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Liu T, Liu J, Chen H, Zhou X, Fu W, Cao Y, Yang J. Cannabinoid receptor 2 signal promotes type 2 immunity in the lung. CELL INSIGHT 2023; 2:100124. [PMID: 37868095 PMCID: PMC10585230 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellin.2023.100124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 immunity in the lung protects against pathogenic infection and facilitates tissue repair, but its dysregulation may lead to severe human diseases. Notably, cannabis usage for medical or recreational purposes has increased globally. However, the potential impact of the cannabinoid signal on lung immunity is incompletely understood. Here, we report that cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) is highly expressed in group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) of mouse and human lung tissues. Of importance, the CB2 signal enhances the IL-33-elicited immune response of ILC2s. In addition, the chemogenetic manipulation of inhibitory G proteins (Gi) downstream of CB2 produces a similarly promotive effect. Conversely, the genetic deletion of CB2 mitigates the IL-33-elicited type 2 immunity in the lung. Also, such ablation of the CB2 signal ameliorates papain-induced tissue inflammation. Together, these results have elucidated a critical aspect of the CB2 signal in lung immunity, implicating its potential involvement in pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Liu
- Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hongjie Chen
- Peking University-Tsinghua University-National Institute of Biological Sciences Joint Graduate Program, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
- Peking University Third Hospital Cancer Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Wei Fu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
- Peking University Third Hospital Cancer Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ying Cao
- Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Peking University-Tsinghua University-National Institute of Biological Sciences Joint Graduate Program, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Peking University Third Hospital Cancer Center, Beijing, 100191, China
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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Shankar A, McAlees JW, Lewkowich IP. Modulation of IL-4/IL-13 cytokine signaling in the context of allergic disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 150:266-276. [PMID: 35934680 PMCID: PMC9371363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant activation of CD4 TH2 cells and excessive production of TH2 cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-13 have been implicated in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. Generally, IL-4 and IL-13 utilize Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathways for induction of inflammatory gene expression and the effector functions associated with disease pathology in many allergic diseases. However, it is increasingly clear that JAK/STAT pathways activated by IL-4/IL-13 can themselves be modulated in the presence of other intracellular signaling programs, thereby changing the overall tone and/or magnitude of IL-4/IL-13 signaling. Apart from direct activation of the canonic JAK/STAT pathways, IL-4 and IL-13 also induce proinflammatory gene expression and effector functions through activation of additional signaling cascades. These alternative signaling cascades contribute to several specific aspects of IL-4/IL-13-associated cellular and molecular responses. A more complete understanding of IL-4/IL-13 signaling pathways, including the precise conditions under which noncanonic signaling pathways are activated, and the impact of these pathways on cellular- and host-level responses, will better allow us to design agents that target specific pathologic outcomes or tailor therapies for the treatment of uncommon disease endotypes.
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Lu J, Ji X, Wang L, Sun F, Huang C, Peng H, Jiang Y, Guo Z, Liu X, Ji Y, Lu D. Interleukin‑27 ameliorates allergic asthma by alleviating the lung Th2 inflammatory environment. Int J Mol Med 2022; 49:86. [PMID: 35514302 PMCID: PMC9106376 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2022.5142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)‑27 can inhibit the differentiation of Th2 cells and plays a role in the development of asthma. However, whether the therapeutic administration of IL‑27 in a mouse model of asthma can inhibit allergic responses remains a matter of debate. Additionally, the mechanisms through which IL‑27 ameliorates inflammatory responses in asthma are not yet fully understood. Thus, the aim of the present study was to examine the effects of IL‑27 on asthma using a mouse model and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. For this purpose, mice received an intranasal administration of IL‑27 and the total and differential cell counts, levels of cytokines and type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells in the lungs were detected. The protein and mRNA levels of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)1 and STAT3 were analyzed and airway remodeling was assessed. The results indicated that IL‑27 did not ameliorate airway inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, and airway remolding when administrated therapeutically. Preventatively, the administration of IL‑27 decreased the concentrations of Th2 cytokines and increased the number of Tr1 cells. The protein and mRNA levels of STAT1 and STAT3 were increased. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that the prophylactic administration of IL‑27 ameliorates asthma by alleviating the lung Th2 inflammatory environment through the restoration of both the STAT1 and STAT3 pathways. IL‑27 may thus prove to be useful as a novel agent for the prevention of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiameng Lu
- School of Microelectronics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Ji
- Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Lixia Wang
- Division of Disinfectant and Supply, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
| | - Fei Sun
- Graduate School of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250000, P.R. China
| | - Chuanjun Huang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Shandong Institute of Anesthesia and Respiratory Critical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Haiying Peng
- Graduate School of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250000, P.R. China
| | - Yunxiu Jiang
- Graduate School of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250000, P.R. China
| | - Zihan Guo
- Graduate School of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250000, P.R. China
| | - Xinyi Liu
- Graduate School of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250000, P.R. China
| | - Yanbo Ji
- Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Degan Lu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Shandong Institute of Anesthesia and Respiratory Critical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
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4
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Fink MY, Qi X, Shirey KA, Fanaroff R, Chapoval S, Viscardi RM, Vogel SN, Keegan AD. Mice Expressing Cosegregating Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (D298G and N397I) in TLR4 Have Enhanced Responses to House Dust Mite Allergen. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:2085-2097. [PMID: 35396219 PMCID: PMC9176710 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a common and ubiquitous chronic respiratory disease that is associated with airway inflammation and hyperreactivity resulting in airway obstruction. It is now accepted that asthma is controlled by a combination of host genetics and environment in a rather complex fashion; however, the link between sensing of the environment and development and exacerbation of allergic lung inflammation is unclear. Human populations expressing cosegregating D299G and T399I polymorphisms in the TLR4 gene are associated with a decreased risk for asthma in adults along with hyporesponsiveness to inhaled LPS, the TLR4 ligand. However, these data do not account for other human genetic or environmental factors. Using a novel mouse strain that expresses homologous human TLR4 polymorphisms (TLR4-single nucleotide polymorphism [SNP]), we directly tested the effect of these TLR4 polymorphisms on in vivo responses to allergens using two models of induction. We report that intact TLR4 is required for allergic inflammation when using the OVA and LPS model of induction, as cellular and pathological benchmarks were diminished in both TLR4-SNP and TLR4-deficent mice. However, in the more clinically relevant model using house dust mite extract for induction, responses were enhanced in the TLR4-SNP mice, as evidenced by greater levels of eosinophilic inflammation, Th2 cytokine production, and house dust mite-specific IgG1 production compared with wild-type mice; however, mucus production and airway hyperreactivity were not affected. These results suggest that the TLR4 polymorphic variants (genes) interact differently with the allergic stimulation (environment).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Y Fink
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Xiulan Qi
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Kari Ann Shirey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Rachel Fanaroff
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Svetlana Chapoval
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Rose M Viscardi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; and
| | - Stefanie N Vogel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Achsah D Keegan
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD
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Abstract
Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is a four-α-helical bundle type I cytokine with broad pleiotropic actions on multiple lineages. Major actions of IL-4 were initially discovered for B and T cells, but this cytokine acts on more than a dozen different target cells spanning the innate and adaptive immune systems and is produced by multiple different cellular sources. While IL-4 was discovered just under 40 years ago in 1982, the interest in and discoveries related to this cytokine continue to markedly expand. There are important new advances related to its biological actions and to its mechanisms of signaling, including critical genes and downstream targets in a range of cell types. IL-4 is critical not only for careful control of immunoglobulin production but also related to inflammation, fibrosis, allergic reactions, and antitumor activity, with actions of IL-4 occurring through two different types of receptors, one of which is also used by IL-13, a closely related cytokine with partially overlapping actions. In this review, we cover critical older information but also highlight newer advances. An area of evolving interest relates to the therapeutic blockade of IL-4 signaling pathway to treat atopic dermatitis and asthma. Thus, this cytokine is historically important, and research in this area has both elucidated major biological pathways and led to therapeutic advances for diseases that affect millions of individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achsah D Keegan
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, USA
| | - Warren J Leonard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Jinfang Zhu
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
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Perkins TN, Oury TD. The perplexing role of RAGE in pulmonary fibrosis: causality or casualty? Ther Adv Respir Dis 2021; 15:17534666211016071. [PMID: 34275342 PMCID: PMC8293846 DOI: 10.1177/17534666211016071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and fatal lung disease in which most patients die within 3 years of diagnosis. With an unknown etiology, IPF results in progressive fibrosis of the lung parenchyma, diminishing normal lung function, which results in respiratory failure, and eventually, death. While few therapies are available to reduce disease progression, patients continue to advance toward respiratory failure, leaving lung transplantation the only viable option for survival. As incidence and mortality rates steadily increase, the need for novel therapeutics is imperative. The receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) is most highly expressed in the lungs and plays a significant role in a number of chronic lung diseases. RAGE has long been linked to IPF; however, confounding data from both human and experimental studies have left an incomplete and perplexing story. This review examines the present understanding of the role of RAGE in human and experimental models of IPF, drawing parallels to recent advances in RAGE biology. Moreover, this review discusses the role of RAGE in lung injury response, type 2 immunity, and cellular senescence, and how such mechanisms may relate to RAGE as both a biomarker of disease progression and potential therapeutic target in IPF.The reviews of this paper are available via the supplemental material section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy N Perkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3550 Terrace Street, S-784 Scaife Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Tim D Oury
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Lu D, Lu J, Ji X, Ji Y, Zhang Z, Peng H, Sun F, Zhang C. IL‑27 suppresses airway inflammation, hyperresponsiveness and remodeling via the STAT1 and STAT3 pathways in mice with allergic asthma. Int J Mol Med 2020; 46:641-652. [PMID: 32626920 PMCID: PMC7307842 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 cytokine-associated immunity may be involved in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma. Although interleukin 27 (IL-27) has been reported as an initiator and suppressor of T-helper 1 (Th1) and T-helper 2 (Th2) responses, respectively, its effects on the development of asthma remain unclear. In the present study, mice were induced and challenged with ovalbumin and received subsequent intranasal administration of IL-27. Total and differential cell counts were determined from Wright-Giemsa-stained cytospins, whereas the cytokine levels were detected using ELISA. In addition, the expression levels of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1, STAT3, GATA-binding protein-3 (GATA3) and T-bet (T-box transcription factor) were analyzed in T cells by western blot analysis. Their corresponding mRNA expression levels were determined by quantitative PCR. Airway remodeling was assessed by conventional pathological techniques. The results indicated that intranasal administration of IL-27 ameliorated airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in an acute model of asthma. Furthermore, IL-27 prevented airway remodeling in a chronic model of asthma. Following administration of IL-27, the mRNA expression levels of STAT1 and T-bet were upregulated, while those of GATA3 were downregulated. Moreover, the phosphorylation levels of STAT1 and STAT3 were increased. Taken together, these findings demonstrated that intranasal administration of IL-27 ameliorated Th2-related allergic lung inflammation and remodeling in mouse models of asthma by repairing both the STAT1 and STAT3 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Degan Lu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care, Shandong Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Jiameng Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jilin Medical College, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Ji
- Division of Disinfectant and Supply, Shandong Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Yanbo Ji
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care, Shandong Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Zewen Zhang
- Department of Magnetic Resonance, Shandong Medical Imaging Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Haiying Peng
- Faculty of Graduate, Shan Dong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 271016, P.R. China
| | - Fei Sun
- Faculty of Graduate, Shan Dong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 271016, P.R. China
| | - Caiqing Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care, Shandong Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
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8
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Liu T, Yang L, Han X, Ding X, Li J, Yang J. Local sympathetic innervations modulate the lung innate immune responses. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay1497. [PMID: 32426489 PMCID: PMC7220323 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay1497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Local immunity of the lung needs to be under tight control. However, how efferent neural signals influence lung immunity remains incompletely understood. Here, we report the development of a modified iDISCO-based protocol, iDISCO(ace), for whole-tissue 3D assessment of neural innervations and immune reactions in intact, unsectioned lung tissues. We observed that genetic, pharmacologic, or surgical removal of local sympathetic innervations promoted LPS-elicited innate immune response in the lung. Also, sympathetic ablation enhanced IL-33-elicited type 2 innate immunity. We further show that the sympathetic neurotransmitter norepinephrine, or specific agonists of the β2-adrenergic receptor, can inhibit the LPS- or IL-33-elicited immune response in a cell-intrinsic manner. Moreover, genetic deletion of the β2-adrenergic receptor produced immunomodulatory effects similar to those observed with sympathetic ablation. Together, this study elucidates the critical function of local sympathetic innervations in negatively modulating the lung innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Liu
- Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lu Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiangli Han
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaofan Ding
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiali Li
- Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- Corresponding author.
