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Stephens C, Naghavi MH. The host cytoskeleton: a key regulator of early HIV-1 infection. FEBS J 2024; 291:1835-1848. [PMID: 36527282 PMCID: PMC10272291 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Due to its central role in cell biology, the cytoskeleton is a key regulator of viral infection, influencing nearly every step of the viral life cycle. In this review, we will discuss the role of two key components of the cytoskeleton, namely the actin and microtubule networks in early HIV-1 infection. We will discuss key contributions to processes ranging from the attachment and entry of viral particles at the cell surface to their arrival and import into the nucleus and identify areas where further research into this complex relationship may yield new insights into HIV-1 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Stephens
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Mojgan H. Naghavi
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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2
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Faivre N, Verollet C, Dumas F. The chemokine receptor CCR5: multi-faceted hook for HIV-1. Retrovirology 2024; 21:2. [PMID: 38263120 PMCID: PMC10807162 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-024-00634-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are cytokines whose primary role is cellular activation and stimulation of leukocyte migration. They perform their various functions by interacting with G protein-coupled cell surface receptors (GPCRs) and are involved in the regulation of many biological processes such as apoptosis, proliferation, angiogenesis, hematopoiesis or organogenesis. They contribute to the maintenance of the homeostasis of lymphocytes and coordinate the function of the immune system. However, chemokines and their receptors are sometimes hijacked by some pathogens to infect the host organism. For a given chemokine receptor, there is a wide structural, organizational and conformational diversity. In this review, we describe the evidence for structural variety reported for the chemokine receptor CCR5, how this variability can be exploited by HIV-1 to infect its target cells and what therapeutic solutions are currently being developed to overcome this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Faivre
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
- International Research Laboratory (IRP) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV", Toulouse, France
- International Research Laboratory (IRP) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Christel Verollet
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
- International Research Laboratory (IRP) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV", Toulouse, France
- International Research Laboratory (IRP) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fabrice Dumas
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France.
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3
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Yussuf FM, Barbarawi A, Nor MA, Ali AI, Sheikh IM, Ogedegbe OJ, Tabowei G, Jimoh A, Ozokolie GE, Igbinomwanhia O. A Systematic Review Exploring the Range of Renal Complications of Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Cureus 2023; 15:e36755. [PMID: 37123789 PMCID: PMC10132701 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.36755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a viral infection which progressively leads to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the absence of treatment. This happens through the destruction of crucial cells in the immune system, such as the helper T cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages. Since the first case was isolated in the 20th century, the disease has spread rapidly among humans, with significant renal, cardiovascular, respiratory, and neurological complications. It is predominantly sexually transmitted but non-sexual transmission. A relationship between HIV and renal diseases has been suggested for a long time, but only a few systematic studies have centered on this association. This systematic review aims to analyze the possible association between HIV and renal diseases as well as the range and pathogenesis of these renal diseases. HIV remains a critical infectious disease globally, inciting substantial morbidity and mortality. Studies have shown that people living with HIV (PLWH) are at increased risk of acute and chronic kidney disease. This review is based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane databases were searched exhaustively using the inclusion criteria of free full-text English papers that have exclusively studied humans in the last 20 years. Sixteen articles were selected including a systematic review, observational studies, and comprehensive narrative reviews on the role of HIV in the etiology of renal diseases, and were systemically reviewed and analyzed to elicit the wide range of possible renal complications resulting from HIV infection.
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Nickoloff-Bybel EA, Festa L, Meucci O, Gaskill PJ. Co-receptor signaling in the pathogenesis of neuroHIV. Retrovirology 2021; 18:24. [PMID: 34429135 PMCID: PMC8385912 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-021-00569-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV co-receptors, CCR5 and CXCR4, are necessary for HIV entry into target cells, interacting with the HIV envelope protein, gp120, to initiate several signaling cascades thought to be important to the entry process. Co-receptor signaling may also promote the development of neuroHIV by contributing to both persistent neuroinflammation and indirect neurotoxicity. But despite the critical importance of CXCR4 and CCR5 signaling to HIV pathogenesis, there is only one therapeutic (the CCR5 inhibitor Maraviroc) that targets these receptors. Moreover, our understanding of co-receptor signaling in the specific context of neuroHIV is relatively poor. Research into co-receptor signaling has largely stalled in the past decade, possibly owing to the complexity of the signaling cascades and functions mediated by these receptors. Examining the many signaling pathways triggered by co-receptor activation has been challenging due to the lack of specific molecular tools targeting many of the proteins involved in these pathways and the wide array of model systems used across these experiments. Studies examining the impact of co-receptor signaling on HIV neuropathogenesis often show activation of multiple overlapping pathways by similar stimuli, leading to contradictory data on the effects of co-receptor activation. To address this, we will broadly review HIV infection and neuropathogenesis, examine different co-receptor mediated signaling pathways and functions, then discuss the HIV mediated signaling and the differences between activation induced by HIV and cognate ligands. We will assess the specific effects of co-receptor activation on neuropathogenesis, focusing on neuroinflammation. We will also explore how the use of substances of abuse, which are highly prevalent in people living with HIV, can exacerbate the neuropathogenic effects of co-receptor signaling. Finally, we will discuss the current state of therapeutics targeting co-receptors, highlighting challenges the field has faced and areas in which research into co-receptor signaling would yield the most therapeutic benefit in the context of HIV infection. This discussion will provide a comprehensive overview of what is known and what remains to be explored in regard to co-receptor signaling and HIV infection, and will emphasize the potential value of HIV co-receptors as a target for future therapeutic development. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Nickoloff-Bybel
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - L Festa
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 240 S. 40th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - O Meucci
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - P J Gaskill
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA.
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5
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He S, Wu Y. Relationships Between HIV-Mediated Chemokine Coreceptor Signaling, Cofilin Hyperactivation, Viral Tropism Switch and HIV-Mediated CD4 Depletion. Curr HIV Res 2021; 17:388-396. [PMID: 31702526 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x17666191106112018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
HIV infection causes CD4 depletion and immune deficiency. The virus infects CD4 T cells through binding to CD4 and one of the chemokine coreceptors, CXCR4 (X4) or CCR5 (R5). It has also been known that HIV tropism switch, from R5 to X4, is associated with rapid CD4 depletion, suggesting a key role of viral factors in driving CD4 depletion. However, the virological driver for HIV-mediated CD4 depletion has not been fully elucidated. We hypothesized that HIV-mediated chemokine coreceptor signaling, particularly chronic signaling through CXCR4, plays a major role in CD4 dysfunction and depletion; we also hypothesized that there is an R5X4 signaling (R5X4sig) viral subspecies, evolving from the natural replication course of R5-utilizing viruses, that is responsible for CD4 T cell depletion in R5 virus infection. To gain traction for our hypothesis, in this review, we discuss a recent finding from Cui and co-authors who described the rapid tropism switch and high pathogenicity of an HIV-1 R5 virus, CRF01_AE. We speculate that CRF01_AE may be the hypothetical R5X4sig viral species that is rapidly evolving towards the X4 phenotype. We also attempt to discuss the intricate relationships between HIV-mediated chemokine coreceptor signaling, viral tropism switch and HIV-mediated CD4 depletion, in hopes of providing a deeper understanding of HIV pathogenesis in blood CD4 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia He
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States
| | - Yuntao Wu
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States
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6
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Cadima-Couto I, Tauzin A, Freire JM, Figueira TN, Silva RDM, Pérez-Peinado C, Cunha-Santos C, Bártolo I, Taveira N, Gano L, Correia JDG, Goncalves J, Mammano F, Andreu D, Castanho MARB, Veiga AS. Anti-HIV-1 Activity of pepRF1, a Proteolysis-Resistant CXCR4 Antagonist Derived from Dengue Virus Capsid Protein. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:6-22. [PMID: 33319557 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for the development of new anti-HIV drugs that can complement existing medicines to be used against resistant strains. Here, we report the anti-HIV-1 peptide pepRF1, a human serum-resistant peptide derived from the Dengue virus capsid protein. In vitro, pepRF1 shows a 50% inhibitory concentration of 1.5 nM with a potential therapeutic window higher than 53 000. This peptide is specific for CXCR4-tropic strains, preventing viral entry into target cells by binding to the viral coreceptor CXCR4, acting as an antagonist of this receptor. pepRF1 is more effective than T20, the only peptide-based HIV-1 entry inhibitor approved, and excels in inhibiting a HIV-1 strain resistant to T20. Potentially, pepRF1 can be used alone or in combination with other anti-HIV drugs. Furthermore, one can also envisage its use as a novel therapeutic strategy for other CXCR4-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Cadima-Couto
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Tauzin
- INSERM UMR 1124, Université de Paris, 45 rue des Saints Pères, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - João M. Freire
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Tiago N. Figueira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rúben D. M. Silva
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares and Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, CTN, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139,7), 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal
| | - Clara Pérez-Peinado
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Catarina Cunha-Santos
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Inês Bártolo
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno Taveira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Lurdes Gano
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares and Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, CTN, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139,7), 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal
| | - João D. G. Correia
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares and Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, CTN, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139,7), 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal
| | - Joao Goncalves
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fabrizio Mammano
- INSERM UMR 1124, Université de Paris, 45 rue des Saints Pères, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - David Andreu
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel A. R. B. Castanho
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Salomé Veiga
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
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7
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Pisani A, Donno R, Gennari A, Cibecchini G, Catalano F, Marotta R, Pompa PP, Tirelli N, Bardi G. CXCL12-PLGA/Pluronic Nanoparticle Internalization Abrogates CXCR4-Mediated Cell Migration. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10112304. [PMID: 33233846 PMCID: PMC7699919 DOI: 10.3390/nano10112304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chemokine-induced chemotaxis mediates physiological and pathological immune cell trafficking, as well as several processes involving cell migration. Among them, the role of CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling in cancer and metastasis is well known, and CXCR4 has been often targeted with small molecule-antagonists or short CXCL12-derived peptides to limit the pathological processes of cell migration and invasion. To reduce CXCR4-mediated chemotaxis, we adopted a different approach. We manufactured poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)/Pluronic F127 nanoparticles through microfluidics-assisted nanoprecipitation and functionalized them with streptavidin to docking a biotinylated CXCL12 to be exposed on the nanoparticle surface. Our results show that CXCL12-decorated nanoparticles are non-toxic and do not induce inflammatory cytokine release in THP-1 monocytes cultured in fetal bovine and human serum-supplemented media. The cell internalization of our chemokine receptor-targeting particles increases in accordance with CXCR4 expression in FBS/medium. We demonstrated that CXCL12-decorated nanoparticles do not induce cell migration on their own, but their pre-incubation with THP-1 significantly decreases CXCR4+-cell migration, thereby antagonizing the chemotactic action of CXCL12. The use of biodegradable and immune-compatible chemokine-mimetic nanoparticles to reduce cell migration opens the way to novel antagonists with potential application in cancer treatments and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anissa Pisani
- Nanobiointeractions & Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy; (A.P.); (G.C.); (P.P.P.)
