation, and differentiation stage. In hematopoietic cells, CD44 mediates interaction of progenitor cells and bone marrow stroma during hematopoiesis, regulates maturation, and activation-induced cell death in T cells, influences neutrophil and macrophage migration as well as cytokine production, and participates in lymphocyte extravasation and migration. CD44 is involved in development and progress of hematological neoplasias by enhancement of apoptotic resistance, invasiveness, as well as regulation of bone marrow homing, and mobilization of leukemia-initiating cells into the peripheral blood. Thereby altered CD44 expression functions as marker for worse prognosis in most hematological malignancies. Additionally, CD44 expression levels can be used to distinguish between different hematological neoplasias and subtypes. Concerning new treatment strategies, CD44 displays promising potential either by direct targeting of CD44 expressed on the malignant cells or reversing an acquired resistance to primary treatment mediated through altered CD44 expression. The former can be achieved by antibody or hyaluronan-based immunotherapy.
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Kamat M, El-Boubbou K, Zhu DC, Lansdell T, Lu X, Li W, Huang X. Hyaluronic acid immobilized magnetic nanoparticles for active targeting and imaging of macrophages. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:2128-35. [PMID: 20977242 DOI: 10.1021/bc100354m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Imaging and targeted delivery to macrophages are promising new approaches to study and treat a variety of inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis. In this manuscript, we have designed and synthesized iron oxide based magnetic nanoparticles bearing hyaluronic acid (HA) on the surface to target activated macrophages. The HA-coated nanoparticles were prepared through a co-precipitation procedure followed by postsynthetic functionalization with HA and fluorescein. The nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, elemental analysis, dynamic light scattering, and high-resolution magic angle spinning NMR and were biocompatible with cells and colloidally stable in the presence of serum. The HA immobilized on the nanoparticles retained their specific biological recognition with the HA receptor CD44, which is present on activated macrophages in high-affinity forms. Cell uptake studies demonstrated significant uptake of HA nanoparticles by activated macrophage cell line THP-1, which enabled magnetic resonance imaging of THP-1 cells. The uptake of nanoparticles was found to be both HA and CD44 dependent. Interestingly, Prussian blue staining showed that the magnetite cores of the HA-coated nanoparticles were only transiently present inside the cells, thus reducing the potential concerns of nanotoxicity. Furthermore, fluorescein on the nanoparticle was found to be delivered to the cell nucleus. Therefore, with further development, these HA functionalized magnetic nanoparticles can potentially become a useful carrier system for molecular imaging and targeted drug delivery to activated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medha Kamat
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 48824, United States
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Brown KL, Falsafi R, Kum W, Hamill P, Gardy JL, Davidson DJ, Turvey S, Finlay BB, Speert DP, Hancock REW. Robust TLR4-induced gene expression patterns are not an accurate indicator of human immunity. J Transl Med 2010; 8:6. [PMID: 20105294 PMCID: PMC2843650 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-8-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) is widely accepted as an essential event for defence against infection. Many TLRs utilize a common signalling pathway that relies on activation of the kinase IRAK4 and the transcription factor NFkappaB for the rapid expression of immunity genes. METHODS 21 K DNA microarray technology was used to evaluate LPS-induced (TLR4) gene responses in blood monocytes from a child with an IRAK4-deficiency. In vitro responsiveness to LPS was confirmed by real-time PCR and ELISA and compared to the clinical predisposition of the child and IRAK4-deficient mice to Gram negative infection. RESULTS We demonstrated that the vast majority of LPS-responsive genes in IRAK4-deficient monocytes were greatly suppressed, an observation that is consistent with the described role for IRAK4 as an essential component of TLR4 signalling. The severely impaired response to LPS, however, is inconsistent with a remarkably low incidence of Gram negative infections observed in this child and other children with IRAK4-deficiency. This unpredicted clinical phenotype was validated by demonstrating that IRAK4-deficient mice had a similar resistance to infection with Gram negative S. typhimurium as wildtype mice. A number of immunity genes, such as chemokines, were expressed at normal levels in human IRAK4-deficient monocytes, indicating that particular IRAK4-independent elements within the repertoire of TLR4-induced responses are expressed. CONCLUSIONS Sufficient defence to Gram negative immunity does not require IRAK4 or a robust, 'classic' inflammatory and immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Brown
