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Fukushima H, Furusawa A, Takao S, Matikonda SS, Kano M, Okuyama S, Yamamoto H, Choyke PL, Schnermann MJ, Kobayashi H. Phototruncation cell tracking with near-infrared photoimmunotherapy using heptamethine cyanine dye to visualise migratory dynamics of immune cells. EBioMedicine 2024; 102:105050. [PMID: 38490105 PMCID: PMC10951901 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noninvasive in vivo cell tracking is valuable in understanding the mechanisms that enhance anti-cancer immunity. We have recently developed a new method called phototruncation-assisted cell tracking (PACT), that uses photoconvertible cell tracking technology to detect in vivo cell migration. This method has the advantages of not requiring genetic engineering of cells and employing tissue-penetrant near-infrared light. METHODS We applied PACT to monitor the migration of immune cells between a tumour and its tumour-draining lymph node (TDLN) after near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT). FINDINGS PACT showed a significant increase in the migration of dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages from the tumour to the TDLN immediately after NIR-PIT. This migration by NIR-PIT was abrogated by inhibiting the sphingosine-1-phosphate pathway or Gαi signaling. These results were corroborated by intranodal immune cell profiles at two days post-treatment; NIR-PIT significantly induced DC maturation and increased and activated the CD8+ T cell population in the TDLN. Furthermore, PACT revealed that NIR-PIT significantly enhanced the migration of CD8+ T cells from the TDLN to the tumour four days post-treatment, which was consistent with the immunohistochemical assessment of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes and tumour regression. INTERPRETATION Immune cells dramatically migrated between the tumour and TDLN following NIR-PIT, indicating its potential as an immune-stimulating therapy. Also, PACT is potentially applicable to a wide range of immunological research. FUNDING This work was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Centre for Cancer Research (grant number: ZIA BC011513 and ZIA BC011506).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Fukushima
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Aki Furusawa
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Seiichiro Takao
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Siddharth S Matikonda
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Makoto Kano
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Shuhei Okuyama
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Hiroshi Yamamoto
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Peter L Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Martin J Schnermann
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Wang Y, Mei X, Lin Z, Yang X, Cao J, Zhong J, Wang J, Cheng L, Wang Z. Virus infection pattern imprinted and diversified the differentiation of T-cell memory in transcription and function. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1334597. [PMID: 38264657 PMCID: PMC10803622 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1334597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Memory T (Tm) cells are a subpopulation of immune cells with great heterogeneity. Part of this diversity came from T cells that were primed with different viruses. Understanding the differences among different viral-specific Tms will help develop new therapeutic strategies for viral infections. Methods In this study, we compared the transcriptome of Tm cells that primed with CMV, EBV and SARS-CoV-2 with single-cell sequencing and studied the similarities and differences in terms of subpopulation composition, activation, metabolism and transcriptional regulation. Results We found that CMV is marked by plentiful cytotoxic Temra cells, while EBV is more abundant in functional Tem cells. More importantly, we found that CD28 and CTLA4 can be used as continuous indicators to interrogate the antiviral ability of T cells. Furthermore, we proposed that REL is a main regulatory factor for CMV-specific T cells producing cytokines and plays an antiviral role. Discussion Our data gives deep insight into molecular characteristics of Tm subsets from different viral infection, which is important to understand T cell immunization. Furthermore, our results provide basic background knowledges for T cell based vaccine development in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Bioland, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinyue Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhengfang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoyun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Bioland, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinpeng Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Bioland, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiaying Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Junxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhongfang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Bioland, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Okamoto M, Yamamoto M. TCR Signals Controlling Adaptive Immunity against Toxoplasma and Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1444:177-193. [PMID: 38467980 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-9781-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
T cells play a crucial role in adaptive immunity by recognizing and eliminating foreign pathogens and abnormal cells such as cancer cells. T cell receptor (TCR), which is expressed on the surface of T cells, recognizes and binds to specific antigens presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). This activation process leads to the proliferation and differentiation of T cells, allowing them to carry out their specific immune response functions. This chapter outlines the TCR signaling pathways that are common to different T cell subsets, as well as the recently elucidated TCR signaling pathway specific to CD8+ T cells and its role in controlling anti-Toxoplasma and anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Okamoto
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamamoto
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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Jiang H, Fan W. Research progress on CD8+ T cell immune regulation in allogenic transplantation. Transpl Immunol 2023; 81:101945. [PMID: 37871888 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2023.101945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
With advances in tissue typing, organ preservation techniques, and clinical surgery, organ transplantation has gained popularity as a treatment option for various end-stage diseases. Allogeneic transplantation has been widely adopted and extensively researched in clinical practice. Despite significant breakthroughs and progress in immunosuppression, this procedure is still associated with several adverse reactions and complications. Therefore, there is a continuing need to explore new immunological approaches to provide fresh insights and guidance for clinical transplantation. CD8+ T cells, traditionally known for their cytotoxic function and their ability to recognize transplanted organs as "non-self" entities, display cytotoxicity. However, recent studies have unveiled that CD8+ T cells have various subtypes and functions that extend beyond conventional cytotoxicity. These CD8+ T cell subtypes include Effector CD8+ T cells, Memory CD8+ T cells, and CD8Treg cells. This review examines the immune regulatory mechanisms of CD8+ T cells in allogeneic transplantation and discusses the potential applications of CD8+ T cells in treating tumors in transplant recipients who are receiving immunosuppressive therapy. These findings offer theoretical guidance for reducing post-transplant rejection reactions and improving adverse prognoses, offering new hope for improved clinical survival rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowen Jiang
- Institute of Urology, The Third Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Wenmei Fan
- Institute of Urology, The Third Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China.
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Rainey MA, Allen CT, Craveiro M. Egress of resident memory T cells from tissue with neoadjuvant immunotherapy: Implications for systemic anti-tumor immunity. Oral Oncol 2023; 146:106570. [PMID: 37738775 PMCID: PMC10591905 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2023.106570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Resident memory T (TRM) cells are embedded in peripheral tissue and capable of acting as sentinels that can respond quickly to repeat pathogen exposure as part of an endogenous anti-microbial immune response. Recent evidence suggests that chronic antigen exposure and other microenvironment cues may promote the development of TRM cells within solid tumors as well, and that this TRM phenotype can sequester tumor-specific T cells into tumors and out of circulation resulting in limited systemic antitumor immunity. Here, we perform a review of the published English literature and describe tissue-specific mediators of TRM cell differentiation in states of infection and malignancy with special focus on the role of TGF-β and how targeting TGF-β signaling could be used as a therapeutical approach to promote tumor systemic immunity. DISCUSSION The presence of TRM cells with antigen specificity to neoepitopes in tumors associates with positive clinical prognosis and greater responsiveness to immunotherapy. Recent evidence indicates that solid tumors may act as reservoirs for tumor specific TRM cells and limit their circulation - possibly resulting in impaired systemic antitumor immunity. TRM cells utilize specific mechanisms to egress from peripheral tissues into circulation and other peripheral sites, and emerging evidence indicates that immunotherapeutic approaches may initiate these processes and increase systemic antitumor immunity. CONCLUSIONS Reversing tumor sequestration of tumor-specific T cells prior to surgical removal or radiation of tumor may increase systemic antitumor immunity. This finding may underlie the improved recurrence free survival observed with neoadjuvant immunotherapy in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena A Rainey
- Head and Neck Section, Surgical Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Clint T Allen
- National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, Room 7N240C, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Marco Craveiro
- Head and Neck Section, Surgical Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Holtappels R, Becker S, Hamdan S, Freitag K, Podlech J, Lemmermann NA, Reddehase MJ. Immunotherapy of cytomegalovirus infection by low-dose adoptive transfer of antiviral CD8 T cells relies on substantial post-transfer expansion of central memory cells but not effector-memory cells. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011643. [PMID: 37972198 PMCID: PMC10688903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) are host species-specific in their replication. It is a hallmark of all CMVs that productive primary infection is controlled by concerted innate and adaptive immune responses in the immunocompetent host. As a result, the infection usually passes without overt clinical symptoms and develops into latent infection, referred to as "latency". During latency, the virus is maintained in a non-replicative state from which it can reactivate to productive infection under conditions of waning immune surveillance. In contrast, infection of an immunocompromised host causes CMV disease with viral multiple-organ histopathology resulting in organ failure. Primary or reactivated CMV infection of hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) recipients in a "window of risk" between therapeutic hemato-ablative leukemia therapy and immune system reconstitution remains a clinical challenge. Studies in the mouse model of experimental HCT and infection with murine CMV (mCMV), followed by clinical trials in HCT patients with human CMV (hCMV) reactivation, have revealed a protective function of virus-specific CD8 T cells upon adoptive cell transfer (AT). Memory CD8 T cells derived from latently infected hosts are a favored source for immunotherapy by AT. Strikingly low numbers of these cells were found to prevent CMV disease, suggesting either an immediate effector function of few transferred cells or a clonal expansion generating high numbers of effector cells. In the murine model, the memory population consists of resting central memory T cells (TCM), as well as of conventional effector-memory T cells (cTEM) and inflationary effector-memory T cells (iTEM). iTEM increase in numbers over time in the latently infected host, a phenomenon known as 'memory inflation' (MI). They thus appeared to be a promising source for use in immunotherapy. However, we show here that iTEM contribute little to the control of infection after AT, which relies almost entirely on superior proliferative potential of TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Holtappels