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9
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Perkins TN, Oczypok EA, Dutz RE, Donnell ML, Myerburg MM, Oury TD. The receptor for advanced glycation end products is a critical mediator of type 2 cytokine signaling in the lungs. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 144:796-808.e12. [PMID: 30940519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is estimated to effect more than 300 million persons worldwide, leading to nearly 250,000 deaths annually. The majority of patients with mild-to-severe asthma have what is deemed "type-2 high" asthma, which is driven by the prototypical type 2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. Studies have indicated that the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a critical molecule in the pathogenesis of experimental asthma/allergic airway inflammation. More specifically, RAGE expressed on stromal cells, rather than hematopoietic cells, is critical to induction of asthma/allergic airway inflammation by driving type 2 inflammatory responses. However, the role of RAGE in directly mediating type 2 cytokine signaling has never been investigated. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that RAGE mediates type 2 cytokine-induced signal transduction, airway inflammation, and mucus metaplasia in the lungs. METHODS Wild-type (WT) and RAGE knockout (RAGE-/-) mice, were intranasally administered rIL-5/rIL-13 or rIL-4 alone, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) signaling, airway inflammation, and mucus metaplasia were assessed. A RAGE small-molecule antagonist was used to determine the effects of pharmacologically inhibiting RAGE on type 2 cytokine-induced effects. RESULTS Administration of type 2 cytokines induced pronounced airway inflammation and mucus metaplasia in WT mice, which was nearly completely abrogated in RAGE-/- mice. In addition, treatment with a RAGE-specific antagonist diminished the effects of type 2 cytokines in WT mice and in primary human bronchial epithelial cell cultures. Genetic ablation or pharmacologic inhibition of RAGE blocks the effects of IL-13 and IL-4 by inhibiting sustained STAT6 activation and downstream target gene expression in mice and in human bronchial epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to indicate that RAGE is a critical component of type 2 cytokine signal transduction mechanisms, which is a driving force behind type 2-high asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy N Perkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pa; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pa.
| | - Elizabeth A Oczypok
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Regina E Dutz
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Mason L Donnell
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Michael M Myerburg
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Tim D Oury
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pa.
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10
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Zhao YL, Cao J, Shang JH, Liu YP, Khan A, Wang HS, Qian Y, Liu L, Ye M, Luo XD. Airways antiallergic effect and pharmacokinetics of alkaloids from Alstonia scholaris. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 27:63-72. [PMID: 28314480 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. (Apocynaceae), an important herbal medicine, has been widely used to treat respiratory tract diseases, such as cough, asthma, phlegm, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. PURPOSE To evaluate pharmacological effect of alkaloids from A. scholaris on ovalbumin induced airways allergic inflammatory model, and explore whether the dosing frequency is related to pharmacokinetics. STUDY DESIGN After oral administration of total alkaloids, the pharmacokinetic study of it was investigated. In addition, anti-allergic studies were carried out on ovalbumin-sensitized airways allergic inflammatory model of mice. METHODS The pharmacokinetics of total alkaloids (TA) was investigated in SD rat plasma by a fully-validated LC-MS/MS method. Then, an ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized airways allergic inflammatory model was established, in which mice were intra-gastrically administrated by 3 times a day (8.3 and 16.7mg/kg) based on the pharmacokinetic behavior of TA) and single (25, 50mg/kg) treatment regimen. Dexamethasone was used as a positive control for corticosteroid drugs. Cellular infiltration was assessed in the broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Expressions of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in the BALF were determined, levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE) and eotaxin in serum were measured, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the serum and BALF were examined. Finally, histopathological examination in the lung was assessed by H. E. staining. RESULTS The time course of plasma concentration of 4 bioactive indole alkaloids fitted an open two-compartment model after oral administration of total alkaloids at doses of 10, 25, and 50mg/kg. The area under the curve and the maximum concentration values of four major alkaloids increased dose-dependently, and half-life suggested a short-lasting pharmacological effect. Then, an ovalbumin-provoked airways allergic inflammatory model indicated that the pharmacological effect of administration of total alkaloids 3 times a day was a little better than that of single dose daily. The percentage of eosinophils in BALF was reduced obviously and the pathological damage of lung was also attenuated. There was also a significant reduction in IL-4 and promotion in IL-10 in the BALF. Serum IgE and eotaxin expression also significantly decreased in treated animals. Furthermore, the activity of SOD elevated remarkably and lipid peroxidation product (MDA) decreased in the administrated mice. CONCLUSION The pharmacological effects administrated for 3 times a day had precedence over single dose daily, which was related to the prolonged retention time and the maintained plasma concentration. Moreover, scholaricine and vallesamine might be responsible for the treatment of allergic asthma, mainly in total alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jian-Hua Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Ya-Ping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Afsar Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China; Department of Chemistry, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad, 22060, Pakistan
| | - Heng-Shan Wang
- Guangxi Normal University, Guangxi Province, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Yi Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Min Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Xiao-Dong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China.
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11
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McCormick SM, Gowda N, Fang JX, Heller NM. Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling (SOCS)1 Regulates Interleukin-4 (IL-4)-activated Insulin Receptor Substrate (IRS)-2 Tyrosine Phosphorylation in Monocytes and Macrophages via the Proteasome. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:20574-87. [PMID: 27507812 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.746164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic asthma is a chronic lung disease initiated and driven by Th2 cytokines IL-4/-13. In macrophages, IL-4/-13 bind IL-4 receptors, which signal through insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-2, inducing M2 macrophage differentiation. M2 macrophages correlate with disease severity and poor lung function, although the mechanisms that regulate M2 polarization are not understood. Following IL-4 exposure, suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)1 is highly induced in human monocytes. We found that siRNA knockdown of SOCS1 prolonged IRS-2 tyrosine phosphorylation and enhanced M2 differentiation, although siRNA knockdown of SOCS3 did not affect either. By co-immunoprecipitation, we found that SOCS1 complexes with IRS-2 at baseline, and this association increased after IL-4 stimulation. Because SOCS1 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase, we examined the effect of proteasome inhibitors on IL-4-induced IRS-2 phosphorylation. Proteasomal inhibition prolonged IRS-2 tyrosine phosphorylation, increased ubiquitination of IRS-2, and enhanced M2 gene expression. siRNA knockdown of SOCS1 inhibited ubiquitin accumulation on IRS-2, although siRNA knockdown of SOCS3 had no effect on ubiquitination of IRS-2. Monocytes from healthy and allergic individuals revealed that SOCS1 is induced by IL-4 in healthy monocytes but not allergic cells, whereas SOCS3 is highly induced in allergic monocytes. Healthy monocytes displayed greater ubiquitination of IRS-2 and lower M2 polarization than allergic monocytes in response to IL-4 stimulation. Here, we identify SOCS1 as a key negative regulator of IL-4-induced IRS-2 signaling and M2 differentiation. Our findings provide novel insight into how dysregulated expression of SOCS increases IL-4 responses in allergic monocytes, and this may represent a new therapeutic avenue for managing allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M McCormick
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine and
| | - Nagaraj Gowda
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine and
| | - Jessie X Fang
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine and
| | - Nicola M Heller
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine and Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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12
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Dasgupta P, Dorsey NJ, Li J, Qi X, Smith EP, Yamaji-Kegan K, Keegan AD. The adaptor protein insulin receptor substrate 2 inhibits alternative macrophage activation and allergic lung inflammation. Sci Signal 2016; 9:ra63. [PMID: 27330190 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aad6724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2) is an adaptor protein that becomes tyrosine-phosphorylated in response to the cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13, which results in activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt pathway. IL-4 and IL-13 contribute to allergic lung inflammation. To examine the role of IRS2 in allergic disease, we evaluated the responses of IRS2-deficient (IRS2(-/-)) mice. Unexpectedly, loss of IRS2 resulted in a substantial increase in the expression of a subset of genes associated with the generation of alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs) in response to IL-4 or IL-13 in vitro. AAMs secrete factors that enhance allergic responses and promote airway remodeling. Moreover, compared to IRS2(+/+) mice, IRS2(+/-) and IRS2(-/-) mice developed enhanced pulmonary inflammation, accumulated eosinophils and AAMs, and exhibited airway and vascular remodeling upon allergen stimulation, responses that partially depended on macrophage-intrinsic IRS2 signaling. Both in unstimulated and IL-4-stimulated macrophages, lack of IRS2 enhanced phosphorylation of Akt and ribosomal S6 protein. Thus, we identified a critical inhibitory loop downstream of IRS2, demonstrating an unanticipated and previously unrecognized role for IRS2 in suppressing allergic lung inflammation and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeta Dasgupta
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 800 West Baltimore Street Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Nicolas J Dorsey
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jiaqi Li
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 800 West Baltimore Street Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Xiulan Qi
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 800 West Baltimore Street Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Smith
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 800 West Baltimore Street Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Kazuyo Yamaji-Kegan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Achsah D Keegan
