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Vieira GDS, Kimura TDC, Scarini JF, de Lima-Souza RA, Lavareze L, Emerick C, Gonçalves MT, Damas II, Figueiredo-Maciel T, Sales de Sá R, Aquino IG, Gonçalves de Paiva JP, Fernandes PM, Gonçalves MWA, Kowalski LP, Altemani A, Fillmore GC, Mariano FV, Egal ESA. Hematopoietic colony-stimulating factors in head and neck cancers: Recent advances and therapeutic challenges. Cytokine 2024; 173:156417. [PMID: 37944421 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) are key cytokines responsible for the production, maturation, and mobilization of the granulocytic and macrophage lineages from the bone marrow, which have been gaining attention for playing pro- and/or anti-tumorigenic roles in cancer. Head and neck cancers (HNCs) represent a group of heterogeneous neoplasms with high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Treatment for HNCs is still limited even with the advancements in cancer immunotherapy. Novel treatments for patients with recurrent and metastatic HNCs are urgently needed. This article provides an in-depth review of the role of hematopoietic cytokines such as granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), and interleukin-3 (IL-3; also known as multi-CSF) in the HNCs tumor microenvironment. We have reviewed current results from clinical trials using CSFs as adjuvant therapy to treat HNCs patients, and also clinical findings reported to date on the therapeutic application of CSFs toxicities arising from chemoradiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo de Souza Vieira
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Talita de Carvalho Kimura
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Figueira Scarini
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Reydson Alcides de Lima-Souza
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luccas Lavareze
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Emerick
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mayara Trevizol Gonçalves
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ingrid Iara Damas
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tayná Figueiredo-Maciel
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raisa Sales de Sá
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Iara Gonçalves Aquino
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Gonçalves de Paiva
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Maria Fernandes
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Moisés Willian Aparecido Gonçalves
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Paulo Kowalski
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Otolaryngology, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Albina Altemani
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gary Chris Fillmore
- Biorepository and Molecular Pathology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah (UU), Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Fernanda Viviane Mariano
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Erika Said Abu Egal
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; Biorepository and Molecular Pathology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah (UU), Salt Lake City, UT, United States.
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2
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Stanley ER, Biundo F, Gökhan Ş, Chitu V. Differential regulation of microglial states by colony stimulating factors. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1275935. [PMID: 37964794 PMCID: PMC10642290 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1275935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have emphasized the role of microglia in the progression of many neurodegenerative diseases. The colony stimulating factors, CSF-1 (M-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage CSF (GM-CSF) and granulocyte CSF (G-CSF) regulate microglia through different cognate receptors. While the receptors for GM-CSF (GM-CSFR) and G-CSF (G-CSFR) are specific for their ligands, CSF-1 shares its receptor, the CSF-1 receptor-tyrosine kinase (CSF-1R), with interleukin-34 (IL-34). All four cytokines are expressed locally in the CNS. Activation of the CSF-1R in macrophages is anti-inflammatory. In contrast, the actions of GM-CSF and G-CSF elicit different activated states. We here review the roles of each of these cytokines in the CNS and how they contribute to the development of disease in a mouse model of CSF-1R-related leukodystrophy. Understanding their roles in this model may illuminate their contribution to the development or exacerbation of other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Richard Stanley
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Fabrizio Biundo
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Şölen Gökhan
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Institute for Brain Disorders and Neural Regeneration, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Violeta Chitu
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
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3
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Mirarchi A, Albi E, Beccari T, Arcuri C. Microglia and Brain Disorders: The Role of Vitamin D and Its Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11892. [PMID: 37569267 PMCID: PMC10419106 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241511892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Accounting for 5-20% of the total glial cells present in the adult brain, microglia are involved in several functions: maintenance of the neural environment, response to injury and repair, immunesurveillance, cytokine secretion, regulation of phagocytosis, synaptic pruning, and sculpting postnatal neural circuits. Microglia contribute to some neurodevelopmental disorders, such as Nasu-Hakola disease (NHD), Tourette syndrome (TS), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and schizophrenia. Moreover, microglial involvement in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's (PD) diseases, has also been well established. During the last two decades, epidemiological and research studies have demonstrated the involvement of vitamin D3 (VD3) in the brain's pathophysiology. VD3 is a fat-soluble metabolite that is required for the proper regulation of many of the body's systems, as well as for normal human growth and development, and shows neurotrophic and neuroprotective actions and influences on neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity, playing a role in various neurological diseases. In order to better understand the exact mechanisms behind the diverse actions of VD3 in the brain, a large number of studies have been performed on isolated cells or tissues of the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we discuss the involvement of VD3 and microglia on neurodegeneration- and aging-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Mirarchi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Elisabetta Albi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (E.A.); (T.B.)
| | - Tommaso Beccari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (E.A.); (T.B.)