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sara Becker
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sara Hamdan
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kirsten Freitag
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jürgen Podlech
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Niels A. Lemmermann
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias J. Reddehase
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Yüzen D, Urbschat C, Schepanski S, Thiele K, Arck PC, Mittrücker H. Pregnancy-induced transfer of pathogen-specific T cells from mother to fetus in mice. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e56829. [PMID: 37610043 PMCID: PMC10561172 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202356829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal health is determined by the transfer of maternal antibodies from the mother to the fetus. Besides antibodies, maternal cells cross the placental barrier and seed into fetal organs. Contrary to maternal antibodies, maternal microchimeric cells (MMc) show a high longevity, as they can persist in the offspring until adulthood. Recent evidence highlights that MMc leukocytes promote neonatal immunity against early-life infections in mice and humans. As shown in mice, this promotion of immunity was attributable to an improved fetal immune development. Besides this indirect effect, MMc may be pathogen-specific and thus, directly clear pathogen threats in the offspring postnatally. By using ovalbumin recombinant Listeria monocytogenes (LmOVA), we here provide evidence that OVA-specific T cells are transferred from the mother to the fetus, which is associated with increased activation of T cells and a milder course of postnatal infection in the offspring. Our data highlight that maternally-derived passive immunity of the neonate is not limited to antibodies, as MMc have the potential to transfer immune memory between generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Yüzen
- Division of Experimental Feto‐Maternal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Fetal MedicineUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
- Institute of ImmunologyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Christopher Urbschat
- Division of Experimental Feto‐Maternal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Fetal MedicineUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Steven Schepanski
- Division of Experimental Feto‐Maternal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Fetal MedicineUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Kristin Thiele
- Division of Experimental Feto‐Maternal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Fetal MedicineUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Petra C Arck
- Division of Experimental Feto‐Maternal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Fetal MedicineUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
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Yu Y, Wang J, Wu MX. Microneedle-Mediated Immunization Promotes Lung CD8+ T-Cell Immunity. J Invest Dermatol 2023; 143:1983-1992.e3. [PMID: 37044258 PMCID: PMC10524108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.03.1672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Microneedle array has proven more efficient in stimulating humoral immunity than intramuscular vaccination. However, its effectiveness in inducing pulmonary CD8+ T cells remains elusive, which is essential to the frontline defense against pulmonary viral infections such as influenza and COVID-19 viruses. The current investigation reveals that superior CD8+ T-cell responses are elicited by immunization with a microneedle array over intradermal or intramuscular immunization using the model antigen ovalbumin, irrespective of whether or not the antigen is provided in the lung. Mechanistically, microneedle array-mediated immunization targeted the epidermal layer and stimulated predominantly Langerhans cells, resulting in increased expression of α4β1 adhesion molecules on the CD8+ T-cell surface, which may play a role in T-cell homing to the lung, whereas CD8+ T cells induced by intramuscular immunization did not express the adhesion molecule sufficiently. CD8+ T cells with a lung-homing propensity were also seen after intradermal vaccination, yet to a much lesser extent. Accordingly, microneedle array immunization provided stronger protection against influenza viral infection than intradermal or intramuscular immunization. The observations offer insights into a strong cross-talk between epidermal immunization and lung immunity and are valuable for designing and delivering vaccines against respiratory viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ji Wang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; The first affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei X Wu
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Impact of secondary TCR engagement on the heterogeneity of pathogen-specific CD8+ T cell response during acute and chronic toxoplasmosis. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010296. [PMID: 35727849 PMCID: PMC9249239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Initial TCR engagement (priming) of naive CD8+ T cells results in T cell expansion, and these early events influence the generation of diverse effector and memory populations. During infection, activated T cells can re-encounter cognate antigen, but how these events influence local effector responses or formation of memory populations is unclear. To address this issue, OT-I T cells which express the Nur77-GFP reporter of TCR activation were paired with the parasite Toxoplasma gondii that expresses OVA to assess how secondary encounter with antigen influences CD8+ T cell responses. During acute infection, TCR stimulation in affected tissues correlated with parasite burden and was associated with markers of effector cells while Nur77-GFP- OT-I showed signs of effector memory potential. However, both Nur77-GFP- and Nur77-GFP+ OT-I from acutely infected mice formed similar memory populations when transferred into naive mice. During the chronic stage of infection in the CNS, TCR activation was associated with large scale transcriptional changes and the acquisition of an effector T cell phenotype as well as the generation of a population of CD103+ CD69+ Trm like cells. While inhibition of parasite replication resulted in reduced effector responses it did not alter the Trm population. These data sets highlight that recent TCR activation contributes to the phenotypic heterogeneity of the CD8+ T cell response but suggest that this process has a limited impact on memory populations at acute and chronic stages of infection.
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Hurme A, Jalkanen P, Heroum J, Liedes O, Vara S, Melin M, Teräsjärvi J, He Q, Pöysti S, Hänninen A, Oksi J, Vuorinen T, Kantele A, Tähtinen PA, Ivaska L, Kakkola L, Lempainen J, Julkunen I. Long-Lasting T Cell Responses in BNT162b2 COVID-19 mRNA Vaccinees and COVID-19 Convalescent Patients. Front Immunol 2022; 13:869990. [PMID: 35529867 PMCID: PMC9073085 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.869990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of novel variants of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has made it more difficult to prevent the virus from spreading despite available vaccines. Reports of breakthrough infections and decreased capacity of antibodies to neutralize variants raise the question whether current vaccines can still protect against COVID-19 disease. We studied the dynamics and persistence of T cell responses using activation induced marker (AIM) assay and Th1 type cytokine production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from BNT162b2 COVID-19 mRNA vaccinated health care workers and COVID-19 patients. We demonstrate that equally high T cell responses following vaccination and infection persist at least for 6 months against Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta variants despite the decline in antibody levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti Hurme
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- *Correspondence: Antti Hurme,
| | - Pinja Jalkanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jemna Heroum
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Oona Liedes
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Saimi Vara
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Merit Melin
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Qiushui He
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sakari Pöysti
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Arno Hänninen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jarmo Oksi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tytti Vuorinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Anu Kantele
- Meilahti Vaccine Research Center, MeVac, Department of Infectious Diseases, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula A. Tähtinen
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Lauri Ivaska
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Laura Kakkola
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna Lempainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ilkka Julkunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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The fellowship of regulatory and tissue-resident memory cells. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:64-73. [PMID: 34608235 PMCID: PMC8488068 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00456-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
T cells located in non-lymphoid tissues have come to prominence in recent years. CD8+ tissue-resident memory (Trm) cells are important for tissue immune surveillance, provide an important line of defence against invading pathogens and show promise in cancer therapies. These cells differ in phenotype from other memory populations, are adapted to the tissue they home to where they found their cognate antigen and have different metabolic requirements for survival and activation. CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells also consist of specialised populations, found in non-lymphoid tissues, with distinct transcriptional programmes. These cells have equally adapted to function in the tissue they made their home. Both Trm and Treg cells have functions beyond immune defence, involving tissue homeostasis, repair and turnover. They are part of a multicellular communication network. Intriguingly, occupying the same niche, Treg cells are important in the establishment of Trm cells, which may have implications to harness the immune surveillance and tissue homeostasis properties of Trm cells for future therapies.
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12
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Ohashi A, Yamanishi A, Kondo M, Ihara F, Tanaka T, Maeda Y. Transition of lymphocyte subsets in peritoneal dialysis effluent and its relationship to peritoneal damage. J Rural Med 2021; 16:200-205. [PMID: 34707728 PMCID: PMC8527628 DOI: 10.2185/jrm.2021-009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Peritoneal function during peritoneal dialysis (PD) declines over
time due to peritoneal inflammation; however, the immunological mechanism has not been
fully clarified. Here, we examined changes in each cellular fraction in the peritoneal
dialysis effluent by flow cytometry and their relationship to peritoneal damage. Patients and Methods: We enrolled 23 patients who began PD between 2006 and
2017 and had available datasets of the peritoneal equilibration test and flow cytometric
analysis for at least three consecutive visits, with an interval of six months from six
months after introducing PD. The levels and changes in each cellular fraction,
dialysate/plasma (D/P) creatinine ratio, and the forward scatter (FSC) ratio of
mesothelial cells to lymphocytes were compared using a simple linear regression
analysis. Results: Among the examined variables, only the fraction of CD8+
TCM cells during the first observation was significantly correlated with the
change rate in the D/P creatinine ratio (β=1.47, P=0.001, adjusted
R2=0.379). The CD8+ naïve T and CD8+ TCM
cell fractions were negatively correlated with the change rate of the D/P creatinine ratio
(naïve T cells: β=−0.058, P=0.022, adjusted R2=0.188;
TCM cells: β=−0.096, P=0.046, adjusted R2=0.137).
