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Li N, Han L, Wang X, Qiao O, Zhang L, Gong Y. Biotherapy of experimental acute kidney injury: emerging novel therapeutic strategies. Transl Res 2023; 261:69-85. [PMID: 37329950 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a complex and heterogeneous disease with high incidence and mortality, posing a serious threat to human life and health. Usually, in clinical practice, AKI is caused by crush injury, nephrotoxin exposure, ischemia-reperfusion injury, or sepsis. Therefore, most AKI models for pharmacological experimentation are based on this. The current research promises to develop new biological therapies, including antibody therapy, non-antibody protein therapy, cell therapy, and RNA therapy, that could help mitigate the development of AKI. These approaches can promote renal repair and improve systemic hemodynamics after renal injury by reducing oxidative stress, inflammatory response, organelles damage, and cell death, or activating cytoprotective mechanisms. However, no candidate drugs for AKI prevention or treatment have been successfully translated from bench to bedside. This article summarizes the latest progress in AKI biotherapy, focusing on potential clinical targets and novel treatment strategies that merit further investigation in future pre-clinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Medical College, Tianjin University, Nankai District, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Lu Han
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Medical College, Tianjin University, Nankai District, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Medical College, Tianjin University, Nankai District, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Ou Qiao
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Medical College, Tianjin University, Nankai District, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Medical College, Tianjin University, Nankai District, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanhua Gong
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Medical College, Tianjin University, Nankai District, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin, China.
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2
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Hamed A, Ghareeb D, Mohamed TM, Hamed M, Nofal MS, Gaber M. Caffeine-folic acid-loaded-chitosan nanoparticles combined with methotrexate as a novel HepG2 immunotherapy targeting adenosine A2A receptor downstream cascade. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:384. [PMID: 37891562 PMCID: PMC10604858 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04212-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methotrexate (MTX) is a common chemotherapeutic drug that inhibits DNA synthesis and induces apoptosis. Treatment with MTX increased CD73 expression, which leads to higher levels of extracellular adenosine. Adenosine levels are also high in the tumor microenvironment through Cancer cells metabolism. That promotes the survival of cancer cells and contributes to tumor immune evasion through the Adenosine 2a Receptor. A2A receptor antagonists are an emerging class of agents that treat cancers by enhancing immunotherapy, both as monotherapy and in combination with other therapeutic agents. Caffeine is an adenosine receptor antagonist. Herein, we demonstrate the ability of a novel well prepared and characterized nano formula CAF-FA-CS-NPs (D4) for A2aR blockade when combination with MTX to improve its antitumor efficacy by enhancing the immune system and eliminating immune suppression. METHODS CAF-FA-CS-NPs (D4) were prepared and characterized for particle size, loading efficiency, and release profile. Molecular docking was used to validate the binding affinity of caffeine and folic acid to A2A receptor. The effects of the nano formula were evaluated on human liver cancer cells (HepG2), breast cancer cells (MCF-7), and MDA-MB-231, as well as normal human cells (WI-38). Different combination ratios of MTX and D4 were studied to identify the optimal combination for further genetic studies. RESULTS Molecular docking results validated that caffeine and folic acid have binding affinity to A2A receptor. The CS-NPs were successfully prepared using ionic gelation method, with caffeine and folic acid being loaded and conjugated to the nanoparticles through electrostatic interactions. The CAF loading capacity in D4 was 77.9 ± 4.37% with an encapsulation efficiency of 98.5 ± 0.37. The particle size was optimized through ratio variations. The resulting nanoparticles were fully characterized. The results showed that (D4) had antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity against different cancer cells. The combination of D4 with MTX (IC50 D4 + 0.5 IC50 MTX) resulted in the downregulation of Bcl-2, FOXP3, CD39, and CD73 gene expression levels and upregulation of Bax and A2AR gene expression levels in HepG2 cells. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that CAF-FA-CS-NPs (D4) in combination with MTX may be a promising candidate for cancer immunotherapy, by inhibiting A2aR signaling and leading to improved immune activation and anti-tumor activity of MTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Hamed
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
| | - Doaa Ghareeb
- Bio-Screening and Preclinical Trial Lab, Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Tarek M Mohamed
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Hamed
- Pharmaceutical Services Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31111, Egypt
| | - Mohammed S Nofal
- Center of Excellency for Drug Preclinical Studies (CE-DPS), Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industries Development Centre, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - M Gaber
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
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Nishiyama K, Ariyoshi K, Nishimura A, Kato Y, Mi X, Kurose H, Kim SG, Nishida M. Knockout of Purinergic P2Y 6 Receptor Fails to Improve Liver Injury and Inflammation in Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043800. [PMID: 36835211 PMCID: PMC9963899 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a disease that progresses from nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) and which is characterized by inflammation and fibrosis. The purinergic P2Y6 receptor (P2Y6R) is a pro-inflammatory Gq/G12 family protein-coupled receptor and reportedly contributes to intestinal inflammation and cardiovascular fibrosis, but its role in liver pathogenesis is unknown. Human genomics data analysis revealed that the liver P2Y6R mRNA expression level is increased during the progression from NAFL to NASH, which positively correlates with inductions of C-C motif chemokine 2 (CCL2) and collagen type I α1 chain (Col1a1) mRNAs. Therefore, we examined the impact of P2Y6R functional deficiency in mice crossed with a NASH model using a choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet (CDAHFD). Feeding CDAHFD for 6 weeks markedly increased P2Y6R expression level in mouse liver, which was positively correlated with CCL2 mRNA induction. Unexpectedly, the CDAHFD treatment for 6 weeks increased liver weights with severe steatosis in both wild-type (WT) and P2Y6R knockout (KO) mice, while the disease marker levels such as serum AST and liver CCL2 mRNA in CDAHFD-treated P2Y6R KO mice were rather aggravated compared with those of CDAHFD-treated WT mice. Thus, P2Y6R may not contribute to the progression of liver injury, despite increased expression in NASH liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Nishiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kohei Ariyoshi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Akiyuki Nishimura
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Yuri Kato
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Xinya Mi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kurose
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Sang Geon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang-si 10326, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Motohiro Nishida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +81-92-642-6556
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4
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Kang C, Liu L, Wu C, Li L, Jia X, Xie W, Chen S, Wu X, Zheng H, Liu J, Li R, Zeng B. The adenosinergic machinery in cancer: In-tandem insights from basic mechanisms to therapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1111369. [PMID: 36911717 PMCID: PMC9995374 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1111369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular adenosine (eADO) signaling has emerged as an increasingly important regulator of immune responses, including tumor immunity. eADO is mainly produced from extracellular ATP (eATP) hydrolysis. eATP is rapidly accumulated in the extracellular space following cell death or cellular stress triggered by hypoxia, nutrient starvation, or inflammation. eATP plays a pro-inflammatory role by binding and activating the P2 purinergic receptors (P2X and P2Y), while eADO has been reported in many studies to mediate immunosuppression by activating the P1 purinergic receptors (A1, A2A, A2B, and A3) in diverse immune cells. Consequently, the hydrolysis of eATP to eADO alters the immunosurveillance in the tumor microenvironment (TME) not only by reducing eATP levels but also by enhancing adenosine receptor signaling. The effects of both P1 and P2 purinergic receptors are not restricted to immune cells. Here we review the most up-to-date understanding of the tumor adenosinergic system in all cell types, including immune cells, tumor cells, and stromal cells in TME. The potential novel directions of future adenosinergic therapies in immuno-oncology will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chifei Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China.,College of Health Science and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Luyu Liu
- Guangdong Institute of Intelligence Science and Technology, Hengqin Guangdong-Macao In-Depth Cooperation Zone, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Chengyu Wu
- Research Centre of Printed Flexible Electronics, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lingyun Li
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiao Jia
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wendi Xie
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Siyu Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinying Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huaxiao Zheng
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jingxin Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Rongsong Li
- College of Health Science and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bin Zeng
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