| | - Cataldo Arcuri
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy;
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4
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Chen M, Menon MC, Wang W, Fu J, Yi Z, Sun Z, Liu J, Li Z, Mou L, Banu K, Lee SW, Dai Y, Anandakrishnan N, Azeloglu EU, Lee K, Zhang W, Das B, He JC, Wei C. HCK induces macrophage activation to promote renal inflammation and fibrosis via suppression of autophagy. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4297. [PMID: 37463911 PMCID: PMC10354075 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40086-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal inflammation and fibrosis are the common pathways leading to progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD). We previously identified hematopoietic cell kinase (HCK) as upregulated in human chronic allograft injury promoting kidney fibrosis; however, the cellular source and molecular mechanisms are unclear. Here, using immunostaining and single cell sequencing data, we show that HCK expression is highly enriched in pro-inflammatory macrophages in diseased kidneys. HCK-knockout (KO) or HCK-inhibitor decreases macrophage M1-like pro-inflammatory polarization, proliferation, and migration in RAW264.7 cells and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM). We identify an interaction between HCK and ATG2A and CBL, two autophagy-related proteins, inhibiting autophagy flux in macrophages. In vivo, both global or myeloid cell specific HCK-KO attenuates renal inflammation and fibrosis with reduces macrophage numbers, pro-inflammatory polarization and migration into unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) kidneys and unilateral ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) models. Finally, we developed a selective boron containing HCK inhibitor which can reduce macrophage pro-inflammatory activity, proliferation, and migration in vitro, and attenuate kidney fibrosis in the UUO mice. The current study elucidates mechanisms downstream of HCK regulating macrophage activation and polarization via autophagy in CKD and identifies that selective HCK inhibitors could be potentially developed as a new therapy for renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Madhav C Menon
- Division of Nephrology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Wenlin Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jia Fu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhengzi Yi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zeguo Sun
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jessica Liu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhengzhe Li
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lingyun Mou
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Khadija Banu
- Division of Nephrology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sui-Wan Lee
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ying Dai
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nanditha Anandakrishnan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Evren U Azeloglu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kyung Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Weijia Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bhaskar Das
- Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
| | - John Cijiang He
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Renal Section, James J. Peters VAMC, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - Chengguo Wei
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Luo S, Du S, Tao M, Cao J, Cheng P. Insights on hematopoietic cell kinase: An oncogenic player in human cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 160:114339. [PMID: 36736283 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic cell kinase (Hck) is a member of the Src family and is expressed in hematopoietic cells. By regulating multiple signaling pathways, HCK can interact with multiple receptors to regulate signaling events involved in cell adhesion, proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. However, aberrant expression of Hck in various hematopoietic cells and solid tumors plays a crucial role in tumor-related properties, including cell proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. In addition, Hck signaling regulates the function of immune cells such as macrophages, contributing to an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. The clinical success of various kinase inhibitors targeting the Src kinase family has validated the efficacy of targeting Src, and therapies with highly selective Hck kinase inhibitors are in clinical trials. This article reviews Hck inhibition as an emerging cancer treatment strategy, focusing on the expressions and functions of Hck in tumors and its impact on the tumor microenvironment. It also explores preclinical and clinical pharmacological strategies for Hck targeting to shed light on Hck-targeted tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyan Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Shaonan Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Mei Tao
- Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, 300060 Tianjin, China
| | - Jingyuan Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Peng Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China.
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6
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Met/HGFR triggers detrimental reactive microglia in TBI. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111867. [PMID: 36577378 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity of signaling events and cellular responses unfolding in neuronal, glial, and immune cells upon traumatic brain injury (TBI) constitutes an obstacle in elucidating pathophysiological links and targets for intervention. We use array phosphoproteomics in a murine mild blunt TBI to reconstruct the temporal dynamics of tyrosine-kinase signaling in TBI and then scrutinize the large-scale effects of perturbation of Met/HGFR, VEGFR1, and Btk signaling by small molecules. We show Met/HGFR as a selective modifier of early microglial response and that Met/HGFR blockade prevents the induction of microglial inflammatory mediators, of reactive microglia morphology, and TBI-associated responses in neurons and vasculature. Both acute and prolonged Met/HGFR inhibition ameliorate neuronal survival and motor recovery. Early elevation of HGF itself in the cerebrospinal fluid of TBI patients suggests that this mechanism has translational value in human subjects. Our findings identify Met/HGFR as a modulator of early neuroinflammation in TBI with promising translational potential.
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Portugal CC, Almeida TO, Socodato R, Relvas JB. Src family kinases (SFKs): critical regulators of microglial homeostatic functions and neurodegeneration in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. FEBS J 2022; 289:7760-7775. [PMID: 34510775 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
c-Src was the first protein kinase to be described as capable of phosphorylating tyrosine residues. Subsequent identification of other tyrosine-phosphorylating protein kinases with a similar structure to c-Src gave rise to the concept of Src family kinases (SFKs). Microglia are the resident innate immune cell population of the CNS. Under physiological conditions, microglia actively participate in brain tissue homeostasis, continuously patrolling the neuronal parenchyma and exerting neuroprotective actions. Activation of pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) and damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) receptors induces microglial proliferation, migration toward pathological foci, phagocytosis, and changes in gene expression, concurrent with the secretion of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. A significant body of literature shows that SFK stimulation positively associates with microglial activation and neuropathological conditions, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Here, we review essential microglial homeostatic functions regulated by SFKs, including phagocytosis, environmental sensing, and secretion of inflammatory mediators. In addition, we discuss the potential of SFK modulation for microglial homeostasis in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila C Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Tiago O Almeida
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Doutoramento em Ciências Biomédicas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Renato Socodato
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - João B Relvas
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal
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Events Occurring in the Axotomized Facial Nucleus. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132068. [PMID: 35805151 PMCID: PMC9266054 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Transection of the rat facial nerve leads to a variety of alterations not only in motoneurons, but also in glial cells and inhibitory neurons in the ipsilateral facial nucleus. In injured motoneurons, the levels of energy metabolism-related molecules are elevated, while those of neurofunction-related molecules are decreased. In tandem with these motoneuron changes, microglia are activated and start to proliferate around injured motoneurons, and astrocytes become activated for a long period without mitosis. Inhibitory GABAergic neurons reduce the levels of neurofunction-related molecules. These facts indicate that injured motoneurons somehow closely interact with glial cells and inhibitory neurons. At the same time, these events allow us to predict the occurrence of tissue remodeling in the axotomized facial nucleus. This review summarizes the events occurring in the axotomized facial nucleus and the cellular and molecular mechanisms associated with each event.