In addition, the change rates of the D/P creatinine ratio tended to be higher, though not
significantly (one way ANOVA; P=0.080), in accordance with the increase
in the change rate of the CD8+ effector memory T cells (TEM). Conclusion: The CD8+ naïve T and TCM cells may
transition into TEM cells by repeated exposure to the dialysate over time. The
TEM cells residing in the peritoneum may play a significant role in the
progression of peritoneal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuki Ohashi
- Department of Nephrology, JA Toride Medical Center, Japan
| | | | - Madoka Kondo
- Department of Nephrology, JA Toride Medical Center, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Ihara
- Department of Nephrology, JA Toride Medical Center, Japan
| | - Tomomi Tanaka
- Department of Nephrology, JA Toride Medical Center, Japan
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13
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Park SL, Mackay LK. Decoding Tissue-Residency: Programming and Potential of Frontline Memory T Cells. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2021; 13:a037960. [PMID: 33753406 PMCID: PMC8485744 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a037960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Memory T-cell responses are partitioned between the blood, secondary lymphoid organs, and nonlymphoid tissues. Tissue-resident memory T (Trm) cells are a population of immune cells that remain permanently in tissues without recirculating in blood. These nonrecirculating cells serve as a principal node in the anamnestic response to invading pathogens and developing malignancies. Here, we contemplate how T-cell tissue residency is defined and shapes protective immunity in the steady state and in the context of disease. We review the properties and heterogeneity of Trm cells, highlight the critical roles these cells play in maintaining tissue homeostasis and eliciting immune pathology, and explore how they might be exploited to treat disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone L Park
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Laura K Mackay
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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14
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The Potential of Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells for Adoptive Immunotherapy against Cancer. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092234. [PMID: 34571883 PMCID: PMC8465847 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) comprise an important memory T cell subset that mediates local protection upon pathogen re-encounter. TRM populations preferentially localize at entry sites of pathogens, including epithelia of the skin, lungs and intestine, but have also been observed in secondary lymphoid tissue, brain, liver and kidney. More recently, memory T cells characterized as TRM have also been identified in tumors, including but not limited to melanoma, lung carcinoma, cervical carcinoma, gastric carcinoma and ovarian carcinoma. The presence of these memory T cells has been strongly associated with favorable clinical outcomes, which has generated an interest in targeting TRM cells to improve immunotherapy of cancer patients. Nevertheless, intratumoral TRM have also been found to express checkpoint inhibitory receptors, such as PD-1 and LAG-3. Triggering of such inhibitory receptors could induce dysfunction, often referred to as exhaustion, which may limit the effectiveness of TRM in countering tumor growth. A better understanding of the differentiation and function of TRM in tumor settings is crucial to deploy these memory T cells in future treatment options of cancer patients. The purpose of this review is to provide the current status of an important cancer immunotherapy known as TIL therapy, insight into the role of TRM in the context of antitumor immunity, and the challenges and opportunities to exploit these cells for TIL therapy to ultimately improve cancer treatment.
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15
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Burbach BJ, O'Flanagan SD, Shao Q, Young KM, Slaughter JR, Rollins MR, Street TJL, Granger VE, Beura LK, Azarin SM, Ramadhyani S, Forsyth BR, Bischof JC, Shimizu Y. Irreversible electroporation augments checkpoint immunotherapy in prostate cancer and promotes tumor antigen-specific tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3862. [PMID: 34162858 PMCID: PMC8222297 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24132-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory CD8+ T cells populate non-lymphoid tissues (NLTs) following pathogen infection, but little is known about the establishment of endogenous tumor-specific tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) during cancer immunotherapy. Using a transplantable mouse model of prostate carcinoma, here we report that tumor challenge leads to expansion of naïve neoantigen-specific CD8+ T cells and formation of a small population of non-recirculating TRM in several NLTs. Primary tumor destruction by irreversible electroporation (IRE), followed by anti-CTLA-4 immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI), promotes robust expansion of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells in blood, tumor, and NLTs. Parabiosis studies confirm that TRM establishment following dual therapy is associated with tumor remission in a subset of cases and protection from subsequent tumor challenge. Addition of anti-PD-1 following dual IRE + anti-CTLA-4 treatment blocks tumor growth in non-responsive cases. This work indicates that focal tumor destruction using IRE combined with ICI is a potent in situ tumor vaccination strategy that generates protective tumor-specific TRM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Burbach
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.
- Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.
| | - Stephen D O'Flanagan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Qi Shao
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
- Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Katharine M Young
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Joseph R Slaughter
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Meagan R Rollins
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
- Boston Scientific Corporation, Maple Grove, MN, USA
| | - Tami Jo L Street
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Victoria E Granger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Lalit K Beura
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Samira M Azarin
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
- Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | | | | | - John C Bischof
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
- Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Yoji Shimizu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.
- Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.
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16
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Miron M, Meng W, Rosenfeld AM, Dvorkin S, Poon MML, Lam N, Kumar BV, Louzoun Y, Luning Prak ET, Farber DL. Maintenance of the human memory T cell repertoire by subset and tissue site. Genome Med 2021; 13:100. [PMID: 34127056 PMCID: PMC8204429 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-021-00918-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune-mediated protection is mediated by T cells expressing pathogen-specific T cell antigen receptors (TCR) that are maintained at diverse sites of infection as tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) or that disseminate as circulating effector-memory (TEM), central memory (TCM), or terminal effector (TEMRA) subsets in blood and tissues. The relationship between circulating and tissue resident T cell subsets in humans remains elusive, and is important for promoting site-specific protective immunity. METHODS We analyzed the TCR repertoire of the major memory CD4+ and CD8+T cell subsets (TEM, TCM, TEMRA, and TRM) isolated from blood and/or lymphoid organs (spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow) and lungs of nine organ donors, and blood of three living individuals spanning five decades of life. High-throughput sequencing of the variable (V) portion of individual TCR genes for each subset, tissue, and individual were analyzed for clonal diversity, expansion and overlap between lineage, T cell subsets, and anatomic sites. TCR repertoires were further analyzed for TRBV gene usage and CDR3 edit distance. RESULTS Across blood, lymphoid organs, and lungs, human memory, and effector CD8+T cells exhibit greater clonal expansion and distinct TRBV usage compared to CD4+T cell subsets. Extensive sharing of clones between tissues was observed for CD8+T cells; large clones specific to TEMRA cells were present in all sites, while TEM cells contained clones shared between sites and with TRM. For CD4+T cells, TEM clones exhibited the most sharing between sites, followed by TRM, while TCM clones were diverse with minimal sharing between sites and subsets. Within sites, TRM clones exhibited tissue-specific expansions, and maintained clonal diversity with age, compared to age-associated clonal expansions in circulating memory subsets. Edit distance analysis revealed tissue-specific biases in clonal similarity. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that the human memory T cell repertoire comprises clones which persist across sites and subsets, along with clones that are more restricted to certain subsets and/or tissue sites. We also provide evidence that the tissue plays a key role in maintaining memory T cells over age, bolstering the rationale for site-specific targeting of memory reservoirs in vaccines and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Miron
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wenzhao Meng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aaron M Rosenfeld
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shirit Dvorkin
- Department of Mathematics, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Maya Meimei Li Poon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nora Lam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brahma V Kumar
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yoram Louzoun
- Department of Mathematics, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Eline T Luning Prak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Donna L Farber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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17
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Davé VA, Cardozo-Ojeda EF, Mair F, Erickson J, Woodward-Davis AS, Koehne A, Soerens A, Czartoski J, Teague C, Potchen N, Oberle S, Zehn D, Schiffer JT, Lund JM, Prlic M. Cervicovaginal Tissue Residence Confers a Distinct Differentiation Program upon Memory CD8 T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:2937-2948. [PMID: 34088770 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory CD8 T cells (CD8 TRM) are critical for maintaining barrier immunity. CD8 TRM have been mainly studied in the skin, lung and gut, with recent studies suggesting that the signals that control tissue residence and phenotype are highly tissue dependent. We examined the T cell compartment in healthy human cervicovaginal tissue (CVT) and found that most CD8 T cells were granzyme B+ and TCF-1- To address if this phenotype is driven by CVT tissue residence, we used a mouse model to control for environmental factors. Using localized and systemic infection models, we found that CD8 TRM in the mouse CVT gradually acquired a granzyme B+, TCF-1- phenotype as seen in human CVT. In contrast to CD8 TRM in the gut, these CD8 TRM were not stably maintained regardless of the initial infection route, which led to reductions in local immunity. Our data show that residence in the CVT is sufficient to progressively shape the size and function of its CD8 TRM compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica A Davé
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA.,Graduate Program in Pathobiology, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - E Fabian Cardozo-Ojeda
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Florian Mair
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Jami Erickson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Amanda S Woodward-Davis
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Amanda Koehne
- Comparative Pathology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Andrew Soerens
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Julie Czartoski
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Candice Teague
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Nicole Potchen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA.,Graduate Program in Pathobiology, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Susanne Oberle
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dietmar Zehn
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Joshua T Schiffer
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; and
| | - Jennifer M Lund
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; .,Graduate Program in Pathobiology, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Martin Prlic
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; .,Graduate Program in Pathobiology, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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18
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Fisher E, Padula L, Podack K, O’Neill K, Seavey MM, Jayaraman P, Jasuja R, Strbo N. Induction of SARS-CoV-2 Protein S-Specific CD8+ T Cells in the Lungs of gp96-Ig-S Vaccinated Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 11:602254. [PMID: 33584668 PMCID: PMC7873992 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.602254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the aggressive spread of COVID-19-related deaths, there is an urgent public health need to support the development of vaccine candidates to rapidly improve the available control measures against SARS-CoV-2. To meet this need, we are leveraging our existing vaccine platform to target SARS-CoV-2. Here, we generated cellular heat shock chaperone protein, glycoprotein 96 (gp96), to deliver SARS-CoV-2 protein S (spike) to the immune system and to induce cell-mediated immune responses. We showed that our vaccine platform effectively stimulates a robust cellular immune response against protein S. Moreover, we confirmed that gp96-Ig, secreted from allogeneic cells expressing full-length protein S, generates powerful, protein S polyepitope-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses in both lung interstitium and airways. These findings were further strengthened by the observation that protein-S -specific CD8+ T cells were induced in human leukocyte antigen HLA-A2.1 transgenic mice thus providing encouraging translational data that the vaccine is likely to work in humans, in the context of SARS-CoV-2 antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Fisher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Laura Padula
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Kristin Podack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Katelyn O’Neill
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | | | | | - Rahul Jasuja
- Heat Biologics, Inc., Morrisville, NC, United States
| | - Natasa Strbo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
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19
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Robust Iterative Stimulation with Self-Antigens Overcomes CD8 + T Cell Tolerance to Self- and Tumor Antigens. Cell Rep 2020; 28:3092-3104.e5. [PMID: 31533033 PMCID: PMC6874401 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system adapts to constitutive antigens to preserve self-tolerance, which is a major barrier for anti-tumor immunity. Antigen-specific reversal of tolerance constitutes a major goal to spur therapeutic applications. Here, we show that robust, iterative, systemic stimulation targeting tissue-specific antigens in the context of acute infections reverses established CD8+ T cell tolerance to self, including in T cells that survive negative selection. This strategy results in large numbers of circulating and resident memory self-specific CD8+ T cells that are widely distributed and can be co-opted to control established malignancies bearing self-antigen without concomitant autoimmunity. Targeted expansion of both self- and tumor neoantigen-specific T cells acts synergistically to boost anti-tumor immunity and elicits protection against aggressive melanoma. Our findings demonstrate that T cell tolerance can be re-adapted to responsiveness through robust antigenic exposure, generating self-specific CD8+ T cells that can be used for cancer treatment.