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Pacini ESA, Satori NA, Jackson EK, Godinho RO. Extracellular cAMP-Adenosine Pathway Signaling: A Potential Therapeutic Target in Chronic Inflammatory Airway Diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:866097. [PMID: 35479074 PMCID: PMC9038211 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.866097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is a purine nucleoside that, via activation of distinct G protein-coupled receptors, modulates inflammation and immune responses. Under pathological conditions and in response to inflammatory stimuli, extracellular ATP is released from damaged cells and is metabolized to extracellular adenosine. However, studies over the past 30 years provide strong evidence for another source of extracellular adenosine, namely the “cAMP-adenosine pathway.” The cAMP-adenosine pathway is a biochemical mechanism mediated by ATP-binding cassette transporters that facilitate cAMP efflux and by specific ectoenzymes that convert cAMP to AMP (ecto-PDEs) and AMP to adenosine (ecto-nucleotidases such as CD73). Importantly, the cAMP-adenosine pathway is operative in many cell types, including those of the airways. In airways, β2-adrenoceptor agonists, which are used as bronchodilators for treatment of asthma and chronic respiratory diseases, stimulate cAMP efflux and thus trigger the extracellular cAMP-adenosine pathway leading to increased concentrations of extracellular adenosine in airways. In the airways, extracellular adenosine exerts pro-inflammatory effects and induces bronchoconstriction in patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. These considerations lead to the hypothesis that the cAMP-adenosine pathway attenuates the efficacy of β2-adrenoceptor agonists. Indeed, our recent findings support this view. In this mini-review, we will highlight the potential role of the extracellular cAMP-adenosine pathway in chronic respiratory inflammatory disorders, and we will explore how extracellular cAMP could interfere with the regulatory effects of intracellular cAMP on airway smooth muscle and innate immune cell function. Finally, we will discuss therapeutic possibilities targeting the extracellular cAMP-adenosine pathway for treatment of these respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enio Setsuo Arakaki Pacini
- Division of Cellular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Naiara Ayako Satori
- Division of Cellular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edwin Kerry Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Rosely Oliveira Godinho
- Division of Cellular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Rosely Oliveira Godinho,
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Hallaj S, Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari M, Arasteh A, Ghorbani A, Lee D, Jadidi-Niaragh F. Adenosine: The common target between cancer immunotherapy and glaucoma in the eye. Life Sci 2021; 282:119796. [PMID: 34245774 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine, an endogenous purine nucleoside, is a well-known actor of the immune system and the inflammatory response both in physiologic and pathologic conditions. By acting upon particular, G-protein coupled adenosine receptors, i.e., A1, A2- a & b, and A3 receptors mediate a variety of intracellular and immunomodulatory actions. Several studies have elucidated Adenosine's effect and its up-and downstream molecules and enzymes on the anti-tumor response against several types of cancers. We have also targeted a couple of molecules to manipulate this pathway and get the immune system's desired response in our previous experiences. Besides, the outgrowth of the studies on ocular Adenosine in recent years has significantly enhanced the knowledge about Adenosine and its role in ocular immunology and the inflammatory response of the eye. Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness globally, and the recent application of Adenosine and its derivatives has shown the critical role of the adenosine pathway in its pathophysiology. However, despite a very promising background, the phase III clinical trial of Trabodenoson failed to achieve the non-inferiority goals of the study. In this review, we discuss different aspects of the abovementioned pathway in ophthalmology and ocular immunology; following a brief evaluation of the current immunotherapeutic strategies, we try to elucidate the links between cancer immunotherapy and glaucoma in order to introduce novel therapeutic targets for glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Hallaj
- Wills Eye Hospital, Glaucoma Research Center, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | | | - Amin Arasteh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Anahita Ghorbani
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Daniel Lee
- Wills Eye Hospital, Glaucoma Research Center, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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7
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CRISPR/Cas9 mediated deletion of the adenosine A2A receptor enhances CAR T cell efficacy. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3236. [PMID: 34050151 PMCID: PMC8163771 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23331-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is an immunosuppressive factor that limits anti-tumor immunity through the suppression of multiple immune subsets including T cells via activation of the adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR). Using both murine and human chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, here we show that targeting A2AR with a clinically relevant CRISPR/Cas9 strategy significantly enhances their in vivo efficacy, leading to improved survival of mice. Effects evoked by CRISPR/Cas9 mediated gene deletion of A2AR are superior to shRNA mediated knockdown or pharmacological blockade of A2AR. Mechanistically, human A2AR-edited CAR T cells are significantly resistant to adenosine-mediated transcriptional changes, resulting in enhanced production of cytokines including IFNγ and TNF, and increased expression of JAK-STAT signaling pathway associated genes. A2AR deficient CAR T cells are well tolerated and do not induce overt pathologies in mice, supporting the use of CRISPR/Cas9 to target A2AR for the improvement of CAR T cell function in the clinic.
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Abstract
Extracellular nucleosides and nucleotides activate a group of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) known as purinergic receptors, comprising adenosine and P2Y receptors. Furthermore, purinergic P2X ion channels are activated by ATP. These receptors are expressed in liver resident cells and play a critical role in maintaining liver function. In the normal physiology, these receptors regulate hepatic metabolic processes such as insulin responsiveness, glycogen and lipid metabolism, and bile secretion. In disease states, ATP and other nucleotides serve as danger signals and modulate purinergic responses in the cells. Recent studies have demonstrated that purinergic receptors play a significant role in the development of metabolic syndrome associated non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and liver inflammation. In this concise review, we dissect the role of purinergic signaling in different liver resident cells involved in maintaining healthy liver function and in the development of the above-mentioned liver pathologies. Moreover, we discuss potential therapeutic strategies for liver diseases by targeting adenosine, P2Y and P2X receptors.
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9
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Jain S, Jacobson KA. Purinergic signaling in diabetes and metabolism. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 187:114393. [PMID: 33359363 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Purinergic signaling, a concept originally formulated by the late Geoffrey Burnstock (1929-2020), was found to modulate pathways in every physiological system. In metabolic disorders there is a role for both adenosine receptors and P2 (nucleotide) receptors, of which there are two classes, i.e. P2Y metabotropic and P2X ionotropic receptors. The individual roles of the 19 receptors encompassed by this family have been dissected - and in many cases the effects associated with specific cell types, including adipocytes, skeletal muscle, liver cells and immune cells. It is suggested that ligands selective for each of the four adenosine receptors (A1, A2A, A2B and A3), and several of the P2 subtypes (e.g. P2Y6 or P2X7 antagonists) might have therapeutic potential for treating diabetes and obesity. This is a developing story with some conflicting conclusions relevant to drug discovery, which we summarize here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanu Jain
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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10
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Methotrexate and its mechanisms of action in inflammatory arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2020; 16:145-154. [PMID: 32066940 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-020-0373-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Despite the introduction of numerous biologic agents for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other forms of inflammatory arthritis, low-dose methotrexate therapy remains the gold standard in RA therapy. Methotrexate is generally the first-line drug for the treatment of RA, psoriatic arthritis and other forms of inflammatory arthritis, and it enhances the effect of most biologic agents in RA. Understanding the mechanism of action of methotrexate could be instructive in the appropriate use of the drug and in the design of new regimens for the treatment of RA. Although methotrexate is one of the first examples of intelligent drug design, multiple mechanisms potentially contribute to the anti-inflammatory actions of methotrexate, including the inhibition of purine and pyrimidine synthesis, transmethylation reactions, translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) to the nucleus, signalling via the Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway and nitric oxide production, as well as the promotion of adenosine release and expression of certain long non-coding RNAs.
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Boison D, Yegutkin GG. Adenosine Metabolism: Emerging Concepts for Cancer Therapy. Cancer Cell 2019; 36:582-596. [PMID: 31821783 PMCID: PMC7224341 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine is a key metabolic and immune-checkpoint regulator implicated in the tumor escape from the host immune system. Major gaps in knowledge that impede the development of effective adenosine-based therapeutics include: (1) lack of consideration of redundant pathways controlling ATP and adenosine levels; (2) lack of distinction between receptor-dependent and -independent effects of adenosine, and (3) focus on extracellular adenosine without consideration of intracellular metabolism and compartmentalization. In light of current clinical trials, we provide an overview of adenosine metabolism and point out the need for a more careful evaluation of the entire purinome in emerging cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Detlev Boison
- Department of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson & New Jersey Medical Schools, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Rutgers Brain Health Institute, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Gennady G Yegutkin
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, Turku, 20520, Finland.