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Ghasempour G, Zamani-Garmsiri F, Mohammadi A, Najafi M. Palmitic acid increases HCK gene and protein expression levels in vascular smooth muscle cells. GENE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Chitu V, Biundo F, Stanley ER. Colony stimulating factors in the nervous system. Semin Immunol 2021; 54:101511. [PMID: 34743926 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2021.101511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Although traditionally seen as regulators of hematopoiesis, colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) have emerged as important players in the nervous system, both in health and disease. This review summarizes the cellular sources, patterns of expression and physiological roles of the macrophage (CSF-1, IL-34), granulocyte-macrophage (GM-CSF) and granulocyte (G-CSF) colony stimulating factors within the nervous system, with a particular focus on their actions on microglia. CSF-1 and IL-34, via the CSF-1R, are required for the development, proliferation and maintenance of essentially all CNS microglia in a temporal and regional specific manner. In contrast, in steady state, GM-CSF and G-CSF are mainly involved in regulation of microglial function. The alterations in expression of these growth factors and their receptors, that have been reported in several neurological diseases, are described and the outcomes of their therapeutic targeting in mouse models and humans are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Chitu
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | - Fabrizio Biundo
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | - E Richard Stanley
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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11
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Liu W, Li T, Hu W, Ji Q, Hu F, Wang Q, Yang X, Qi D, Chen H, Zhang X. Hematopoietic cell kinase enhances osteosarcoma development via the MEK/ERK pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:8789-8795. [PMID: 34363435 PMCID: PMC8435456 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a sarcoma with high rates of pulmonary metastases and mortality. The mechanisms underlying tumour generation and development in OS are not well‐understood. Haematopoietic cell kinase (HCK), a vital member of the Src family of kinase proteins, plays crucial roles in cancer progression and may act as an anticancer target; however, the mechanism by which HCK enhances OS development remains unexplored. Therefore, we investigated the role of HCK in OS development in vitro and in vivo. Downregulation of HCK attenuated OS cell proliferation, migration and invasion and increased OS cell apoptosis, whereas overexpression of HCK enhanced these processes. Mechanistically, HCK expression enhanced OS tumorigenesis via the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) pathway; HCK upregulation increased the phosphorylation of MEK and ERK and promoted epithelial‐mesenchymal transition, with a reduction in E‐cadherin in vitro. Furthermore, HCK downregulation decreased the tumour volume and weight in mice transplanted with OS cells. In conclusion, HCK plays a crucial role in OS tumorigenesis, progression and metastasis via the MEK/ERK pathway, suggesting that HCK is a potential target for developing treatments for OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibo Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Fourth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Teng Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Fourth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhao Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Fourth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Quanbo Ji
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Fourth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fanqi Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Fourth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Fourth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqing Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Fourth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dengbin Qi
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Fourth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuesong Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Fourth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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12
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Ghasempour G, Mahabadi VP, Shabani M, Mohammadi A, Zamani-Garmsiri F, Amirfarhangi A, Karimi M, Najafi M. miR-181b and miR-204 suppress the VSMC proliferation and migration by downregulation of HCK. Microvasc Res 2021; 136:104172. [PMID: 33894273 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2021.104172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND VSMC proliferation and migration pathways play important roles in plaque formation in the vessel stenosis and re-stenosis processes. The microRNAs affect the expression of many genes that regulate these cellular processes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of miR-181b, miR-204, and miR-599 on the gene and protein expression levels of hematopoietic cell kinase (HCK) in VSMCs. METHODS miR-181b, miR-204 were predicted for the suppression of HCK in the chemokine signaling pathway using bioinformatics tools. Then, the VSMCs were transfected by PEI-containing microRNAs. The HCK gene and protein expression levels were evaluated using RT-qPCR and Western blotting techniques, respectively. Moreover, the cellular proliferation and migration were evaluated by MTT and scratch assay methods. RESULTS The miR-181b and miR-204 decreased significantly the HCK gene and (total and phosphorylated) protein expression levels. Also, the miR-599 did not show any significant effects on the HCK gene and protein levels. The data also showed that miR-181b, miR-204, and miR-599 prevent significantly the proliferation and migration of VSMCs. CONCLUSION The downregulation of HCK by miR-181b and miR-204 suppressed the VSMC proliferation and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghasem Ghasempour
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Pirhajati Mahabadi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Vice-Chancellor for Research and Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shabani
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asghar Mohammadi
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Zamani-Garmsiri
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mahdi Karimi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Najafi
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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13
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Xin Y, Zhang S, Deng Z, Zeng D, Li J, Zhang Y. Identification and verification immune-related regulatory network in acne. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 89:107083. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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14