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20
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Nelson CS, Baraniak I, Lilleri D, Reeves MB, Griffiths PD, Permar SR. Immune Correlates of Protection Against Human Cytomegalovirus Acquisition, Replication, and Disease. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:S45-S59. [PMID: 32134477 PMCID: PMC7057792 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the most common infectious cause of infant birth defects and an etiology of significant morbidity and mortality in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. There is tremendous interest in developing a vaccine or immunotherapeutic to reduce the burden of HCMV-associated disease, yet after nearly a half-century of research and development in this field we remain without such an intervention. Defining immune correlates of protection is a process that enables targeted vaccine/immunotherapeutic discovery and informed evaluation of clinical performance. Outcomes in the HCMV field have previously been measured against a variety of clinical end points, including virus acquisition, systemic replication, and progression to disease. Herein we review immune correlates of protection against each of these end points in turn, showing that control of HCMV likely depends on a combination of innate immune factors, antibodies, and T-cell responses. Furthermore, protective immune responses are heterogeneous, with no single immune parameter predicting protection against all clinical outcomes and stages of HCMV infection. A detailed understanding of protective immune responses for a given clinical end point will inform immunogen selection and guide preclinical and clinical evaluation of vaccines or immunotherapeutics to prevent HCMV-mediated congenital and transplant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody S Nelson
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina,Correspondence: Cody S. Nelson, Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, 2 Genome Ct, Durham, NC 27710 ()
| | - Ilona Baraniak
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniele Lilleri
- Laboratory of Genetics, Transplantation, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Matthew B Reeves
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul D Griffiths
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sallie R Permar
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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21
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Generation of protective pneumococcal-specific nasal resident memory CD4 + T cells via parenteral immunization. Mucosal Immunol 2020; 13:172-182. [PMID: 31659300 PMCID: PMC6917870 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0218-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The generation of tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) is an essential aspect of immunity at mucosal surfaces, and it has been suggested that preferential generation of TRM is one of the principal advantages of mucosally administered vaccines. We have previously shown that antigen-specific, IL-17-producing CD4+ T cells can provide capsular antibody-independent protection against nasal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae; but whether pneumococcus-responsive TRM are localized within the nasal mucosa and are sufficient for protection from carriage has not been determined. Here, we show that intranasal administration of live or killed pneumococci to mice generates pneumococcus-responsive IL-17A-producing CD4+ mucosal TRM. Furthermore, we show that these cells are sufficient to mediate long-lived, neutrophil-dependent protection against subsequent pneumococcal nasal challenge. Unexpectedly, and in contrast with the prevailing paradigm, we found that parenteral administration of killed pneumococci also generates protective IL-17A+CD4+ TRM in the nasal mucosa. These results demonstrate a critical and sufficient role of TRM in prevention of pneumococcal colonization, and further that these cells can be generated by parenteral immunization. Our findings therefore have important implications regarding the generation of immune protection at mucosal surfaces by vaccination.
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22
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LAP + Cells Modulate Protection Induced by Oral Vaccination with Rhesus Rotavirus in a Neonatal Mouse Model. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00882-19. [PMID: 31292251 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00882-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) has been shown to play a role in immunity against different pathogens in vitro and against parasites in vivo However, its role in viral infections in vivo is incompletely understood. Using a neonatal mouse model of heterologous rhesus rotavirus (RV) vaccination, we show that the vaccine induced rotavirus-specific CD4 T cells, the majority of which lacked expression of KLRG1 or CD127, and a few regulatory rotavirus-specific CD4 T cells that expressed surface latency-associated peptide (LAP)-TGF-β. In these mice, inhibiting TGF-β, with both a neutralizing antibody and an inhibitor of TGF-β receptor signaling (activin receptor-like kinase 5 inhibitor [ALK5i]), did not change the development or intensity of the mild diarrhea induced by the vaccine, the rotavirus-specific T cell response, or protection against a subsequent challenge with a murine EC-rotavirus. However, mice treated with anti-LAP antibodies had improved protection after a homologous EC-rotavirus challenge, compared with control rhesus rotavirus-immunized mice. Thus, oral vaccination with a heterologous rotavirus stimulates regulatory RV-specific CD4 LAP-positive (LAP+) T cells, and depletion of LAP+ cells increases vaccine-induced protection.IMPORTANCE Despite the introduction of several live attenuated animal and human rotaviruses as efficient oral vaccines, rotaviruses continue to be the leading etiological agent for diarrhea mortality among children under 5 years of age worldwide. Improvement of these vaccines has been partially delayed because immunity to rotaviruses is incompletely understood. In the intestine (where rotavirus replicates), regulatory T cells that express latency-associated peptide (LAP) play a prominent role, which has been explored for many diseases but not specifically for infectious agents. In this paper, we show that neonatal mice given a live oral rotavirus vaccine develop rotavirus-specific LAP+ T cells and that depletion of these cells improves the efficiency of the vaccine. These findings may prove useful for the design of strategies to improve rotavirus vaccines.