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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Abstract
The lymphatic system is best known for draining interstitial fluid from the tissues and returning it to the blood circulation. However, the lymphatic system also provides the means for immune surveillance in the immune system, acting as conduits that convey soluble antigens and antigen-presenting cells from the tissues to the lymph nodes, where primary lymphocyte responses are generated. One macromolecule that potentially unites these two functions is the large extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan (HA), a chemically simple copolymer of GlcNAc and GlcUA that fulfills a diversity of functions from danger signal to adhesive substratum, depending upon chain length and particular interaction with its many different binding proteins and a small but important group of receptors. The two most abundant of these receptors are CD44, which is expressed on leukocytes that traffic through the lymphatics, and LYVE-1, which is expressed almost exclusively on lymphatic endothelium. Curiously, much of the HA within the tissues is turned over and degraded in lymph nodes, by a poorly understood process that occurs in the medullary sinuses. Indeed there are several mysterious aspects to HA in the lymphatics. Here we cover some of these by reviewing recent findings in the biology of lymphatic endothelial cells and their possible roles in HA homeostasis together with fresh insights into the complex and enigmatic nature of LYVE-1, its regulation of HA binding by sialylation and self-association, and its potential function in leukocyte trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Jackson
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK. David.
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Alijotas-Reig J. Recurrent urticarial vasculitis related to nonanimal hyaluronic acid skin filler injection. Dermatol Surg 2009; 35 Suppl 1:395-7; discussion 397-8. [PMID: 19207332 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2008.01049.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Alijotas-Reig
- Ageing and Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Unit, Department of Internal Medicine I, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universtat Autònoma, Barcelona, Spain.
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Puré E, Assoian RK. Rheostatic signaling by CD44 and hyaluronan. Cell Signal 2009; 21:651-5. [PMID: 19174187 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2009.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 01/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cellular function and adaptive behavior is often driven by signals generated in response to the local tissue microenvironment. Cell surface receptors that detect changes in extracellular matrix composition and modifications to extracellular matrix components, are ideally positioned to provide highly responsive sensors of changes in the microenvironment and mediate changes in cellular function required to maintain tissue integrity. Receptors can act as "on/off" switches, but ligand/receptor complexes that provide "rheostatic" control may be more sensitive, provide a more rapid mechanism of control and allow for fine-tuning of cellular responses to the microenvironment. Herein, we review evidence that transitions in the physiochemical properties of the extracellular glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan and in the function of its major receptor, CD44, differentially regulate ERK and Rac signal transduction pathways to provide critical rheostatic control of mesenchymal cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Puré