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12
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Borea PA, Gessi S, Merighi S, Vincenzi F, Varani K. Pharmacology of Adenosine Receptors: The State of the Art. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1591-1625. [PMID: 29848236 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00049.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 427] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is a ubiquitous endogenous autacoid whose effects are triggered through the enrollment of four G protein-coupled receptors: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. Due to the rapid generation of adenosine from cellular metabolism, and the widespread distribution of its receptor subtypes in almost all organs and tissues, this nucleoside induces a multitude of physiopathological effects, regulating central nervous, cardiovascular, peripheral, and immune systems. It is becoming clear that the expression patterns of adenosine receptors vary among cell types, lending weight to the idea that they may be both markers of pathologies and useful targets for novel drugs. This review offers an overview of current knowledge on adenosine receptors, including their characteristic structural features, molecular interactions and cellular functions, as well as their essential roles in pain, cancer, and neurodegenerative, inflammatory, and autoimmune diseases. Finally, we highlight the latest findings on molecules capable of targeting adenosine receptors and report which stage of drug development they have reached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Andrea Borea
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
| | - Stefania Gessi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
| | - Stefania Merighi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
| | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
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Pei Y, Li H, Cai Y, Zhou J, Luo X, Ma L, McDaniel K, Zeng T, Chen Y, Qian X, Huo Y, Glaser S, Meng F, Alpini G, Chen L, Wu C. Regulation of adipose tissue inflammation by adenosine 2A receptor in obese mice. J Endocrinol 2018; 239:365-376. [PMID: 30400017 PMCID: PMC6226050 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine 2A receptor (A2AR) exerts anti-inflammatory effects. However, the role of A2AR in obesity-associated adipose tissue inflammation remains to be elucidated. The present study examined the expression of A2AR in adipose tissue of mice with diet-induced obesity and determined the effect of A2AR disruption on the status of obesity-associated adipose tissue inflammation. WT C57BL/6J mice and A2AR-disrupted mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks to induce obesity and adipose tissue inflammation. In vitro, bone marrow-derived macrophages from A2AR-disrupted mice and WT control mice were treated with palmitate and examined for macrophage proinflammatory activation. Compared with that of low-fat diet (LFD)-fed WT mice, A2AR expression in adipose tissue of HFD-fed WT mice was increased significantly and was present predominantly in adipose tissue macrophages. The increase in adipose tissue A2AR expression in HFD-fed mice was accompanied with increased phosphorylation states of c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 p46 and nuclear factor kappa B p65 and mRNA levels of interleukin (Il)-1beta, Il6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha. In A2AR-disrupted mice, HFD feeding induced significant increases in adipose tissue inflammation, indicated by enhanced proinflammatory signaling and increased proinflammatory cytokine expression, and adipose tissue insulin resistance, indicated by a decrease in insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation relative to those in WT mice. Lastly, A2AR disruption enhanced palmitate-induced macrophage proinflammatory activation. Taken together, these results suggest that A2AR plays a protective role in obesity-associated adipose tissue inflammation, which is attributable to, in large part, A2AR suppression of macrophage proinflammatory activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Pei
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Honggui Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Yuli Cai
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Department of Endocrinology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Xianjun Luo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Linqiang Ma
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Kelly McDaniel
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504
| | - Tianshu Zeng
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Yanming Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Xiaoxian Qian
- Department of Cardiology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Yuqing Huo
- Vascular Biology Center, Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Drug Discovery Center, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504
| | - Lulu Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
- Correspondence: Chaodong Wu, MD, PhD, College Station, TX 77843, ; or Lulu Chen, MD, PhD, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China,
| | - Chaodong Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Correspondence: Chaodong Wu, MD, PhD, College Station, TX 77843, ; or Lulu Chen, MD, PhD, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China,
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14
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Cai Y, Li H, Liu M, Pei Y, Zheng J, Zhou J, Luo X, Huang W, Ma L, Yang Q, Guo S, Xiao X, Li Q, Zeng T, Meng F, Francis H, Glaser S, Chen L, Huo Y, Alpini G, Wu C. Disruption of adenosine 2A receptor exacerbates NAFLD through increasing inflammatory responses and SREBP1c activity. Hepatology 2018; 68:48-61. [PMID: 29315766 PMCID: PMC6033664 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Adenosine 2A receptor (A2A R) exerts protective roles in endotoxin- and/or ischemia-induced tissue damage. However, the role for A2A R in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remains largely unknown. We sought to examine the effects of global and/or myeloid cell-specific A2A R disruption on the aspects of obesity-associated NAFLD and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Global and/or myeloid cell-specific A2A R-disrupted mice and control mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) to induce NAFLD. In addition, bone marrow-derived macrophages and primary mouse hepatocytes were examined for inflammatory and metabolic responses. Upon feeding an HFD, both global A2A R-disrupted mice and myeloid cell-specific A2A R-defcient mice revealed increased severity of HFD-induced hepatic steatosis and inflammation compared with their respective control mice. In in vitro experiments, A2A R-deficient macrophages exhibited increased proinflammatory responses, and enhanced fat deposition of wild-type primary hepatocytes in macrophage-hepatocyte cocultures. In primary hepatocytes, A2A R deficiency increased the proinflammatory responses and enhanced the effect of palmitate on stimulating fat deposition. Moreover, A2A R deficiency significantly increased the abundance of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP1c) in livers of fasted mice and in hepatocytes upon nutrient deprivation. In the absence of A2A R, SREBP1c transcription activity was significantly increased in mouse hepatocytes. CONCLUSION Taken together, our results demonstrate that disruption of A2A R in both macrophage and hepatocytes accounts for increased severity of NAFLD, likely through increasing inflammation and through elevating lipogenic events due to stimulation of SREBP1c expression and transcription activity. (Hepatology 2018;68:48-61).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Cai
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA,Department of Endocrinology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Honggui Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Mengyang Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ya Pei
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Juan Zheng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA,Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji College of Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Xianjun Luo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Wenya Huang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Linqiang Ma
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA,Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China,Laboratory of Lipid & Glucose Metabolism, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qiuhua Yang
- Vascular Biology Center, Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA,Drug Discovery Center, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shaodong Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Xiaoqiu Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China,Laboratory of Lipid & Glucose Metabolism, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qifu Li
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Tianshu Zeng
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji College of Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA,Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA
| | - Heather Francis
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA,Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA,Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA
| | - Lulu Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji College of Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Yuqing Huo
- Vascular Biology Center, Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA,Drug Discovery Center, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA,Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA,Contact information: Chaodong Wu, MD, PhD, College Station, TX 77843, Fax: 979 458 3129, ; or Gianfranco Alpini, PhD, Temple, TX 76504, ; Tel: 254 743 1041
| | - Chaodong Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA,Contact information: Chaodong Wu, MD, PhD, College Station, TX 77843, Fax: 979 458 3129, ; or Gianfranco Alpini, PhD, Temple, TX 76504, ; Tel: 254 743 1041
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15
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Adenosine pretreatment attenuates angiotensin II-mediated p38 MAPK activation in a protein kinase A dependent manner. ASIAN BIOMED 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/abm-2010-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Adenosine is known as a protective and anti-inflammatory nucleoside. Angiotensin II is the main hormone of the renin-angiotensin system. It is associated with endothelial permeability, recruitment, and activation of the immune cells through induction of inflammatory mediators. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) plays an important role in inflammatory processes mediated by macrophages. Objectives: Investigate whether adenosine pretreatment modulates angiotensin II-induced MMP-9 expression and activation of signaling molecules. Methods: Human monocytic U-937 cells were treated with either adenosine or angiotensin II alone or angiotensin II following a pretreatment with adenosine. Supernatants were analyzed for MMP-9 activity by zymography method. MMP-9 gene expression was analyzed using real-time PCR. Activation of inflammatory mediators IκB-α, NF-κB, JNK, p38 MAPK, and STAT3 were analyzed by a multi-target ELISA kit. Association of Protein kinase A (PKA) in adenosine effects was studied by pre-incubation with H89, a selective PKA inhibitor. Results: Treatment of the cells with angiotensin II significantly increased MMP-9 production (p <0.05). Adenosine pretreatment did not attenuate this angiotensin II effect. Angiotensin II treatment induced NF-κB, JNK and p38 activation. Pretreatment with adenosine prior to angiotensin II stimulation showed a 40% inhibitory effect on p38 induction (p <0.05). This effect was reversed by PKA inhibition. Conclusion: The present data confirmed that monocytic MMP-9 was a target gene for angiotensin II. Adenosine pretreatment did not inhibit MMP-9 increase in response to angiotensin II. However, it showed a potential inhibitory effect on angiotensin II inflammatory signaling.
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16
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Abstract
Adenosine is an ancient extracellular signaling molecule that regulates various biological functions via activating four G-protein-coupled receptors, A1, A2A, A2B, and A3 adenosine receptors. As such, several studies have highlighted a role for adenosine signaling in affecting the T cell development in the thymus. Recent studies indicate that adenosine is produced in the context of apoptotic thymocyte clearance. This review critically discusses the involvement of adenosine and its receptors in the complex interplay that exists between the developing thymocytes and the thymic macrophages which engulf the apoptotic cells. This crosstalk contributes to the effective and immunologically silent removal of apoptotic thymocytes, as well as affects the TCR-driven T-cell selection processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Köröskényi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences of Dental Faculty, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gergely Joós
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences of Dental Faculty, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa Szondy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences of Dental Faculty, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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17
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Hajishengallis G, Lambris JD. More than complementing Tolls: complement-Toll-like receptor synergy and crosstalk in innate immunity and inflammation. Immunol Rev 2017; 274:233-244. [PMID: 27782328 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Complement and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play key roles in the host immune response and are swiftly activated by infection or other types of immunological stress. This review focuses on the capacity of complement and TLRs to engage in signaling crosstalk, ostensibly to coordinate immune and inflammatory responses through synergistic or antagonistic (regulatory) interactions. However, overactivation or dysregulation of either system may lead-often synergistically-to exaggerated inflammation and host tissue injury. Intriguingly, moreover, certain pathogens can manipulate complement-TLR crosstalk pathways in ways that undermine host immunity and favor their persistence. In the setting of polymicrobial inflammatory disease, subversion of complement-TLR crosstalk by keystone pathogens can promote dysbiosis. Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying complement-TLR crosstalk pathways can, therefore, be used productively for tailored therapeutic approaches, such as, to enhance host immunity, mitigate destructive inflammation, or counteract microbial subversion of the host response.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Hajishengallis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - John D Lambris
- Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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18
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CD11c+ T-bet+ memory B cells: Immune maintenance during chronic infection and inflammation? Cell Immunol 2017; 321:8-17. [PMID: 28838763 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
CD11c+ T-bet+ B cells have now been detected and characterized in different experimental and clinical settings, in both mice and humans. Whether such cells are monolithic, or define subsets of B cells with different functions is not yet known. Our studies have identified CD11c+ IgM+ CD19hi splenic IgM memory B cells that appear at approximately three weeks post-ehrlichial infection, and persist indefinitely, during low-level chronic infection. Although the CD11c+ T-bet+ B cells we have described are distinct, they appear to share many features with similar cells detected under diverse conditions, including viral infections, aging, and autoimmunity. We propose that CD11c+ T-bet+ B cells as a group share characteristics of memory B cells that are maintained under conditions of inflammation and/or low-level chronic antigen stimulation. In some cases, these cells may be advantageous, by providing immunity to re-infection, but in others may be deleterious, by contributing to aged-associated autoimmune responses.