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23
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Takamura S, Kohlmeier JE. Establishment and Maintenance of Conventional and Circulation-Driven Lung-Resident Memory CD8 + T Cells Following Respiratory Virus Infections. Front Immunol 2019; 10:733. [PMID: 31024560 PMCID: PMC6459893 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-specific CD8+ tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM cells) persist in the lung following resolution of a respiratory virus infection and provide first-line defense against reinfection. In contrast to other memory T cell populations, such as central memory T cells that circulate between lymph and blood, and effector memory T cells (TEM cells) that circulate between blood and peripheral tissues, TRM cells are best defined by their permanent residency in the tissues and their independence from circulatory T cell populations. Consistent with this, we recently demonstrated that CD8+ TRM cells primarily reside within specific niches in the lung (Repair-Associated Memory Depots; RAMD) that normally exclude CD8+ TEM cells. However, it has also been reported that circulating CD8+ TEM cells continuously convert into CD8+ TRM cells in the lung interstitium, helping to sustain TRM numbers. The relative contributions of these two mechanisms of CD8+ TRM cells maintenance in the lung has been the source of vigorous debate. Here we propose a model in which the majority of CD8+ TRM cells are maintained within RAMD (conventional TRM) whereas a small fraction of TRM are derived from circulating CD8+ TEM cells and maintained in the interstitium. The numbers of both types of TRM cells wane over time due to declines in both RAMD availability and the overall number of TEM in the circulation. This model is consistent with most published reports and has important implications for the development of vaccines designed to elicit protective T cell memory in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiki Takamura
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jacob E Kohlmeier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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24
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Welten SPM, Sandu I, Baumann NS, Oxenius A. Memory CD8 T cell inflation vs tissue-resident memory T cells: Same patrollers, same controllers? Immunol Rev 2019; 283:161-175. [PMID: 29664565 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The induction of long-lived populations of memory T cells residing in peripheral tissues is of considerable interest for T cell-based vaccines, as they can execute immediate effector functions and thus provide protection in case of pathogen encounter at mucosal and barrier sites. Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-based vaccines support the induction and accumulation of a large population of effector memory CD8 T cells in peripheral tissues, in a process called memory inflation. Tissue-resident memory (TRM ) T cells, induced by various infections and vaccination regimens, constitute another subset of memory cells that take long-term residence in peripheral tissues. Both memory T cell subsets have evoked substantial interest in exploitation for vaccine purposes. However, a direct comparison between these two peripheral tissue-localizing memory T cell subsets with respect to their short- and long-term ability to provide protection against heterologous challenge is pending. Here, we discuss communalities and differences between TRM and inflationary CD8 T cells with respect to their development, maintenance, function, and protective capacity. In addition, we discuss differences and similarities between the transcriptional profiles of TRM and inflationary T cells, supporting the notion that they are distinct memory T cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne P M Welten
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ioana Sandu
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas S Baumann
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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25
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Abstract
Resident memory T (Trm) cells stably occupy tissues and cannot be sampled in superficial venous blood. Trm cells are heterogeneous but collectively constitute the most abundant memory T cell subset. Trm cells form an integral part of the immune sensing network, monitor for local perturbations in homeostasis throughout the body, participate in protection from infection and cancer, and likely promote autoimmunity, allergy, and inflammatory diseases and impede successful transplantation. Thus Trm cells are major candidates for therapeutic manipulation. Here we review CD8+ and CD4+ Trm ontogeny, maintenance, function, and distribution within lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues and strategies for their study. We briefly discuss other resident leukocyte populations, including innate lymphoid cells, macrophages, natural killer and natural killer T cells, nonclassical T cells, and memory B cells. Lastly, we highlight major gaps in knowledge and propose ways in which a deeper understanding could result in new methods to prevent or treat diverse human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Masopust
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA; ,
| | - Andrew G Soerens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA; ,
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26
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Abstract
Exhausted CD8 T (Tex) cells are a distinct cell lineage that arise during chronic infections and cancers in animal models and humans. Tex cells are characterized by progressive loss of effector functions, high and sustained inhibitory receptor expression, metabolic dysregulation, poor memory recall and homeostatic self-renewal, and distinct transcriptional and epigenetic programs. The ability to reinvigorate Tex cells through inhibitory receptor blockade, such as αPD-1, highlights the therapeutic potential of targeting this population. Emerging insights into the mechanisms of exhaustion are informing immunotherapies for cancer and chronic infections. However, like other immune cells, Tex cells are heterogeneous and include progenitor and terminal subsets with unique characteristics and responses to checkpoint blockade. Here, we review our current understanding of Tex cell biology, including the developmental paths, transcriptional and epigenetic features, and cell intrinsic and extrinsic factors contributing to exhaustion and how this knowledge may inform therapeutic targeting of Tex cells in chronic infections, autoimmunity, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M McLane
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; .,Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Mohamed S Abdel-Hakeem
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; .,Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - E John Wherry
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; .,Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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27
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Reprogramming responsiveness to checkpoint blockade in dysfunctional CD8 T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:2640-2645. [PMID: 30679280 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1810326116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Established T cell dysfunction is a barrier to antitumor responses, and checkpoint blockade presumably reverses this. Many patients fail to respond to treatment and/or develop autoimmune adverse events. The underlying reason for T cell responsiveness remains elusive. Here, we show that susceptibility to checkpoint blockade is dependent on the activation status of T cells. Newly activated self-specific CD8 T cells respond to checkpoint blockade and cause autoimmunity, which is mitigated by inhibiting the mechanistic target of rapamycin. However, once tolerance is established, self-specific CD8 T cells display a gene signature comparable to tumor-specific CD8 T cells in a fixed state of dysfunction. Tolerant self-specific CD8 T cells do not respond to single or combinatorial dosing of anti-CTLA4, anti-PD-L1, anti-PD-1, anti-LAG-3, and/or anti-TIM-3. Despite this, T cell responsiveness can be induced by vaccination with cognate antigen, which alters the previously fixed transcriptional signature and increases antigen-sensing machinery. Antigenic reeducation of tolerant T cells synergizes with checkpoint blockade to generate functional CD8 T cells, which eliminate tumors without concomitant autoimmunity and are transcriptionally distinct from classic effector T cells. These data demonstrate that responses to checkpoint blockade are dependent on the activation state of a T cell and show that checkpoint blockade-insensitive CD8 T cells can be induced to respond to checkpoint blockade with robust antigenic stimulation to participate in tumor control.
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28
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Abstract
CD8 T cells comprising the memory pool display considerable heterogeneity, with individual cells differing in phenotype and function. This review will focus on our current understanding of heterogeneity within the antigen-specific memory CD8 T cell compartment and classifications of memory CD8 T cell subsets with defined and discrete functionalities. Recent data suggest that phenotype and/or function of numerically stable circulatory memory CD8 T cells are defined by the age of memory CD8 T cell (or time after initial antigen-encounter). In addition, history of antigen stimulations has a profound effect on memory CD8 T cell populations, suggesting that repeated infections (or vaccination) have the capacity to further shape the memory CD8 T cell pool. Finally, genetic background of hosts and history of exposure to diverse microorganisms likely contribute to the observed heterogeneity in the memory CD8 T cell compartment. Extending our tool box and exploring alternative mouse models (i.e., "dirty" and/or outbred mice) to encompass and better model diversity observed in humans will remain an important goal for the near future that will likely shed new light into the mechanisms that govern biology of memory CD8 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Martin
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Vladimir P Badovinac
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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29
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Chou C, Li MO. Tissue-Resident Lymphocytes Across Innate and Adaptive Lineages. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2104. [PMID: 30298068 PMCID: PMC6160555 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphocytes are an integral component of the immune system. Classically, all lymphocytes were thought to perpetually recirculate between secondary lymphoid organs and only traffic to non-lymphoid tissues upon activation. In recent years, a diverse family of non-circulating lymphocytes have been identified. These include innate lymphocytes, innate-like T cells and a subset of conventional T cells. Spanning the innate-adaptive spectrum, these tissue-resident lymphocytes carry out specialized functions and cross-talk with other immune cell types to maintain tissue integrity and homeostasis both at the steady state and during pathological conditions. In this review, we provide an overview of the heterogeneous tissue-resident lymphocyte populations, discuss their development, and highlight their functions both in the context of microbial infection and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Chou
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ming O Li
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
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30
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Human T Cell Development, Localization, and Function throughout Life. Immunity 2018; 48:202-213. [PMID: 29466753 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 641] [Impact Index Per Article: 106.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Throughout life, T cells coordinate multiple aspects of adaptive immunity, including responses to pathogens, allergens, and tumors. In mouse models, the role of T cells is studied in the context of a specific type of pathogen, antigen, or disease condition over a limited time frame, whereas in humans, T cells control multiple insults simultaneously throughout the body and maintain immune homeostasis over decades. In this review, we discuss how human T cells develop and provide essential immune protection at different life stages and highlight tissue localization and subset delineation as key determinants of the T cell functional role in immune responses. We also discuss how anatomic compartments undergo distinct age-associated changes in T cell subset composition and function over a lifetime. It is important to consider age and tissue influences on human T cells when developing targeted strategies to modulate T cell-mediated immunity in vaccines and immunotherapies.
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31
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Behr FM, Chuwonpad A, Stark R, van Gisbergen KPJM. Armed and Ready: Transcriptional Regulation of Tissue-Resident Memory CD8 T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1770. [PMID: 30131803 PMCID: PMC6090154 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental benefit of immunological memory is the ability to respond in an enhanced manner upon secondary encounter with the same pathogen. Tissue-resident memory CD8 T (TRM) cells contribute to improved protection against reinfection through the generation of immediate effector responses at the site of pathogen entry. Key to the potential of TRM cells to develop rapid recall responses is their location within the epithelia of the skin, lungs, and intestines at prime entry sites of pathogens. TRM cells are among the first immune cells to respond to pathogens that have been previously encountered in an antigen-specific manner. Upon recognition of invading pathogens, TRM cells release IFN-γ and other pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. These effector molecules activate the surrounding epithelial tissue and recruit other immune cells including natural killer (NK) cells, B cells, and circulating memory CD8 T cells to the site of infection. The repertoire of TRM effector functions also includes the direct lysis of infected cells through the release of cytotoxic molecules such as perforin and granzymes. The mechanisms enabling TRM cells to respond in such a rapid manner are gradually being uncovered. In this review, we will address the signals that instruct TRM generation and maintenance as well as the underlying transcriptional network that keeps TRM cells in a deployment-ready modus. Furthermore, we will discuss how TRM cells respond to reinfection of the tissue and how transcription factors may control immediate and proliferative TRM responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix M Behr
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory AMC/UvA, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ammarina Chuwonpad
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory AMC/UvA, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Regina Stark
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory AMC/UvA, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Klaas P J M van Gisbergen
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory AMC/UvA, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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32
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Peripheral Tissue Chemokines: Homeostatic Control of Immune Surveillance T Cells. Trends Immunol 2018; 39:734-747. [PMID: 30001872 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cellular immunity is governed by a complex network of migratory cues that enable appropriate immune cell responses in a timely and spatially controlled fashion. This review focuses on the chemokines and their receptors regulating the steady-state localisation of immune cells within healthy peripheral tissues. Steady-state immune cell traffic is not well understood but is thought to involve constitutive (homeostatic) chemokines. The recent discovery of tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM cells) illustrates our need for understanding how chemokines control immune cell mobilisation and/or retention. These studies will be critical to unravel novel pathways for preserving tissue function (aging) and preventing tissue disease (vaccination).