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 800 West Baltimore Street Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. Research and Development Service, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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13
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Keegan AD, Shirey KA, Bagdure D, Blanco J, Viscardi RM, Vogel SN. Enhanced allergic responsiveness after early childhood infection with respiratory viruses: Are long-lived alternatively activated macrophages the missing link? Pathog Dis 2016; 74:ftw047. [PMID: 27178560 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftw047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Early childhood infection with respiratory viruses, including human rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza, is associated with an increased risk of allergic asthma and severe exacerbation of ongoing disease. Despite the long recognition of this relationship, the mechanism linking viral infection and later susceptibility to allergic lung inflammation is still poorly understood. We discuss the literature and provide new evidence demonstrating that these viruses induce the alternative activation of macrophages. Alternatively activated macrophages (AAM) induced by RSV or influenza infection persisted in the lungs of mice up to 90 days after initial viral infection. Several studies suggest that AAM contribute to allergic inflammatory responses, although their mechanism of action is unclear. In this commentary, we propose that virus-induced AAM provide a link between viral infection and enhanced responses to inhaled allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achsah D Keegan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore St., Rm 380, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA Research and Development Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Kari Ann Shirey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore St., Rm 380, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Dayanand Bagdure
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 29 South Greene St., Suite 1000, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jorge Blanco
- Department of Research and Development, Sigmovir Biosystems, Inc., 9650 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Rose M Viscardi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 29 South Greene St., Suite 1000, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Stefanie N Vogel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore St., Rm 380, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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14
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Zhang ZQ, Wang J, Hoy Z, Keegan A, Bhagwat S, Gigliotti F, Wright TW. Neither classical nor alternative macrophage activation is required for Pneumocystis clearance during immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Infect Immun 2015; 83:4594-603. [PMID: 26371121 PMCID: PMC4645389 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00763-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumocystis is a respiratory fungal pathogen that causes pneumonia (Pneumocystis pneumonia [PcP]) in immunocompromised patients. Alveolar macrophages are critical effectors for CD4(+) T cell-dependent clearance of Pneumocystis, and previous studies found that alternative macrophage activation accelerates fungal clearance during PcP-related immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). However, the requirement for either classically or alternatively activated macrophages for Pneumocystis clearance has not been determined. Therefore, RAG2(-/-) mice lacking either the interferon gamma (IFN-γ) receptor (IFN-γR) or interleukin 4 receptor alpha (IL-4Rα) were infected with Pneumocystis. These mice were then immune reconstituted with wild-type lymphocytes to preserve the normal T helper response while preventing downstream effects of Th1 or Th2 effector cytokines on macrophage polarization. As expected, RAG2(-/-) mice developed severe disease but effectively cleared Pneumocystis and resolved IRIS. Neither RAG/IFN-γR(-/-) nor RAG/IL-4Rα(-/-) mice displayed impaired Pneumocystis clearance. However, RAG/IFN-γR(-/-) mice developed a dysregulated immune response, with exacerbated IRIS and greater pulmonary function deficits than those in RAG2 and RAG/IL-4Rα(-/-) mice. RAG/IFN-γR(-/-) mice had elevated numbers of lung CD4(+) T cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, and NK cells but severely depressed numbers of lung CD8(+) T suppressor cells. Impaired lung CD8(+) T cell responses in RAG/IFN-γR(-/-) mice were associated with elevated lung IFN-γ levels, and neutralization of IFN-γ restored the CD8 response. These data demonstrate that restricting the ability of macrophages to polarize in response to Th1 or Th2 cytokines does not impair Pneumocystis clearance. However, a cell type-specific IFN-γ/IFN-γR-dependent mechanism regulates CD8(+) T suppressor cell recruitment, limits immunopathogenesis, preserves lung function, and enhances the resolution of PcP-related IRIS.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/microbiology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- DNA-Binding Proteins/deficiency
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/immunology
- Eosinophils/immunology
- Eosinophils/microbiology
- Eosinophils/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome/genetics
- Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome/immunology
- Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome/microbiology
- Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome/pathology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/microbiology
- Killer Cells, Natural/pathology
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/microbiology
- Lung/pathology
- Macrophage Activation
- Macrophages, Alveolar/immunology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/microbiology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Neutrophils/microbiology
- Neutrophils/pathology
- Pneumocystis/immunology
- Pneumocystis/pathogenicity
- Pneumonia, Pneumocystis/genetics
- Pneumonia, Pneumocystis/immunology
- Pneumonia, Pneumocystis/microbiology
- Pneumonia, Pneumocystis/pathology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/deficiency
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/immunology
- Receptors, Interferon/deficiency
- Receptors, Interferon/genetics
- Receptors, Interferon/immunology
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/microbiology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/pathology
- Th1-Th2 Balance
- Interferon gamma Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-Qian Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Zachary Hoy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Achsah Keegan
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Samir Bhagwat
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Francis Gigliotti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Terry W Wright
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
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15
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Ryu EK, Kim TH, Jang EJ, Choi YS, Kim ST, Hahm KB, Lee HJ. Wogonin, a plant flavone from Scutellariae radix, attenuated ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation in mouse model of asthma via the suppression of IL-4/STAT6 signaling. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2015; 57:105-12. [PMID: 26388667 PMCID: PMC4566018 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.15-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by a marked infiltration of eosinophils at the site of inflammation. Eotaxins are potent chemoattractants for eosinophils and play important roles in pathogenesis of asthma. In the course of screening for eotaxin-3 inhibitors, we found that wogonin showed potent inhibitory activity of interleukin-4 (IL-4)-induced eotaxin-3 expression in BEAS-2B cells. In this study, we examined the effects of wogonin on IL-4/STAT6 signaling pathway and biological implication in a mouse model of asthma. Wogonin inhibited IL-4-induced activation and nuclear translocation of STAT6 which plays a key role in either the transcription of STAT6-response genes or Th2 cytokine-mediated inflammation. Oral administration of wogonin significantly reduced activation of STAT6 in the lung and the expression of eotaxin and RANTES in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids. Histological examination of lung tissue demonstrated that wogonin significantly inhibited allergen-induced eosinophilic inflammation. Administration of wogonin reduced the total IgE and ovalbumin-specific IgE levels compared with the ovalbumin-challenged group. All of these data demonstrated that wogonin could alleviate airway inflammation through inhibition of STAT6 activation induced by Th2 cytokines. Our finding implicates a potential therapeutic value of wogonin in the treatment of asthma through regulation of IL-4/STAT6 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Kyung Ryu
- Laboratory of Chemoprevention, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 406-840, Korea
| | - Tae-Hyun Kim
- Laboratory of Chemoprevention, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 406-840, Korea
| | - Eun Jeong Jang
- Laboratory of Chemoprevention, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 406-840, Korea
| | - Yoon Suk Choi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Gil Medical Center, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 405-760, Korea
| | - Seon Tae Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, Gil Medical Center, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 405-760, Korea
| | - Ki Baik Hahm
- CHA University Cancer Prevention Research Center, CHA Bio Complex, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 463-400, Korea
| | - Ho-Jae Lee
- Laboratory of Chemoprevention, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 406-840, Korea
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16
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Hong JY, Chung Y, Steenrod J, Chen Q, Lei J, Comstock AT, Goldsmith AM, Bentley JK, Sajjan US, Hershenson MB. Macrophage activation state determines the response to rhinovirus infection in a mouse model of allergic asthma. Respir Res 2014; 15:63. [PMID: 24907978 PMCID: PMC4066837 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-15-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The mechanisms by which viruses cause asthma exacerbations are not precisely known. Previously, we showed that, in ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized and -challenged mice with allergic airway inflammation, rhinovirus (RV) infection increases type 2 cytokine production from alternatively-activated (M2) airway macrophages, enhancing eosinophilic inflammation and airways hyperresponsiveness. In this paper, we tested the hypothesis that IL-4 signaling determines the state of macrophage activation and pattern of RV-induced exacerbation in mice with allergic airways disease. Methods Eight week-old wild type or IL-4 receptor knockout (IL-4R KO) mice were sensitized and challenged with OVA and inoculated with RV1B or sham HeLa cell lysate. Results In contrast to OVA-treated wild-type mice with both neutrophilic and eosinophilic airway inflammation, OVA-treated IL-4R KO mice showed increased neutrophilic inflammation with few eosinophils in the airways. Like wild-type mice, IL-4R KO mice showed OVA-induced airway hyperreactivity which was further exacerbated by RV. There was a shift in lung cytokines from a type 2-predominant response to a type 1 response, including production of IL-12p40 and TNF-α. IL-17A was also increased. RV infection of OVA-treated IL-4R KO mice further increased neutrophilic inflammation. Bronchoalveolar macrophages showed an M1 polarization pattern and ex vivo RV infection increased macrophage production of TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-12p40. Finally, lung cells from OVA-treated IL-4R KO mice showed reduced CD206+ CD301+ M2 macrophages, decreased IL-13 and increased TNF-α and IL-17A production by F4/80+, CD11b+ macrophages. Conclusions OVA-treated IL-4R KO mice show neutrophilic airway inflammation constituting a model of allergic, type 1 cytokine-driven neutrophilic asthma. In the absence of IL-4/IL-13 signaling, RV infection of OVA-treated mice increased type 1 cytokine and IL-17A production from conventionally-activated macrophages, augmenting neutrophilic rather than eosinophilic inflammation. In mice with allergic airways inflammation, IL-4R signaling determines macrophage activation state and the response to subsequent RV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marc B Hershenson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, 48109 Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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17