- Wistar Institute and Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Chen GY, Sakuma K, Kannagi R. Significance of NF-kappaB/GATA axis in tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced expression of 6-sulfated cell recognition glycans in human T-lymphocytes. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:34563-70. [PMID: 18849568 PMCID: PMC3259878 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m804271200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Revised: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfated glycans play critical roles in various cell recognition events among leukocytes. The 6-sulfated lactosamine glycans in particular have been widely noted for their importance because they are involved in cell recognition events mediated by cell-adhesion molecules such as selectins and sialic acid-recognizing molecules such as siglecs and also in the activation of CD44 in binding to extracellular matrix hyaluronate. A pro-inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, induces expression of 6-sulfated glycans on human leukocytes. Here we report that the transcription of the GlcNAc6ST-1 gene, the gene encoding a sulfotransferase for 6-sulfated glycan synthesis, is induced in human T-lymphoid cells through tandem NF-kappaB and GATA motifs in its 5'-regulatory region. Results of our reporter assays, immunoprecipitation, and chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses indicated that GATA-3 and/or GATA-2, but not GATA-1, associates with NF-kappaB in a transcription factor complex on the 5'-regulatory region of the gene and acts synergistically with NF-kappaB in triggering GlcNAc6ST-1 transcription. Recently, a skin-homing subset of helper memory T cells exhibiting the Th2 marker CCR4 was shown to specifically express 6-sulfated glycans. The transactivation mechanism described here suggested that GlcNAc6ST-1 transcription is coordinated with the NF-kappaB/GATA-3 axis, which is known to figure heavily in Th2 cell differentiation. In line with this, in vitro differentiation of human T cells to Th2 cells was found to significantly induce GlcNAc6ST-1 transcription and 6-sulfated glycan expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Yun Chen
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan
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Brown KL, Bylund J, MacDonald KL, Song-Zhao GX, Elliott MR, Falsafi R, Hancock REW, Speert DP. ROS-deficient monocytes have aberrant gene expression that correlates with inflammatory disorders of chronic granulomatous disease. Clin Immunol 2008; 129:90-102. [PMID: 18676204 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2008.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Revised: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease is an immunodeficiency caused by an inability to produce reactive oxygen species. While the mechanism of hyper-sensitivity to infection is well understood in CGD, the basis for debilitating inflammatory disorders that arise in the absence of evident infection has not been fully explained. Herein it is demonstrated that resting and TLR-activated monocytes from individuals with CGD expressed significantly higher levels of inflammatory mediators than control cells; the expression in CGD cells resembled normal cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. The lack of acute illness, infection or circulating endotoxin in the blood of the CGD patients at the time of sampling was consistent with infection-free inflammation. The enhanced expression of inflammatory mediators correlated with elevated expression of NF-kappaB and was dependent on ERK1/2 signalling. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that ROS are anti-inflammatory mediators that control gene expression and potentially limit the development of sterile inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Brown
- Centre for Microbial Disease Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Yamawaki H, Hirohata S, Miyoshi T, Takahashi K, Ogawa H, Shinohata R, Demircan K, Kusachi S, Yamamoto K, Ninomiya Y. Hyaluronan receptors involved in cytokine induction in monocytes. Glycobiology 2008; 19:83-92. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwn109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Zhao L, Hall JA, Levenkova N, Lee E, Middleton MK, Zukas AM, Rader DJ, Rux JJ, Puré E. CD44 regulates vascular gene expression in a proatherogenic environment. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 27:886-92. [PMID: 17272751 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000259362.10882.c5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify early changes in vascular gene expression mediated by CD44 that promote atherosclerotic disease in apolipoprotein E (apoE)-deficient (apoE-/-) mice. METHODS AND RESULTS We demonstrate that CD44 is upregulated and functionally activated in aortic arch in the atherogenic environment of apoE-/- mice relative to wild-type (C57BL/6) controls. Moreover, CD44 activation even in apoE-/- mice is selective to lesion-prone regions because neither the thoracic aorta from apoE-/- mice nor the aortic arch of C57BL/6 mice exhibited upregulation of CD44 compared with thoracic aorta of CD57BL/6 mice. Consistent with these observations, gene expression profiling using cDNA microarrays and quantitative polymerase chain reaction revealed that approximately 