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33
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Sant S, Grzelak L, Wang Z, Pizzolla A, Koutsakos M, Crowe J, Loudovaris T, Mannering SI, Westall GP, Wakim LM, Rossjohn J, Gras S, Richards M, Xu J, Thomas PG, Loh L, Nguyen THO, Kedzierska K. Single-Cell Approach to Influenza-Specific CD8 + T Cell Receptor Repertoires Across Different Age Groups, Tissues, and Following Influenza Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1453. [PMID: 29997621 PMCID: PMC6030351 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells recognizing antigenic peptides derived from conserved internal viral proteins confer broad protection against distinct influenza viruses. As memory CD8+ T cells change throughout the human lifetime and across tissue compartments, we investigated how T cell receptor (TCR) composition and diversity relate to memory CD8+ T cells across anatomical sites and immunological phases of human life. We used ex vivo peptide-HLA tetramer magnetic enrichment, single-cell multiplex RT-PCR for both the TCR-alpha (TCRα) and TCR-beta (TCRβ) chains, and new TCRdist and grouping of lymphocyte interactions by paratope hotspots (GLIPH) algorithms to compare TCRs directed against the most prominent human influenza epitope, HLA-A*02:01-M158–66 (A2+M158). We dissected memory TCR repertoires directed toward A2+M158 CD8+ T cells within human tissues and compared them to human peripheral blood of young and elderly adults. Furthermore, we compared these memory CD8+ T cell repertoires to A2+M158 CD8+ TCRs during acute influenza disease in patients hospitalized with avian A/H7N9 virus. Our study provides the first ex vivo comparative analysis of paired antigen-specific TCR-α/β clonotypes across different tissues and peripheral blood across different age groups. We show that human A2+M158 CD8+ T cells can be readily detected in human lungs, spleens, and lymph nodes, and that tissue A2+M158 TCRαβ repertoires reflect A2+M158 TCRαβ clonotypes derived from peripheral blood in healthy adults and influenza-infected patients. A2+M158 TCRαβ repertoires displayed distinct features only in elderly adults, with large private TCRαβ clonotypes replacing the prominent and public TRBV19/TRAV27 TCRs. Our study provides novel findings on influenza-specific TCRαβ repertoires within human tissues, raises the question of how we can prevent the loss of optimal TCRαβ signatures with aging, and provides important insights into the rational design of T cell-mediated vaccines and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Sant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ludivine Grzelak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,École Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Cachan, France
| | - Zhongfang Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Angela Pizzolla
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Marios Koutsakos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jane Crowe
- Deepdene Surgery, Deepdene, VIC, Australia
| | - Thomas Loudovaris
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart I Mannering
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Glen P Westall
- Lung Transplant Unit, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Linda M Wakim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,School of Medicine, Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Gras
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael Richards
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Liyen Loh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Thi H O Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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34
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Zaric M, Becker PD, Hervouet C, Kalcheva P, Ibarzo Yus B, Cocita C, O'Neill LA, Kwon SY, Klavinskis LS. Long-lived tissue resident HIV-1 specific memory CD8 + T cells are generated by skin immunization with live virus vectored microneedle arrays. J Control Release 2017; 268:166-175. [PMID: 29056444 PMCID: PMC5735037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The generation of tissue resident memory (TRM) cells at the body surfaces to provide a front line defence against invading pathogens represents an important goal in vaccine development for a wide variety of pathogens. It has been widely assumed that local vaccine delivery to the mucosae is necessary to achieve that aim. Here we characterise a novel micro-needle array (MA) delivery system fabricated to deliver a live recombinant human adenovirus type 5 vaccine vector (AdHu5) encoding HIV-1 gag. We demonstrate rapid dissolution kinetics of the microneedles in skin. Moreover, a consequence of MA vaccine cargo release was the generation of long-lived antigen-specific CD8+ T cells that accumulate in mucosal tissues, including the female genital and respiratory tract. The memory CD8+ T cell population maintained in the peripheral mucosal tissues was attributable to a MA delivered AdHu5 vaccine instructing CD8+ T cell expression of CXCR3+, CD103+, CD49a+, CD69+, CD127+ homing, retention and survival markers. Furthermore, memory CD8+ T cells generated by MA immunization significantly expanded upon locally administered antigenic challenge and showed a predominant poly-functional profile producing high levels of IFNγ and Granzyme B. These data demonstrate that skin vaccine delivery using microneedle technology induces mobilization of long lived, poly-functional CD8+ T cells to peripheral tissues, phenotypically displaying hallmarks of residency and yields new insights into how to design and deliver effective vaccine candidates with properties to exert local immunosurveillance at the mucosal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Zaric
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Pablo Daniel Becker
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Hervouet
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Petya Kalcheva
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Ibarzo Yus
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Clement Cocita
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren Alexandra O'Neill
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Linda Sylvia Klavinskis
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.
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35
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Turner JE, Becker M, Mittrücker HW, Panzer U. Tissue-Resident Lymphocytes in the Kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 29:389-399. [PMID: 29093030 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2017060599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It has become evident that nonlymphoid tissues are populated by distinct subsets of innate and adaptive lymphocytes that are characterized by minimal exchange with recirculating counterparts. Especially at barrier sites, such as the skin, gut, and lung, these tissue-resident lymphocyte populations are ideally positioned to quickly respond to pathogens and other environmental stimuli. The kidney harbors several classes of innate and innate-like lymphocytes that have been described to contribute to this tissue-resident population in other organs, including innate lymphoid cells, natural killer cells, natural killer T cells, mucosal-associated invariant T cells, and γδ T cells. Additionally, a substantial proportion of the adaptive lymphocytes that are found in the kidney displays a surface phenotype suggestive of tissue residency, such as CD69+CD4+ T cells. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the understanding of tissue-resident lymphocyte populations, review the available evidence for the existence of these populations in the kidney, and discuss the potential physiologic and pathophysiologic roles thereof in kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hans-Willi Mittrücker
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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36
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Frey AB. The Inhibitory Signaling Receptor Protocadherin-18 Regulates Tumor-Infiltrating CD8 + T-cell Function. Cancer Immunol Res 2017; 5:920-928. [PMID: 28874354 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-17-0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancers are infiltrated with antitumor CD8+ T cells that arise during tumor growth, but are defective in effector phase functions because of the suppressive microenvironment. The reactivation of TILs can result in tumor destruction, showing that lytic dysfunction in CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) permits tumor growth. Like all memory T cells, TILs express inhibitory signaling receptors (aka checkpoint inhibitor molecules) that downregulate TCR-mediated signal transduction upon TIL interaction with cells expressing cognate ligands, thereby restricting cell activation and preventing the effector phase. Previously, we identified a novel murine CD8+ TIL inhibitory signaling receptor, protocadherin-18, and showed that it interacts with p56lck kinase to abrogate proximal TCR signaling. Here, we show that TILs from mice deleted in protocadherin-18 had enhanced antitumor activity and that coblockade of PD-1 and protocadherin-18 in wild-type mice significantly enhanced TIL effector phase function. These results define an important role for protocadherin-18 in antitumor T-cell activity. Cancer Immunol Res; 5(10); 920-8. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan B Frey
- Department of Cell Biology and Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, New York.
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37
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Martins MA, Shin YC, Gonzalez-Nieto L, Domingues A, Gutman MJ, Maxwell HS, Castro I, Magnani DM, Ricciardi M, Pedreño-Lopez N, Bailey V, Betancourt D, Altman JD, Pauthner M, Burton DR, von Bredow B, Evans DT, Yuan M, Parks CL, Ejima K, Allison DB, Rakasz E, Barber GN, Capuano S, Lifson JD, Desrosiers RC, Watkins DI. Vaccine-induced immune responses against both Gag and Env improve control of simian immunodeficiency virus replication in rectally challenged rhesus macaques. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006529. [PMID: 28732035 PMCID: PMC5540612 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to control lentivirus replication may be determined, in part, by the extent to which individual viral proteins are targeted by the immune system. Consequently, defining the antigens that elicit the most protective immune responses may facilitate the design of effective HIV-1 vaccines. Here we vaccinated four groups of rhesus macaques with a heterologous vector prime/boost/boost/boost (PBBB) regimen expressing the following simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) genes: env, gag, vif, rev, tat, and nef (Group 1); env, vif, rev, tat, and nef (Group 2); gag, vif, rev, tat, and nef (Group 3); or vif, rev, tat, and nef (Group 4). Following repeated intrarectal challenges with a marginal dose of the neutralization-resistant SIVmac239 clone, vaccinees in Groups 1–3 became infected at similar rates compared to control animals. Unexpectedly, vaccinees in Group 4 became infected at a slower pace than the other animals, although this difference was not statistically significant. Group 1 exhibited the best post-acquisition virologic control of SIV infection, with significant reductions in both peak and chronic phase viremia. Indeed, 5/8 Group 1 vaccinees had viral loads of less than 2,000 vRNA copies/mL of plasma in the chronic phase. Vaccine regimens that did not contain gag (Group 2), env (Group 3), or both of these inserts (Group 4) were largely ineffective at decreasing viremia. Thus, vaccine-induced immune responses against both Gag and Env appeared to maximize control of immunodeficiency virus replication. Collectively, these findings are relevant for HIV-1 vaccine design as they provide additional insights into which of the lentiviral proteins might serve as the best vaccine immunogens. There is still some uncertainty as to which HIV-1 proteins should be targeted by vaccine-induced immune responses. Indeed, studies of primary HIV-1 and SIV infections have reported that T-cell responses against different viral proteins can influence viral replication levels. To understand which antigens elicit the antiviral responses best able to control viral replication, we vaccinated rhesus macaques with different combinations of SIV antigens and then challenged them intrarectally with a pathogenic SIV clone using a regimen intended to mimic physiologically relevant human exposures to HIV-1. Vaccination with Env, Gag, Vif, Rev, Tat, and Nef did not prevent infection but resulted in substantial control of viremia in 5/8 infected vaccinees. Importantly, vaccine-induced immune responses against Env and Gag were required for this outcome. Curiously, macaques vaccinated with Rev, Tat, Nef, and Vif acquired infection at a slower rate than did the control group, although this difference was not statistically significant. Together, these results suggest that expanding the number of vaccine-encoded antigens beyond Env and Gag might improve control of viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio A. Martins
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Young C. Shin
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Lucas Gonzalez-Nieto
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Aline Domingues