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Li W, Holsinger RMD, Kruse CA, Flügel A, Graeber MB. The potential for genetically altered microglia to influence glioma treatment. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2014; 12:750-62. [PMID: 24047526 DOI: 10.2174/18715273113126660171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse and unstoppable infiltration of brain and spinal cord tissue by neoplastic glial cells is the single most important therapeutic problem posed by the common glioma group of tumors: astrocytoma, oligoastrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, their malignant variants and glioblastoma. These neoplasms account for more than two thirds of all malignant central nervous system tumors. However, most glioma research focuses on an examination of the tumor cells rather than on host-specific, tumor micro-environmental cells and factors. This can explain why existing diffuse glioma therapies fail and why these tumors have remained incurable. Thus, there is a great need for innovation. We describe a novel strategy for the development of a more effective treatment of diffuse glioma. Our approach centers on gaining control over the behavior of the microglia, the defense cells of the CNS, which are manipulated by malignant glioma and support its growth. Armoring microglia against the influences from glioma is one of our research goals. We further discuss how microglia precursors may be genetically enhanced to track down infiltrating glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Li
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
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18
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Dasgupta P, Qi X, Smith EP, Keegan AD. Absence of the common gamma chain (γ(c)), a critical component of the Type I IL-4 receptor, increases the severity of allergic lung inflammation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71344. [PMID: 23940740 PMCID: PMC3734063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The TH2 cytokines, IL-4 and IL-13, play critical roles in inducing allergic lung inflammation and drive the alternative activation of macrophages (AAM). Although both cytokines share receptor subunits, IL-4 and IL-13 have differential roles in asthma pathogenesis: IL-4 regulates TH2 cell differentiation, while IL-13 regulates airway hyperreactivity and mucus production. Aside from controlling TH2 differentiation, the unique contribution of IL-4 signaling via the Type I receptor in airway inflammation remains unclear. Therefore, we analyzed responses in mice deficient in gamma c (γc) to elucidate the role of the Type I IL-4 receptor. OVA primed CD4+ OT-II T cells were adoptively transferred into RAG2−/− and γc−/− mice and allergic lung disease was induced. Both γc−/− and γcxRAG2−/− mice developed increased pulmonary inflammation and eosinophilia upon OVA challenge, compared to RAG2−/− mice. Characteristic AAM proteins FIZZ1 and YM1 were expressed in lung epithelial cells in both mouse strains, but greater numbers of FIZZ1+ or YM1+ airways were present in γc−/− mice. Absence of γc in macrophages, however, resulted in reduced YM1 expression. We observed higher TH2 cytokine levels in the BAL and an altered DC phenotype in the γc−/− recipient mice suggesting the potential for dysregulated T cell and dendritic cell (DC) activation in the γc-deficient environment. These results demonstrate that in absence of the Type I IL-4R, the Type II R can mediate allergic responses in the presence of TH2 effectors. However, the Type I R regulates AAM protein expression in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeta Dasgupta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xiulan Qi
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth P. Smith
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Achsah D. Keegan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Nie W, Zang Y, Chen J, Xiu Q. Association between interleukin-4 receptor α chain (IL4RA) I50V and Q551R polymorphisms and asthma risk: an update meta-analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69120. [PMID: 23922687 PMCID: PMC3724857 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The associations between the interleukin-4 receptor α chain (IL4RA) I50V and Q551R polymorphisms and asthma risk remained controversial. METHODS We searched the Pubmed, Embase, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Wanfang databases for studies published before February 2013. The strengths of the associations were calculated using odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS A total of 50 studies were included in this meta-analysis. There was a significant association between the IL4RA I50V polymorphism and asthma risk in a dominant genetic model (OR = 1.13, 95% CI 1.04-1.23, P = 0.005). The IL4RA Q551R polymorphism was associated with a significantly elevated asthma risk in a recessive genetic model (OR = 1.46, 95% CI 1.22-1.75, P<0.0001). Subgroup analyses found that the IL4RA I50V polymorphism was significantly associated with asthma risk in Asians (OR = 1.72, 95% CI 1.31-2.25, P<0.0001), pediatric asthma risk (OR = 1.50, 95% CI 1.13-1.99, P = 0.005), and atopic asthma risk (OR = 1.88, 95% CI 1.27-2.79, P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS The results of this meta-analysis suggested that the IL4RA I50V and Q551R polymorphisms may be risk factors for developing asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Nie
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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20
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Dorsey NJ, Chapoval SP, Smith EP, Skupsky J, Scott DW, Keegan AD. STAT6 controls the number of regulatory T cells in vivo, thereby regulating allergic lung inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:1517-28. [PMID: 23825312 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
STAT6 plays a central role in IL-4-mediated allergic responses. Several studies indicate that regulatory T cells (Tregs) can be modulated by IL-4 in vitro. We previously showed that STAT6(-/-) mice are highly resistant to allergic lung inflammation even when wild-type Th2 effectors were provided and that they have increased numbers of Tregs. However, the role of STAT6 in modulating Tregs in vivo during allergic lung inflammation has not been thoroughly investigated. To examine Treg and STAT6 interaction during allergic inflammation, STAT6(-/-), STAT6xRAG2(-/-), and RAG2(-/-) mice were subjected to OVA sensitization and challenge following adoptive transfer of OVA-specific, wild-type Th2 effectors with or without prior Treg depletion/inactivation, using anti-CD25 (PC61). As expected, STAT6(-/-) mice were highly resistant to airway inflammation and remodeling. In contrast, allergic lung inflammation was partially restored in STAT6(-/-) mice treated with PC61 to levels observed in STAT6xRAG2(-/-) mice. In some cases, STAT6xRAG2(-/-) mice were also given natural Tregs along with Th2 effectors. Adoptive transfer of natural Tregs caused a substantial reduction in bronchoalveolar lavage eosinophil composition and suppressed airway remodeling and T cell migration into the lung in STAT6xRAG2(-/-) mice to levels comparable to those in STAT6(-/-) mice. These results demonstrate the STAT6-dependent suppression of Tregs in vivo to promote allergic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas J Dorsey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Abstract
To define the role of semaphorin 4A (Sema4A) in allergic response, we employed Sema4A⁻/⁻ and wild-type (WT) mice in the experimental model of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic airway inflammation. We observed a selective increase in eosinophilic airway infiltration accompanied by bronchial epithelial cell hyperplasia in allergen-treated Sema4A⁻/⁻ mice relative to WT mice. This enhanced inflammatory response was associated with a selective increase in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) interleukin 13 (IL-13) content, augmented airway hyperreactivity, and lower regulatory T cell (Treg) numbers. In vivo allergen-primed Sema4A⁻/⁻ CD4+ T cells were more effective in transferring T helper type 2 (Th2) response to naive mice as compared with WT CD4+ T cells. T-cell proliferation and IL-13 productions in OVA₃₂₃₋₃₃₉-restimulated Sema4A⁻/⁻ cell cultures were upregulated. Generated bone marrow chimeras showed an equal importance of both lung-resident cell and inflammatory cell Sema4A expression in optimal disease regulation. These data provide a new insight into Sema4A biology and define Sema4A as an important regulator of Th2-driven lung pathophysiology.
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22
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Heller NM, Gwinn WM, Donnelly RP, Constant SL, Keegan AD. IL-4 engagement of the type I IL-4 receptor complex enhances mouse eosinophil migration to eotaxin-1 in vitro. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39673. [PMID: 22761864 PMCID: PMC3386270 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous work from our laboratory demonstrated that IL-4Rα expression on a myeloid cell type was responsible for enhancement of Th2-driven eosinophilic inflammation in a mouse model of allergic lung inflammation. Subsequently, we have shown that IL-4 signaling through type I IL-4 receptors on monocytes/macrophages strongly induced activation of the IRS-2 pathway and a subset of genes characteristic of alternatively activated macrophages. The direct effect(s) of IL-4 and IL-13 on mouse eosinophils are not clear. The goal of this study was determine the effect of IL-4 and IL-13 on mouse eosinophil function. Methods Standard Transwell chemotaxis assay was used to assay migration of mouse eosinophils and signal transduction was assessed by Western blotting. Results Here we determined that (i) mouse eosinophils express both type I and type II IL-4 receptors, (ii) in contrast to human eosinophils, mouse eosinophils do not chemotax to IL-4 or IL-13 although (iii) pre-treatment with IL-4 but not IL-13 enhanced migration to eotaxin-1. This IL-4-mediated enhancement was dependent on type I IL-4 receptor expression: γC-deficient eosinophils did not show enhancement of migratory capacity when pre-treated with IL-4. In addition, mouse eosinophils responded to IL-4 with the robust tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT6 and IRS-2, while IL-13-induced responses were considerably weaker. Conclusions The presence of IL-4 in combination with eotaxin-1 in the allergic inflammatory milieu could potentiate infiltration of eosinophils into the lungs. Therapies that block IL-4 and chemokine receptors on eosinophils might be more effective clinically in reducing eosinophilic lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola M. Heller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - William M. Gwinn
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Raymond P. Donnelly
- Division of Therapeutic Proteins, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stephanie L. Constant