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19
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Interaction between saliva's adenosine and tick parasitism: effects on feeding and reproduction. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:326. [PMID: 28693553 PMCID: PMC5502490 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2248-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background It has recently been demonstrated that saliva from Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks contains adenosine (ADO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), two non-protein molecules that have significant immunomodulatory properties. These molecules can inhibit cytokine production by dendritic cells (DCs), while also reducing the expression of CD40 in these cells. However, more studies are needed for a better understanding of their participation in the feeding of ticks in vivo. This work, therefore, evaluated the importance of ADO during tick infestations. Mice were infested with adult ticks (3 couples/mouse), and their skin was collected at the tick-infested site (3rd and 7th day), and mRNA for receptors of ADO was quantified by real-time PCR. Results Tick infestation increased by four and two times the expression of the A2b and A3v1 receptors on day 3, respectively, while expression of other ADO receptors was unaltered. In addition, we treated mice (n = 10/group) daily with 8-(p-Sulfophenyl)theophylline, 8-pSPT, 20 mg/kg, i.p.), a non-selective antagonist of ADO receptors, and evaluated the performance of ticks during infestations. Female ticks fed on 8-pSPT-treated mice presented a reduction in their engorgement, weight and hatching rates of egg masses, and survival times of larvae compared to the same parameters presented by ticks in the control group. To investigate if these 8-pSPT-treated mice presented altered immune responses, we performed three tick infestations and collected their lymph node cells to determine the percentages and activation state of DCs and cytokine production by lymphocytes by flow cytometry (Cytometric Bead Array technique, CBA). Our data showed that 8-pSPT-treated mice presented an increase in the percentage of DCs as well as of their stimulatory and co-stimulatory molecules (CD40, CD80 and MHCII). Regarding production of T cell cytokines, we observed a significant increase in the levels of IL-2 and a significant decrease in IL-10, IL-17, TNF-α and IFN-γ cytokines. Conclusions These results suggest that ADO produced by ticks helps them feed and reproduce and that this effect may be due to modulation of host DCs and T cells.
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20
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Innate Immune Response in Kidney Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury: Potential Target for Therapy. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:6305439. [PMID: 28676864 PMCID: PMC5476886 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6305439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury caused by ischemia and subsequent reperfusion is associated with a high rate of mortality and morbidity. Ischemia/reperfusion injury in kidney transplantation causes delayed graft function and is associated with more frequent episodes of acute rejection and progression to chronic allograft nephropathy. Alloantigen-independent inflammation is an important process, participating in pathogenesis of injurious response, caused by ischemia and reperfusion. This innate immune response is characterized by the activity of classical cells belonging to the immune system, such as neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, lymphocytes, and also tubular epithelial cells and endothelial cells. These immune cells not only participate in inflammation after ischemia exerting detrimental influence but also play a protective role in the healing response from ischemia/reperfusion injury. Delineating of complex mechanisms of their actions could be fruitful in future prevention and treatment of ischemia/reperfusion injury. Among numerous so far conducted experiments, observed immunomodulatory role of adenosine and adenosine receptor agonists in complex interactions of dendritic cells, natural killer T cells, and T regulatory cells is emphasized as promising in the treatment of kidney ischemia/reperfusion injury. Potential pharmacological approaches which decrease NF-κB activity and antagonize mechanisms downstream of activated Toll-like receptors are discussed.
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21
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PGRP negatively regulates NOD-mediated cytokine production in rainbow trout liver cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39344. [PMID: 27991595 PMCID: PMC5171823 DOI: 10.1038/srep39344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) initiate innate immunity via pathogen recognition. Recent studies suggest that signalling pathways downstream of different PRRs and their crosstalk effectively control immune responses. However, the cross-regulation among PRRs and its effects have yet to be fully described in fish. Here, we examined the crosstalk between OmPGRP-L1, a long form of PGRP in rainbow trout, and other PRRs during pathogenic infections. OmPGRP-L1 expression was increased in RTH-149 cells by iE-DAP and MDP, which are agonists of NOD1 and NOD2, respectively. The silencing of NOD1 and NOD2 specifically inhibited the upregulation of OmPGRP-L1 expression induced by their cognate ligands. Suppression of RIP2 and NF-κB activation prevented the induction of OmPGRP-L1 expression. An in silico analysis and electrophoretic mobility shift assay revealed that the promoter of OmPGRP-L1 has NF-κB binding sites, suggesting that OmPGRP-L1 is produced through the NOD-RIP2-NF-κB signalling pathway. Loss-of-function and gain-of-function experiments indicated that OmPGRP-L1 downregulates the induction of NOD-mediated pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. Mechanistically, secreted OmPGRP-L1 inhibited the activation of the NOD-induced NF-κB pathway via downregulation of TAK1 and IκBα phosphorylation through A20 expression. Our data demonstrate that OmPGRP-L1 and NODs might play interdependent roles in the inflammatory response to bacterial infections in rainbow trout.
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22
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Cronstein BN, Sitkovsky M. Adenosine and adenosine receptors in the pathogenesis and treatment of rheumatic diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2016; 13:41-51. [PMID: 27829671 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2016.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine, a nucleoside derived primarily from the extracellular hydrolysis of adenine nucleotides, is a potent regulator of inflammation. Adenosine mediates its effects on inflammatory cells by engaging one or more cell-surface receptors. The expression and function of adenosine receptors on different cell types change during the course of rheumatic diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Targeting adenosine receptors directly for the treatment of rheumatic diseases is currently under study; however, indirect targeting of adenosine receptors by enhancing adenosine levels at inflamed sites accounts for most of the anti-inflammatory effects of methotrexate, the anchor drug for the treatment of RA. In this Review, we discuss the regulation of extracellular adenosine levels and the role of adenosine in regulating the inflammatory and immune responses in rheumatic diseases such as RA, psoriasis and other types of inflammatory arthritis. In addition, adenosine and its receptors are involved in promoting fibrous matrix production in the skin and other organs, and the role of adenosine in fibrosis and fibrosing diseases is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce N Cronstein
- NYU-HHC Clinical and Translational Science Institute, NYU School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Michail Sitkovsky
- New England Inflammation and Tissue Protection Institute, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, 312 MU, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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23
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Ashton KJ, Reichelt ME, Mustafa SJ, Teng B, Ledent C, Delbridge LMD, Hofmann PA, Morrison RR, Headrick JP. Transcriptomic effects of adenosine 2A receptor deletion in healthy and endotoxemic murine myocardium. Purinergic Signal 2016; 13:27-49. [PMID: 27696085 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-016-9536-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Influences of adenosine 2A receptor (A2AR) activity on the cardiac transcriptome and genesis of endotoxemic myocarditis are unclear. We applied transcriptomic profiling (39 K Affymetrix arrays) to identify A2AR-sensitive molecules, revealed by receptor knockout (KO), in healthy and endotoxemic hearts. Baseline cardiac function was unaltered and only 37 A2AR-sensitive genes modified by A2AR KO (≥1.2-fold change, <5 % FDR); the five most induced are Mtr, Ppbp, Chac1, Ctsk and Cnpy2 and the five most repressed are Hp, Yipf4, Acta1, Cidec and Map3k2. Few canonical paths were impacted, with altered Gnb1, Prkar2b, Pde3b and Map3k2 (among others) implicating modified G protein/cAMP/PKA and cGMP/NOS signalling. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 20 mg/kg) challenge for 24 h modified >4100 transcripts in wild-type (WT) myocardium (≥1.5-fold change, FDR < 1 %); the most induced are Lcn2 (+590); Saa3 (+516); Serpina3n (+122); Cxcl9 (+101) and Cxcl1 (+89) and the most repressed are Car3 (-38); Adipoq (-17); Atgrl1/Aplnr (-14); H19 (-11) and Itga8 (-8). Canonical responses centred on inflammation, immunity, cell death and remodelling, with pronounced amplification of toll-like receptor (TLR) and underlying JAK-STAT, NFκB and MAPK pathways, and a 'cardio-depressant' profile encompassing suppressed ß-adrenergic, PKA and Ca2+ signalling, electromechanical and mitochondrial function (and major shifts in transcripts impacting function/injury including Lcn2, S100a8/S100a9, Icam1/Vcam and Nox2 induction, and Adipoq, Igf1 and Aplnr repression). Endotoxemic responses were selectively modified by A2AR KO, supporting inflammatory suppression via A2AR sensitive shifts in regulators of NFκB and JAK-STAT signalling (IκBζ, IκBα, STAT1, CDKN1a and RRAS2) without impacting the cardio-depressant gene profile. Data indicate A2ARs exert minor effects in un-stressed myocardium and selectively suppress NFκB and JAK-STAT signalling and cardiac injury without influencing cardiac depression in endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Ashton
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Melissa E Reichelt
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - S Jamal Mustafa
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Bunyen Teng
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | | | - Lea M D Delbridge
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Polly A Hofmann
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - R Ray Morrison
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - John P Headrick
- Heart Foundation Research Center, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, 4217, Australia.