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Martin J. Gutman
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Helen S. Maxwell
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Iris Castro
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Diogo M. Magnani
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Michael Ricciardi
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Nuria Pedreño-Lopez
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Varian Bailey
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Dillon Betancourt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - John D. Altman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Matthias Pauthner
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVI-ID), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Dennis R. Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVI-ID), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Benjamin von Bredow
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - David T. Evans
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Maoli Yuan
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, AIDS Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Christopher L. Parks
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, AIDS Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Keisuke Ejima
- Section on Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - David B. Allison
- Section on Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Eva Rakasz
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Glen N. Barber
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Saverio Capuano
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ronald C. Desrosiers
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - David I. Watkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
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38
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Krivanek J, Adameyko I, Fried K. Heterogeneity and Developmental Connections between Cell Types Inhabiting Teeth. Front Physiol 2017. [PMID: 28638345 PMCID: PMC5461273 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Every tissue is composed of multiple cell types that are developmentally, evolutionary and functionally integrated into the unit we call an organ. Teeth, our organs for biting and mastication, are complex and made of many different cell types connected or disconnected in terms of their ontogeny. In general, epithelial and mesenchymal compartments represent the major framework of tooth formation. Thus, they give rise to the two most important matrix–producing populations: ameloblasts generating enamel and odontoblasts producing dentin. However, the real picture is far from this quite simplified view. Diverse pulp cells, the immune system, the vascular system, the innervation and cells organizing the dental follicle all interact, and jointly participate in transforming lifeless matrix into a functional organ that can sense and protect itself. Here we outline the heterogeneity of cell types that inhabit the tooth, and also provide a life history of the major populations. The mouse model system has been indispensable not only for the studies of cell lineages and heterogeneity, but also for the investigation of dental stem cells and tooth patterning during development. Finally, we briefly discuss the evolutionary aspects of cell type diversity and dental tissue integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Krivanek
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Igor Adameyko
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University ViennaVienna, Austria.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden
| | - Kaj Fried
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden
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Beura LK, Rosato PC, Masopust D. Implications of Resident Memory T Cells for Transplantation. Am J Transplant 2017; 17:1167-1175. [PMID: 27804207 PMCID: PMC5409891 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have established resident memory T cells (TRM ) as the dominant memory lymphocyte population surveying most nonlymphoid tissues. Unlike other memory T cell lineages, TRM do not recirculate through blood and are permanently confined to their tissue of residence. TRM orchestrate local immune responses and have been shown to accelerate local pathogen control in many experimental infection models. Here we briefly summarize recent advances in TRM differentiation, maintenance, and their protective function. While little is known, we have speculated on the potential implications of TRM for transplantation biology. Areas of emphasis include the role of passenger TRM in controlling latent viral recrudescence in donor organs, donor TRM as a source of graft-versus-host disease, the ability of TRM to potently induce inflammation through sensing and alarm functions, and differentiation of host T cells into TRM in response to local cues inside the allograft. Further investigation of TRM in the context of transplantation might identify therapeutic targets to prolong graft survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalit K. Beura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Pamela C. Rosato
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - David Masopust
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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40
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Samji T, Khanna KM. Understanding memory CD8 + T cells. Immunol Lett 2017; 185:32-39. [PMID: 28274794 PMCID: PMC5508124 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Memory CD8+ T cells were originally thought to exist as two populations (effector and central memory). In recent years, a third population called resident memory T cells has been discovered and further to this these populations are being divided into different subtypes. Understanding the function and developmental pathways of memory CD8+ T cells is key to developing effective therapies against cancer and infectious diseases. Here we have reviewed what is currently known about all three subsets of memory CD8+ T populations and as to how each population was originally discovered and the developmental pathways of each subpopulation. Each memory population appears to play a distinct role in adaptive immune responses but we are still a long way from understanding how the populations are generated and what roles they play in protection against invading pathogens and if they contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasleem Samji
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, United States of America
| | - Kamal M Khanna
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, United States of America; Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, United States of America.
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41
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Takamura S. Persistence in Temporary Lung Niches: A Survival Strategy of Lung-Resident Memory CD8 + T Cells. Viral Immunol 2017; 30:438-450. [PMID: 28418771 PMCID: PMC5512299 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2017.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory virus infections, such as those mediated by influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), rhinovirus, and adenovirus, are responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality, especially in children and older adults. Furthermore, the potential emergence of highly pathogenic strains of influenza virus poses a significant public health threat. Thus, the development of vaccines capable of eliciting long-lasting protective immunity to those pathogens is a major public health priority. CD8+ Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells are a newly defined population that resides permanently in the nonlymphoid tissues including the lung. These cells are capable of providing local protection immediately after infection, thereby promoting rapid host recovery. Recent studies have offered new insights into the anatomical niches that harbor lung CD8+ TRM cells, and also identified the requirement and limitations of TRM maintenance. However, it remains controversial whether lung CD8+ TRM cells are continuously replenished by new cells from the circulation or permanently lodged in this site. A better understanding of how lung CD8+ TRM cells are generated and maintained and the tissue-specific factors that drive local TRM formation is required for optimal vaccine development. This review focuses on recent advance in our understanding of CD8+ TRM cell establishment and maintenance in the lung, and describes how those processes are uniquely regulated in this tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiki Takamura
- Department of Immunology, Kindai University , Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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42
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Gordon CL, Miron M, Thome JJC, Matsuoka N, Weiner J, Rak MA, Igarashi S, Granot T, Lerner H, Goodrum F, Farber DL. Tissue reservoirs of antiviral T cell immunity in persistent human CMV infection. J Exp Med 2017; 214:651-667. [PMID: 28130404 PMCID: PMC5339671 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell responses to viruses are initiated and maintained in tissue sites; however, knowledge of human antiviral T cells is largely derived from blood. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) persists in most humans, requires T cell immunity to control, yet tissue immune responses remain undefined. Here, we investigated human CMV-specific T cells, virus persistence and CMV-associated T cell homeostasis in blood, lymphoid, mucosal and secretory tissues of 44 CMV seropositive and 28 seronegative donors. CMV-specific T cells were maintained in distinct distribution patterns, highest in blood, bone marrow (BM), or lymph nodes (LN), with the frequency and function in blood distinct from tissues. CMV genomes were detected predominantly in lung and also in spleen, BM, blood and LN. High frequencies of activated CMV-specific T cells were found in blood and BM samples with low virus detection, whereas in lung, CMV-specific T cells were present along with detectable virus. In LNs, CMV-specific T cells exhibited quiescent phenotypes independent of virus. Overall, T cell differentiation was enhanced in sites of viral persistence with age. Together, our results suggest tissue T cell reservoirs for CMV control shaped by both viral and tissue-intrinsic factors, with global effects on homeostasis of tissue T cells over the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Gordon
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032.,Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Michelle Miron
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Joseph J C Thome
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Nobuhide Matsuoka
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Joshua Weiner
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Michael A Rak
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Suzu Igarashi
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Tomer Granot
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | | | - Felicia Goodrum
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Donna L Farber
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032 .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032.,Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
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43
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Homing to solid cancers: a vascular checkpoint in adoptive cell therapy using CAR T-cells. Biochem Soc Trans 2016; 44:377-85. [PMID: 27068943 PMCID: PMC5264496 DOI: 10.1042/bst20150254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The success of adoptive T-cell therapies for the treatment of cancer patients depends on transferred T-lymphocytes finding and infiltrating cancerous tissues. For intravenously transferred T-cells, this means leaving the bloodstream (extravasation) from tumour blood vessels. In inflamed tissues, a key event in extravasation is the capture, rolling and arrest of T-cells inside blood vessels which precedes transmigration across the vessel wall and entry into tissues. This depends on co-ordinated signalling of selectins, integrins and chemokine receptors on T-cells by their respective ligands which are up-regulated on inflamed blood vessels. Clinical data and experimental studies in mice suggest that tumour blood vessels are anergic to inflammatory stimuli and the recruitment of cytotoxic CD8+ T-lymphocytes is not very efficient. Interestingly, and somewhat counter-intuitively, anti-angiogenic therapy can promote CD8+ T-cell infiltration of tumours and increase the efficacy of adoptive CD8+ T-cell therapy. Rather than inhibit tumour angiogenesis, anti-angiogenic therapy ‘normalizes’ (matures) tumour blood vessels by promoting pericyte recruitment, increasing tumour blood vessel perfusion and sensitizing tumour blood vessels to inflammatory stimuli. A number of different approaches are currently being explored to increase recruitment by manipulating the expression of homing-associated molecules on T-cells and tumour blood vessels. Future studies should address whether these approaches improve the efficacy of adoptive T-cell therapies for solid, vascularized cancers in patients.