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genova, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Roberto Donno
- Laboratory of Polymers and Biomaterials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy; (R.D.); (A.G.)
| | - Arianna Gennari
- Laboratory of Polymers and Biomaterials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy; (R.D.); (A.G.)
| | - Giulia Cibecchini
- Nanobiointeractions & Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy; (A.P.); (G.C.); (P.P.P.)
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genova, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Federico Catalano
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy; (F.C.); (R.M.)
| | - Roberto Marotta
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy; (F.C.); (R.M.)
| | - Pier Paolo Pompa
- Nanobiointeractions & Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy; (A.P.); (G.C.); (P.P.P.)
| | - Nicola Tirelli
- Laboratory of Polymers and Biomaterials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy; (R.D.); (A.G.)
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- Correspondence: (N.T.); (G.B.); Tel.: +39-010-289-6923 (N.T.); +39-010-289-6519 (G.B.)
| | - Giuseppe Bardi
- Nanobiointeractions & Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy; (A.P.); (G.C.); (P.P.P.)
- Correspondence: (N.T.); (G.B.); Tel.: +39-010-289-6923 (N.T.); +39-010-289-6519 (G.B.)
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8
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Melo R, Lemos A, Preto AJ, Bueschbell B, Matos-Filipe P, Barreto C, Almeida JG, Silva RDM, Correia JDG, Moreira IS. An Overview of Antiretroviral Agents for Treating HIV Infection in Paediatric Population. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:760-794. [PMID: 30182840 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180904123549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Paediatric Acquired ImmunoDeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a life-threatening and infectious disease in which the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is mainly transmitted through Mother-To- Child Transmission (MTCT) during pregnancy, labour and delivery, or breastfeeding. This review provides an overview of the distinct therapeutic alternatives to abolish the systemic viral replication in paediatric HIV-1 infection. Numerous classes of antiretroviral agents have emerged as therapeutic tools for downregulation of different steps in the HIV replication process. These classes encompass Non- Nucleoside Analogue Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs), Nucleoside/Nucleotide Analogue Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs/NtRTIs), INtegrase Inhibitors (INIs), Protease Inhibitors (PIs), and Entry Inhibitors (EIs). Co-administration of certain antiretroviral drugs with Pharmacokinetic Enhancers (PEs) may boost the effectiveness of the primary therapeutic agent. The combination of multiple antiretroviral drug regimens (Highly Active AntiRetroviral Therapy - HAART) is currently the standard therapeutic approach for HIV infection. So far, the use of HAART offers the best opportunity for prolonged and maximal viral suppression, and preservation of the immune system upon HIV infection. Still, the frequent administration of high doses of multiple drugs, their inefficient ability to reach the viral reservoirs in adequate doses, the development of drug resistance, and the lack of patient compliance compromise the complete HIV elimination. The development of nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems may enable targeted delivery of antiretroviral agents to inaccessible viral reservoir sites at therapeutic concentrations. In addition, the application of Computer-Aided Drug Design (CADD) approaches has provided valuable tools for the development of anti-HIV drug candidates with favourable pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Melo
- Centro de Ciencias e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Universidade de Lisboa, CTN, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139,7), Bobadela LRS 2695-066, Portugal.,CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology; Rua Larga, FMUC, Polo I, 1ºandar, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal
| | - Agostinho Lemos
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology; Rua Larga, FMUC, Polo I, 1ºandar, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal.,GIGA Cyclotron Research Centre In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - António J Preto
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology; Rua Larga, FMUC, Polo I, 1ºandar, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Bueschbell
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, PharmaCenter, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Pedro Matos-Filipe
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology; Rua Larga, FMUC, Polo I, 1ºandar, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal
| | - Carlos Barreto
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology; Rua Larga, FMUC, Polo I, 1ºandar, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal
| | - José G Almeida
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology; Rua Larga, FMUC, Polo I, 1ºandar, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal
| | - Rúben D M Silva
- Centro de Ciencias e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Universidade de Lisboa, CTN, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139,7), Bobadela LRS 2695-066, Portugal
| | - João D G Correia
- Centro de Ciencias e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Universidade de Lisboa, CTN, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139,7), Bobadela LRS 2695-066, Portugal
| | - Irina S Moreira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology; Rua Larga, FMUC, Polo I, 1ºandar, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal.,Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science - Chemistry, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584CH, Netherland
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9
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HIV-1 Protein gp120 Induces Mouse Lung Fibroblast-to-Myofibroblast Transdifferentiation via CXCR4 Activation. Am J Med Sci 2019; 357:483-491. [PMID: 31000424 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with HIV have ∼2-fold increased risk of developing pulmonary fibrosis. The mechanism(s) by which this occurs has yet to be determined. HIV-1 protein gp120 activates CXCR4 in the lymphocyte, promoting a variety of intracellular signaling pathways including those common to TGFβ1 associated with lung fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transdifferentiation. We hypothesized that gp120 promotes pulmonary fibrotic changes via activation of CXCR4 in the lung fibroblast. METHODS Mouse primary lung fibroblasts (PLFs) were cultured ± gp120, then analyzed for α-SMA expression and stress fiber formation. In parallel, PLFs were cultured ± gp120 ± AMD3100 (a CXCR4 antagonist), and α-SMA, pan and phospho-Akt, and total and phospho-MAPK (or ERK1/2) protein expression was quantified. Finally, lungs and PLFs from wild-type and HIV-1 transgenic mice were analyzed for hydroxyproline and α-SMA content. RESULTS gp120 treatment increased α-SMA expression and myofibroblast differentiation in PLFs. gp120 treatment activated phosphorylation of ERK1/2, but not PI3K-Akt. Pretreatment with AMD3100 inhibited gp120-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation and gp120-induced α-SMA expression. In parallel, there was a significant increase in hydroxyproline content in lungs from older HIV-1 transgenic mice and a >3-fold increase in α-SMA expression in PLFs isolated from HIV-1 transgenic mice. CONCLUSIONS gp120 induces α-SMA expression and fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transdifferentiation by activating the CXCR4-ERK1/2 signaling pathway in mouse PLFs. Lungs of older HIV-1 transgenic mice contain higher hydroxyproline content and their PLFs have a striking increase in α-SMA expression. These results suggest a mechanism by which individuals with HIV are at increased risk of developing pulmonary fibrotic changes as they age.
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Abd Elkodous M, El-Sayyad GS, Nasser HA, Elshamy AA, Morsi M, Abdelrahman IY, Kodous AS, Mosallam FM, Gobara M, El-Batal AI. Engineered Nanomaterials as Potential Candidates for HIV Treatment: Between Opportunities and Challenges. J CLUST SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-019-01533-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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11
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Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt and MEK/ERK Signaling Pathways Facilitate Sapovirus Trafficking and Late Endosomal Acidification for Viral Uncoating in LLC-PK Cells. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01674-18. [PMID: 30282712 PMCID: PMC6258943 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01674-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sapovirus, an important cause of acute gastroenteritis in humans and animals, travels from the early to the late endosomes and requires late endosomal acidification for viral uncoating. However, the signaling pathways responsible for these viral entry processes remain unknown. Here we demonstrate the receptor-mediated early activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and mitogen-activated protein extracellular signal-regulated kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK/ERK) signaling pathways involved in sapovirus entry processes. Both signaling pathways were activated during the early stage of porcine sapovirus (PSaV) infection. However, depletion of the cell surface carbohydrate receptors by pretreatment with sodium periodate or neuraminidase reduced the PSaV-induced early activation of these signaling pathways, indicating that PSaV binding to the cell surface carbohydrate receptors triggered these cascades. Addition of bile acid, known to be essential for PSaV escape from late endosomes, was also found to exert a stiffening effect to stimulate both pathways. Inhibition of these signaling pathways by use of inhibitors specific for PI3K or MEK or small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) against PI3K or MEK resulted in entrapment of PSaV particles in early endosomes and prevented their trafficking to late endosomes. Moreover, phosphorylated PI3K and ERK coimmunoprecipitated subunit E of the V-ATPase proton pump that is important for endosomal acidification. Based on our data, we conclude that receptor binding of PSaV activates both PI3K/Akt and MEK/ERK signaling pathways, which in turn promote PSaV trafficking from early to late endosomes and acidification of late endosomes for PSaV uncoating. These signaling cascades may provide a target for potent therapeutics against infections by PSaV and other caliciviruses.IMPORTANCE Sapoviruses cause acute gastroenteritis in both humans and animals. However, the host signaling pathway(s) that facilitates host cell entry by sapoviruses remains largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that porcine sapovirus (PSaV) activates both PI3K/Akt and MEK/ERK cascades at an early stage of infection. Removal of cell surface receptors decreased PSaV-induced early activation of both cascades. Moreover, blocking of PI3K/Akt and MEK/ERK cascades entrapped PSaV particles in early endosomes and prevented their trafficking to the late endosomes. PSaV-induced early activation of PI3K and ERK molecules further mediated V-ATPase-dependent late endosomal acidification for PSaV uncoating. This work unravels a new mechanism by which receptor-mediated early activation of both cascades may facilitate PSaV trafficking from early to late endosomes and late endosomal acidification for PSaV uncoating, which in turn can be a new target for treatment of sapovirus infection.