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24
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Garib FY, Rizopulu AP. T-Regulatory Cells as Part of Strategy of Immune Evasion by Pathogens. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2016; 80:957-71. [PMID: 26547064 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297915080015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Under physiological conditions, regulatory processes can suppress the immune response after elimination of a pathogen and restore homeostasis through the destruction and suppression of obsolete effector cells of the immune system. The main players in this process are T-regulatory cells (Tregs) and immature dendritic cells, which suppress the immune response by their own products and/or by inducing synthesis of immunosuppressive interleukins IL-10, IL-35, and transforming growth factor (TGF-β) by other cells. This mechanism is also used by widespread "successful" pathogens that are capable of chronically persisting in the human body - herpes virus, hepatitis viruses, human immunodeficiency virus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Helicobacter pylori, and others. During coevolution of microbial pathogens and the host immune system, the pathogens developed sophisticated strategies for evading the host defense, so-called immune evasion. In particular, molecular structures of pathogens during the interaction with dendritic cells via activating and inhibitory receptors can change intracellular signal transduction, resulting in block of maturation of dendritic cells. Immature dendritic cells become tolerogenic and cause differentiation of Tregs from the conventional T-cell CD4+. Microbial molecules can also react directly with Tregs through innate immune receptors. Costimulation of Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) by flagellin increases the expression of the transcription factor Foxp3, which increases the suppressive activity of Treg cells. From all evasion mechanisms, the induction of immunosuppression by Treg through IL-10, IL-35, and TGF-β appears most effective. This results in the suppression of inflammation and of adaptive immune responses against pathogens, optimizing the conditions for the survival of bacteria and viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Yu Garib
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biological Faculty, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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25
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Kosovrasti VY, Nechev LV, Amiji MM. Peritoneal Macrophage-Specific TNF-α Gene Silencing in LPS-Induced Acute Inflammation Model Using CD44 Targeting Hyaluronic Acid Nanoparticles. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:3404-3416. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Verbena Y. Kosovrasti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Lubomir V. Nechev
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Mansoor M. Amiji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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26
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Truong LD, Trostel J, McMahan R, Chen JF, Garcia GE. Macrophage A2A Adenosine Receptors Are Essential to Protect from Progressive Kidney Injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:2601-13. [PMID: 27520357 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A2A adenosine receptors (A2ARs) are endogenous inhibitor of inflammation. Macrophages that are key effectors of kidney disease progression express A2ARs. We investigated the role of A2ARs in kidney inflammation in a macrophage-mediated anti-glomerular basement membrane reactive serum-induced immune nephritis in A2AR-deficient mice. Sub-threshold doses of glomerular basement membrane-reactive serum induced more severe and prolonged kidney damage with higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines and greater accumulation of inflammatory cells in A2AR(-/-) mice than wild-type (WT) mice. To investigate the role of macrophage A2AR in progressive kidney injury, glomerulonephritis was induced in CD11b-DTR transgenic mice. Macrophages were selectively depleted in the established phase of the disease and reconstituted with macrophages from WT or A2AR-deficient mice and then treated with an A2AR agonist. In mice receiving WT macrophages and treated with an A2AR agonist, the glomerular cellularity, crescent formation, sclerotic glomeruli, and tubulointerstitial injury were significantly reduced compared with the control group. In contrast, in mice reconstituted with A2AR-deficient macrophages and treated with an A2AR agonist, the kidney injury was more severe with increased deposition of collagen I, III, and IV. These findings suggest that disruption of the protective A2AR amplifies inflammation to accelerate glomerular damage and endogenous macrophage A2ARs are essential to protect from progressive kidney fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luan D Truong
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Department of Pathology, Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Jessica Trostel
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Rachel McMahan
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jiang-Fan Chen
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gabriela E Garcia
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
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A2A adenosine receptor antagonists to weaken the hypoxia-HIF-1α driven immunosuppression and improve immunotherapies of cancer. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2016; 29:90-6. [PMID: 27429212 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxic and adenosine rich tumor microenvironments represent an important barrier that must be overcome to enable T and NK cells to reject tumors. The A2A adenosine receptor (A2AR) on activated immune cells was identified as a critical and non-redundant mediator of physiological immunosuppression. Observations showing that tumor-protecting A2AR also suppress and redirect the anti-tumor immune response pointed to the importance of inhibiting this pathway to improve cancer immunotherapy. We advocated (i) blocking immunosuppressive adenosine-A2AR-cAMP-mediated intracellular signaling by A2AR antagonists and (ii) weakening hypoxia-HIF-1α-mediated accumulation of extracellular adenosine by oxygenation agents that also inhibits CD39/CD73 adenosine-generating enzymes. In view of commencing clinical trials of synthetic A2AR antagonists in combination with cancer immunotherapies, we discuss their promise and exclusion criteria.
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Köröskényi K, Kiss B, Szondy Z. Adenosine A2A receptor signaling attenuates LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine formation of mouse macrophages by inducing the expression of DUSP1. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:1461-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Aherne CM, Saeedi B, Collins CB, Masterson JC, McNamee EN, Perrenoud L, Rapp CR, Curtis VF, Bayless A, Fletcher A, Glover LE, Evans CM, Jedlicka P, Furuta GT, de Zoeten EF, Colgan SP, Eltzschig HK. Epithelial-specific A2B adenosine receptor signaling protects the colonic epithelial barrier during acute colitis. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:1324-38. [PMID: 25850656 PMCID: PMC4598274 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Central to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathogenesis is loss of mucosal barrier function. Emerging evidence implicates extracellular adenosine signaling in attenuating mucosal inflammation. We hypothesized that adenosine-mediated protection from intestinal barrier dysfunction involves tissue-specific signaling through the A2B adenosine receptor (Adora2b) at the intestinal mucosal surface. To address this hypothesis, we combined pharmacologic studies and studies in mice with global or tissue-specific deletion of the Adora2b receptor. Adora2b(-/-) mice experienced a significantly heightened severity of colitis, associated with a more acute onset of disease and loss of intestinal epithelial barrier function. Comparison of mice with Adora2b deletion on vascular endothelial cells (Adora2b(fl/fl)VeCadCre(+)) or intestinal epithelia (Adora2b(fl/fl)VillinCre(+)) revealed a selective role for epithelial Adora2b signaling in attenuating colonic inflammation. In vitro studies with Adora2b knockdown in intestinal epithelial cultures or pharmacologic studies highlighted Adora2b-driven phosphorylation of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) as a specific barrier repair response. Similarly, in vivo studies in genetic mouse models or treatment studies with an Adora2b agonist (BAY 60-6583) recapitulate these findings. Taken together, our results suggest that intestinal epithelial Adora2b signaling provides protection during intestinal inflammation via enhancing mucosal barrier responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- CM Aherne
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA,Mucosal Inflammation Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - B Saeedi
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - CB Collins
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA,Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Health Institute, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - JC Masterson
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA,Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program, Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Health Institute, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - EN McNamee
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA,Mucosal Inflammation Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - L Perrenoud
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA,Mucosal Inflammation Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - CR Rapp
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA,Mucosal Inflammation Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - VF Curtis
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - A Bayless
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - A Fletcher
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - LE Glover
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - CM Evans
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - P Jedlicka
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - GT Furuta
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA,Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program, Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Health Institute, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - EF de Zoeten
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA,Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Health Institute, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - SP Colgan
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - HK Eltzschig