155 of 19,200 genes analyzed were differentially regulated in the aortic arch, but not in the thoracic aorta, in apoE-/- CD44-/- mice compared with apoE-/- CD44+/+ mice. However, these genes were not regulated by CD44 in the context of a C57BL/6 background, illustrating the selective impact of CD44 on gene expression in a proatherogenic environment. The patterns of differential gene expression implicate CD44 in focal adhesion formation, extracellular matrix deposition, and angiogenesis, processes critical to atherosclerosis. CONCLUSIONS CD44 is an early mediator of atherogenesis by virtue of its ability to regulate vascular gene expression in response to a proatherogenic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhao
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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37
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Zhuo L, Kanamori A, Kannagi R, Itano N, Wu J, Hamaguchi M, Ishiguro N, Kimata K. SHAP potentiates the CD44-mediated leukocyte adhesion to the hyaluronan substratum. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:20303-14. [PMID: 16702221 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m506703200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
CD44-hyaluronan (HA) interaction is involved in diverse physiological and pathological processes. Regulation of interacting avidity is well studied on CD44 but rarely on HA. We discovered a unique covalent modification of HA with a protein, SHAP, that corresponds to the heavy chains of inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor family molecules circulating in blood. Formation of the SHAP.HA complex is often associated with inflammation, a well known process involving the CD44-HA interaction. We therefore examined the effect of SHAP on the CD44-HA interaction-mediated lymphocyte adhesion. Under both static and flowing conditions, Hut78 cells (CD44-positive) and CD44-transfected Jurkat cells (originally CD44-negative) adhered preferentially to the immobilized SHAP.HA complex than to HA. The enhanced adhesion is exclusively mediated by the CD44-HA interaction, because it was inhibited by HA, but not IalphaI, and was completely abolished by pretreating the cells with anti-CD44 antibodies. SHAP appears to potentiate the interaction by increasing the avidity of HA to CD44 and altering their distribution on cell surfaces. Large amounts of the SHAP.HA complex accumulate in the hyperplastic synovium of rheumatoid arthritis patients. Leukocytes infiltrated to the synovium were strongly positive for HA, SHAP, and CD44 on their surfaces, suggesting a role for the adhesion-enhancing effect of SHAP in pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisheng Zhuo
- Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
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Bonder CS, Clark SR, Norman MU, Johnson P, Kubes P. Use of CD44 by CD4+ Th1 and Th2 lymphocytes to roll and adhere. Blood 2006; 107:4798-806. [PMID: 16497973 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-09-3581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Localization of circulating lymphocytes to a site of inflammation is paramount for the development and maintenance of an immune response. In vitro studies using cell lines have previously demonstrated that rolling and adhesion of lymphocytes on endothelium requires CD44 interactions with hyaluronan (HA). To date, whether CD44 has a role in mediating CD4(+)-polarized T-helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 lymphocyte interactions with the endothelium in vivo is yet to be determined. In this study we used intravital microscopy to demonstrate that both Th1 and Th2 lymphocytes use CD44 to roll and adhere to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha)-activated microvasculature. Furthermore, chimeric studies imply that CD44 expression by both the endothelium and lymphocytes is essential for these interactions to occur. HA was also necessary for T cell-endothelial cell interactions in vivo and Th1 and Th2 cells rolled on immobilized HA in vitro via CD44. In vitro, both Th1 and Th2 lymphocytes have increased expression of CD44 and greater binding of fluorescent HA than naive cells. The interactions of Th1 and Th2 cells were entirely dependent upon both P-selectin and CD44 in vivo, but did not appear to be counter ligands in vitro. Taken together, these results suggest that CD44 and HA are key to both Th1 and Th2 lymphocyte interactions with the TNFalpha-activated endothelium and raises the possibility of cooperativity between the P-selectin/PSGL-1 and HA/CD44 pathways for Th1 and Th2 rolling in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudine S Bonder
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Univeristy of Calgary, AB, Canada.