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Alghamdi A, Aldossary W, Albahkali S, Alotaibi B, Alrfaei BM. The loss of microglia activities facilitates glaucoma progression in association with CYP1B1 gene mutation (p.Gly61Glu). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241902. [PMID: 33170892 PMCID: PMC7654781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glaucoma represents the second main cause of irreversible loss of eyesight worldwide. Progression of the disease is due to changes around the optic nerve, eye structure and optic nerve environment. Focusing on primary congenital glaucoma, which is not completely understood, we report an evaluation of an untested mutation (c.182G>A, p.Gly61Glu) within the CYP1B1 gene in the context of microglia, astrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells. We investigated the behaviours of these cells, which are needed to maintain eye homeostasis, in response to the CYP1B1 mutation. Methods and results CRISPR technology was used to edit normal CYP1B1 genes within normal astrocytes, microglia and stem cells in vitro. Increased metabolic activities were found in microglia and astrocytes 24 hours after CYP1B1 manipulation. However, these activities dropped by 40% after 72 hrs. In addition, the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP)/NADPH reducing equivalent process decreased by 50% on average after 72 hrs of manipulation. The cytokines measured in mutated microglia showed progressive activation leading to apoptosis, which was confirmed with annexin-V. The cytokines evaluated in mutant astrocytes were abnormal in comparison to those in the control. Conclusions The results suggest a progressive inflammation that was induced by mutations (p.Gly61Glu) on CYP1B1. Furthermore, the mutations enhanced the microglia’s loss of activity. We are the first to show the direct impact of the mutation on microglia. This progressive inflammation might be responsible for primary congenital glaucoma complications, which could be avoided via an anti-inflammatory regimen. This finding also reveals that progressive inflammation affects recovery failure after surgeries to relieve glaucoma. Moreover, microglia are important for the survival of ganglion cells, along with the clearing of pathogens and inflammation. The reduction of their activities may jeopardise homeostasis within the optic nerve environment and complicate the protection of optic nerve components (such as retinal ganglion and glial cells).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani Alghamdi
- Biochemistry Department, King Saud University (KSU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wadha Aldossary
- Biochemistry Department, King Saud University (KSU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah Albahkali
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Batoul Alotaibi
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bahauddeen M. Alrfaei
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail:
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15
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Ahmad SF, Bakheet SA, Ansari MA, Nadeem A, Alobaidi AF, Attia SM, Alhamed AS, Aldossari AA, Mahmoud MA. Methylmercury chloride exposure aggravates proinflammatory mediators and Notch-1 signaling in CD14 + and CD40 + cells and is associated with imbalance of neuroimmune function in BTBR T + Itpr3tf/J mice. Neurotoxicology 2020; 82:9-17. [PMID: 33166615 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors. A key role for immune dysfunction has been suggested in ASD. Recent studies have indicated that inflammatory mediators and Notch-1 signaling may contribute to the development of ASD. Methylmercury chloride (MeHgCl) is an environmental pollutant that primarily affects the central nervous system, causing neurological alterations. Its effects on immunological responses have not been fully investigated in ASD. In this study, we examined the influence of MeHgCl exposure on inflammatory mediators and Notch-1 signaling in BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J (BTBR) mice, a model of ASD. We examined the effects of MeHgCl on the IL-6-, GM-CSF-, NF-κB p65-, Notch-1-, and IL-27-producing CD14+ and CD40+ cells in the spleen. We assessed the effect of MeHgCl on IL-6, GM-CSF, NF-κB p65, Notch-1, and IL-27 mRNA levels in brain tissue. We also measured IL-6, GM-CSF, and NF-κB p65 protein expression levels in brain tissue. MeHgCl exposure of BTBR mice significantly increased IL-6-, GM-CSF-, NF-κB p65-, and Notch-1-, and decreased IL-27-producing CD14+, and CD40+ cells in the spleen. MeHgCl exposure of BTBR mice upregulated IL-6, GM-CSF, NF-κB p65, and Notch-1, and decreased IL-27 mRNA expression levels in brain tissue. Moreover, MeHgCl resulted in elevated expression of the IL-6, GM-CSF, and NF-κB p65 proteins in brain tissue. Taken together, these results indicate that MeHgCl exposure aggravates proinflammatory mediators and Notch-1 signaling which are associated with imbalance of neuroimmune function in BTBR mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh F Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Saleh A Bakheet
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mushtaq A Ansari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Nadeem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulelah F Alobaidi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabry M Attia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah S Alhamed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah A Aldossari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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16
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Joseph A, Liao R, Zhang M, Helmbrecht H, McKenna M, Filteau JR, Nance E. Nanoparticle-microglial interaction in the ischemic brain is modulated by injury duration and treatment. Bioeng Transl Med 2020; 5:e10175. [PMID: 33005740 PMCID: PMC7510458 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is a major cause of death in both neonates and adults, and currently has no cure. Nanotechnology represents one promising area of therapeutic development for cerebral ischemia due to the ability of nanoparticles to overcome biological barriers in the brain. ex vivo injury models have emerged as a high-throughput alternative that can recapitulate disease processes and enable nanoscale probing of the brain microenvironment. In this study, we used oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) to model ischemic injury and studied nanoparticle interaction with microglia, resident immune cells in the brain that are of increasing interest for therapeutic delivery. By measuring cell death and glutathione production, we evaluated the effect of OGD exposure time and treatment with azithromycin (AZ) on slice health. We found a robust injury response with 0.5 hr of OGD exposure and effective treatment after immediate application of AZ. We observed an OGD-induced shift in microglial morphology toward increased heterogeneity and circularity, and a decrease in microglial number, which was reversed after treatment. OGD enhanced diffusion of polystyrene-poly(ethylene glycol) (PS-PEG) nanoparticles, improving transport and ability to reach target cells. While microglial uptake of dendrimers or quantum dots (QDs) was not enhanced after injury, internalization of PS-PEG was significantly increased. For PS-PEG, AZ treatment restored microglial uptake to normal control levels. Our results suggest that different nanoparticle platforms should be carefully screened before application and upon doing so; disease-mediated changes in the brain microenvironment can be leveraged by nanoscale drug delivery devices for enhanced cell interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Joseph
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Rick Liao
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Mengying Zhang
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences InstituteUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Hawley Helmbrecht
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Michael McKenna
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Jeremy R. Filteau
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Elizabeth Nance
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences InstituteUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
- eScience InstituteUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