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Zhao L, Liu YW, Yang T, Gan L, Yang N, Dai SS, He F. The mutual regulation between miR-214 and A2AR signaling plays an important role in inflammatory response. Cell Signal 2015; 27:2026-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Merighi S, Borea PA, Gessi S. Adenosine receptors and diabetes: Focus on the A2B adenosine receptor subtype. Pharmacol Res 2015; 99:229-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Minor TR, Hanff TC. Adenosine signaling in reserpine-induced depression in rats. Behav Brain Res 2015; 286:184-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Zhang J, Han C, Dai H, Hou J, Dong Y, Cui X, Xu L, Zhang M, Xia Q. Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-2α Limits Natural Killer T Cell Cytotoxicity in Renal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 27:92-106. [PMID: 25956511 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014121248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are the major early-acting immune cell type and fundamental immune modulators in ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Because lymphocytes are exposed to various oxygen tensions under pathophysiologic conditions, we hypothesize that hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) have roles in NKT cell activation, and thus determine the final outcome of renal IRI. In this study, we used Lck-Cre transgenic mice to specifically disrupt HIF-2α in T/NKT cells and found that HIF-2α knockout led to upregulated Fas ligand expression on peripheral NKT cells, but not on conventional T cells. HIF-2α knockout promoted infiltration of NKT cells into ischemic kidneys and exacerbated IRI, which could be mitigated by in vivo NK1.1(+) cell depletion or Fas ligand blockade. Compared with wild-type NKT cells, HIF-2α(-/-) NKT cells adoptively transferred to Rag1-knockout mice elicited more severe renal injury, and these mice were not protected by CGS21680, an adenosine A2A receptor agonist. Mechanistically, hypoxia-induced expression of adenosine A2A receptor in NKT cells and CGS21680-induced cAMP production in thymocytes were HIF-2α-dependent. Hydrogen peroxide-induced Fas ligand expression on thymic wild-type NKT cells was significantly attenuated by CGS21680 treatment, but this effect was lost in HIF-2α(-/-) NKT cells. Finally, CGS21680 and LPS, an inducer of HIF-2α in endothelium, synergistically reduced renal IRI substantially, but this effect was absent in Mx1-Cre-induced global HIF-2α-knockout mice. Taken together, our results reveal a hypoxia/HIF-2α/adenosine A2A receptor axis that restricts NKT cell activation when confronted with oxidative stress and thus protects against renal IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Zhang
- Department of Transplantation and Hepatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Conghui Han
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated School of Clinical Medicine of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, China
| | - Huijuan Dai
- Department of Transplantation and Hepatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianquan Hou
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; and
| | - Yang Dong
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated School of Clinical Medicine of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiaolan Cui
- Department of Transplantation and Hepatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Longmei Xu
- The Central Laboratory of Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Transplantation and Hepatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China;
| | - Qiang Xia
- Department of Transplantation and Hepatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China;
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Adenosine is required for sustained inflammasome activation via the A₂A receptor and the HIF-1α pathway. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2909. [PMID: 24352507 PMCID: PMC3895487 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammasome pathways are important in chronic diseases, but it is not known how the signalling is sustained after initiation. Inflammasome activation is dependent on stimuli such as LPS and ATP that provide two distinct signals resulting in rapid production of IL-1β, with lack of response to repeat stimulation. Here we report that adenosine is a key regulator of inflammasome activity, increasing the duration of the inflammatory response via the A2A receptor. Adenosine does not replace signals provided by stimuli such as LPS or ATP, but sustains inflammasome activity via a cAMP/PKA/CREB/HIF-1α pathway. In the setting of lack of IL-1β responses after previous exposure to LPS, adenosine can supersede this tolerogenic state and drive IL-1β production. These data reveal that inflammasome activity is sustained, after initial activation, by A2A receptor-mediated signalling.
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Intraocular methotrexate can induce extended remission in some patients in noninfectious uveitis. Retina 2014; 33:2149-54. [PMID: 23615343 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0b013e31828ac07d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the outcomes of the intravitreal administration of methotrexate in uveitis. METHODS Multicenter, retrospective interventional case series of patients with noninfectious uveitis. Thirty-eight eyes of 30 patients were enrolled, including a total of 54 intravitreal injections of methotrexate at a dose of 400 µg in 0.1 mL. The primary outcome measure was visual acuity. Secondary outcome measures included control of intraocular inflammation and cystoid macular edema, time to relapse, development of adverse events, and levels of systemic corticosteroid and immunosuppressive therapy. RESULTS Methotrexate proved effective in controlling intraocular inflammation and improving vision in 30 of 38 eyes (79%). The side effect profile was good, with no reported serious ocular adverse events and only one patient having an intraocular pressure of >21 mmHg. Of the 30 eyes that responded to treatment, 8 relapsed, but 22 (73%) entered an extended period of remission, with the Kaplan-Meier estimate of median time to relapse for the whole group being 17 months. The eight eyes that relapsed were reinjected and all responded to treatment. One eye relapsed at 3 months, but 7 eyes again entered extended remission. Of the 14 patients on systemic therapy at the start of the study, 8 (57%) were able to significantly reduce this following intravitreal methotrexate injection. CONCLUSION In patients with uveitis and uveitic cystoid macular edema, intravitreal MTX can effectively improve visual acuity and reduce cystoid macular edema and, in some patients, allows the reduction of immunosuppressive therapy. Some patients relapse at 3 to 4 months, but a large proportion (73%) enter an extended period of remission of up to 18 months. This larger study extends the results obtained from previous smaller studies suggesting the viability of intravitreal methotrexate as a treatment option in uveitis.
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Vergani A, Tezza S, Fotino C, Visner G, Pileggi A, Chandraker A, Fiorina P. The purinergic system in allotransplantation. Am J Transplant 2014; 14:507-14. [PMID: 24433446 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The purine nucleotide adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a universal source of energy for any intracellular reaction. Under specific physiological or pathological conditions, ATP can be released into extracellular spaces, where it binds and activates the purinergic receptors system (i.e. P2X, P2Y and P1 receptors). Extracellular ATP (eATP) binds to P2X or P2Y receptors in immune cells, where it mediates proliferation, chemotaxis, cytokine release, antigen presentation and cytotoxicity. eATP is then hydrolyzed by ectonucleotidases into adenosine diphosphate (ADP), which activates P2Y receptors. Ectonucleotidases also hydrolyze ADP to adenosine monophosphate and adenosine, which binds P1 receptors. In contrast to P2X and P2Y receptors, P1 receptors exert mainly an inhibitory effect on the immune response. In transplantation, a prominent role has been demonstrated for the eATP/P2X7R axis; the targeting of this pathway in fact is associated with long-term graft function and reduced graft versus host disease severity in murine models. Novel P2X receptor inhibitors are available for clinical use and are under assessment as immunomodulatory agents. In this review, we will focus on the relevance of the purinergic system and on the potential benefits of targeting this system in allograft rejection and tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vergani
- Nephrology Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Medicine, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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Yang J, Zheng X, Haugen F, Darè E, Lövdahl C, Schulte G, Fredholm BB, Valen G. Adenosine increases LPS-induced nuclear factor kappa B activation in smooth muscle cells via an intracellular mechanism and modulates it via actions on adenosine receptors. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014; 210:590-9. [PMID: 24119187 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM In inflamed and damaged cardiovascular tissues, local extracellular adenosine concentrations increase coincidentally with activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB). To investigate whether adenosine influences NFκB activation in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and, if so, to examine the role of its receptors. METHODS VSMCs were isolated from NFκB-luciferase reporter mice, cultured and then treated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to activate NFκB signalling. Adenosine, adenosine receptor agonists and antagonists, adenosine deaminase and uptake inhibitors were used together with LPS to evaluate the role of adenosine and its receptors on NFκB activation, which was assessed by luciferase activity and NFκB target gene expression. RESULTS Adenosine potentiated LPS-induced NFκB activation. This was dependent on adenosine uptake and enhanced by an adenosine deaminase inhibitor, suggesting that intracellular adenosine plays an important role. Non-selective adenosine receptor agonists (2Cl-Ado and NECA) inhibited NFκB activation induced by LPS. Selective A1 or A2A antagonist given alone could not completely antagonize the NECA effect, indicating that the inhibitory effect was due to multiple adenosine receptors. The activation of the A3 receptor further increased LPS-induced NFκB activation. CONCLUSIONS Adenosine increases LPS-induced nuclear factor kappa B activation in smooth muscle cells via an intracellular mechanism and decreases it via actions on A1 and A2A receptors. These results provide novel insights into the role of adenosine as a regulator of inflammation-induced NFκB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Medicine; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - X. Zheng
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - F. Haugen
- Department of Physiology; Institute of Basic Medical Science; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - E. Darè
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - C. Lövdahl
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - G. Schulte
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - B. B. Fredholm
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - G. Valen
- Department of Physiology; Institute of Basic Medical Science; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
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Field JJ, Nathan DG, Linden J. The role of adenosine signaling in sickle cell therapeutics. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2014; 28:287-99. [PMID: 24589267 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Data suggest a role for adenosine signaling in the pathogenesis of sickle cell disease (SCD). Signaling through the adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) has demonstrated beneficial effects. Activation of A2ARs decreases inflammation with SCD by blocking activation of invariant natural killer T cells. Decreased inflammation may reduce the severity of vasoocclusive crises. Adenosine signaling through the adenosine A2B receptor (A2BR) may be detrimental in SCD. Whether adenosine signaling predominantly occurs through A2ARs or A2BRs may depend on differing levels of adenosine and disease state (steady state versus crisis). There may be opportunities to develop novel therapeutic approaches targeting A2ARs and/or A2BRs for patients with SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Field
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, 8733 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9200 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| | - David G Nathan
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joel Linden
- Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