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Achsah D. Keegan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Maes T, Joos GF, Brusselle GG. Targeting interleukin-4 in asthma: lost in translation? Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012; 47:261-70. [PMID: 22538865 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0080tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The first discovery that interleukin-4 (IL-4) is crucial in the development of allergic airway inflammation originates from the early 1990s. Whereas initial studies in experimental animal models provided the community with the optimistic view that targeting IL-4 would be the ultimate solution for treating asthma, the translation of these findings to the clinic has not been evident and has not yet fulfilled the expectations. Many technical challenges have been encountered in the attempts to modulate IL-4 expression or activity and in transferring knowledge of preclinical studies to clinical trials. Moreover, biological redundancies between IL-4 and IL-13 have compelled a simultaneous blockade of both cytokines. A number of phase I/II studies are now providing us with clinical evidence that targeting IL-4/IL-13 may provide some clinical benefit. However, the initial view that asthma is a purely Th2-mediated disease had to be revised. Currently, different asthma phenotypes have been described, implying that blocking specifically Th2 cytokines, such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, should be targeted to only a specific subset of patients. Taking this into consideration, IL-4 (together with IL-13) deserves attention as subject of further investigations to treat asthma. In this review, we will address the role of IL-4 in asthma, describe IL-4 signaling, and give an overview of preclinical and clinical studies targeting the IL-4 Receptor pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Maes
- Laboratory for Translational Research in Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Dasgupta P, Keegan AD. Contribution of alternatively activated macrophages to allergic lung inflammation: a tale of mice and men. J Innate Immun 2012; 4:478-88. [PMID: 22440980 DOI: 10.1159/000336025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept that macrophages play an active role in inflammatory responses began its development in the late 1800s with the now iconic studies by Elie Metchnikoff using starfish larvae and Daphnia [reviewed in Kaufmann SHE: Nat Immunol 2008;9:705-712 and Cavaillon JM: J Leukoc Biol 2011;90:413-424]. Based on his observation of the phagocyte response to a foreign body (rose thorn) and yeast, he proposed that phagocytes acted in host defense and were active participants in the inflammatory process. Flash forward more than 100 years and we find that these basic tenets hold true. However, it is now appreciated that macrophages come in many different flavors and can adopt a variety of nuanced phenotypes depending on the tissue environment in which the macrophage is found. In this brief review, we discuss the role of one type of macrophage termed the alternatively activated macrophage (AAM), also known as the M2 type of macrophage, in regulating allergic lung inflammation and asthma. Recent studies using mouse models of allergic lung inflammation and samples from human asthma patients contribute to the emerging concept that AAMs are not just bystanders of the interleukin (IL)-4- and IL-13-rich environment found in allergic asthma but are also active players in orchestrating allergic lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeta Dasgupta
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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25
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Ford AQ, Dasgupta P, Mikhailenko I, Smith EMP, Noben-Trauth N, Keegan AD. Adoptive transfer of IL-4Rα+ macrophages is sufficient to enhance eosinophilic inflammation in a mouse model of allergic lung inflammation. BMC Immunol 2012; 13:6. [PMID: 22292924 PMCID: PMC3283450 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-13-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The IL-4 receptor α (IL-4Rα) chain has a broad expression pattern and participates in IL-4 and IL-13 signaling, allowing it to influence several pathological components of allergic lung inflammation. We previously reported that IL-4Rα expression on both bone marrow-derived and non-bone marrow-derived cells contributed to the severity of allergic lung inflammation. There was a correlation between the number of macrophages expressing the IL-4Rα, CD11b, and IA(d), and the degree of eosinophilia in ovalbumin challenged mice. The engagement of the IL-4Rα by IL-4 or IL-13 is able to stimulate the alternative activation of macrophages (AAM). The presence of AAM has been correlated with inflammatory responses to parasites and allergens. Therefore, we hypothesized that IL-4Rα⁺ AAM play an active role in allergic lung inflammation. To directly determine the role of AAM in allergic lung inflammation, M-CSF-dependent macrophages (BMM) were prepared from the bone-marrow of IL-4Rα positive and negative mice and transferred to IL-4RαxRAG2(-/-) mice. Wild type TH2 cells were provided exogenously. RESULTS Mice receiving IL-4Rα(+/+) BMM showed a marked increase in the recruitment of eosinophils to the lung after challenge with ovalbumin as compared to mice receiving IL-4Rα(-/-) BMM. As expected, the eosinophilic inflammation was dependent on the presence of TH2 cells. Furthermore, we observed an increase in cells expressing F4/80 and Mac3, and the AAM marker YM1/2 in the lungs of mice receiving IL-4Rα(+/+) BMM. The BAL fluid from these mice contained elevated levels of eotaxin-1, RANTES, and CCL2. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that transfer of IL-4Rα + macrophages is sufficient to enhance TH2-driven, allergic inflammation. They further show that stimulation of macrophages through IL-4Rα leads to their alternative activation and positive contribution to the TH2-driven allergic inflammatory response in the lung. Since an increase in AAM and their products has been observed in patients with asthma exacerbations, these results suggest that AAM may be targeted to alleviate exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Q Ford
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland, Baltimore, 800 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore MD 21201, USA
| | - Preeta Dasgupta
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland, Baltimore, 800 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore MD 21201, USA
| | - Irina Mikhailenko
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland, Baltimore, 800 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore MD 21201, USA
| | - Elizabeth MP Smith
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland, Baltimore, 800 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore MD 21201, USA
| | - Nancy Noben-Trauth
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland College Park, Rockville MD 20892, USA
| | - Achsah D Keegan
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland, Baltimore, 800 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore MD 21201, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center and Dept of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore MD 21201, USA
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Dasgupta P, Chapoval SP, Smith EP, Keegan AD. Transfer of in vivo primed transgenic T cells supports allergic lung inflammation and FIZZ1 and Ym1 production in an IL-4Rα and STAT6 dependent manner. BMC Immunol 2011; 12:60. [PMID: 22014099 PMCID: PMC3212823 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-12-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background CD4+ T helper type 2 (TH2) cells, their cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 and the transcription factor STAT6 are known to regulate various features of asthma including lung inflammation, mucus production and airway hyperreactivity and also drive alternative activation of macrophages (AAM). However, the precise roles played by the IL-4/IL-13 receptors and STAT6 in inducing AAM protein expression and modulating specific features of airway inflammation are still unclear. Since TH2 differentiation and activation plays a pivotal role in this disease, we explored the possibility of developing an asthma model in mice using T cells that were differentiated in vivo. Results In this study, we monitored the activation and proliferation status of adoptively transferred allergen-specific naïve or in vivo primed CD4+ T cells. We found that both the naïve and in vivo primed T cells expressed similar levels of CD44 and IL-4. However, in vivo primed T cells underwent reduced proliferation in a lymphopenic environment when compared to naïve T cells. We then used these in vivo generated effector T cells in an asthma model. Although there was reduced inflammation in mice lacking IL-4Rα or STAT6, significant amounts of eosinophils were still present in the BAL and lung tissue. Moreover, specific AAM proteins YM1 and FIZZ1 were expressed by epithelial cells, while macrophages expressed only YM1 in RAG2-/- mice. We further show that FIZZ1 and YM1 protein expression in the lung was completely dependent on signaling through the IL-4Rα and STAT6. Consistent with the enhanced inflammation and AAM protein expression, there was a significant increase in collagen deposition and smooth muscle thickening in RAG2-/- mice compared to mice deficient in IL-4Rα or STAT6. Conclusions These results establish that transfer of in vivo primed CD4+ T cells can induce allergic lung inflammation. Furthermore, while IL-4/IL-13 signaling through IL-4Rα and STAT6 is essential for AAM protein expression, lung inflammation and eosinophilia are only partially dependent on this pathway. Further studies are required to identify other proteins and signaling pathways involved in airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeta Dasgupta
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 800 W, Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Kakkar T, Sung C, Gibiansky L, Vu T, Narayanan A, Lin SL, Vincent M, Banfield C, Colbert A, Hoofring S, Starcevic M, Ma P. Population PK and IgE pharmacodynamic analysis of a fully human monoclonal antibody against IL4 receptor. Pharm Res 2011; 28:2530-42. [PMID: 21604075 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0481-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE For AMG 317, a fully human monoclonal antibody to interleukin receptor IL-4Rα, we developed a population pharmacokinetic (PK) model by fitting data from four early phase clinical trials of intravenous and subcutaneous (SC) routes simultaneously, investigated important PK covariates, and explored the relationship between exposure and IgE response. METHODS Data for 294 subjects and 2183 AMG 317 plasma concentrations from three Phase 1 and 1 Phase 2 studies were analyzed by nonlinear mixed effects modeling using first-order conditional estimation with interaction. The relationship of IgE response with post hoc estimates of exposure generated from the final PK model was explored based on data from asthmatic patients. RESULTS The best structural model was a two-compartment quasi-steady-state target-mediated drug disposition model with linear and non-linear clearances. For a typical 80-kg, 40-year subject, linear clearance was 35.0 mL/hr, central and peripheral volumes of distribution were 1.78 and 5.03 L, respectively, and SC bioavailability was 24.3%. Body weight was an important covariate on linear clearance and central volume; age influenced absorption rate. A significant treatment effect was observable between the cumulative AUC and IgE response measured. CONCLUSION The population PK model adequately described AMG 317 PK from IV and SC routes over a 60-fold range of doses with two dosing strengths across multiple studies covering healthy volunteers and patients with mild to severe asthma. IgE response across a range of doses and over the sampling time points was found to be related to cumulative AMG 317 exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarundeep Kakkar
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, 91320, USA.