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Ruffell B, Johnson P. Chondroitin sulfate addition to CD44H negatively regulates hyaluronan binding. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 334:306-12. [PMID: 16002044 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.06.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2005] [Accepted: 06/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
CD44 is a widely expressed cell adhesion molecule that binds hyaluronan, an extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycan, in a tightly regulated manner. This regulated interaction has been implicated in inflammation and tumor metastasis. CD44 exists in the standard form, CD44H, or as higher molecular mass isoforms due to alternative splicing. Here, we identify serine 180 in human CD44H as the site of chondroitin sulfate addition and show that lack of chondroitin sulfate addition at this site enhances hyaluronan binding by CD44. A CD44H-immunoglobulin fusion protein expressed in HEK293 cells, and CD44H expressed in murine L fibroblast cells were modified by chondroitin sulfate, as determined by reduced sulfate incorporation after chondroitinase ABC treatment. Mutation of serine 180 or glycine 181 in CD44H reduced chondroitin sulfate addition and increased hyaluronan binding, indicating that serine 180 is the site for chondroitin sulfate addition in CD44H and that this negatively regulates hyaluronan binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Ruffell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
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40
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Tjew SL, Brown KL, Kannagi R, Johnson P. Expression of N-acetylglucosamine 6-O-sulfotransferases (GlcNAc6STs)-1 and -4 in human monocytes: GlcNAc6ST-1 is implicated in the generation of the 6-sulfo N-acetyllactosamine/Lewis x epitope on CD44 and is induced by TNF-alpha. Glycobiology 2005; 15:7C-13C. [PMID: 15728736 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwi050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfation at the 6-O position of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) in the context of sialyl 6-sulfo Lewis x occurs constitutively on specific glycoproteins present on high-walled endothelial venules (HEV) and is important for L-selectin dependent homing of lymphocytes. Here, the proinflammatory cytokine, TNF-alpha, induced the expression of 6-sulfo N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc)/Lewis x on human peripheral blood monocytes (PBM). This epitope was detected by monoclonal antibody (mAb) AG107 after neuraminidase treatment suggesting a sialylated epitope, which was present on the cell adhesion molecule, CD44. Treatment of human PBM with TNF-alpha up-regulated the expression of N-acetylglucosamine 6-O-sulfotransferase-1 (GlcNAc6ST-1) and GlcNAc6ST-4, as determined by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). However, only GlcNAc6ST-1 was induced by TNF-alpha in the human SR91 cell line, which also up-regulated the AG107 epitope. In ECV304 cells, the expression of GlcNAc6ST-4 alone was insufficient to generate the AG107 epitope. However, the transfection of GlcNAc6ST-1 resulted in significant sulfate incorporation into CD44 and generated the 6-sulfo LacNAc/Lewis x epitope on CD44, which was present largely on N-linked glycans. This demonstrates the induction of GlcNAc6STs in human monocytes in response to TNF-alpha and implicates GlcNAc6ST-1 in the generation of the 6-sulfo LacNAc/Lewis x epitope on CD44.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sie Lung Tjew
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 300-6174 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
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41
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Brown KL, Birkenhead D, Lai JCY, Li L, Li R, Johnson P. Regulation of hyaluronan binding by F-actin and colocalization of CD44 and phosphorylated ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM) proteins in myeloid cells. Exp Cell Res 2005; 303:400-14. [PMID: 15652352 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2003] [Revised: 10/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha up-regulate the expression of the cell adhesion molecule, CD44, and induce hyaluronan (HA) binding in peripheral blood monocytes (PBM). Here we show that in PBM, TNF-alpha induced cytoskeletal rearrangement, increased threonine phosphorylation of ERM proteins, and induced the redistribution and colocalization of phospho-ERM proteins (P-ERM) with CD44. In the myeloid progenitor cell line, KG1a, hyaluronan binding occurred in the pseudopod where CD44, P-ERM, and F-actin were highly localized. Hyaluronan binding correlated with high expression of both CD44 and P-ERM clustered in a single pseudopod. Disruption of polymerized actin reduced hyaluronan binding in both PBM and KG1a cells and abolished CD44 clustering and the pseudopod in KG1a cells. The pseudopod was not required for the clustering of CD44, the colocalization with P-ERM, or hyaluronan binding. However, treatment with a kinase inhibitor abolished ERM phosphorylation and reduced hyaluronan binding. Furthermore, expression of CD44 lacking the putative ERM binding site resulted in reduced hyaluronan binding. Taken together, these data suggest that CD44-mediated hyaluronan binding in human myeloid cells is regulated by P-ERM and the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Brown