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17
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Kwon MY, Park J, Kim SM, Lee J, Cho H, Park JH, Han IO. An alpha-lipoic acid-decursinol hybrid compound attenuates lipopolysaccharide-mediated inflammation in BV2 and RAW264.7 cells. BMB Rep 2019. [PMID: 31383251 PMCID: PMC6726214 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2019.52.8.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the anti-inflammatory effects of α-lipoic acid (LA) and decursinol (Dec) hybrid compound LA-Dec were evaluated and compared with its prodrugs, LA and Dec. LA-Dec dose-dependently inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) generation in BV2 mouse microglial cells. On the other hand, no or mild inhibitory effect was shown by the Dec and LA, respectively. LA-Dec demonstrated dose-dependent protection from activation-induced cell death in BV2 cells. LA-Dec, but not LA or Dec individually, inhibited LPS-induced increased expressions of induced NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) proteins in a dose-dependent manner in both BV2 and mouse macrophage, RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, LA-Dec inhibited LPS-induced expressions of iNOS, COX-2, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-1β mRNA in BV2 cells, whereas the same concentration of LA or Dec was ineffective. Signaling studies demonstrated that LA-Dec inhibited LPS-activated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and protein kinase B activation, but not nuclear factor-kappa B or mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. The data implicate LA-Dec hybrid compound as a potential therapeutic agent for inflammatory diseases of the peripheral and central nervous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Youn Kwon
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, Inha University, Korea
| | - Jiwon Park
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, Inha University, Korea
| | - Sang-Min Kim
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, Inha University, Korea
| | - Jooweon Lee
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, Inha University, Korea
| | - Hyeongjin Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Jeong-Ho Park
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Korea
| | - Inn-Oc Han
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, Inha University, Korea
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18
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Lemdani K, Seguin J, Lesieur C, Al Sabbagh C, Doan BT, Richard C, Capron C, Malafosse R, Boudy V, Mignet N. Mucoadhesive thermosensitive hydrogel for the intra-tumoral delivery of immunomodulatory agents, in vivo evidence of adhesion by means of non-invasive imaging techniques. Int J Pharm 2019; 567:118421. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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19
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Autophagy in Neurotrauma: Good, Bad, or Dysregulated. Cells 2019; 8:cells8070693. [PMID: 31295858 PMCID: PMC6678153 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a physiological process that helps maintain a balance between the manufacture of cellular components and breakdown of damaged organelles and other toxic cellular constituents. Changes in autophagic markers are readily detectable in the spinal cord and brain following neurotrauma, including traumatic spinal cord and brain injury (SCI/TBI). However, the role of autophagy in neurotrauma remains less clear. Whether autophagy is good or bad is under debate, with strong support for both a beneficial and detrimental role for autophagy in experimental models of neurotrauma. Emerging data suggest that autophagic flux, a measure of autophagic degradation activity, is impaired in injured central nervous systems (CNS), and interventions that stimulate autophagic flux may provide neuroprotection in SCI/TBI models. Recent data demonstrating that neurotrauma can cause lysosomal membrane damage resulting in pathological autophagosome accumulation in the spinal cord and brain further supports the idea that the impairment of the autophagy–lysosome pathway may be a part of secondary injury processes of SCI/TBI. Here, we review experimental work on the complex and varied responses of autophagy in terms of both the beneficial and detrimental effects in SCI and TBI models. We also discuss the existing and developing therapeutic options aimed at reducing the disruption of autophagy to protect the CNS after injuries.
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20
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Roseweir AK, Powell AG, Horstman SL, Inthagard J, Park JH, McMillan DC, Horgan PG, Edwards J. Src family kinases, HCK and FGR, associate with local inflammation and tumour progression in colorectal cancer. Cell Signal 2019; 56:15-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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21
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Lin FL, Yen JL, Kuo YC, Kang JJ, Cheng YW, Huang WJ, Hsiao G. HADC8 Inhibitor WK2-16 Therapeutically Targets Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Mouse Model of Neuroinflammation and Microglial Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020410. [PMID: 30669368 PMCID: PMC6359084 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial activation and neuroinflammatory processes play important roles in the pathogenesis of brain abscess and neurodegenerative diseases. Activated glial cells can secrete various proinflammatory cytokines and neurotoxic mediators, which contribute to the exacerbation of neuronal cell death. The inhibition of glial activation has been shown to alleviate neurodegenerative conditions. The present study was to investigate the specific HDAC8 inhibitor WK2-16, especially its effects on the neuroinflammatory responses through glial inactivation. WK2-16 significantly reduced the gelatinolytic activity of MMP-9, and expression of COX-2/iNOS proteins in striatal lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation in C57BL/6 mice. The treatment of WK2-16 markedly improved neurobehavioral deficits. Immunofluorescent staining revealed that WK2-16 reduced LPS-stimulated astrogliosis and microglial activation in situ. Consistently, cellular studies revealed that WK2-16 significantly suppressed LPS-induced mouse microglia BV-2 cell proliferation. WK2-16 was proven to concentration-dependently induce the levels of acetylated SMC3 in microglial BV-2 cells. It also reduced the expression of COX-2/iNOS proteins and TNF-α production in LPS-activated microglial BV-2 cells. The signaling studies demonstrated that WK2-16 markedly inhibited LPS-activated STAT-1/-3 and Akt activation, but not NF-κB or MAPK signaling. In summary, the HDAC8 inhibitor WK2-16 exhibited neuroprotective effects through its anti-neuroinflammation and glial inactivation properties, especially in microglia in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan-Li Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112-21, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110-31, Taiwan.
| | - Jing-Lun Yen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110-31, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Cheng Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110-31, Taiwan.
| | - Jaw-Jou Kang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112-21, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Wen Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110-31, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Jan Huang
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110-31, Taiwan.
| | - George Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110-31, Taiwan.