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Smith EP, Shanks K, Lipsky MM, DeTolla LJ, Keegan AD, Chapoval SP. Expression of neuroimmune semaphorins 4A and 4D and their receptors in the lung is enhanced by allergen and vascular endothelial growth factor. BMC Immunol 2011; 12:30. [PMID: 21595947 PMCID: PMC3118960 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-12-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Semaphorins were originally identified as molecules regulating a functional activity of axons in the nervous system. Sema4A and Sema4D were the first semaphorins found to be expressed on immune cells and were termed "immune semaphorins". It is known that Sema4A and Sema4D bind Tim-2 and CD72 expressed on leukocytes and PlexinD1 and B1 present on non-immune cells. These neuroimmune semaphorins and their receptors have been shown to play critical roles in many physiological and pathological processes including neuronal development, immune response regulation, cancer, autoimmune, cardiovascular, renal, and infectious diseases. However, the expression and regulation of Sema4A, Sema4D, and their receptors in normal and allergic lungs is undefined. Results Allergen treatment and lung-specific vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression induced asthma-like pathologies in the murine lungs. These experimental models of allergic airway inflammation were used for the expression analysis of immune semaphorins and their receptors employing immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry techniques. We found that besides accessory-like cells, Sema4A was also detected on bronchial epithelial and smooth muscle cells, whereas Sema4D expression was high on immune cells such as T and B lymphocytes. Surprisingly, under inflammation various cell types including macrophages, lymphocytes, and granulocytes in the lung expressed Tim-2, a previously defined marker for Th2 cells. CD72 was found on lung immune, inflammatory, and epithelial cells. Bronchial epithelial cells were positive for both plexins, whereas some endothelial cells selectively expressed Plexin D1. Plexin B1 expression was also detected on lung DC. Both allergen and VEGF upregulated the expression of neuroimmune semaphorins and their receptors in the lung tissue. However, the lung tissue Sema4A-Tim2 expression was rather weak, whereas Sema4D-CD72 ligand-receptor pair was vastly upregulated by allergen. Soluble Sema4D protein was present in the lung lysates and a whole Sema4A protein plus its dimer were readily detected in the bronchoalveolar (BAL) fluids under inflammation. Conclusions This study clearly shows that neuroimmune semaphorins Sema4A and Sema4D and their receptors might serve as potential markers for the allergic airway inflammatory diseases. Our current findings pave the way for further investigations of the role of immune semaphorins in inflammation and their use as potential therapeutic targets for the inflammatory lung conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth P Smith
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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Chapoval SP, Dasgupta P, Smith EP, DeTolla LJ, Lipsky MM, Kelly-Welch AE, Keegan AD. STAT6 expression in multiple cell types mediates the cooperative development of allergic airway disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:2571-83. [PMID: 21242523 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Th2 cells induce asthma through the secretion of cytokines. Two such cytokines, IL-4 and IL-13, are critical mediators of many features of this disease. They both share a common receptor subunit, IL-4Rα, and signal through the STAT6 pathway. STAT6(-/-) mice have impaired Th2 differentiation and reduced airway response to allergen. Transferred Th2 cells were not able to elicit eosinophilia in response to OVA in STAT6(-/-) mice. To clarify the role of STAT6 in allergic airway inflammation, we generated mouse bone marrow (BM) chimeras. We observed little to no eosinophilia in OVA-treated STAT6(-/-) mice even when STAT6(+/+) BM or Th2 cells were provided. However, when Th2 cells were transferred to STAT6×Rag2(-/-) mice, we observed an eosinophilic response to OVA. Nevertheless, the expression of STAT6 on either BM-derived cells or lung resident cells enhanced the severity of OVA-induced eosinophilia. Moreover, when both the BM donor and recipient lacked lymphocytes, transferred Th2 cells were sufficient to induce the level of eosinophilia comparable with that of wild-type (WT) mice. The expression of STAT6 in BM-derived cells was more critical for the enhanced eosinophilic response. Furthermore, we found a significantly higher number of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T cells (regulatory T cells [Tregs]) in PBS- and OVA-treated STAT6(-/-) mouse lungs compared with that in WT animals suggesting that STAT6 limits both naturally occurring and Ag-induced Tregs. Tregs obtained from either WT or STAT6(-/-) mice were equally efficient in suppressing CD4(+) T cell proliferation in vitro. Taken together, our studies demonstrate multiple STAT6-dependent and -independent features of allergic inflammation, which may impact treatments targeting STAT6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana P Chapoval
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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30
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Luzina IG, Lockatell V, Todd NW, Keegan AD, Hasday JD, Atamas SP. Splice isoforms of human interleukin-4 are functionally active in mice in vivo. Immunology 2011; 132:385-93. [PMID: 21219317 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03393.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-4 (IL-4) acts on cultured cells in a species-specific fashion, although several reports have suggested that human (h) IL-4 may be functionally active in rodents in vivo. The latter finding, if true, would not only offer possibilities for pre-clinical testing of novel hIL-4-targeting therapies in animals, but also suggests new opportunities for mechanistic studies of IL-4 and its receptors. Conventional IL-4 is encoded by four exons, whereas its poorly studied alternatively spliced isoform is encoded by exons 1, 3 and 4 (IL-4δ2). Replication-deficient adenovirus-mediated gene delivery of hIL-4 isoforms (hIL-4 or hIL-4δ2) to mouse lungs caused similar pulmonary infiltration of T and B lymphocytes, but not eosinophils. There were significant differences in the changes of pulmonary cytokine milieu induced by hIL-4 compared with hIL-4δ2, with hIL-4δ2 inducing higher levels of pro-inflammatory (tumour necrosis factor-α, IL-1, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1) and T helper type 1 (IL-12 and interferon-γ) cytokines. There was no elevation in endogenous mouse (m) IL-4 or mIL-4δ2 mRNAs, and germ-line deficiency of mIL-4 did not affect the degree of pulmonary infiltration. When combined with an ovalbumin model of asthma, hIL-4δ2 stimulated a greater accumulation of lymphocytes than did hIL-4. Pulmonary infiltration of lymphocytes induced by expression of hIL-4 or hIL-4δ2 was attenuated, but not completely abrogated, by germ-line deficiency of mIL-4Rα or murine signal transducer and activator of transcription 6, suggesting that these signalling molecules mediate the in vivo effects of hIL-4 isoforms in mice. These findings suggest that splice isoforms of human IL-4 are functionally active in vivo in mice, and partially share the effects of the corresponding species-specific isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina G Luzina
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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31
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Lee MY, Seo CS, Lee JA, Lee NH, Kim JH, Ha H, Zheng MS, Son JK, Shin HK. Anti-asthmatic effects of Angelica dahurica against ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation via upregulation of heme oxygenase-1. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 49:829-37. [PMID: 21146576 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic immune inflammatory disease characterized by variable airflow obstruction. The present study was undertaken to assess the effects of an Angelica dahurica Bentham et Hooker ethanolic extract (AD) on airway inflammation in an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced airway inflammation model. Mice that received AD displayed significantly lower airway eosinophilia, cytokine levels, including interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha levels, mucus production and immunoglobulin (Ig)E, compared with OVA-induced mice. In our experiments, AD treatment reduced airway inflammation and suppressed oxidative stress in the OVA-induced asthma model, partly via induction of heme oxygenase (HO)-1. The effects of AD on OVA-induced HO-1 induction were partially reversed by the HO-1 inhibitor, tin protoporphyrin (SnPP). Our results clearly indicate that AD is a suppressor of airway allergic inflammation, and may thus be effectively used as an anti-inflammatory drug in the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee-Young Lee
- Herbal Medicine EBM Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Exporo 483, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
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Ripple MJ, You D, Honnegowda S, Giaimo JD, Sewell AB, Becnel DM, Cormier SA. Immunomodulation with IL-4R alpha antisense oligonucleotide prevents respiratory syncytial virus-mediated pulmonary disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:4804-11. [PMID: 20861354 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes significant morbidity and mortality in infants worldwide. Severe RSV infections in infants cause bronchiolitis, wheeze, and/or cough and significantly increase the risk for developing asthma. RSV pathogenesis is thought to be due to a Th2-type immune response initiated in response to RSV infection, specifically in the infant. Using a neonatal mouse system as an appropriate model for human infants, we sought to determine whether local inhibition of IL-4Rα expression during primary RSV infection in the neonate would prevent Th2-skewed responses to secondary RSV infection and improve long-term pulmonary function. To reduce IL-4Rα expression, antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) specific for IL-4Rα were administered intranasally to neonatal mice at the time of primary infection. Mice were initially infected with RSV at 1 wk of age and were reinfected at 6 wk of age. Administration of IL-4Rα ASOs during primary RSV infection in neonatal mice abolished the pulmonary dysfunction normally observed following reinfection in the adult. This ablation of pulmonary dysfunction correlated with a persistent rebalancing of the Th cell compartment with decreased Th2 responses (i.e., reduced goblet cell hyperplasia, Th2 cells, and cytokine secretion) and increased Th1 responses (i.e., elevated Th1 cell numbers and type I Abs and cytokines). Our data support our hypothesis that a reduction in the Th2 immune response during primary infection in neonates prevents Th2-mediated pulmonary pathology initially and upon reinfection and further suggest that vaccine strategies incorporating IL-4Rα ASOs may be of significant benefit to infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Ripple
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Lee MY, Seo CS, Lee NH, Ha H, Lee JA, Lee H, Lee KY, Shin HK. Anti-asthmatic effect of schizandrin on OVA-induced airway inflammation in a murine asthma model. Int Immunopharmacol 2010; 10:1374-9. [PMID: 20727999 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Asthma comprises a triad of reversible airway obstruction, bronchial smooth muscle cell hyperreactivity to bronchoconstrictors, and chronic bronchial inflammation. Clinical and experimental findings have established eosinophilia as a sign of allergic disorders. In the present investigation, we evaluated the anti-asthmatic effects of schizandrin and its underlying mechanisms in an in vivo murine asthmatic model. To accomplish this, female BALB/c mice were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA), and examined for the following typical asthmatic reactions: increased numbers of eosinophils and other inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF); production of Th1 cytokines (such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in BALF); production of Th2 cytokines (such as interleukin IL-4 and IL-5) in BALF; presence of total and OVA-specific immunoglobulins (Ig)E in serum; presence of oxidative stress; hyperplasia of goblet cells in the lung; and marked influx of inflammatory cells into the lung. Our results collectively show that schizandrin exerts profound inhibitory effects on accumulation of eosinophils into the airways and reduces the levels of IL-4, IL-5, IFN-γ, and TNF-α in BALF. Additionally, schizandrin suppresses the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a dose-dependent manner, and inhibits goblet cell hyperplasia and inflammatory cell infiltration in lung tissue. Thus, schizandrin has anti-asthmatic effects, which seem to be partially mediated by reduction of oxidative stress and airway inflammation, in a murine allergic asthma model. These results indicate that schizandrin may be an effective novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee-Young Lee
- Herbal Medicine EBM Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Gunsolly C, Nicholson JD, Listwak SJ, Ledee D, Zelenka P, Verthelyi D, Chapoval S, Keegan A, Tonelli LH. Expression and regulation in the brain of the chemokine CCL27 gene locus. J Neuroimmunol 2010; 225:82-90. [PMID: 20605223 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine CCL27 has chemoattractant properties for memory T cells and has been implicated in skin allergic reactions. The present study reports the expression in the brain of two CCL27 splice variants localized in the cerebral cortex and limbic regions. CCL27-like immunoreactivity was identified mainly in neurons. Variant 1 was found elevated in the olfactory bulbs during allergic inflammation induced by intranasal challenge with allergen. This was accompanied by the presence of T cells in the olfactory bulbs. Intranasal administration of neutralizing antibodies against CCL27 reduced the presence of T cells in the olfactory bulbs suggesting a function in T cell activity in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Gunsolly
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201-1549, USA
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Allergic rhinitis induces anxiety-like behavior and altered social interaction in rodents. Brain Behav Immun 2009; 23:784-93. [PMID: 19268702 PMCID: PMC2743459 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2009.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Revised: 02/24/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological and clinical studies report higher incidences of anxiety and increased emotional reactivity in individuals suffering from respiratory allergies. To evaluate if respiratory allergies are capable of promoting anxiety-like behavior in rodents, we used models of allergic rhinitis and behavioral evaluations followed by assessment of mRNA for cytokines in relevant brain regions. Mice and rats were sensitized to ovoalbumin or pollen, respectively, following standard sensitization and challenge protocols. After challenge, the animals were evaluated in the open field, elevated plus-maze and resident-intruder tests. Cytokines and corticotropin-releasing factor expression were assessed in several brain regions by real-time RT-PCR and plasma corticosterone concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Mice and rats sensitized and exposed to allergen showed increased anxiety-like behavior and reduced social interaction without any overt behavioral signs of sickness. T-helper type 2 (T(H)2) cytokines were induced in both rats and mice in the olfactory bulbs and prefrontal cortex and remained unchanged in the temporal cortex and hypothalamus. The same results were found for CRF mRNA expression. No differences were observed in corticosterone concentrations 1h after the last behavioral test. These results show that sensitization and challenge with allergens induce anxiety across rodent species and that these effects were paralleled by an increased expression of T(H)2 cytokines and CRF in the prefrontal cortex. These studies provide experimental evidence that sensitized rodents experience neuroimmune-mediated anxiety and reduced social interaction associated with allergic rhinitis.