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12
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HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins Induce the Production of TNF-α and IL-10 in Human Monocytes by Activating Calcium Pathway. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17215. [PMID: 30464243 PMCID: PMC6249280 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35478-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human HIV-1 infection leads inevitably to a chronic hyper-immune-activation. However, the nature of the targeted receptors and the pathways involved remain to be fully elucidated. We demonstrate that X4-tropic gp120 induced the production of TNF-α and IL-10 by monocytes through activation of a cell membrane receptor, distinct from the CD4, CXCR4, and MR receptors. Gp120 failed to stimulate IL-10 and TNF-α production by monocytes in Ca2+ free medium. This failure was total for IL-10 and partial for TNF-α. However, IL-10 and TNF-α production was fully restored following the addition of exogenous calcium. Accordingly, addition of BAPTA-AM and cyclosporine-A, fully and partially inhibited IL-10 and TNF-α respectively. The PKA pathway was crucial for IL-10 production but only partially involved in gp120-induced TNF-α. The PLC pathway was partially and equivalently involved in gp120-induced TNF-α and IL-10. Moreover, the inhibition of PI3K, ERK1/2, p38 MAP-kinases and NF-κB pathways totally abolished the production of both cytokines. In conclusion, this study revealed the crucial calcium signaling pathway triggered by HIV-1 gp120 to control the production of these two cytokines: TNF-α and IL-10. The finding could help in the development of a new therapeutic strategy to alleviate the chronic hyper-immune-activation observed in HIV-1 infected patients.
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13
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Kumar NA, van der Sluis RM, Mota T, Pascoe R, Evans VA, Lewin SR, Cameron PU. Myeloid Dendritic Cells Induce HIV Latency in Proliferating CD4 + T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:1468-1477. [PMID: 30030324 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
HIV latency occurs predominantly in long-lived resting CD4+ T cells; however, latent infection also occurs in T cell subsets, including proliferating CD4+ T cells. We compared the establishment and maintenance of latent infection in nonproliferating and proliferating human CD4+ T cells cocultured with syngeneic myeloid dendritic cells (mDC). Resting CD4+ T cells were labeled with the proliferation dye eFluor 670 and cultured alone or with mDC, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, or monocytes in the presence of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). Cells were cultured for 24 h and infected with CCR5-tropic enhanced GFP (EGFP) reporter HIV. Five days postinfection, nonproductively infected EGFP- CD4+ T cells that were either nonproliferating (eFluor 670hi) or proliferating (eFluor 670lo) were sorted and cultured for an additional 7 d (day 12) with IL-7 and antiretrovirals. At day 5 postinfection, sorted, nonproductively infected T cells were stimulated with anti-CD3/CD28, and induced expression of EGFP was measured to determine the frequency of latent infection. Integrated HIV in these cells was confirmed using quantitative PCR. By these criteria, latent infection was detected at day 5 and 12 in proliferating T cells cocultured with mDC and monocytes but not plasmacytoid dendritic cells, where CD4+ T cells at day 12 were poor. At day 5 postinfection, nonproliferating T cells expressing SEB-specific TCR Vβ-17 were enriched in latent infection compared with non-SEB-specific TCR Vβ-8.1. Together, these data show that both nonproliferating and proliferating CD4+ T cells can harbor latent infection during SEB-stimulated T cell proliferation and that the establishment of HIV latency in nonproliferating T cells is linked to expression of specific TCR that respond to SEB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitasha A Kumar
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Renee M van der Sluis
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Talia Mota
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Rachel Pascoe
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Vanessa A Evans
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Sharon R Lewin
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; and.,Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Paul U Cameron
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; .,Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; and.,Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
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14
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Wiredja DD, Tabler CO, Schlatzer DM, Li M, Chance MR, Tilton JC. Global phosphoproteomics of CCR5-tropic HIV-1 signaling reveals reprogramming of cellular protein production pathways and identifies p70-S6K1 and MK2 as HIV-responsive kinases required for optimal infection of CD4+ T cells. Retrovirology 2018; 15:44. [PMID: 29970186 PMCID: PMC6029029 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-018-0423-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral reprogramming of host cells enhances replication and is initiated by viral interaction with the cell surface. Upon human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) binding to CD4+ T cells, a signal transduction cascade is initiated that reorganizes the actin cytoskeleton, activates transcription factors, and alters mRNA splicing pathways. METHODS We used a quantitative mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomic approach to investigate signal transduction cascades initiated by CCR5-tropic HIV, which accounts for virtually all transmitted viruses and the vast majority of viruses worldwide. RESULTS CCR5-HIV signaling induced significant reprogramming of the actin cytoskeleton and mRNA splicing pathways, as previously described. In addition, CCR5-HIV signaling induced profound changes to the mRNA transcription, processing, translation, and post-translational modifications pathways, indicating that virtually every stage of protein production is affected. Furthermore, we identified two kinases regulated by CCR5-HIV signaling-p70-S6K1 (RPS6KB1) and MK2 (MAPKAPK2)-that were also required for optimal HIV infection of CD4+ T cells. These kinases regulate protein translation and cytoskeletal architecture, respectively, reinforcing the importance of these pathways in viral replication. Additionally, we found that blockade of CCR5 signaling by maraviroc had relatively modest effects on CCR5-HIV signaling, in agreement with reports that signaling by CCR5 is dispensable for HIV infection but in contrast to the critical effects of CXCR4 on cortical actin reorganization. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that CCR5-tropic HIV induces significant reprogramming of host CD4+ T cell protein production pathways and identifies two novel kinases induced upon viral binding to the cell surface that are critical for HIV replication in host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica D Wiredja
- Department of Nutrition, Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Caroline O Tabler
- Department of Nutrition, Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Daniela M Schlatzer
- Department of Nutrition, Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Mark R Chance
- Department of Nutrition, Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - John C Tilton
- Department of Nutrition, Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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15
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CCR5 Revisited: How Mechanisms of HIV Entry Govern AIDS Pathogenesis. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:2557-2589. [PMID: 29932942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CCR5 has been the focus of intensive studies since its role as a coreceptor for HIV entry was discovered in 1996. These studies lead to the development of small molecular drugs targeting CCR5, with maraviroc becoming in 2007 the first clinically approved chemokine receptor inhibitor. More recently, the apparent HIV cure in a patient transplanted with hematopoietic stem cells devoid of functional CCR5 rekindled the interest for inactivating CCR5 through gene therapy and pharmacological approaches. Fundamental research on CCR5 has also been boosted by key advances in the field of G-protein coupled receptor research, with the realization that CCR5 adopts a variety of conformations, and that only a subset of these conformations may be targeted by chemokine ligands. In addition, recent genetic and pathogenesis studies have emphasized the central role of CCR5 expression levels in determining the risk of HIV and SIV acquisition and disease progression. In this article, we propose to review the key properties of CCR5 that account for its central role in HIV pathogenesis, with a focus on mechanisms that regulate CCR5 expression, conformation, and interaction with HIV envelope glycoproteins.
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16
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ERK Is a Critical Regulator of JC Polyomavirus Infection. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01529-17. [PMID: 29321332 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01529-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) infects the majority of the population worldwide and presents as an asymptomatic, persistent infection in the kidneys. In individuals who are immunocompromised, JCPyV can become reactivated and cause a lytic infection in the central nervous system resulting in the fatal, demyelinating disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). Infection is initiated by interactions between the capsid protein viral protein 1 (VP1) and the α2,6-linked sialic acid on lactoseries tetrasaccharide c (LSTc), while JCPyV internalization is facilitated by 5-hydroxytryptamine 2 receptors (5-HT2Rs). The mechanisms by which the serotonin receptors mediate virus entry and the signaling cascades required to drive viral infection remain poorly understood. JCPyV was previously shown to induce phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), a downstream target of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, upon virus entry. However, it remained unclear whether ERK activation was required for JCPyV infection. Both ERK-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) and ERK inhibitor treatments resulted in significantly diminished JCPyV infection in both kidney and glial cells yet had no effect on the infectivity of the polyomavirus simian virus 40 (SV40). Experiments characterizing the role of ERK during steps in the viral life cycle indicate that ERK activation is required for viral transcription, as demonstrated by a significant reduction in production of large T antigen (TAg), a key viral protein associated with the initiation of viral transcription and viral replication. These findings delineate the role of the MAPK-ERK signaling pathway in JCPyV infection, elucidating how the virus reprograms the host cell to promote viral pathogenesis.IMPORTANCE Viral infection is dependent upon host cell factors, including the activation of cellular signaling pathways. These interactions between viruses and host cells are necessary for infection and play an important role in viral disease outcomes. The focus of this study was to determine how the human JC polyomavirus (JCPyV), a virus that resides in the kidney of the majority of the population and can cause the fatal, demyelinating disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in the brains of immunosuppressed individuals, usurps a cellular signaling pathway to promote its own infectious life cycle. We demonstrated that the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), a component of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, promotes JCPyV transcription, which is required for viral infection. Our findings demonstrate that the MAPK-ERK signaling pathway is a key determinant of JCPyV infection, elucidating new information regarding the signal reprogramming of host cells by a pathogenic virus.