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, #300-6174 University Boulevard, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, V6T 1Z3
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42
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Krettek A, Sukhova GK, Schönbeck U, Libby P. Enhanced expression of CD44 variants in human atheroma and abdominal aortic aneurysm: possible role for a feedback loop in endothelial cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2004; 165:1571-81. [PMID: 15509527 PMCID: PMC1618684 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63414-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CD44, a polymorphic hyaluronate receptor, may participate in chronic inflammation. We hypothesized that CD44 variants contribute to the development of arterial diseases. CD44 levels vary in normal and diseased arterial tissues in the following order: unaffected arteries < fibrous plaques < or = abdominal aortic aneurysm < atheromatous plaques; and correlate with macrophage content. Furthermore, plaque microvessels express CD44, and anti-CD44v3 or anti-CD44v6 treatment reduces endothelial cell proliferation but not apoptosis in vitro, suggesting functionality of these receptors. Endothelial cells express CD44H and CD44v6 after exposure to interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Macrophages, a major source of abundant CD44 in vitro, express not only CD44H but also variants CD44v4/5, CD44v6, and CD44v7/8, isoforms distinctively regulated by proinflammatory cytokines. Several proinflammatory cytokines induce shedding of CD44 from the surface of macrophages and endothelial cells. Soluble CD44 stimulates the expression and release of interleukin-1beta from endothelial cells, suggesting a positive feedback loop of this cytokine. By demonstrating augmented expression of CD44 and variants within human atheroma and in abdominal aortic aneurysm as well as the vascular cell release of sCD44, a process regulated by proinflammatory cytokines, this study provides new insights on the functions of CD44 in arterial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Krettek
- Brigham and Womens Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB-741, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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43
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Grisar J, Aringer M, Köller MD, Stummvoll GH, Eselböck D, Zwölfer B, Steiner CW, Zierhut B, Wagner L, Pietschmann P, Smolen JS. Leflunomide inhibits transendothelial migration of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Ann Rheum Dis 2004; 63:1632-7. [PMID: 15547088 PMCID: PMC1754829 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2003.018440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To test whether the active metabolite of leflunomide (LEF-M), in addition to blocking the proliferation of activated lymphocytes by inhibiting dihydro-orotate dehydrogenase (DHODH), influences the transendothelial migration (TEM) of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). METHODS In an in vitro model of PBMC transmigration through an endothelial cell (EC) barrier, PBMC were re-collected in three groups: cells not adherent to the EC, cells bound to, and cells which had migrated through, the EC layer. Experiments in which cells were pretreated with LEF-M (in the absence or in the presence of uridine) were compared with parallel experiments in the presence of medium alone. RESULTS Preincubation of EC with LEF-M led to a 36 (SEM 16)% reduction in PBMC TEM (p<0.05). Likewise, preincubation of PBMC induced a reduction in their TEM of 39 (9)% (p<0.005). Incubation of both PBMC and EC with LEF-M had an additive effect (mean reduction of 48 (6)%, p<0.005). Incubation of PBMC with LEF-M also decreased monocytic CD44 expression (p<0.005) and PBMC-hyaluronan binding (p<0.05). Incubation of cells with LEF-M and uridine in addition to LEF-M reversed the inhibition of migration, suggesting that the observed effects were due to DHODH inhibition. Fluorocytometric analysis of PBMC subsets within the migrated population showed a decrease of monocytes, but not of B or T cells, after LEF-M treatment. CONCLUSIONS LEF-M reduces monocytic adhesion molecule expression and TEM and may thus interfere with monocyte and EC activities in RA. Thus, the clinical effects of leflunomide may, at least in part, be due to blocking cell traffic into the inflamed synovia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Grisar
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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44