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44
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Marshall NB, Vong AM, Devarajan P, Brauner MD, Kuang Y, Nayar R, Schutten EA, Castonguay CH, Berg LJ, Nutt SL, Swain SL. NKG2C/E Marks the Unique Cytotoxic CD4 T Cell Subset, ThCTL, Generated by Influenza Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 198:1142-1155. [PMID: 28031335 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
CD4 T cells can differentiate into multiple effector subsets, including ThCTL that mediate MHC class II-restricted cytotoxicity. Although CD4 T cell-mediated cytotoxicity has been reported in multiple viral infections, their characteristics and the factors regulating their generation are unclear, in part due to a lack of a signature marker. We show in this article that, in mice, NKG2C/E identifies the ThCTL that develop in the lung during influenza A virus infection. ThCTL express the NKG2X/CD94 complex, in particular the NKG2C/E isoforms. NKG2C/E+ ThCTL are part of the lung CD4 effector population, and they mediate influenza A virus-specific cytotoxic activity. The phenotype of NKG2C/E+ ThCTL indicates they are highly activated effectors expressing high levels of binding to P-selectin, T-bet, and Blimp-1, and that more of them secrete IFN-γ and readily degranulate than non-ThCTL. ThCTL also express more cytotoxicity-associated genes including perforin and granzymes, and fewer genes associated with recirculation and memory. They are found only at the site of infection and not in other peripheral sites. These data suggest ThCTL are marked by the expression of NKG2C/E and represent a unique CD4 effector population specialized for cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki B Marshall
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Allen M Vong
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | | | - Matthew D Brauner
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Yi Kuang
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Ribhu Nayar
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Elizabeth A Schutten
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Catherine H Castonguay
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Leslie J Berg
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Stephen L Nutt
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; and.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Susan L Swain
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605;
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45
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Fu H, Ward EJ, Marelli-Berg FM. Mechanisms of T cell organotropism. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3009-33. [PMID: 27038487 PMCID: PMC4951510 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2211-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protective immunity relies upon T cell differentiation and subsequent migration to target tissues. Similarly, immune homeostasis requires the localization of regulatory T cells (Tregs) to the sites where immunity takes place. While naïve T lymphocytes recirculate predominantly in secondary lymphoid tissue, primed T cells and activated Tregs must traffic to the antigen rich non-lymphoid tissue to exert effector and regulatory responses, respectively. Following priming in draining lymph nodes, T cells acquire the 'homing receptors' to facilitate their access to specific tissues and organs. An additional level of topographic specificity is provided by T cells receptor recognition of antigen displayed by the endothelium. Furthermore, co-stimulatory signals (such as those induced by CD28) have been shown not only to regulate T cell activation and differentiation, but also to orchestrate the anatomy of the ensuing T cell response. We here review the molecular mechanisms supporting trafficking of both effector and regulatory T cells to specific antigen-rich tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Fu
- William Harvey Research Institute, Heart Centre, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Eleanor Jayne Ward
- William Harvey Research Institute, Heart Centre, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Federica M Marelli-Berg
- William Harvey Research Institute, Heart Centre, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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46
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Cheng WK, Plumb AW, Lai JCY, Abraham N, Dutz JP. Topical CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide Adjuvant Enhances the Adaptive Immune Response against Influenza A Infections. Front Immunol 2016; 7:284. [PMID: 27524984 PMCID: PMC4965457 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Current influenza vaccines generate humoral immunity, targeting highly variable epitopes and thus fail to achieve long-term protection. T cells recognize and respond to several highly conserved epitopes across influenza serotypes. A strategy of raising strong cytotoxic T cell memory responses to epitopes conserved across serotypes would provide cross serotype protection, eliminating the need for annual vaccination. We explored the adjuvant potential of epicutaneous (ec) and subcutaneous (sc) delivery of CpG oligodeoxynucleotide in conjunction with sc protein immunization to improve protection against influenza A virus (IAV) infections using a mouse model. We found enhanced long-term protection with epicutaneous CpG ODN (ecCpG) compared to subcutaneous CpG ODN (scCpG) as demonstrated by reduced viral titers in the lungs. This correlated with increased antigen-specific CD8 T cells in the airways and the lungs. The memory T cell response after immunization with ecCpG adjuvant was comparable to memory response by priming with IAV infection in the lungs. In addition, ecCpG was more efficient than scCpG in inducing the generation of IFN-γ producing CD4 T cells. The adjuvant effect of ecCpG was accompanied with its ability to modulate tissue-homing molecules on T cells that may direct them to the site of infection. Together, this work provides evidence for using ecCpG to induce strong antibody and memory T cell responses to confer protection against IAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Ki Cheng
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, Faculty of Medicine, Child and Family Research Institute, The University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | - Adam William Plumb
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | - Jacqueline Cheuk-Yan Lai
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, Faculty of Medicine, Child and Family Research Institute, The University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | - Ninan Abraham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jan Peter Dutz
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, Faculty of Medicine, Child and Family Research Institute, The University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
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47
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Rosuvastatin Is Effective to Decrease CD8 T-Cell Activation Only in HIV-Infected Patients With High Residual T-Cell Activation Under Antiretroviral Therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2016; 71:390-8. [PMID: 26536319 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000000879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the trial was to evaluate in patients under antiretroviral therapy (ART) the effect of rosuvastatin on cellular and soluble markers of immune activation/inflammation, as well as to identify patients who better benefit from statin administration. METHODS IMEA-043-CESAR was a phase II open-label pilot trial that enrolled patients under suppressive ART and CD4 <500/mm. Patients received rosuvastatin (20 mg/d) for 12 weeks. The primary outcome was the variation at week 12 (W12) in the proportion of CD38HLA-DRCD8 T lymphocytes. Secondary outcomes included evolution of other markers of T-cell activation and of inflammatory biomarkers between baseline, W12, and W24. RESULTS Fifty patients were enrolled; end points were available for 43 patients. When considering all patients, the proportion of CD38HLA-DRCD8 T cells did not significantly decline throughout the follow-up. However, the proportion of CD38CD8T cells significantly decreased at W12 [median percentage change of -22.2% (-32.3; +1.4)]. Principal component analysis allowed identification of 3 groups of patients based on their baseline activation/inflammation profiles, 1 group with elevated levels of CD8 T-cell activation, and a small group with high levels of systemic inflammation and low levels of T-cell activation. Half of the patients exhibited relatively low levels of inflammation and activation. The proportion of activated CD8 T cells significantly decreased only in the particular group of patients with high baseline CD8 T-cell activation. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that combining rosuvastatin with effective ART can result in a sustained decrease in CD8 T-cell activation and highlights the importance of identifying patients who can benefit from specific immunotherapeutic strategies.
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48
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Capece T, Kim M. The Role of Lymphatic Niches in T Cell Differentiation. Mol Cells 2016; 39:515-23. [PMID: 27306645 PMCID: PMC4959015 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2016.0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term immunity to many viral and bacterial pathogens requires CD8(+) memory T cell development, and the induction of long-lasting CD8(+) memory T cells from a naïve, undifferentiated state is a major goal of vaccine design. Formation of the memory CD8(+) T cell compartment is highly dependent on the early activation cues received by naïve CD8(+) T cells during primary infection. This review aims to highlight the cellularity of various niches within the lymph node and emphasize recent evidence suggesting that distinct types of T cell activation and differentiation occur within different immune contexts in lymphoid organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Capece
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642,
USA
| | - Minsoo Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642,
USA
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49
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Cauley LS. Environmental cues orchestrate regional immune surveillance and protection by pulmonary CTLs. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:905-912. [PMID: 27317751 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1mr0216-074r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory CD8 T cells (TRM) provide preemptive immunity against infections that begin in peripheral tissues by guarding the site of initial pathogen exposure. Their role in immunity to respiratory virus infection is particularly important because severe damage to the alveoli can be avoided when local populations of TRM cells reduce viral burdens and dampen the responses of effector CD8 T cells in the lungs. Although a connection between rapid immune activation and early viral control is well established, the signals that keep TRM cells poised for action in the local tissues remain poorly defined. Recent studies have shown that environmental cues influence the fate decisions of activated CTLs during memory formation. Manipulation of these signaling pathways could provide new ways to capitalize on protection from TRM cells in mucosal tissues, while reducing collateral damage and pathology during vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda S Cauley
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Medical School, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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50
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Steinert EM, Schenkel JM, Fraser KA, Beura LK, Manlove LS, Igyártó BZ, Southern PJ, Masopust D. Quantifying Memory CD8 T Cells Reveals Regionalization of Immunosurveillance. Cell 2016; 161:737-49. [PMID: 25957682 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 504] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Memory CD8 T cells protect against intracellular pathogens by scanning host cell surfaces; thus, infection detection rates depend on memory cell number and distribution. Population analyses rely on cell isolation from whole organs, and interpretation is predicated on presumptions of near complete cell recovery. Paradigmatically, memory is parsed into central, effector, and resident subsets, ostensibly defined by immunosurveillance patterns but in practice identified by phenotypic markers. Because isolation methods ultimately inform models of memory T cell differentiation, protection, and vaccine translation, we tested their validity via parabiosis and quantitative immunofluorescence microscopy of a mouse memory CD8 T cell population. We report three major findings: lymphocyte isolation fails to recover most cells and biases against certain subsets, residents greatly outnumber recirculating cells within non-lymphoid tissues, and memory subset homing to inflammation does not conform to previously hypothesized migration patterns. These results indicate that most host cells are surveyed for reinfection by segregated residents rather than by recirculating cells that migrate throughout the blood and body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Steinert
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jason M Schenkel
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Kathryn A Fraser
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lalit K Beura
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Luke S Manlove
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Botond Z Igyártó
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Peter J Southern
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - David Masopust
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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