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17
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Wang Z, Shang H, Jiang Y. Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors: Accomplices for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Latency. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1274. [PMID: 29085362 PMCID: PMC5650658 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are small chemotactic cytokines that are involved in the regulation of immune cell migration. Multiple functional properties of chemokines, such as pro-inflammation, immune regulation, and promotion of cell growth, angiogenesis, and apoptosis, have been identified in many pathological and physiological contexts. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is characterized by persistent inflammation and immune activation during both acute and chronic phases, and the “cytokine storm” is one of the hallmarks of HIV infection. Along with immune activation after HIV infection, an extensive range of chemokines and other cytokines are elevated, thereby generating the so-called “cytokine storm.” In this review, the effects of the upregulated chemokines and chemokine receptors on the processes of HIV infection are discussed. The objective of this review was to focus on the main chemokines and chemokine receptors that have been found to be associated with HIV infection and latency. Elevated chemokines and chemokine receptors have been shown to play important roles in the HIV life cycle, disease progression, and HIV reservoir establishment. Thus, targeting these chemokines and receptors and the other proteins of related signaling pathways might provide novel therapeutic strategies, and the evidence indicates a promising future regarding the development of a functional cure for HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hong Shang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yongjun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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18
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Godinho-Santos A, Hance AJ, Gonçalves J, Mammano F. CIB1 and CIB2 are HIV-1 helper factors involved in viral entry. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30927. [PMID: 27489023 PMCID: PMC4973253 DOI: 10.1038/srep30927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 relies on the host-cell machinery to accomplish its replication cycle, and characterization of these helper factors contributes to a better understanding of HIV-host interactions and can identify potential novel antiviral targets. Here we explored the contribution of CIB2, previously identified by RNAi screening as a potential helper factor, and its homolog, CIB1. Knockdown of either CIB1 or CIB2 strongly impaired viral replication in Jurkat cells and in primary CD4+ T-lymphocytes, identifying these proteins as non-redundant helper factors. Knockdown of CIB1 and CIB2 impaired envelope-mediated viral entry for both for X4- and R5-tropic HIV-1, and both cell-free and cell-associated entry pathways were affected. In contrast, the level of CIB1 and CIB2 expression did not influence cell viability, cell proliferation, receptor-independent viral binding to the cell surface, or later steps in the viral replication cycle. CIB1 and CIB2 knockdown was found to reduce the expression of surface molecules implicated in HIV-1 infection, including CXCR4, CCR5 and integrin α4β7, suggesting at least one mechanism through which these proteins promote viral infection. Thus, this study identifies CIB1 and CIB2 as host helper factors for HIV-1 replication that are required for optimal receptor-mediated viral entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Godinho-Santos
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,INSERM, U941, Paris, F-75010, France
| | - Allan J Hance
- INSERM, U941, Paris, F-75010, France.,Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75475, Paris, France
| | - João Gonçalves
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Fabrizio Mammano
- INSERM, U941, Paris, F-75010, France.,Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75475, Paris, France
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19
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Benureau Y, Colin P, Staropoli I, Gonzalez N, Garcia-Perez J, Alcami J, Arenzana-Seisdedos F, Lagane B. Guidelines for cloning, expression, purification and functional characterization of primary HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins. J Virol Methods 2016; 236:184-195. [PMID: 27451265 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The trimeric HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoproteins gp120 and gp41 mediate virus entry into target cells by engaging CD4 and the coreceptors CCR5 or CXCR4 at the cell surface and driving membrane fusion. Receptor/gp120 interactions regulate the virus life cycle, HIV infection transmission and pathogenesis. Env is also the target of neutralizing antibodies. Efforts have thus been made to produce soluble HIV-1 glycoproteins to develop vaccines and study the role and mechanisms of HIV/receptor interactions. However, production and purification of Env glycoproteins and their functional assessment has to cope with multiple obstacles. These include difficulties in amplifying and cloning env sequences and setting up receptor binding assays that are suitable for studies on large collections of glycoproteins, flexible enough to adapt to Env and receptor structural heterogeneities, and allow recapitulating the receptor binding properties of virion-associated Env trimers. Here we identify these difficulties and present protocols to produce primary gp120 and determination of their binding properties to receptors. The receptor binding assays confirmed that the produced glycoproteins are competent for binding CD4 and undergo proper CD4-induced conformational changes required for interaction with CCR5. These assays may help elucidate the role of gp120/receptor interactions in the pathophysiology of HIV infection and develop HIV-1 entry inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Benureau
- INSERM U1108, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Philippe Colin
- INSERM U1108, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Isabelle Staropoli
- INSERM U1108, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Nuria Gonzalez
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Javier Garcia-Perez
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jose Alcami
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Fernando Arenzana-Seisdedos
- INSERM U1108, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Bernard Lagane
- INSERM U1108, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France.
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20
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Anderson JL, Mota TM, Evans VA, Kumar N, Rezaei SD, Cheong K, Solomon A, Wightman F, Cameron PU, Lewin SR. Understanding Factors That Modulate the Establishment of HIV Latency in Resting CD4+ T-Cells In Vitro. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158778. [PMID: 27383184 PMCID: PMC4934909 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing robust in vitro models of HIV latency is needed to better understand how latency is established, maintained and reversed. In this study, we examined the effects of donor variability, HIV titre and co-receptor usage on establishing HIV latency in vitro using two models of HIV latency. Using the CCL19 model of HIV latency, we found that in up to 50% of donors, CCL19 enhanced latent infection of resting CD4+ T-cells by CXCR4-tropic HIV in the presence of low dose IL-2. Increasing the infectious titre of CXCR4-tropic HIV increased both productive and latent infection of resting CD4+ T-cells. In a different model where myeloid dendritic cells (mDC) were co-cultured with resting CD4+ T-cells, we observed a higher frequency of latently infected cells in vitro than CCL19-treated or unstimulated CD4+ T-cells in the presence of low dose IL-2. In the DC-T-cell model, latency was established with both CCR5- and CXCR4-tropic virus but higher titres of CCR5-tropic virus was required in most donors. The establishment of latency in vitro through direct infection of resting CD4+ T-cells is significantly enhanced by CCL19 and mDC, but the efficiency is dependent on virus titre, co-receptor usage and there is significant donor variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Anderson
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Talia M Mota
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vanessa A Evans
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nitasha Kumar
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simin D Rezaei
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karey Cheong
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ajantha Solomon
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fiona Wightman
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul U Cameron
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University and Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sharon R Lewin
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University and Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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21
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Liu H, Liu Y, Liu W, Zhang W, Xu J. EZH2-mediated loss of miR-622 determines CXCR4 activation in hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8494. [PMID: 26404566 PMCID: PMC4598861 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) exerts a variety of functions at different steps of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression. The molecular mechanisms and therapeutic value of CXCR4 in the development of HCC remain undefined. Here we show that aberrant CXCR4 overexpression is associated with poor prognosis and aggressive characteristics of HCC. Suppression of CXCR4 activity via CXCR4 knockdown, AMD3100 or neutralizing antibody administration inhibits hepatoma cell tumorigenesis in vitro and in vivo. CXCR4 overexpression displays the opposite effects. Using Mir library screening we identify miR-622 as a regulator of CXCR4. Further studies show that miR-622 directly target the 3′ untranslated region of CXCR4 and is transcriptionally repressed by EZH2-induced H3K27 trimethylation and promoter methylation. EZH2/miR-622 promotes tumorigenesis through CXCR4. EZH2-mediated loss of miR-622 is found to correlate with CXCR4 overexpression and unfavourable prognosis in HCC patients. This study establishes EZH2/miR-622/CXCR4 as a potential adverse prognostic factor and therapeutic target for HCC patients. Chemokines and their receptors have key roles in tumorigenesis. Here, the authors demonstrate that CXRC4 is overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma and is associated with poor prognosis and, mechanistically CXCR4 is increased in expression via EZH2 repression of microRNA-622.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiou Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Yidong Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Weisi Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Weijuan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiejie Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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22
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Syncytial apoptosis signaling network induced by the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein complex: an overview. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1846. [PMID: 26247731 PMCID: PMC4558497 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Infection by human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) is associated with a progressive decrease in CD4 T-cell numbers and the consequent collapse of host immune defenses. The major pathogenic mechanism of AIDS is the massive apoptotic destruction of the immunocompetent cells, including uninfected cells. The latter process, also known as by-stander killing, operates by various mechanisms one of which involves the formation of syncytia which undergo cell death by following a complex pathway. We present here a detailed and curated map of the syncytial apoptosis signaling network, aimed at simplifying the whole mechanism that we have characterized at the molecular level in the last 15 years. The map was created using Systems Biology Graphical Notation language with the help of CellDesigner software and encompasses 36 components (proteins/genes) and 54 interactions. The simplification of this complex network paves the way for the development of novel therapeutic strategies to eradicate HIV-1 infection. Agents that induce the selective death of HIV-1-elicited syncytia might lead to the elimination of viral reservoirs and hence constitute an important complement to current antiretroviral therapies.