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Kono H, Onda A, Yanagida T. Molecular determinants of sterile inflammation. Curr Opin Immunol 2014; 26:147-56. [PMID: 24556412 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Necrotic cell death alerts the acquired immune system to activate naïve T cells even in the absence of non-self derived molecules (e.g. pathogens). In addition, sterile necrosis leads to innate immune-mediated acute inflammation. The dying cells still represent a threat to the body that should be eliminated by the host immune response. Although the inflammatory response plays important roles in protecting the host and repairing tissues, it can also cause the collateral damage to normal tissues that underlies disease pathogenesis. Tissue resident macrophages recognize the danger signals released from necrotic cells via the pattern recognition receptors and secrete IL-1 that results in acute neutrophilic inflammation. This article will review our current knowledge especially focusing on the role of IL-1 in the sterile necrotic cell death induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Kono
- Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Kaga 2-11-1, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
| | - Akiko Onda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Kaga 2-11-1, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Tamiko Yanagida
- Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Kaga 2-11-1, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
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Seo J, Osorio JS, Schmitt E, Corrêa MN, Bertoni G, Trevisi E, Loor JJ. Hepatic purinergic signaling gene network expression and its relationship with inflammation and oxidative stress biomarkers in blood from peripartal dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2013; 97:861-73. [PMID: 24359819 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The liver plays a central role in allowing dairy cattle to make a successful transition into lactation. In liver, as in other tissues, extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides trigger cellular responses through adenosine and ATP receptors. Adenosine triphosphate and certain nucleotides serve as signals that can heighten purinergic receptor activation in several pathologic processes. We evaluated the mRNA expression of genes associated with the purinergic signaling network in liver tissue during the peripartal period. Seven multiparous Holstein cows were dried off at d -50 relative to expected parturition and fed a controlled-energy diet (net energy for lactation=1.24 Mcal/kg of DM) for ad libitum intake during the entire dry period. After calving, all cows were fed a common lactation diet (net energy for lactation=1.65 Mcal/kg of DM) until 30 DIM. Biopsies of liver were harvested at d -10, 7, and 21 for mRNA expression of 9 purinergic receptors, 7 ATP and adenosine transport channels, and 10 enzymes associated with ATP hydrolysis. Blood collected at d -21, -10, 7, 14, and 21 was used to measure concentrations of inflammation and oxidative stress biomarkers. The expression of type 1 purinergic receptors (ADORA2A and ADORA3), several nucleoside hydrolases [ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 7 (ENTPD7), ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2 (ENPP2), ENPP3, and adenosine deaminase (ADA)], and a type 2 purinergic receptor (P2RX7) was downregulated after calving. In contrast, the expression of type 2 purinergic receptors (P2RX4 and PR2Y11), an ATP release channel (gap junction hemichannel GJB1), and an adenosine uptake protein (SLC29A1) followed the opposite response, increasing after calving and remaining elevated through 21 d. Haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, and reactive oxygen metabolite concentrations increased gradually from d -21 d through at least d 7. The opposite response was observed for albumin, paraoxonase, α-tocopherol, and nitric oxide, which decreased gradually to a nadir at 7 and 14 d. Our results suggest that alterations after calving of the expression of hepatic purinergic signaling genes could be functionally important because in nonruminants, they play roles in bile formation, glucose metabolism, cholesterol uptake, inflammation, and steatosis. The correlation analysis provided evidence of a link between purinergic signaling genes and biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Seo
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Daehak-dong, Kwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea; Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences, and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, 1207 West Gregory Drive, Urbana 61801
| | - J S Osorio
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences, and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, 1207 West Gregory Drive, Urbana 61801
| | - E Schmitt
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa), Rondônia, BR 364, Km 5.5, Zona Rural, Caixa Postal 127, CEP 76815-800, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - M N Corrêa
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas, NUPEEC, Departamento Clínicas Veterinária, Campus Universitário, 96010-900, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - G Bertoni
- Istituto di Zootecnica, Facoltà di Agraria, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - E Trevisi
- Istituto di Zootecnica, Facoltà di Agraria, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - J J Loor
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences, and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, 1207 West Gregory Drive, Urbana 61801.
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Abstract
The elaboration of an effective immune response against pathogenic microbes such as viruses, intracellular bacteria or protozoan parasites relies on the recognition of microbial products called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Ligation of the PRRs leads to synthesis and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Infected cells and other stressed cells also release host-cell derived molecules, called damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs, danger signals, or alarmins), which are generic markers for damage. DAMPs are recognized by specific receptors on both immune and nonimmune cells, which, depending on the target cell and the cellular context, can lead to cell differentiation or cell death, and either inflammation or inhibition of inflammation. Recent research has revealed that DAMPs and PAMPs synergize to permit secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β): PAMPs stimulate synthesis of pro-IL-1β, but not its secretion; while DAMPs can stimulate assembly of an inflammasome containing, usually, a Nod-like receptor (NLR) member, and activation of the protease caspase-1, which cleaves pro-IL-1β into IL-1β, allowing its secretion. Other NLR members do not participate in formation of inflammasomes but play other essential roles in regulation of the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najwane Saïd-Sadier
- Molecular Cell Biology, and Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
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Lee CF, Lai HL, Lee YC, Chien CL, Chern Y. The A2A adenosine receptor is a dual coding gene: a novel mechanism of gene usage and signal transduction. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:1257-70. [PMID: 24293369 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.509059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The A2A adenosine receptor (A2AR) is a G protein-coupled receptor and a major target of caffeine. The A2AR gene encodes alternative transcripts that are initiated from at least two independent promoters. The different transcripts of the A2AR gene contain the same coding region and 3'-untranslated region and different 5'-untranslated regions that are highly conserved among species. We report here that in addition to the production of the A2AR protein, translation from an upstream, out-of-frame AUG of the rat A2AR gene produces a 134-amino acid protein (designated uORF5). An anti-uORF5 antibody recognized a protein of the predicted size of uORF5 in PC12 cells and rat brains. Up-regulation of A2AR transcripts by hypoxia led to increased levels of both the A2AR and uORF5 proteins. Moreover, stimulation of A2AR increased the level of the uORF5 protein via post-transcriptional regulation. Expression of the uORF5 protein suppressed the AP1-mediated transcription promoted by nerve growth factor and modulated the expression of several proteins that were implicated in the MAPK pathway. Taken together, our results show that the rat A2AR gene encodes two distinct proteins (A2AR and uORF5) in an A2AR-dependent manner. Our study reveals a new example of the complexity of the mammalian genome and provides novel insights into the function of A2AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-fei Lee
- From the Institute of Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, National Yang Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
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43
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Xiao H, Si LY, Liu W, Li N, Meng G, Yang N, Chen X, Zhou YG, Shen HY. The effects of adenosine A2A receptor knockout on renal interstitial fibrosis in a mouse model of unilateral ureteral obstruction. Acta Histochem 2013; 115:315-9. [PMID: 23026406 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) plays an important regulatory role in the processes of inflammation and fibrosis. However, it is unknown whether A2AR can mediate renal interstitial fibrosis (RIF). To evaluate the effect of genetic A2AR knockout (KO) on the pathological progress of RIF, we applied a unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) model of RIF on A2AR KO mice and their wild-type (WT) littermates. Renal pathological assessment was performed at different post-UUO stages using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Masson's trichrome staining as well as quantitative morphological analysis. Our data demonstrated that: (i) the extent of RIF was determined by the development of UUO in a time-dependent manner; (ii) A2AR KO exacerbated the pathological progress of RIF in mice at the early post-UUO stage, i.e. day 3 and day 7; (iii) the profibrotic effect of A2AR KO was prominent until the late post-UUO stage, i.e. day 14, at which RIF reached a similar severity level in A2AR KO and WT mice. Our findings revealed that A2AR KO significantly exacerbated the progression of UUO-induced RIF in mice, prominently at the initial stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Xiao
- Molecular Biology Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery and Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
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44
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Adenosine A2A receptor: a target for regulating renal interstitial fibrosis in obstructive nephropathy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60173. [PMID: 23585831 PMCID: PMC3621825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal interstitial fibrosis (RIF) is the common pathological process of chronic kidney diseases leading inevitably to renal function deterioration. RIF and its preceding epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) are commonly triggered by an early occurring renal inflammation. However, an effective approach to prevent EMT and RIF is still lacking and of urgent need. Recently, the adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) emerges as a novel inflammation regulator, therefore manipulation of A2AR may suppress the EMT process and as such protect against RIF. To test this hypothesis we applied a unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) model of RIF on A2AR knockout mice and their wild-type littermates, combined with the intervention of a selective A2AR agonist, CGS 21680. On days 3, 7 and 14 post-UUO we evaluated the effects of A2AR manipulation on the molecular pathological progresses of RIF, including the cellular component of interstitial infiltration, expression of profibrotic factors, cellular biomarkers of EMT, and collagen deposition of extracellular matrix. Our data demonstrated that activation of A2AR significantly suppressed the deposition of collagen types I and III, reduced the infiltration of CD4+ T lymphocytes, and attenuated the expression of TGF-β1 and ROCK1, which in turn inhibited and postponed the EMT progress. Conversely, genetic inactivation of A2AR exacerbated the aforementioned pathological processes of UUO-induced RIF. Together, activation of A2AR effectively alleviated EMT and RIF in mice, suggesting A2AR as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of RIF.