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22
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Pimenta TS, Chaves NF, Rodrigues APD, Diniz CWP, DaMatta RA, Diniz Junior JAP. Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor alone reduces Toxoplasma gondii replication in microglial culture by superoxide and nitric oxide, without IFN-γ production: a preliminary report. Microbes Infect 2018; 20:385-390. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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23
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TREM2 Promotes Microglial Survival by Activating Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway. J Neurosci 2017; 37:1772-1784. [PMID: 28077724 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2459-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), which is expressed on myeloid cells including microglia in the CNS, has recently been identified as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). TREM2 transmits intracellular signals through its transmembrane binding partner DNAX-activating protein 12 (DAP12). Homozygous mutations inactivating TREM2 or DAP12 lead to Nasu-Hakola disease; however, how AD risk-conferring variants increase AD risk is not clear. To elucidate the signaling pathways underlying reduced TREM2 expression or loss of function in microglia, we respectively knocked down and knocked out the expression of TREM2 in in vitro and in vivo models. We found that TREM2 deficiency reduced the viability and proliferation of primary microglia, reduced microgliosis in Trem2-/- mouse brains, induced cell cycle arrest at the G1/S checkpoint, and decreased the stability of β-catenin, a key component of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway responsible for maintaining many biological processes, including cell survival. TREM2 stabilized β-catenin by inhibiting its degradation via the Akt/GSK3β signaling pathway. More importantly, treatment with Wnt3a, LiCl, or TDZD-8, which activates the β-catenin-mediated Wnt signaling pathway, rescued microglia survival and microgliosis in Trem2-/- microglia and/or in Trem2-/- mouse brain. Together, our studies demonstrate a critical role of TREM2-mediated Wnt/β-catenin pathway in microglial viability and suggest that modulating this pathway therapeutically may help to combat the impaired microglial survival and microgliosis associated with AD.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Mutations in the TREM2 (Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid cells 2) gene are associated with increased risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) with effective sizes comparable to that of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele, making it imperative to understand the molecular pathway(s) underlying TREM2 function in microglia. Our findings shed new light on the relationship between TREM2/DNAX-activating protein 12 (DAP12) signaling and Wnt/β-catenin signaling and provide clues as to how reduced TREM2 function might impair microglial survival in AD pathogenesis. We demonstrate that TREM2 promotes microglial survival by activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and that it is possible to restore Wnt/β-catenin signaling when TREM2 activity is disrupted or reduced. Therefore, we demonstrate the potential for manipulating the TREM2/β-catenin signaling pathway for the treatment of AD.
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24
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Daria A, Colombo A, Llovera G, Hampel H, Willem M, Liesz A, Haass C, Tahirovic S. Young microglia restore amyloid plaque clearance of aged microglia. EMBO J 2016; 36:583-603. [PMID: 28007893 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201694591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by deposition of amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and neuroinflammation. In order to study microglial contribution to amyloid plaque phagocytosis, we developed a novel ex vivo model by co-culturing organotypic brain slices from up to 20-month-old, amyloid-bearing AD mouse model (APPPS1) and young, neonatal wild-type (WT) mice. Surprisingly, co-culturing resulted in proliferation, recruitment, and clustering of old microglial cells around amyloid plaques and clearance of the plaque halo. Depletion of either old or young microglial cells prevented amyloid plaque clearance, indicating a synergistic effect of both populations. Exposing old microglial cells to conditioned media of young microglia or addition of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was sufficient to induce microglial proliferation and reduce amyloid plaque size. Our data suggest that microglial dysfunction in AD may be reversible and their phagocytic ability can be modulated to limit amyloid accumulation. This novel ex vivo model provides a valuable system for identification, screening, and testing of compounds aimed to therapeutically reinforce microglial phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Daria
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Alessio Colombo
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gemma Llovera
- Institute for Stroke and dementia research (ISD), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Heike Hampel
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Willem
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Arthur Liesz
- Institute for Stroke and dementia research (ISD), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Haass
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany .,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Sabina Tahirovic
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany
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25
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Nazeen S, Palmer NP, Berger B, Kohane IS. Integrative analysis of genetic data sets reveals a shared innate immune component in autism spectrum disorder and its co-morbidities. Genome Biol 2016; 17:228. [PMID: 27842596 PMCID: PMC5108086 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-016-1084-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder that tends to co-occur with other diseases, including asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, infections, cerebral palsy, dilated cardiomyopathy, muscular dystrophy, and schizophrenia. However, the molecular basis of this co-occurrence, and whether it is due to a shared component that influences both pathophysiology and environmental triggering of illness, has not been elucidated. To address this, we deploy a three-tiered transcriptomic meta-analysis that functions at the gene, pathway, and disease levels across ASD and its co-morbidities. Results Our analysis reveals a novel shared innate immune component between ASD and all but three of its co-morbidities that were examined. In particular, we find that the Toll-like receptor signaling and the chemokine signaling pathways, which are key pathways in the innate immune response, have the highest shared statistical significance. Moreover, the disease genes that overlap these two innate immunity pathways can be used to classify the cases of ASD and its co-morbidities vs. controls with at least 70 % accuracy. Conclusions This finding suggests that a neuropsychiatric condition and the majority of its non-brain-related co-morbidities share a dysregulated signal that serves as not only a common genetic basis for the diseases but also as a link to environmental triggers. It also raises the possibility that treatment and/or prophylaxis used for disorders of innate immunity may be successfully used for ASD patients with immune-related phenotypes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13059-016-1084-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumaiya Nazeen
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, 02139, MA, USA
| | - Nathan P Palmer
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Bonnie Berger
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, 02139, MA, USA. .,Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, 02139, MA, USA.
| | - Isaac S Kohane
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, 02115, MA, USA.
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26
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Hong IS. Stimulatory versus suppressive effects of GM-CSF on tumor progression in multiple cancer types. Exp Mol Med 2016; 48:e242. [PMID: 27364892 PMCID: PMC4973317 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2016.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF, also called CSF-2) is best known for its critical role in immune modulation and hematopoiesis. A large body of experimental evidence indicates that GM-CSF, which is frequently upregulated in multiple types of human cancers, effectively marks cancer cells with a ‘danger flag' for the immune system. In this context, most studies have focused on its function as an immunomodulator, namely its ability to stimulate dendritic cell (DC) maturation and monocyte/macrophage activity. However, recent studies have suggested that GM-CSF also promotes immune-independent tumor progression by supporting tumor microenvironments and stimulating tumor growth and metastasis. Although some studies have suggested that GM-CSF has inhibitory effects on tumor growth and metastasis, an even greater number of studies show that GM-CSF exerts stimulatory effects on tumor progression. In this review, we summarize a number of findings to provide the currently available information regarding the anticancer immune response of GM-CSG. We then discuss the potential roles of GM-CSF in the progression of multiple types of cancer to provide insights into some of the complexities of its clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Sun Hong
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Research, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
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HCK is a survival determinant transactivated by mutated MYD88, and a direct target of ibrutinib. Blood 2016; 127:3237-52. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-01-695098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Key Points
HCK transcription and activation is triggered by mutated MYD88, and is an important determinant of pro-survival signaling. HCK is also a target of ibrutinib, and inhibition of its kinase activity triggers apoptosis in mutated MYD88 cells.