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Zheng K, Kitazato K, Wang Y, He Z. Pathogenic microbes manipulate cofilin activity to subvert actin cytoskeleton. Crit Rev Microbiol 2015; 42:677-95. [PMID: 25853495 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2015.1010139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF)/cofilin proteins are key players in controlling the temporal and spatial extent of actin dynamics, which is crucial for mediating host-pathogen interactions. Pathogenic microbes have evolved molecular mechanisms to manipulate cofilin activity to subvert the actin cytoskeletal system in host cells, promoting their internalization into the target cells, modifying the replication niche and facilitating their intracellular and intercellular dissemination. The study of how these pathogens exploit cofilin pathways is crucial for understanding infectious disease and providing potential targets for drug therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zheng
- a Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , Guangdong , People's Republic of China .,c Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Kaio Kitazato
- b Division of Molecular Pharmacology of Infectious Agents, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology , Nagasaki University , Nagasaki , Japan , and
| | - Yifei Wang
- c Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Zhendan He
- a Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , Guangdong , People's Republic of China
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Abstract
The failing human heart is a bustling network of intra- and inter-cellular signals and related processes attempting to coordinate a repair mechanism for the injured or diseased myocardium. While our understanding of signaling by mode of cytokines is well understood on a systemic level, we are only now coming to elucidate the role of cytokines in cardiac self-regulation. An increasing number of studies are showing now that cardiomyocytes themselves have not only the ability but also the mandate to produce signals, and play direct roles in how these signals are interpreted. One of the families of cytokines employed by distressed cardiac tissue are chemokines. By regulating the movement of pro-inflammatory cell types to sites of injury, we see now how the myocardium responds to stress. Herein we review the participation of these inflammatory mediators and explore the delicate balance between their protective roles and damaging functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A Jarrah
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Research Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, Box 1030, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Hayasaka H, Kobayashi D, Yoshimura H, Nakayama EE, Shioda T, Miyasaka M. The HIV-1 Gp120/CXCR4 axis promotes CCR7 ligand-dependent CD4 T cell migration: CCR7 homo- and CCR7/CXCR4 hetero-oligomer formation as a possible mechanism for up-regulation of functional CCR7. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117454. [PMID: 25688986 PMCID: PMC4331524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
During human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, enhanced migration of infected cells to lymph nodes leads to efficient propagation of HIV-1. The selective chemokine receptors, including CXCR4 and CCR7, may play a role in this process, yet the viral factors regulating chemokine-dependent T cell migration remain relatively unclear. The functional cooperation between the CXCR4 ligand chemokine CXCL12 and the CCR7 ligand chemokines CCL19 and CCL21 enhances CCR7-dependent T cell motility in vitro as well as cell trafficking into the lymph nodes in vivo. In this study, we report that a recombinant form of a viral CXCR4 ligand, X4-tropic HIV-1 gp120, enhanced the CD4 T cell response to CCR7 ligands in a manner dependent on CXCR4 and CD4, and that this effect was recapitulated by HIV-1 virions. HIV-1 gp120 significantly enhanced CCR7-dependent CD4 T cell migration from the footpad of mice to the draining lymph nodes in in vivo transfer experiments. We also demonstrated that CXCR4 expression is required for stable CCR7 expression on the CD4 T cell surface, whereas CXCR4 signaling facilitated CCR7 ligand binding to the cell surface and increased the level of CCR7 homo- as well as CXCR4/CCR7 hetero-oligomers without affecting CCR7 expression levels. Our findings indicate that HIV-evoked CXCR4 signaling promotes CCR7-dependent CD4 T cell migration by up-regulating CCR7 function, which is likely to be induced by increased formation of CCR7 homo- and CXCR4/CCR7 hetero-oligomers on the surface of CD4 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruko Hayasaka
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Daichi Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiromi Yoshimura
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Emi E. Nakayama
- Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Shioda
- Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Miyasaka
- Institute for Academic Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- MediCity Laboratory, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland
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CCR5/CD4/CXCR4 oligomerization prevents HIV-1 gp120IIIB binding to the cell surface. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E1960-9. [PMID: 24778234 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1322887111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CCR5 and CXCR4, the respective cell surface coreceptors of R5 and X4 HIV-1 strains, both form heterodimers with CD4, the principal HIV-1 receptor. Using several resonance energy transfer techniques, we determined that CD4, CXCR4, and CCR5 formed heterotrimers, and that CCR5 coexpression altered the conformation of both CXCR4/CXCR4 homodimers and CD4/CXCR4 heterodimers. As a result, binding of the HIV-1 envelope protein gp120IIIB to the CD4/CXCR4/CCR5 heterooligomer was negligible, and the gp120-induced cytoskeletal rearrangements necessary for HIV-1 entry were prevented. CCR5 reduced HIV-1 envelope-induced CD4/CXCR4-mediated cell-cell fusion. In nucleofected Jurkat CD4 cells and primary human CD4(+) T cells, CCR5 expression led to a reduction in X4 HIV-1 infectivity. These findings can help to understand why X4 HIV-1 strains infection affect T-cell types differently during AIDS development and indicate that receptor oligomerization might be a target for previously unidentified therapeutic approaches for AIDS intervention.
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Velasquez S, Eugenin EA. Role of Pannexin-1 hemichannels and purinergic receptors in the pathogenesis of human diseases. Front Physiol 2014; 5:96. [PMID: 24672487 PMCID: PMC3953678 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade several groups have determined the key role of hemichannels formed by pannexins or connexins, extracellular ATP and purinergic receptors in physiological and pathological conditions. Our work and the work of others, indicate that the opening of Pannexin-1 hemichannels and activation of purinergic receptors by extracellular ATP is essential for HIV infection, cellular migration, inflammation, atherosclerosis, stroke, and apoptosis. Thus, this review discusses the importance of purinergic receptors, Panx-1 hemichannels and extracellular ATP in the pathogenesis of several human diseases and their potential use to design novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephani Velasquez
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey Newark, NJ, USA ; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Eliseo A Eugenin
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey Newark, NJ, USA ; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey Newark, NJ, USA
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Wojcechowskyj JA, Didigu CA, Lee JY, Parrish NF, Sinha R, Hahn BH, Bushman FD, Jensen ST, Seeholzer SH, Doms RW. Quantitative phosphoproteomics reveals extensive cellular reprogramming during HIV-1 entry. Cell Host Microbe 2013; 13:613-623. [PMID: 23684312 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Receptor engagement by HIV-1 during host cell entry activates signaling pathways that can reprogram the cell for optimal viral replication. To obtain a global view of the signaling events induced during HIV-1 entry, we conducted a quantitative phosphoproteomics screen of primary human CD4(+) T cells after infection with an HIV-1 strain that engages the receptors CD4 and CXCR4. We quantified 1,757 phosphorylation sites with high stringency. The abundance of 239 phosphorylation sites from 175 genes, including several proteins in pathways known to be impacted by HIV-receptor binding, changed significantly within a minute after HIV-1 exposure. Several previously uncharacterized HIV-1 host factors were also identified and confirmed through RNAi depletion studies. Surprisingly, five serine/arginine-rich (SR) proteins involved in messenger RNA splicing, including the splicing factor SRm300 (SRRM2), were differentially phosophorylated. Mechanistic studies with SRRM2 suggest that HIV-1 modulates host cell alternative splicing machinery during entry in order to facilitate virus replication and release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Wojcechowskyj
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Chuka A Didigu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jessica Y Lee
- Protein and Proteomics Core, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nicholas F Parrish
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rohini Sinha
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Frederic D Bushman
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shane T Jensen
- Department of Statistics, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Steven H Seeholzer
- Protein and Proteomics Core, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert W Doms
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Kimbara N, Dohi N, Miyamoto M, Asai S, Okada H, Okada N. Diagnostic Surface Expression of SWAP-70 on HIV-1 Infected T Cells. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 50:235-42. [PMID: 16547421 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2006.tb03790.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Following immunization with HIV-1 infected cells, a hybridoma cell line termed 9F11 was established from the P3U-1 myeloma line fused with lymphocytes from a trans-chromosome (TC) mouse, that harbors human chromosomes containing immunoglobulin genes. The 9F11 human IgM monoclonal antibody (9F11 Ab) reacts with HIV-1 infected MOLT4 cells but not with uninfected MOLT4 cells, and causes immune cytolysis with homologous human complement at a concentration as low as 0.4 microg/ml. This Ab was used to perform immunoscreening of a cDNA expression library derived from HIV-1 infected cells. All positive cDNA clones contained SWAP-70 cDNA. SWAP-70 RNA and protein expression are much stronger in HIV-1 infected cells. SWAP-70 was also detected on the surface of HIV-1 infected cells by flow cytometric analysis. The monocyte cell line U937 cells expresses SWAP-70 on its cell surface regardless of whether it was infected with HIV-1. Furthermore, among PBMCs surface expression of SWAP-70 was detected on CD21+, CD56+ and CD14+ cells. Although CD3+ cells scarcely express SWAP-70 on their surface, once activated, they become positive. SWAP-70 may therefore serve as a marker for T cell differentiation as well as for HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Kimbara
- Department of Biodefense Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
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Bachelerie F, Ben-Baruch A, Burkhardt AM, Combadiere C, Farber JM, Graham GJ, Horuk R, Sparre-Ulrich AH, Locati M, Luster AD, Mantovani A, Matsushima K, Murphy PM, Nibbs R, Nomiyama H, Power CA, Proudfoot AEI, Rosenkilde MM, Rot A, Sozzani S, Thelen M, Yoshie O, Zlotnik A. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. [corrected]. LXXXIX. Update on the extended family of chemokine receptors and introducing a new nomenclature for atypical chemokine receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 66:1-79. [PMID: 24218476 DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.007724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 636] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sixteen years ago, the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Pharmacology approved a system for naming human seven-transmembrane (7TM) G protein-coupled chemokine receptors, the large family of leukocyte chemoattractant receptors that regulates immune system development and function, in large part by mediating leukocyte trafficking. This was announced in Pharmacological Reviews in a major overview of the first decade of research in this field [Murphy PM, Baggiolini M, Charo IF, Hébert CA, Horuk R, Matsushima K, Miller LH, Oppenheim JJ, and Power CA (2000) Pharmacol Rev 52:145-176]. Since then, several new receptors have been discovered, and major advances have been made for the others in many areas, including structural biology, signal transduction mechanisms, biology, and pharmacology. New and diverse roles have been identified in infection, immunity, inflammation, development, cancer, and other areas. The first two drugs acting at chemokine receptors have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), maraviroc targeting CCR5 in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS, and plerixafor targeting CXCR4 for stem cell mobilization for transplantation in cancer, and other candidates are now undergoing pivotal clinical trials for diverse disease indications. In addition, a subfamily of atypical chemokine receptors has emerged that may signal through arrestins instead of G proteins to act as chemokine scavengers, and many microbial and invertebrate G protein-coupled chemokine receptors and soluble chemokine-binding proteins have been described. Here, we review this extended family of chemokine receptors and chemokine-binding proteins at the basic, translational, and clinical levels, including an update on drug development. We also introduce a new nomenclature for atypical chemokine receptors with the stem ACKR (atypical chemokine receptor) approved by the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Pharmacology and the Human Genome Nomenclature Committee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francoise Bachelerie
- Chair, Subcommittee on Chemokine Receptors, Nomenclature Committee-International Union of Pharmacology, Bldg. 10, Room 11N113, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892.