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Willingham SB, Allen IC, Bergstralh DT, Brickey WJ, Huang MTH, Taxman DJ, Duncan JA, Ting JPY. NLRP3 (NALP3, Cryopyrin) facilitates in vivo caspase-1 activation, necrosis, and HMGB1 release via inflammasome-dependent and -independent pathways. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:2008-15. [PMID: 19587006 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial infection elicits a range of beneficial as well as detrimental host inflammatory responses. Key among these responses are macrophage/monocyte necrosis, release of the proinflammatory factor high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), and induction of the cytokine IL-1. Although the control of IL-1beta has been well studied, processes that control macrophage cell death and HMGB1 release in animals are poorly understood. This study uses Klebsiella pneumonia as a model organism because it elicits all three responses in vivo. The regulation of these responses is studied in the context of the inflammasome components NLRP3 and ASC, which are important for caspase-1 activation and IL-1beta release. Using a pulmonary infection model that reflects human infection, we show that K. pneumonia-induced mouse macrophage necrosis, HMGB1, and IL-1beta release are dependent on NLRP3 and ASC. K. pneumoniae infection of mice lacking Nlrp3 results in decreased lung inflammation and reduced survival relative to control, indicating the overall protective role of this gene. Macrophage/monocyte necrosis and HMGB1 release are controlled independently of caspase-1, suggesting that the former two responses are separable from inflammasome-associated functions. These results provide critical in vivo validation that the physiologic role of NLRP3 and ASC is not limited to inflammasome formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Willingham
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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37
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Dittrich AM, Chen HC, Xu L, Ranney P, Connolly S, Yarovinsky TO, Bottomly HK. A new mechanism for inhalational priming: IL-4 bypasses innate immune signals. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:7307-15. [PMID: 18981153 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.10.7307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Signaling via innate immune mechanisms is considered pivotal for T cell-mediated responses to inhaled Ags. Furthermore, Th2 cells specific for one inhaled Ag can facilitate priming of naive T cells to unrelated new inhaled Ags, a process we call "Th2 collateral priming". Interestingly, our previous studies showed that collateral priming is independent of signals via the innate immune system but depends on IL-4 secretion by CD4(+) T cells. We thus hypothesized that IL-4 can bypass the need for signals via the innate immune system, considered essential for pulmonary priming. Indeed, we were able to show that IL-4 bypasses the requirement for TLR4- and MyD88-mediated signaling for responses to new allergens. Furthermore, we characterized the mechanisms by which IL-4 primes for new inhaled allergens: "IL-4-dependent pulmonary priming" relies on IL-4 receptor expression on hematopoietic cells and structural cells. Transfer experiments indicate that within the hematopoietic compartment both T cells and dendritic cells need to express the IL-4 receptor. Finally, we were able to show that IL-4 induces recruitment and maturation of myeloid dendritic cells in vivo and increases T cell recruitment to the draining lymph nodes. Our findings bring new mechanistic knowledge to the phenomenon of polysensitization and primary sensitization in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Dittrich
- Department for Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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38
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Shim JY, Park SW, Kim DS, Shim JW, Jung HL, Park MS. The effect of interleukin-4 and amphiregulin on the proliferation of human airway smooth muscle cells and cytokine release. J Korean Med Sci 2008; 23:857-63. [PMID: 18955794 PMCID: PMC2580012 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2008.23.5.857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway smooth muscle (ASM) hyperplasia and angiogenesis are important features associated with airway remodeling. We investigated the effect of IL-4 and amphiregulin, an epidermal growth factor family member, on the proliferation of human ASM cells and on the release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 from human ASM cells. Human ASM cells were growth-arrested for 48 hr and incubated with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)- BB, interleukin (IL)-4, amphiregulin, and VEGF to evaluate cell proliferation. The cells were treated with PDGF, IL-4 and amphiregulin to evaluate the release of VEGF, MCP-1. IL-4 suppressed unstimulated and PDGF-stimulated ASM cell proliferation. Amphiregulin stimulated ASM cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. VEGF did not have any influence on ASM cell proliferation. IL-4 stimulated VEGF secretion by the ASM cells in a dose-dependent manner and showed added stimulatory effects when co-incubated with PDGF. Amphiregulin did not promote VEGF secretion. IL-4 and amphiregulin showed no stimulatory effects on MCP-1 secretion. The results of this study showed that IL-4 had bifunctional effects on airway remodeling, one was the suppression of the proliferation of the ASM cells and the other was the promotion of VEGF release by the ASM cells, and amphiregulin can promote human ASM cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Yeon Shim
- Department of Pediatrics, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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39
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Kuperman DA, Schleimer RP. Interleukin-4, interleukin-13, signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 6, and allergic asthma. Curr Mol Med 2008; 8:384-92. [PMID: 18691065 DOI: 10.2174/156652408785161032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 share many biological activities. To some extent, this is because they both signal via a shared receptor, IL-4Ralpha. Ligation of IL-4Ralpha results in activation of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription factor 6 (STAT6) and Insulin Receptor Substrate (IRS) molecules. In T- and B-cells, IL-4Ralpha signaling contributes to cell-mediated and humoral aspects of allergic inflammation. It has recently become clear that IL-4 and IL-13 produced in inflamed tissues activate signaling in normally resident cells of the airway. The purpose of this review is to critically evaluate the contributions of IL-4- and IL-13-induced tissue responses, especially those mediated by STAT6, to some of the pathologic features of asthma including eosinophilic inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, subepithelial fibrosis and excessive mucus production. We also review the functions of some recently identified IL-4- and/or IL-13-induced mediators that provide some detail on molecular mechanisms and suggest an important contribution to host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A Kuperman
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy-Immunology, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.
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40
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Shen HH, Wang K, Li W, Ying YH, Gao GX, Li XB, Huang HQ. Astragalus Membranaceus prevents airway hyperreactivity in mice related to Th2 response inhibition. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 116:363-369. [PMID: 18226482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Revised: 11/11/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Asthma is recognized as a common pulmonary disease throughout the world. To date, there has been a growing interest in herbal products in Traditional Chinese Medicine, which is considered to be effective to treat asthma. A Chinese herb Astragalus Membranaceus (AM) was found useful in treating allergic diseases. The purpose of this study is to determine whether this herbal injection could suppress allergic-induced AHR and mucus hypersecretion in allergic mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS A mouse model of chronic asthma was used to investigate AM injection on the airway lesions in compared with glucocorticoids. The study was conducted on mice sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin and the whole body plethsmography was performed to assess AHR. The bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), histopathology were examined. RESULTS We found 28-day AM administration significantly decreased inflammatory infiltration and mucus secretion in the lung tissues of allergic mice. 28-day AM administration enhanced Ova-induced decreased IFN-gamma, and the Ova-induced elevations of IL-5 and IL-13 in BALF were prevented by 28-day injection. We also showed 28-day AM injection markedly suppressed increased AHR in allergic mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate Astragalus Membranaceus has a potential role in treating allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Hao Shen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, 88# Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, China.
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41
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Bossé Y, Thompson C, Audette K, Stankova J, Rola-Pleszczynski M. Interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 enhance human bronchial smooth muscle cell proliferation. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2008; 146:138-48. [PMID: 18204280 DOI: 10.1159/000113517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Accepted: 09/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND T(H)2 inflammation and bronchial smooth muscle cell (BSMC) hyperplasia are characteristic features of asthma, but whether these phenomena are linked remains unknown. This study aims to define the effect of the T(H)2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 on human BSMC proliferation when administered alone or in combination with the fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) growth factor. In addition, the effects of the proinflammatory mediators TNFalpha and IL-1 beta and the involvement of members of the well-known family of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) mitogens were tested. METHODS BSMC proliferation was measured by crystal violet staining and PDGF and PDGF receptor (PDGFR) expression were determined by RT-PCR, immunocytochemistry, ELISA, flow cytometry and dot plot analysis. RESULTS Neither IL-4 nor IL-13 alone induced BSMC proliferation, despite both being potent inducers of PDGF-CC. However, following a pretreatment with FGF2, which increased PDGFR alpha chain expression, both IL-4 and IL-13 increased FGF2-induced BSMC proliferation in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. TNFalpha and IL-1 beta did not affect basal or FGF2-induced BSMC proliferation, but both proinflammatory mediators enhanced the proliferative synergism between FGF2 and the T(H)2 cytokines. CONCLUSIONS IL-4 and IL-13 potently induce FGF2-primed BSMC proliferation via an autocrine loop involving PDGFRalpha and PDGF-CC, and this proliferative synergism is amplified by proinflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ynuk Bossé
- Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
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42
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Wang K, Shen HH, Li W, Huang HQ. Human C-C chemokine receptor 3 monoclonal antibody inhibits pulmonary inflammation in allergic mice. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2007; 28:1791-6. [PMID: 17959030 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2007.00635.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the effect of C-C chemokine receptor 3 (CCR3) blockade on pulmonary inflammation and mucus production in allergic mice. METHODS We used the synthetic peptide of the CCR3 NH2-terminal as the immunizing antigen and generated murine monoclonal antibody against the human CCR3. In addition, the generated antibody was administered to mice sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin. The inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage, cytokine levels, pulmonary histopathology, and mucus secretion were examined. RESULTS The Western blotting analysis indicated that the generated antibody bound to CCR3 specifically. The allergic mice treated with the antihuman CCR3 antibody exhibited a significant reduction of pulmonary inflammation accompanied with the alteration of cytokine. CONCLUSION The antibody we generated was specific to CCR3. The inhibition of airway inflammation and mucus overproduction by the antibody suggested that the blockade of CCR3 is an appealing therapeutical target for asthma. The present research may provide an experimental basis for the further study of this agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China.
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43
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Tolerogenic property of B-1b cells in a model of allergic reaction. Immunol Lett 2007; 114:110-8. [PMID: 18022249 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2007.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2007] [Revised: 09/20/2007] [Accepted: 09/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Since B-1 cells were first described, their origin and function remain controversial. Given the ability to produce natural antibodies and large amounts of IL-10, there is a consensus about their role in innate immunity. More recently, however, B-1 cells have been associated to adaptive immunity as well, due to the demonstration of immunological memory and antigen presentation capability. Here we demonstrate that adoptive transfer of pre-sensitized B-1b cells (obtained from OVA-sensitized mice) to naïve B-1 deficient animals, drastically affects the ability of transplanted animals to mount an adaptive response upon immunization with OVA. In contrast to naïve B-1 populated mice, mice transplanted with sensitized B-1 exhibit lower anti-OVA antibody levels, milder footpad swelling in response to OVA subcutaneous injection and reduced granulomatous reaction to OVA-coated beads. Moreover, we show that these pre-sensitized B-1 cells, when acting as APCs, induce poor T cell proliferation in vitro when compared with macrophages or B-1 cells obtained from naïve mice. This property may be due in part to insufficient expression of the co-stimulatory molecule CD86, necessary for optimal antigen presentation. In conclusion, our data suggest a novel role for B-1 cells as part of suppressor mechanisms in the immune system.