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Raju ENS, Kuechler J, Behling S, Sridhar S, Hirseland E, Tronnier V, Zechel C. Maintenance of Stemlike Glioma Cells and Microglia in an Organotypic Glioma Slice Model. Neurosurgery 2016; 77:629-43; discussion 643. [PMID: 26308638 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000000891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The therapeutic resistance of gliomas is, at least in part, due to stemlike glioma cells (SLGCs), which self-renew, generate the bulk of tumor cells, and sustain tumor growth. SLGCs from glioblastomas (GB) have been studied in cell cultures or mouse models, whereas little is known about SLGCs from lower grade gliomas. OBJECTIVE To compare cell and organotypic slice cultures from GBs and lower grade gliomas and study the maintenance of SLGCs. METHODS Cells and tissue slices from astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, oligoastrocytomas, and GBs were cultivated in (1) serum-free medium supplemented with the growth factors epidermal growth factor (EGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), (2) medium containing 10% serum plus EGF and bFGF (F+GF medium), or (3) medium containing 10% fetal calf serum (F medium). Maintenance of cells and cytoarchitecture was addressed, using several candidate SLGC markers (Nestin, Sox2, CD133, CD44, CD49f/integrin α6, and Notch) as well as CD31 (endothelial cells), ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (microglia), and vimentin. Cell vitality was determined. RESULTS SLGCs were present in tissue slices from lower and higher grade gliomas. Preservation of the cytoarchitecture in slices was possible for >3 weeks. Maintenance of SLGCs required the presence of EGF/bFGF in cell and slice cultures, in which F+GF appeared superior to N medium. Constraints were observed regarding the preservation of the microglia but not of the endothelial cells. Maintenance of the microglia was improved by addition of the cytokine macrophage colony-stimulating factor. CONCLUSION Medium supplemented with serum and growth factors EGF, bFGF, and macrophage colony-stimulating factor permits the preservation of SLGCs and non-SLGCs in the original glioma microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E N Sanjaya Raju
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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29
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Poh AR, O'Donoghue RJ, Ernst M. Hematopoietic cell kinase (HCK) as a therapeutic target in immune and cancer cells. Oncotarget 2015; 6:15752-71. [PMID: 26087188 PMCID: PMC4599235 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The hematopoietic cell kinase (HCK) is a member of the SRC family of cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases (SFKs), and is expressed in cells of the myeloid and B-lymphocyte cell lineages. Excessive HCK activation is associated with several types of leukemia and enhances cell proliferation and survival by physical association with oncogenic fusion proteins, and with functional interactions with receptor tyrosine kinases. Elevated HCK activity is also observed in many solid malignancies, including breast and colon cancer, and correlates with decreased patient survival rates. HCK enhances the secretion of growth factors and pro-inflammatory cytokines from myeloid cells, and promotes macrophage polarization towards a wound healing and tumor-promoting alternatively activated phenotype. Within tumor associated macrophages, HCK stimulates the formation of podosomes that facilitate extracellular matrix degradation, which enhance immune and epithelial cell invasion. By virtue of functional cooperation between HCK and bona fide oncogenic tyrosine kinases, excessive HCK activation can also reduce drug efficacy and contribute to chemo-resistance, while genetic ablation of HCK results in minimal physiological consequences in healthy mice. Given its known crystal structure, HCK therefore provides an attractive therapeutic target to both, directly inhibit the growth of cancer cells, and indirectly curb the source of tumor-promoting changes in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh R. Poh
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert J.J. O'Donoghue
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthias Ernst
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Victoria, Australia
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30
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Li XY, Jiang LJ, Chen L, Ding ML, Guo HZ, Zhang W, Zhang HX, Ma XD, Liu XZ, Xi XD, Chen SJ, Chen Z, Zhu J. RIG-I modulates Src-mediated AKT activation to restrain leukemic stemness. Mol Cell 2014; 53:407-19. [PMID: 24412064 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA)-inducible gene I (RIG-I) is highly upregulated and functionally implicated in the RA-induced maturation of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) blasts. However, the underlying mechanism and the biological relevance of RIG-I expression to the maintenance of leukemogenic potential are poorly understood. Here, we show that RIG-I, without priming by foreign RNA, inhibits the Src-facilitated activation of AKT-mTOR in AML cells. Moreover, in a group of primary human AML blasts, RIG-I reduction renders the Src family kinases hyperactive in promoting AKT activation. Mechanistically, a PxxP motif in RIG-I, upon the N-terminal CARDs' association with the Src SH1 domain, competes with the AKT PxxP motif for recognizing the Src SH3 domain. In accordance, mutating PxxP motif prevents Rig-I from inhibiting AKT activation, cytokine-stimulated myeloid progenitor proliferation, and in vivo repopulating capacity of leukemia cells. Collectively, our data suggest an antileukemia activity of RIG-I via competitively inhibiting Src/AKT association.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/physiology
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Cell Line, Tumor
- DEAD Box Protein 58
- DEAD-box RNA Helicases/chemistry
- DEAD-box RNA Helicases/genetics
- DEAD-box RNA Helicases/physiology
- Enzyme Activation
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Models, Genetic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/physiology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins pp60(c-src)/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins pp60(c-src)/physiology
- Receptors, Immunologic
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, Protein
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/physiology
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics and Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China; Shanghai E-Institute for Model Organisms, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Jia Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics and Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China; Shanghai E-Institute for Model Organisms, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics and Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China; Shanghai E-Institute for Model Organisms, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Lei Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics and Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China; Shanghai E-Institute for Model Organisms, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - He-Zhou Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics and Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China; Shanghai E-Institute for Model Organisms, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Wu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics and Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China; Shanghai E-Institute for Model Organisms, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Xin Zhang
- Shanghai E-Institute for Model Organisms, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Dan Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics and Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Zhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics and Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Dong Xi
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics and Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Sai-Juan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics and Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhu Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics and Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics and Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China; Shanghai E-Institute for Model Organisms, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China.