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Abbas W, Herbein G. T-Cell Signaling in HIV-1 Infection. Open Virol J 2013; 7:57-71. [PMID: 23986795 PMCID: PMC3751038 DOI: 10.2174/1874357920130621001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV exploits the T-cell signaling network to gain access to downstream cellular components, which serves as effective tools to break the cellular barriers. Multiple host factors and their interaction with viral proteins contribute to the complexity of HIV-1 pathogenesis and disease progression. HIV-1 proteins gp120, Nef, Tat and Vpr alter the T-cell signaling pathways by activating multiple transcription factors including NF-ĸB, Sp1 and AP-1. HIV-1 evades the immune system by developing a multi-pronged strategy. Additionally, HIV-1 encoded proteins influence the apoptosis in the host cell favoring or blocking T-cell apoptosis. Thus, T-cell signaling hijacked by viral proteins accounts for both viral persistence and immune suppression during HIV-1 infection. Here, we summarize past and present studies on HIV-1 T-cell signaling with special focus on the possible role of T cells in facilitating viral infection and pathogenesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasim Abbas
- Department of Virology, Pathogens & Inflammation Laboratory, UPRES EA4266, SFR FED 4234, University of Franche-Comte, CHRU Besançon, F-25030 Besançon, France
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Abbas W, Herbein G. Plasma membrane signaling in HIV-1 infection. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1838:1132-42. [PMID: 23806647 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Plasma membrane is a multifunctional structure that acts as the initial barrier against infection by intracellular pathogens. The productive HIV-1 infection depends upon the initial interaction of virus and host plasma membrane. Immune cells such as CD4+ T cells and macrophages contain essential cell surface receptors and molecules such as CD4, CXCR4, CCR5 and lipid raft components that facilitate HIV-1 entry. From plasma membrane HIV-1 activates signaling pathways that prepare the grounds for viral replication. Through viral proteins HIV-1 hijacks host plasma membrane receptors such as Fas, TNFRs and DR4/DR5, which results in immune evasion and apoptosis both in infected and uninfected bystander cells. These events are hallmark in HIV-1 pathogenesis that leads towards AIDS. The interplay between HIV-1 and plasma membrane signaling has much to offer in terms of viral fitness and pathogenicity, and a better understanding of this interplay may lead to development of new therapeutic approaches. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Viral Membrane Proteins - Channels for Cellular Networking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasim Abbas
- Department of Virology, EA 4266 "Pathogens & Inflammation", SFR FED4234, University of Franche-Comte, CHRU Besançon, F-25030 Besançon, France.
| | - Georges Herbein
- Department of Virology, EA 4266 "Pathogens & Inflammation", SFR FED4234, University of Franche-Comte, CHRU Besançon, F-25030 Besançon, France.
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Guo J, Xu X, Rasheed TK, Yoder A, Yu D, Liang H, Yi F, Hawley T, Jin T, Ling B, Wu Y. Genistein interferes with SDF-1- and HIV-mediated actin dynamics and inhibits HIV infection of resting CD4 T cells. Retrovirology 2013; 10:62. [PMID: 23782904 PMCID: PMC3693989 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Binding of HIV to the chemokine coreceptor CXCR4 mediates viral fusion and signal transduction that promotes actin dynamics critical for HIV infection of blood resting CD4 T cells. It has been suggested that this gp120-mediated actin activity resembles the chemotactic actin dynamics mediated by chemokines such as SDF-1. To determine whether inhibiting SDF-1-mediated chemotactic activity can also inhibit HIV infection, we screened several inhibitors known to reduce SDF-1-mediated chemotaxis of T cells. Results We found that a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, genistein, inhibited both SDF-1-mediated chemotaxis and HIV infection of resting CD4 T cells. Genistein was also found to interfere with SDF-1- and HIV-mediated actin dynamics in CD4 T cells. This reduction in actin activity correlates with genistein-mediated inhibition of viral DNA accumulation in resting CD4 T cells. In addition, we also tested two other tyrosine kinase inhibitors, sunitinib and AG1478. Sunitinib, but not AG1478, inhibited HIV infection of resting CD4 T cells. We further tested the safety of genistein in 3 Chinese rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), and each animal was given a monotherapy of genistein at 10 mg/kg orally for 12 weeks. No adverse drug effects were observed in these animals. Conclusions Our results suggest that novel therapeutic strategies can be developed based on targeting cellular proteins involved in HIV-dependent signaling. This approach can interfere with HIV-mediated actin dynamics and inhibit HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Guo
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Microbiology, George Mason University, Manassas VA 20110, USA.
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Anand AR, Zhao H, Nagaraja T, Robinson LA, Ganju RK. N-terminal Slit2 inhibits HIV-1 replication by regulating the actin cytoskeleton. Retrovirology 2013; 10:2. [PMID: 23294842 PMCID: PMC3562244 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Slit2 is a ~ 200 kDa secreted glycoprotein that has been recently shown to regulate immune functions. However, not much is known about its role in HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)-1 pathogenesis. RESULTS In the present study, we have shown that the N-terminal fragment of Slit2 (Slit2N) (~120 kDa) inhibits replication of both CXCR4 and CCR5-tropic HIV-1 viruses in T-cell lines and peripheral blood T-cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated inhibition of HIV-1 infection in resting CD4+ T-cells. In addition, we showed that Slit2N blocks cell-to-cell transmission of HIV-1. We have shown that Slit2N inhibits HIV-1 infection by blocking viral entry into T-cells. We also ruled out Slit2N-mediated inhibition of various other steps in the life cycle including binding, integration and viral transcription. Elucidation of the molecular mechanism revealed that Slit2N mediates its functional effects by binding to Robo1 receptor. Furthermore, we found that Slit2N inhibited Gp120-induced Robo1-actin association suggesting that Slit2N may inhibit cytoskeletal rearrangements facilitating HIV-1 entry. Studies into the mechanism of inhibition of HIV-1 revealed that Slit2N abrogated HIV-1 envelope-induced actin cytoskeletal dynamics in both T-cell lines and primary T-cells. We further showed that Slit2N specifically attenuated the HIV-1 envelope-induced signaling pathway consisting of Rac1, LIMK and cofilin that regulates actin polymerization. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results show that Slit2N inhibits HIV-1 replication through novel mechanisms involving modulation of cytoskeletal dynamics. Our study, thus, provides insights into the role of Slit2N in HIV-1 infection and underscores its potential in limiting viral replication in T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Appakkudal R Anand
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 460 W 12th Avenue, 810 Biological Research Tower, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Spear M, Guo J, Wu Y. The trinity of the cortical actin in the initiation of HIV-1 infection. Retrovirology 2012; 9:45. [PMID: 22640593 PMCID: PMC3416652 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For an infecting viral pathogen, the actin cortex inside the host cell is the first line of intracellular components that it encounters. Viruses devise various strategies to actively engage or circumvent the actin structure. In this regard, the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) exemplifies command of cellular processes to take control of actin dynamics for the initiation of infection. It has becomes increasingly evident that cortical actin presents itself both as a barrier to viral intracellular migration and as a necessary cofactor that the virus must actively engage, particularly, in the infection of resting CD4 blood T cells, the primary targets of HIV-1. The coercion of this most fundamental cellular component permits infection by facilitating entry, reverse transcription, and nuclear migration, three essential processes for the establishment of viral infection and latency in blood T cells. It is the purpose of this review to examine, in detail, the manifestation of viral dependence on the actin cytoskeleton, and present a model of how HIV utilizes actin dynamics to initiate infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Spear
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Microbiology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
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Hazleton JE, Berman JW, Eugenin EA. Purinergic receptors are required for HIV-1 infection of primary human macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:4488-95. [PMID: 22450808 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages play a significant role in HIV infection, viral rebound, and the development of AIDS. However, the function of host proteins in viral replication is incompletely characterized in macrophages. Purinergic receptors P2X and P2Y are major components of the macrophage immune response to pathogens, inflammation, and cellular damage. We demonstrate that these receptors are necessary for HIV infection of primary human macrophages. Inhibition of purinergic receptors results in a significant reduction in HIV replication in macrophages. This inhibition is independent of viral strain and is dose dependent. We also identify that P2X(1), P2X(7), and P2Y(1) receptors are involved in viral replication. We show that P2X(1), but not P2X(7) or P2Y(1), is necessary for HIV entry into macrophages. We demonstrate that interaction of the HIV surface protein gp120 with macrophages stimulates an increase in ATP release. Thus, we propose that HIV's binding to macrophages triggers a local release of ATP that stimulates purinergic receptors and facilitates HIV entry and subsequent stages of viral replication. Our data implicate a novel role for a family of host proteins in HIV replication in macrophages and suggest new therapeutic targets to reduce the devastating consequences of HIV infection and AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy E Hazleton