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Gee K, Kozlowski M, Kumar A. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces functionally active hyaluronan-adhesive CD44 by activating sialidase through p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human monocytic cells. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:37275-87. [PMID: 12867430 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m302309200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Interaction of CD44, an adhesion molecule, with its ligand, hyaluronan (HA), in monocytic cells plays a critical role in cell migration, inflammation, and immune responses. Most cell types express CD44 but do not bind HA. The biological functions of CD44 have been attributed to the generation of the functionally active, HA-adhesive form of this molecule. Although lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and cytokines induce HA-adhesive CD44, the molecular mechanism underlying this process remains unknown. In this study, we show that LPS-induced CD44-mediated HA (CD44-HA) binding in monocytes is regulated by endogenously produced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and IL-10. Furthermore, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation was required for LPS- and TNF-alpha-induced, but not IL-10-induced, CD44-HA-binding in normal monocytes. To dissect the signaling pathways regulating CD44-HA binding independently of cross-regulatory IL-10-mediated effects, IL-10-refractory promonocytic THP-1 cells were employed. LPS-induced CD44-HA binding in THP-1 cells was regulated by endogenously produced TNF-alpha. Our results also suggest that lysosomal sialidase activation may be required for the acquisition of the HA-binding form of CD44 in LPS- and TNF-alpha-stimulated monocytic cells. Studies conducted to understand the role of MAPKs in the induction of sialidase activity revealed that LPS-induced sialidase activity was dependent on p42/44 MAPK-mediated TNF-alpha production. Blocking TNF-alpha production by PD98059, a p42/44 inhibitor, significantly reduced the LPS-induced sialidase activity and CD44-HA binding. Subsequently, TNF-alpha-mediated p38 MAPK activation induced sialidase activity and CD44-HA binding. Taken together, our results suggest that TNF-alpha-induced p38 MAPK activation may regulate the induction of functionally active HA-binding form of CD44 by activating sialidase in LPS-stimulated human monocytic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Gee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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45
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Jones SG, Ito T, Phillips AO. Regulation of proximal tubular epithelial cell CD44-mediated binding and internalisation of hyaluronan. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2003; 35:1361-77. [PMID: 12798349 DOI: 10.1016/s1357-2725(03)00040-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased expression of the connective tissue polysaccharide hyaluronan (HA) in the renal corticointerstitium is associated with progressive renal fibrosis. Numerous studies have demonstrated involvement proximal tubular epithelial cells in the fibrotic process and in the current study we have characterised their expression of the HA receptor, CD44, and examined changes in CD44 expression and function in response to either IL-1beta or glucose. METHODS Characterisation of CD44 splice variant expression was carried out in primary cultures of human proximal tubular cells (PTC) and HK2 cells. Binding and internalisation HA was examined by addition of exogenous of fluorescein-HA (fl-HA), and expression of CD44 examined by immunoblot analysis and flow cytometry. Alteration in "functional" CD44 was determined by immunoprecipitation of CD44 following stimulation in the presence of fl-HA. RESULTS PTC, both primary culture and the PTC cell line, HK2, express at least 5 CD44 splice variants, the expression of which are not altered by addition of either IL-1beta or 25mM D-glucose. Addition of either stimulus increased cell surface binding and internalisation of fl-HA and increased expression of functionally active CD44. Increased binding and internalisation of fl-HA, was blocked by anti-CD44 antibody, and by the inhibition of O-glycosylation. CONCLUSIONS The data demonstrate that stimuli inducing PTC HA synthesis also regulate PTC-HA interactions. Furthermore increased HA binding and internalisation is the result of post-translational modification of CD44 by O-glycosylation, rather than by alteration in expression of CD44 at the cell surface, or by alternate use of CD44 splice variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart George Jones
- Institute of Nephrology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, UK
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46
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Floris S, van den Born J, van der Pol SMA, Dijkstra CD, De Vries HE. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans modulate monocyte migration across cerebral endothelium. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2003; 62:780-90. [PMID: 12901703 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/62.7.780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are known to participate in a wide range of biological events, including cellular trafficking. In this study we report that in situ cerebral blood vessels highly express HSPGs. Of the syndecan family, syndecan-2 is highly expressed on virtually all brain vessels and syndecan-1 and -3 are only present on larger blood vessels. These endothelial HSPGs have a functional role in monocyte diapedesis across brain endothelium, as assessed in our in vitro adhesion and migration assays. Our data indicate that heparin prevents monocyte adhesion to brain endothelium by interacting solely with the monocyte. Transendothelial migration of monocytes can be prevented by preincubation of brain endothelium with heparin by enzymatic removal of heparan sulphate side chains or by inhibition of cellular sulfation. Blocking of G-protein-dependent signaling in the monocytes prevented monocyte adhesion and migration to similar extent, suggesting that G-dependent signaling may be involved in HSPG-mediated monocyte adhesion and transendothelial migration. Our data demonstrate that brain endothelial HSPGs have a modulatory role in the transendothelial migration of monocytes in a direct and indirect fashion and may therefore contribute to the formation of neuroinflammatory lesions.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Adhesion/drug effects