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Funaguchi N, Ohno Y, La BLB, Asai T, Yuhgetsu H, Sawada M, Takemura G, Minatoguchi S, Fujiwara T, Fujiwara H. Narirutin inhibits airway inflammation in an allergic mouse model. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2007; 34:766-70. [PMID: 17600554 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2007.04636.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1. Flavonoids are naturally occurring compounds that possess anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative and anti-oxidant properties. In the present study, we investigated whether the flavonoid narirutin could reduce airway inflammation in ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized/challenged NC/Nga mice, a model of allergic eosinophilic airway inflammation. 2. Mice were initially immunized intraperitoneally with OVA on Days 0 and 7 and then challenged with inhaled OVA on Days 14, 15 and 16. In addition, some mice received narirutin orally at doses of 0.1, 1 or 10 mg/kg bodyweight daily on Days 7-16. 3. At 10 mg/kg, but not 0.1 or 1 mg/kg, narirutin significantly diminished OVA-induced airway inflammation caused by infiltration of lung tissue with inflammatory and mucus-producing cells, as well as reduced eosinophil counts in the peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), interleukin (IL)-4 levels in BALF and IgE levels in serum. 4. The mechanism of the anti-inflammatory effect of narirutin are likely to be associated with a reduction in the OVA-induced increases of IL-4 and IgE in a murine model of allergic eosinophilic airway inflammation. These findings suggest that narirutin may be an effective new tool in the treatment of bronchial asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiko Funaguchi
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Regeneration and Advanced Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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Steenwinckel V, Louahed J, Orabona C, Huaux F, Warnier G, McKenzie A, Lison D, Levitt R, Renauld JC. IL-13 mediates in vivo IL-9 activities on lung epithelial cells but not on hematopoietic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:3244-51. [PMID: 17312173 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.5.3244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Increased IL-9 expression, either systemically or under the control of lung-specific promoter, induces an asthma-like phenotype, including mucus overproduction, mastocytosis, lung eosinophilia, and airway hyperresponsiveness. These activities correlate with increased production of other Th2 cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 in IL-9 Tg mice. To determine the exact role of IL-13 in this phenotype, mice overexpressing IL-9 were crossed with IL-13-deficient mice. In these animals, IL-9 could still induce mastocytosis and B lymphocyte infiltration of the lungs. Although IL-9-induced eosinophilia in the peritoneal cavity was not diminished in the absence of IL-13, IL-13 was required for IL-9 to increase eotaxin expression and lung eosinophilia. Mucus production and up-regulation of lung epithelial genes upon IL-9 overexpression were completely abolished in the absence of IL-13. Using hemopoietic cell transfer experiments with recipients that overexpressed IL-9 but were deficient in the IL-9 receptor (IL-9R), we could demonstrate that the effect of IL-9 on lung epithelial cells is indirect and could be fully restored by transfer of hemopoietic cells expressing IL-9R. Mucus production by lung epithelial cells was only up-regulated when hemopoietic cells simultaneously expressed functional IL-9R and IL-13 genes, indicating that IL-13 is not a cofactor but a direct mediator of the effect of IL-9 on lung epithelial cells. Taken together, these data indicate that IL-9 can promote asthma through IL-13-independent pathways via expansion of mast cells, eosinophils, and B cells, and through induction of IL-13 production by hemopoietic cells for mucus production and recruitment of eosinophils by lung epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Steenwinckel
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Experimental Medicine Unit, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 74, Brussels, Belgium
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Leeto M, Herbert DR, Marillier R, Schwegmann A, Fick L, Brombacher F. TH1-dominant granulomatous pathology does not inhibit fibrosis or cause lethality during murine schistosomiasis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2006; 169:1701-12. [PMID: 17071593 PMCID: PMC1780204 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.060346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Schistosoma mansoni egg-induced inflammation is accompanied by TH2 cell polarization and development of fibrotic granulomas in host tissue. The interleukin (IL)-4 receptor alpha (IL-4Ralpha), which mediates IL-4 and IL-13 signaling, is essential for granulomatous pathology through a putative CD4+ T-cell-dependent mechanism. In this study, we asked whether CD4+ T-cell-specific IL-4Ralpha-deficient mice (Lck(Cre)IL-4Ralpha(-/lox)) developed granulomas and egg-driven collagen production. Although eosinophilia and goblet cell hyperplasia were impaired in Lck(Cre)IL-4Ralpha(-/lox) mice, there was no reduction in size or collagen content of lung and liver granulomas. The lack of CD4+ T-cell IL-4Ralpha expression caused significant increases in interferon-gamma-producing cells, inducible nitric-oxide synthetase production, and hepatic damage, compared with similarly infected wild-type mice. Interestingly, this TH1-associated liver injury did not lead to premature mortality in this strain. Instead, lower levels of serum endotoxin in Lck(Cre)IL-4Ralpha(-/lox) mice suggest that intestinal barrier function may be the dominant factor for survival during natural infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mosiuoa Leeto
- Division of Infectious Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Das J, Eynott P, Jupp R, Bothwell A, Van Kaer L, Shi Y, Das G. Natural killer T cells and CD8+ T cells are dispensable for T cell–dependent allergic airway inflammation. Nat Med 2006; 12:1345-6; author reply 1347. [PMID: 17151684 DOI: 10.1038/nm1206-1345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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48
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Bergin AM, Balder B, Kishore S, Swärd K, Hahn-Zoric M, Löwhagen O, Hanson LA, Padyukov L. Common variations in the IL4R gene affect splicing and influence natural expression of the soluble isoform. Hum Mutat 2006; 27:990-8. [PMID: 16917945 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We previously found the soluble interleukin 4 receptor (sIL4R) to be differently expressed in allergic asthma patients compared to healthy individuals. Here we present data demonstrating the involvement of the sequence variations, c.912-1003A > G, c.912-833T > C, c. 912-630A > G, and c.912-577A > G, in the expressional regulation of IL4R splice variants. By using an IL4R minigene construct, genomic DNA and mRNA from asthma patients and nonasthmatic individuals, we analyzed the function of four highly-linked SNPs, flanking the alternatively-spliced exon in the IL4R gene. Results from the minigene assay showed that the form containing the minor alleles significantly decreased the expression of the soluble IL4R (exon 8+) variant, a decrease that could only be seen in the major construct after increasing amounts of either the splicing factor SRp20, or YT521-B. Analysis of mRNA expression in our human material confirmed the results, demonstrating lower expression of the sIL4R in patients and controls carrying the minor alleles. Together these results show sequence variations as a possible way of altering alternative splicing selection of IL4R in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Marie Bergin
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden.
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49
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Karras JG, Crosby JR, Guha M, Tung D, Miller DA, Gaarde WA, Geary RS, Monia BP, Gregory SA. Anti-inflammatory activity of inhaled IL-4 receptor-alpha antisense oligonucleotide in mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2006; 36:276-85. [PMID: 16990616 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2005-0456oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 mediate allergic pulmonary inflammation and airways hyperreactivity (AHR) in asthma models through signaling dependent upon the IL-4 receptor-alpha chain (IL-4Ralpha). IL-13 has been further implicated in the overproduction of mucus by the airway epithelium and in lung remodeling that commonly accompanies chronic inflammation. IL-4Ralpha-deficient mice are resistant to allergen-induced asthma, highlighting the therapeutic promise of selective molecular inhibitors of IL-4Ralpha. We designed a chemically modified IL-4Ralpha antisense oligonucleotide (IL-4Ralpha ASO) that specifically inhibits IL-4Ralpha protein expression in lung eosinophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, and airway epithelium after inhalation in allergen-challenged mice. Inhalation of IL-4Ralpha ASO attenuated allergen-induced AHR, suppressed airway eosinophilia and neutrophilia, and inhibited production of airway Th2 cytokines and chemokines in previously allergen-primed and -challenged mice. Histologic analysis of lungs from these animals demonstrated reduced goblet cell metaplasia and mucus staining that correlated with inhibition of Muc5AC gene expression in lung tissue. Therapeutic administration of inhaled IL-4Ralpha ASO in chronically allergen-challenged mice produced a spectrum of anti-inflammatory activity similar to that of systemically administered Dexamethasone with the added benefit of reduced airway neutrophilia. These data support the potential utility of a dual IL-4 and IL-13 oligonucleotide inhibitor in allergy/asthma, and suggest that local inhibition of IL-4Ralpha in the lung is sufficient to suppress allergen-induced pulmonary inflammation and AHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G Karras
- Department of Clinical Development, Pharmaceuticals, 1896 Rutherford Road, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA.
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50
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Dunford PJ, O'Donnell N, Riley JP, Williams KN, Karlsson L, Thurmond RL. The histamine H4 receptor mediates allergic airway inflammation by regulating the activation of CD4+ T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:7062-70. [PMID: 16709868 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.11.7062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Histamine is an important inflammatory mediator that is released in airways during an asthmatic response. However, current antihistamine drugs are not effective in controlling the disease. The discovery of the histamine H4 receptor (H4R) prompted us to reinvestigate the role of histamine in pulmonary allergic responses. H4R-deficient mice and mice treated with H4R antagonists exhibited decreased allergic lung inflammation, with decreases in infiltrating lung eosinophils and lymphocytes and decreases in Th2 responses. Ex vivo restimulation of T cells showed decreases in IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-6, and IL-17 levels, suggesting that T cell functions were disrupted. In vitro studies indicated that blockade of the H4R on dendritic cells leads to decreases in cytokine and chemokine production and limits their ability to induce Th2 responses in T cells. This work suggests that the H4R can modulate allergic responses via its influence on T cell activation. The study expands the known influences of histamine on the immune system and highlights the therapeutic potential of H4R antagonists in allergic conditions.
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MESH Headings
- Allergens/administration & dosage
- Animals
- Benzimidazoles/administration & dosage
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Indoles/administration & dosage
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Mice, Transgenic
- Ovalbumin/administration & dosage
- Piperazines/administration & dosage
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/deficiency
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/physiology
- Receptors, Histamine/deficiency
- Receptors, Histamine/genetics
- Receptors, Histamine/physiology
- Receptors, Histamine H4
- Respiratory Hypersensitivity/genetics
- Respiratory Hypersensitivity/immunology
- Respiratory Hypersensitivity/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Dunford
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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