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Santosuosso M, Righi E, Hill ED, Leblanc PR, Kodish B, Mylvaganam HN, Siddappa NB, Stevceva L, Hu SL, Ghebremichael M, Chenine AL, Hovav AH, Ruprecht RM, Poznansky MC. R5-SHIV induces multiple defects in T cell function during early infection of rhesus macaques including accumulation of T reg cells in lymph nodes. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18465. [PMID: 21483689 PMCID: PMC3071731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HIV-1 is a pathogen that T cell responses fail to control. HIV-1gp120 is the surface viral envelope glycoprotein that interacts with CD4 T cells and mediates entry. HIV-1gp120 has been implicated in immune dysregulatory functions that may limit anti-HIV antigen-specific T cell responses. We hypothesized that in the context of early SHIV infection, immune dysregulation of antigen-specific T-effector cell and regulatory functions would be detectable and that these would be associated or correlated with measurable concentrations of HIV-1gp120 in lymphoid tissues. Methods Rhesus macaques were intravaginally inoculated with a Clade C CCR5-tropic simian-human immunodeficiency virus, SHIV-1157ipd3N4. HIV-1gp120 levels, antigen-specificity, levels of apoptosis/anergy and frequency and function of Tregs were examined in lymph node and blood derived T cells at 5 and 12 weeks post inoculation. Results/Conclusions We observed reduced responses to Gag in CD4 and gp120 in CD8 lymph node-derived T cells compared to the peripheral blood at 5 weeks post-inoculation. Reduced antigen-specific responses were associated with higher levels of PD-1 on lymph node-derived CD4 T cells as compared to peripheral blood and uninfected lymph node-derived CD4 T cells. Lymph nodes contained increased numbers of Tregs as compared to peripheral blood, which positively correlated with gp120 levels; T regulatory cell depletion restored CD8 T cell responses to Gag but not to gp120. HIV gp120 was also able to induce T regulatory cell chemotaxis in a dose-dependent, CCR5-mediated manner. These studies contribute to our broader understanding of the ways in which HIV-1 dysregulates T cell function and localization during early infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Santosuosso
- Infectious Diseases Medicine Division, Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Elda Righi
- Infectious Diseases Medicine Division, Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - E. David Hill
- Infectious Diseases Medicine Division, Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Pierre R. Leblanc
- Infectious Diseases Medicine Division, Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Brett Kodish
- Infectious Diseases Medicine Division, Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hari N. Mylvaganam
- Infectious Diseases Medicine Division, Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nagadenahalli B. Siddappa
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Liljana Stevceva
- Infectious Diseases Medicine Division, Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shiu-Lok Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Musie Ghebremichael
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Harvard School of Public Health and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Agnes-L. Chenine
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Avi-Hai Hovav
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ruth M. Ruprecht
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mark C. Poznansky
- Infectious Diseases Medicine Division, Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Jones KL, Smyth RP, Pereira CF, Cameron PU, Lewin SR, Jaworowski A, Mak J. Early events of HIV-1 infection: can signaling be the next therapeutic target? J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2011; 6:269-83. [PMID: 21373988 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-011-9268-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular signaling events are signposts of biological processes, which govern the direction and action of biological activities. Through millions of years of evolution, pathogens, such as viruses, have evolved to hijack host cell machinery to infect their targets and are therefore dependent on host cell signaling for replication. This review will detail our current understanding of the signaling events that are important for the early steps of HIV-1 replication. More specifically, the therapeutic potential of signaling events associated with chemokine coreceptors, virus entry, viral synapses, and post-entry processes will be discussed. We argue that these pathways may represent novel targets for antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate L Jones
- Centre for Virology, Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
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Vorster PJ, Guo J, Yoder A, Wang W, Zheng Y, Xu X, Yu D, Spear M, Wu Y. LIM kinase 1 modulates cortical actin and CXCR4 cycling and is activated by HIV-1 to initiate viral infection. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:12554-64. [PMID: 21321123 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.182238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost all viral pathogens utilize a cytoskeleton for their entry and intracellular transport. In HIV-1 infection, binding of the virus to blood resting CD4 T cells initiates a temporal course of cortical actin polymerization and depolymerization, a process mimicking the chemotactic response initiated from chemokine receptors. The actin depolymerization has been suggested to promote viral intracellular migration through cofilin-mediated actin treadmilling. However, the role of the virus-mediated actin polymerization in HIV infection is unknown, and the signaling molecules involved remain unidentified. Here we describe a pathogenic mechanism for triggering early actin polymerization through HIV-1 envelope-mediated transient activation of the LIM domain kinase (LIMK), a protein that phosphorylates cofilin. We demonstrate that HIV-mediated LIMK activation is through gp120-triggered transient activation of the Rack-PAK-LIMK pathway, and that knockdown of LIMK through siRNA decreases filamentous actin, increases CXCR4 trafficking, and diminishes viral DNA synthesis. These results suggest that HIV-mediated early actin polymerization may directly regulate the CXCR4 receptor during viral entry and is involved in viral DNA synthesis. Furthermore, we also demonstrate that in resting CD4 T cells, actin polymerization can be triggered through transient treatment with a pharmacological agent, okadaic acid, that activates LIMK and promotes HIV latent infection of resting CD4 T cells. Taken together, our results suggest that HIV hijacks LIMK to control the cortical actin dynamics for the initiation of viral infection of CD4 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Vorster
- Department of Molecular and Microbiology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110, USA
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40
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Cicala C, Arthos J, Fauci AS. HIV-1 envelope, integrins and co-receptor use in mucosal transmission of HIV. J Transl Med 2011; 9 Suppl 1:S2. [PMID: 21284901 PMCID: PMC3105502 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-9-s1-s2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that HIV-1 infection typically involves an interaction between the viral envelope protein gp120/41 and the CD4 molecule followed by a second interaction with a chemokine receptor, usually CCR5 or CXCR4. In the early stages of an HIV-1 infection CCR5 using viruses (R5 viruses) predominate. In some viral subtypes there is a propensity to switch to CXCR4 usage (X4 viruses). The receptor switch occurs in ~ 40% of the infected individuals and is associated with faster disease progression. This holds for subtypes B and D, but occurs less frequently in subtypes A and C. There are several hypotheses to explain the preferential transmission of R5 viruses and the mechanisms that lead to switching of co-receptor usage; however, there is no definitive explanation for either. One important consideration regarding transmission is that signaling by R5 gp120 may facilitate transmission of R5 viruses by inducing a permissive environment for HIV replication. In the case of sexual transmission, infection by HIV requires the virus to breach the mucosal barrier to gain access to the immune cell targets that it infects; however, the immediate events that follow HIV exposure at genital mucosal sites are not well understood. Upon transmission, the HIV quasispecies that is replicating in an infected donor contracts through a “genetic bottleneck”, and often infection results from a single infectious event. Many details surrounding this initial infection remain unresolved. In mucosal tissues, CD4+ T cells express high levels of CCR5, and a subset of these CD4+/CCR5high cells express the integrin α4β7, the gut homing receptor. CD4+/CCR5high/ α4β7high T cells are highly susceptible to infection by HIV-1 and are ideal targets for an efficient productive infection at the point of transmission. In this context we have demonstrated that the HIV-1 envelope protein gp120 binds to α4β7 on CD4+ T cells. On CD4+/CCR5high/ α4β7high T cells, α4β7 is closely associated with CD4 and CCR5. Furthermore, α4β7 is ~3 times the size of CD4 on the cell surface, that makes it a prominent receptor for an efficient virus capture. gp120-α4β7 interactions mediate the activation of the adhesion-associated integrin LFA-1. LFA-1 facilitates the formation of virological synapses and cell-to-cell spread of HIV-1. gp120 binding to α4β7 is mediated by a tripeptide located in the V1/V2 domain of gp120. Of note, the V1/V2 domain of gp120 has been linked to variations in transmission fitness among viral isolates raising the intriguing possibility that gp120-α4β7 interactions may be linked to transmission fitness. Although many details remain unresolved, we hypothesize that gp120-α4β7 interactions play an important role in the very early events following sexual transmission of HIV and may have important implication in the design of vaccine strategies for the prevention of acquisition of HIV infection
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cicala
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Tagliamonte M, Tornesello ML, Buonaguro FM, Buonaguro L. Conformational HIV-1 envelope on particulate structures: a tool for chemokine coreceptor binding studies. J Transl Med 2011; 9 Suppl 1:S1. [PMID: 21284899 PMCID: PMC3105500 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-9-s1-s1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) external envelope glycoprotein gp120 presents conserved binding sites for binding to the primary virus receptor CD4 as well as the major HIV chemokine coreceptors, CCR5 and CXCR4. Concerted efforts are underway to understand the specific interactions between gp120 and coreceptors as well as their contribution to the subsequent membrane fusion process. The present review summarizes the current knowledge on this biological aspect, which represents one of the key and essential points of the HIV-host cell interplay and HIV life cycle. The relevance of conformational HIV-1 Envelope proteins presented on Virus-like Particles for appropriate assessment of this molecular interaction, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tagliamonte
- Lab, of Molecular Biology and Viral Oncogenesis & AIDS Reference Center, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fond, G, Pascale, Naples, Italy
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Abstract
Viral infections spread based on the ability of viruses to overcome multiple barriers and move from cell to cell, tissue to tissue, and person to person and even across species. While there are fundamental differences between these types of transmissions, it has emerged that the ability of viruses to utilize and manipulate cell-cell contact contributes to the success of viral infections. Central to the excitement in the field of virus cell-to-cell transmission is the idea that cell-to-cell spread is more than the sum of the processes of virus release and entry. This implies that virus release and entry are efficiently coordinated to sites of cell-cell contact, resulting in a process that is distinct from its individual components. In this review, we will present support for this model, illustrate the ability of viruses to utilize and manipulate cell adhesion molecules, and discuss the mechanism and driving forces of directional spreading. An understanding of viral cell-to-cell spreading will enhance our ability to intervene in the efficient spreading of viral infections.