- Cell Adhesion/physiology
- Cerebral Cortex/blood supply
- Cerebral Cortex/metabolism
- Cerebral Cortex/physiopathology
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/drug effects
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/physiology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalitis/drug therapy
- Encephalitis/metabolism
- Encephalitis/physiopathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Extracellular Matrix/drug effects
- Extracellular Matrix/metabolism
- GTP-Binding Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans/metabolism
- Heparin/pharmacology
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Monocytes/drug effects
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Protein Structure, Secondary/drug effects
- Protein Structure, Secondary/physiology
- Proteoglycans/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Rats, Wistar
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Sulfates/antagonists & inhibitors
- Syndecan-2
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Floris
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology , Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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47
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Abstract
CD44 was once thought to simply be a transmembrane adhesion molecule that also played a role in the metabolism of its principal ligand hyaluronan. Investigations of CD44 over the past approximately 20 yr have established additional functions for CD44, including its capacity to mediate inflammatory cell function and tumor growth and metastasis. It has also become evident that intricate posttranslational modifications of CD44 regulate the affinity of the receptor for its ligands. In this review, we focus on emerging evidence that functional fragments of the cytoplasmic and ectodomain of CD44 can be liberated by enzymatic modification of cell surfaces as well as of cell-associated matrix. Based on the evidence discussed, we propose that CD44 exists in three phases, as a transmembrane receptor, as an integral component of the matrix, and as a soluble protein found in body fluids, each with biologically significant functions of which some are shared and some distinct. Thus, CD44 represents a model for understanding posttranslational processing and its emerging role as a general mechanism for regulating cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Cichy
- Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Biotechnology, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
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48
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Delcommenne M, Kannagi R, Johnson P. TNF- increases the carbohydrate sulfation of CD44: induction of 6-sulfo N-acetyl lactosamine on N- and O-linked glycans. Glycobiology 2002; 12:613-22. [PMID: 12244074 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwf080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD44 and sulfation have both been implicated in leukocyte adhesion. In monocytes, the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) stimulates CD44 sulfation, and this correlates with the induction of CD44-mediated adhesion events. However, little is known about the sulfation of CD44 or its induction by inflammatory cytokines. We determined that TNF-alpha induces the carbohydrate sulfation of CD44. CD44 was established as a major sulfated cell surface protein on myeloid cells. In the SR91 myeloid cell line, the majority of CD44 sulfation was attributed to the glycosaminoglycan chondroitin sulfate. However, TNF-alpha stimulation increased CD44 sulfation two- to threefold, largely attributed to the increased sulfation of N- and O-linked glycans on CD44. Therefore, TNF-alpha induced a decrease in the percentage of CD44 sulfation due to chondroitin sulfate and an increase due to N- and O-linked sulfation. Furthermore, TNF-alpha induced the expression of 6-sulfo N-acetyl lactosamine (LacNAc)/Lewis x on these cells, which was detected by a monoclonal antibody after neuraminidase treatment. This 6-sulfo LacNAc/Lewis x epitope was induced on N-linked and (to a lesser extent) on O-linked glycans present on CD44. This demonstrates that CD44 is modified by sulfated carbohydrates in myeloid cells and that TNF-alpha modifies both the type and amount of carbohydrate sulfation occurring on CD44. In addition, it demonstrates that TNF-alpha can induce the expression of 6-sulfo N-acetyl glucosamine on both N- and O-linked glycans of CD44 in myeloid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Delcommenne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 6174 University Boulevard, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3 Canada
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