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Li J, Zhao L, He X, Zeng YJ, Dai SS. Sinomenine protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice via adenosine A(2A) receptor signaling. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59257. [PMID: 23555007 PMCID: PMC3598653 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sinomenine (SIN) is a bioactive alkaloid extracted from the Chinese medicinal plant Sinomenium acutum, which is widely used in the clinical treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, its role in acute lung injury (ALI) is unclear. In this study, we investigate the role of SIN in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI in mice. After ALI, lung water content and histological signs of pulmonary injury were attenuated, whereas the PaO2/FIO2 (P/F) ratios were elevated significantly in the mice pretreated with SIN. Additionally, SIN markedly inhibited inflammatory cytokine TNF-α and IL-1β expression levels as well as neutrophil infiltration in the lung tissues of the mice. Microarray analysis and real-time PCR showed that SIN treatment upregulated adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) expression, and the protective effect of SIN was abolished in A2AR knockout mice. Further investigation in isolated mouse neutrophils confirmed the upregulation of A2AR by SIN and showed that A2AR-cAMP-PKA signaling was involved in the anti-inflammatory effect of SIN. Taken together, these findings demonstrate an A2AR-associated anti-inflammatory effect and the protective role of SIN in ALI, which suggests a potential novel approach to treat ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xie He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi-Jun Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuang-Shuang Dai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail:
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Koupenova M, Ravid K. Adenosine, adenosine receptors and their role in glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:1703-1712. [PMID: 23460239 PMCID: PMC3849123 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine is an endogenous metabolite that is released from all tissues and cells including liver, pancreas, muscle and fat, particularly under stress, intense exercise, or during cell damage. The role of adenosine in glucose homeostasis has been attributed to its ability to regulate, through its membrane receptors, processes such as insulin secretion, glucose release and clearance, glycogenolysis, and glycogenesis. Additionally, adenosine and its multiple receptors have been connected to lipid metabolism by augmenting insulin-mediated inhibition of lipolysis, and the subsequent increase in free fatty acids and glycerol levels. Furthermore, adenosine was reported to control liver cholesterol synthesis, consequently affecting plasma levels of cholesterol and triglycerides, and the amount of fat tissue. Alterations in the balance of glucose and lipid homeostasis have implications in both cardiovascular disease and diabetes. The ability of different adenosine receptors to activate and inhibit the same signaling cascades has made it challenging to study the influence of adenosine, adenosine analogs and their receptors in health and disease. This review focuses on the role and significance of different adenosine receptors in mediating the effect of adenosine on glucose and lipid homeostasis. J. Cell. Physiol. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milka Koupenova
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
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Kermanian F, Soleimani M, Ebrahimzadeh A, Haghir H, Mehdizadeh M. Effects of adenosine A2a receptor agonist and antagonist on hippocampal nuclear factor-kB expression preceded by MDMA toxicity. Metab Brain Dis 2013; 28:45-52. [PMID: 23212481 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-012-9366-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
There is an abundance of evidence showing that repeated use of 3,4-methlylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy) is associated with brain dysfunction, memory disturbance, locomotor hyperactivity, and hyperthermia. MDMA is toxic to both the serotonergic neurons and dopaminergic system. Adenosine is an endogenous purine nucleoside with a neuromodulatory function in the central nervous system. Nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kB) plays a pivotal role in the initiation and perpetuation of an immune response by triggering the expression of major inflammatory mediators such as cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules. Here, we investigated the effects of the A2a adenosine receptor (A2a-R) agonist (CGS) and antagonist (SCH) on NF-kB expression after MDMA administration. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected to MDMA (10 mg/kg) followed by intraperitoneal injection of either CGS or SCH (0.03 mg/kg each) to animals. The hippocampi were then removed for western blot and RT- PCR analyses. MDMA significantly elevated NF-kB expression. Our results show that administration of CGS following MDMA significantly elevated the NF-kB expression both at mRNA and protein levels. By contrast, administration of the A2a-R antagonist SCH resulted in a decrease in the NF-kB levels. Taken together, these results indicate that, co-administration of A2a agonist (CGS) can protect against MDMA neurotoxic effects by increasing NF-kB expression levels; suggesting a potential application for protection against the neurotoxic effects observed in MDMA users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Kermanian
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Georgiev P, Belikoff BB, Hatfield S, Ohta A, Sitkovsky MV, Lukashev D. Genetic deletion of the HIF-1α isoform I.1 in T cells enhances antibacterial immunity and improves survival in a murine peritonitis model. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:655-66. [PMID: 23208786 PMCID: PMC3757952 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-adenosinergic suppression and redirection of the immune response has been implicated in the regulation of antipathogen and antitumor immunity, with hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) playing a major role. In this study, we investigated the role of isoform I.1, a quantitatively minor alternative isoform of HIF-1α, in antibacterial immunity and sepsis survival. By using the cecal ligation and puncture model of bacterial peritonitis, we studied the function of I.1 isoform in T cells using mice with total I.1 isoform deficiency and mice with T-cell-targeted I.1 knockdown. We found that genetic deletion of the I.1 isoform resulted in enhanced resistance to septic lethality, significantly reduced bacterial load in peripheral blood, increased M1 macrophage polarization, augmented levels of proinflammatory cytokines in serum, and significantly decreased levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Our data suggest a previously unrecognized immunosuppressive role for the I.1 isoform in T cells during bacterial sepsis. We interpret these data as indicative that the activation-inducible isoform I.1 hinders the contribution of T cells to the antibacterial response by affecting M1/M2 macrophage polarization and microbicidal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Georgiev
- New England Inflammation and Tissue Protection Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bryan B. Belikoff
- New England Inflammation and Tissue Protection Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephen Hatfield
- New England Inflammation and Tissue Protection Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Akio Ohta
- New England Inflammation and Tissue Protection Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michail V. Sitkovsky
- New England Inflammation and Tissue Protection Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dmitry Lukashev
- New England Inflammation and Tissue Protection Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Targeting the hypoxia-adenosinergic signaling pathway to improve the adoptive immunotherapy of cancer. J Mol Med (Berl) 2013; 91:147-55. [PMID: 23334369 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-013-1001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The recent approval by the FDA of cancer vaccines and drugs that blockade immunological negative regulators has further enhanced interest in promising approaches of the immunotherapy of cancer. However, the disappointingly short life extension has also underscored the need to better understand the mechanisms that prevent tumor rejection and survival even after the blockade of immunological negative regulators. Here, we describe the implications of the "metabolism-based" immunosuppressive mechanism, where the local tissue hypoxia-driven accumulation of extracellular adenosine triggers suppression via A2 adenosine receptors on the surface of activated immune cells. This molecular pathway is of critical importance in mechanisms of immunosuppression in inflamed and cancerous tissue microenvironments. The protection of tumors by tumor-generated extracellular adenosine and A2 adenosine receptors could be the misguided application of the normal tissue-protecting mechanism that limits excessive collateral damage to vital organs during the anti-pathogen immune response. The overview of the current state of the art regarding the immunosuppressive effects of extracellular adenosine is followed by a historical perspective of studies focused on the elucidation of the physiological negative regulators that protect tissues of vital organs from excessive collateral damage, but, as a trade-off, may also weaken the anti-pathogen effector functions and negate the attempts of anti-tumor immune cells to destroy cancerous cells.
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50
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Adenosine A(2A) receptor activation supports an atheroprotective cholesterol balance in human macrophages and endothelial cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2012; 1831:407-16. [PMID: 23168167 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The adenosine A(2A) receptor (A(2A)R) plays an important role in the regulation of inflammatory and immune responses. Our previous work has demonstrated that A(2A)R agonists exhibit atheroprotective effects by increasing expression of reverse cholesterol transport proteins in cultured human macrophages. This study explores the impact of pharmacologic activation/inhibition and gene silencing of A(2A)R on cholesterol homeostasis in both THP-1 human monocytes/macrophages and primary human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC). THP-1 human monocytes/macrophages and HAEC exposed to the A(2A)R-specific agonist ATL313 exhibited upregulation of proteins responsible for cholesterol efflux: the ABCA1 and G1 transporters. Further, activation of A(2A)R led to upregulation of the cholesterol metabolizing enzyme P450 27-hydroxylase, accompanied by intracellular changes in level of oxysterols. We demonstrate that anti-atherogenic properties of A(2A)R activation are not limited to the regulation of lipid efflux in vasculature, but include protection from lipid overload in macrophages, particularly via suppression of the CD36 scavenger receptor. The reduced lipid accumulation manifests directly as a diminution in foam cell transformation. In THP-1 macrophages, either A(2A)R pharmacological blockade or gene silencing promote lipid accumulation and enhance foam cell transformation. Our pre-clinical data provides evidence suggesting that A(2A)R stimulation by ATL313 has the potential to be a viable therapeutic strategy for cardiovascular disease prevention, particularly in patients with elevated risk due to immune/inflammatory disorders.
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