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Weichsel J, Herold N, Lehmann MJ, Kräusslich HG, Schwarz US. A quantitative measure for alterations in the actin cytoskeleton investigated with automated high-throughput microscopy. Cytometry A 2010; 77:52-63. [PMID: 19899129 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton modulates a large variety of physiological and disease-related processes in the cell. For example, actin has been shown to be a crucial host factor for successful infection by HIV-1, but the underlying mechanistic details are still unknown. Automated approaches open up the perspective to clarify such an issue by processing many samples in a high-throughput manner. To analyze the alterations in the actin cytoskeleton within an automated setting, large-scale image acquisition and analysis were established for JC-53 cells stained for actin. As a quantitative measure in such an automated approach, we suggest a parameter called image coherency. We successfully benchmarked our analysis by calculating coherency for both a biophysical model of the actin cytoskeleton and for cells whose actin architecture had been disturbed pharmacologically by latrunculin B or cytochalasin D. We then tested the influence of HIV-1 infection on actin coherency, but observed no significant differences between uninfected and infected cells.
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Campbell GR, Loret EP, Spector SA. HIV-1 clade B Tat, but not clade C Tat, increases X4 HIV-1 entry into resting but not activated CD4+ T cells. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:1681-91. [PMID: 19917610 PMCID: PMC2804326 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.049957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Revised: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCR4-using human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (HIV-1) variants emerge late in the course of infection in >40% of individuals infected with clade B HIV-1 but are described less commonly with clade C isolates. Tat is secreted by HIV-1-infected cells where it acts on both uninfected bystander cells and infected cells. In this study, we show that clade B Tat, but not clade C Tat, increases CXCR4 surface expression on resting CD4+ T cells through a CCR2b-dependent mechanism that does not involve de novo protein synthesis. The expression of plectin, a cytolinker protein that plays an important role as a scaffolding platform for proteins involved in cellular signaling including CXCR4 signaling and trafficking, was found to be significantly increased following B Tat but not C Tat treatment. Knockdown of plectin using RNA interference showed that plectin is essential for the B Tat-induced translocation of CXCR4 to the surface of resting CD4+ T cells. The increased surface CXCR4 expression following B Tat treatment led to increased function of CXCR4 including increased chemoattraction toward CXCR4-using-gp120. Moreover, increased CXCR4 surface expression rendered resting CD4+ T cells more permissive to X4 but not R5 HIV-1 infection. However, neither B Tat nor C Tat was able to up-regulate surface expression of CXCR4 on activated CD4+ T cells, and both proteins inhibited the infection of activated CD4+ T cells with X4 but not R5 HIV-1. Thus, B Tat, but not C Tat, has the capacity to render resting, but not activated, CD4+ T cells more susceptible to X4 HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant R. Campbell
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0672
| | - Erwann P. Loret
- INSERM U911, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de la Méditerranée, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France
| | - Stephen A. Spector
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0672
- Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California 92123, and
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Idiopathic CD4+ T-cell lymphocytopenia is associated with impaired membrane expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR4. Blood 2009; 115:3708-17. [PMID: 20038787 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-02-202796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic CD4(+) T-cell lymphocytopenia (ICL) is a rare acquired T-cell immunodeficiency of unknown pathogenic basis. Six adults with ICL who developed opportunistic infections were investigated using extensive immunophenotyping analysis and functional evaluation of the chemokine receptor CXCR4. For all 6 patients studied, a profound defect in CXCR4 expression was detected at the surface of CD4(+) T lymphocytes, in association with an abnormal intracellular accumulation of CXCR4 and of its natural ligand, the chemokine CXCL12. For all patients studied, CD4(+) T-cell chemotactic response toward CXCL12 was decreased, whereas sensitivity to CXCL8 was preserved. CXCR4 recovery after ligand-induced endocytosis was impaired in ICL CD4(+) T cells. Upon in vitro addition of interleukin-2 (IL-2), membrane expression of CXCR4 returned to normal levels in 5 of 6 patients, whereas intracellular accumulation of CXCR4 and CXCL12 disappeared. Upon therapeutic administration of IL-2, CD4(+) T-cell count and membrane CXCR4 expression and function improved over time in 3 of 4 patients treated. Therefore, our data indicate that ICL is associated with defective surface expression of CXCR4, which may be reversed by IL-2.
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Abstract
Binding of the HIV-1 envelope to its chemokine coreceptors mediates two major biological events: membrane fusion and signaling transduction. The fusion process has been well studied, yet the role of chemokine coreceptor signaling in viral infection has remained elusive through the past decade. With the recent demonstration of the signaling requirement for HIV latent infection of resting CD4 T cells, the issue of coreceptor signaling needs to be thoroughly revisited. It is likely that virus-mediated signaling events may facilitate infection in various immunologic settings in vivo where cellular conditions need to be primed; in other words, HIV may exploit the chemokine signaling network shared among immune cells to gain access to downstream cellular components, which can then serve as effective tools to break cellular barriers. This virus-hijacked aberrant signaling process may in turn facilitate pathogenesis. In this review, we summarize past and present studies on HIV coreceptor signaling. We also discuss possible roles of coreceptor signaling in facilitating viral infection and pathogenesis.
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HIV-1 Nef inhibits ruffles, induces filopodia, and modulates migration of infected lymphocytes. J Virol 2009; 84:2282-93. [PMID: 20015995 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02230-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 Nef protein is a pathogenic factor modulating the behavior of infected cells. Nef induces actin cytoskeleton changes and impairs cell migration toward chemokines. We further characterized the morphology, cytoskeleton dynamics, and motility of HIV-1-infected lymphocytes. By using scanning electron microscopy, confocal immunofluorescence microscopy, and ImageStream technology, which combines flow cytometry and automated imaging, we report that HIV-1 induces a characteristic remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton. In infected lymphocytes, ruffle formation is inhibited, whereas long, thin filopodium-like protrusions are induced. Cells infected with HIV with nef deleted display a normal phenotype, and Nef expression alone, in the absence of other viral proteins, induces morphological changes. We also used an innovative imaging system to immobilize and visualize living individual cells in suspension. When combined with confocal "axial tomography," this technique greatly enhances three-dimensional optical resolution. With this technique, we confirmed the induction of long filopodium-like structures in unfixed Nef-expressing lymphocytes. The cytoskeleton reorganization induced by Nef is associated with an important impairment of cell movements. The adhesion and spreading of infected cells to fibronectin, their spontaneous motility, and their migration toward chemokines (CXCL12, CCL3, and CCL19) were all significantly decreased. Therefore, Nef induces complex effects on the lymphocyte actin cytoskeleton and cellular morphology, which likely impacts the capacity of infected cells to circulate and to encounter and communicate with bystander cells.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES CCR7, a chemokine receptor expressed at high levels on naive and central memory T cells, is essential for T-cell recirculation into secondary lymphoid organs. We investigated CCR7 expression and chemotactic function in patient T cells, to gain further insights into mechanisms of T-cell dysfunction in HIV infection. DESIGN AND METHODS CCR7 expression and function were measured in T-cell subsets of viremic patients (n = 15), efficiently treated patients (n = 12), and healthy blood donors (n = 14). A whole blood assay was developed to measure chemotaxis in unperturbed T cells with physiological chemokine receptor expression levels. RESULTS The proportion of CCR7hi T-cell subsets (naive and central memory) was decreased in HIV-infected patients, but the expression of CCR7 within T-cell subsets did not differ from that in healthy controls. In spite of preserved CCR7 expression, CCR7-dependent chemotactic responses were significantly decreased within most T-cell subsets from viremic patients, including naive, central memory, and effector memory CD4 T cells and naive, central memory, and effector CD8 T cells. The chemotaxis defect was only partially corrected in efficiently treated patients. Importantly, chemotaxis to CXCR4, another chemokine receptor involved in T-cell recirculation, was preserved or even increased in T-cell subsets of HIV-infected patients. CONCLUSION These findings provide evidence for an impairment of CCR7 function in patient T cells, which may have major consequences on T-cell recirculation. The fact that CXCR4 function was preserved points to a CCR7-specific functional defect rather than a general block in chemotaxis.
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49
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Wu Y. The co-receptor signaling model of HIV-1 pathogenesis in peripheral CD4 T cells. Retrovirology 2009; 6:41. [PMID: 19409100 PMCID: PMC2679705 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-mediated CD4 depletion is the hallmark of AIDS and is the most reliable predictor of disease progression. While HIV replication is associated with CD4 depletion in general, plasma viremia by itself predicts the rate of CD4 loss only minimally in untreated patients. To resolve this paradox, I hypothesize the existence of a subpopulation of R5X4-signaling viruses. I also suggest that the gradual evolution and emergence of this subpopulation are largely responsible for the slow depletion of peripheral CD4 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuntao Wu
- Department of Molecular and Microbiology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
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50
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Arenzana-Seisdedos F. [Viral entry as therapeutic target. Current situation of entry inhibitors]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2009; 26 Suppl 11:5-11. [PMID: 19133215 DOI: 10.1016/s0213-005x(08)76557-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Viral entry is an early stage and specific of the infection in which different viral and cellular targets are accessible to therapeutic treatment. CXCR4 and CCR5 act in this process as coreceptor molecules of HIV for its entry into the host cell. The predominant role played by the CCR5 coreceptor in the transmission and spreading of HIV makes this molecule the target of choice for blocking this mechanism. In the last few years, different specific inhibitors of HIV coreceptors have been generated of which only one, Maraviroc, has been approved for clinical use. The synthetic inhibitors developed act as allosteric antagonists that induce a non-permissive state or configuration of the coreceptor for binding viral envelope-glycoproteins. The CCR5 antagonists act on a wide spectrum of viruses with affinity or tropism for this receptor (virus R5), are absorbed orally and have powerful antiviral activity. However, the optimistic perspective offered by these new molecules has to be moderated due to the possible and expected appearance of viral resistances, on the one hand, and the propagation of viral species with affinity or tropism for the CXCR4 receptor (virus X4). This situation is a reality verified in the first clinical trials with these drugs and they acutely and urgently show the need to have effective and non-toxic CXCR4 inhibitors available to block this alternative viral replication and escape route.
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