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31
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Xiong J, Wang C, Chen H, Hu Y, Tian L, Pan J, Geng M. Aβ-induced microglial cell activation is inhibited by baicalin through the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. Int J Neurosci 2013; 124:609-20. [PMID: 24219385 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2013.865027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxiang Xiong
- 1Beijing Key Laboratory for Aging and Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatrics, General Hospital of Chinese PLA,
Beijing, China
- 2Department of Physiology, Third Military Medical University,
Chongqing, China
| | - Changzheng Wang
- 3Department of Geriatric Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Chinese PLA,
Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- 1Beijing Key Laboratory for Aging and Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatrics, General Hospital of Chinese PLA,
Beijing, China
| | - Yazhuo Hu
- 1Beijing Key Laboratory for Aging and Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatrics, General Hospital of Chinese PLA,
Beijing, China
| | - Lei Tian
- 1Beijing Key Laboratory for Aging and Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatrics, General Hospital of Chinese PLA,
Beijing, China
| | - Jingkun Pan
- 1Beijing Key Laboratory for Aging and Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatrics, General Hospital of Chinese PLA,
Beijing, China
| | - Miao Geng
- 1Beijing Key Laboratory for Aging and Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatrics, General Hospital of Chinese PLA,
Beijing, China
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32
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The housekeeping gene hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) regulates multiple developmental and metabolic pathways of murine embryonic stem cell neuronal differentiation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74967. [PMID: 24130677 PMCID: PMC3794013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which mutations of the purinergic housekeeping gene hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) cause the severe neurodevelopmental Lesch Nyhan Disease (LND) are poorly understood. The best recognized neural consequences of HPRT deficiency are defective basal ganglia expression of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) and aberrant DA neuronal function. We have reported that HPRT deficiency leads to dysregulated expression of multiple DA-related developmental functions and cellular signaling defects in a variety of HPRT-deficient cells, including human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. We now describe results of gene expression studies during neuronal differentiation of HPRT-deficient murine ESD3 embryonic stem cells and report that HPRT knockdown causes a marked switch from neuronal to glial gene expression and dysregulates expression of Sox2 and its regulator, genes vital for stem cell pluripotency and for the neuronal/glial cell fate decision. In addition, HPRT deficiency dysregulates many cellular functions controlling cell cycle and proliferation mechanisms, RNA metabolism, DNA replication and repair, replication stress, lysosome function, membrane trafficking, signaling pathway for platelet activation (SPPA) multiple neurotransmission systems and sphingolipid, sulfur and glycan metabolism. We propose that the neural aberrations of HPRT deficiency result from combinatorial effects of these multi-system metabolic errors. Since some of these aberrations are also found in forms of Alzheimer's and Huntington's disease, we predict that some of these systems defects play similar neuropathogenic roles in diverse neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases in common and may therefore provide new experimental opportunities for clarifying pathogenesis and for devising new potential therapeutic targets in developmental and genetic disease.
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33
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Roppenser B, Kwon H, Canadien V, Xu R, Devreotes PN, Grinstein S, Brumell JH. Multiple host kinases contribute to Akt activation during Salmonella infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71015. [PMID: 23990921 PMCID: PMC3750030 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
SopB is a type 3 secreted effector with phosphatase activity that Salmonella employs to manipulate host cellular processes, allowing the bacteria to establish their intracellular niche. One important function of SopB is activation of the pro-survival kinase Akt/protein kinase B in the infected host cell. Here, we examine the mechanism of Akt activation by SopB during Salmonella infection. We show that SopB-mediated Akt activation is only partially sensitive to PI3-kinase inhibitors LY294002 and wortmannin in HeLa cells, suggesting that Class I PI3-kinases play only a minor role in this process. However, depletion of PI(3,4) P2/PI(3-5) P3 by expression of the phosphoinositide 3-phosphatase PTEN inhibits Akt activation during Salmonella invasion. Therefore, production of PI(3,4) P2/PI(3-5) P3 appears to be a necessary event for Akt activation by SopB and suggests that non-canonical kinases mediate production of these phosphoinositides during Salmonella infection. We report that Class II PI3-kinase beta isoform, IPMK and other kinases identified from a kinase screen all contribute to Akt activation during Salmonella infection. In addition, the kinases required for SopB-mediated activation of Akt vary depending on the type of infected host cell. Together, our data suggest that Salmonella has evolved to use a single effector, SopB, to manipulate a remarkably large repertoire of host kinases to activate Akt for the purpose of optimizing bacterial replication in its host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Roppenser
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hyunwoo Kwon
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Veronica Canadien
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Risheng Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter N. Devreotes
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John H. Brumell
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Sickkids IBD Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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34
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Suh HS, Zhao ML, Derico L, Choi N, Lee SC. Insulin-like growth factor 1 and 2 (IGF1, IGF2) expression in human microglia: differential regulation by inflammatory mediators. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:37. [PMID: 23497056 PMCID: PMC3607995 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies in experimental animals show that insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) plays a trophic role during development and tissue injury and that microglia are important sources of IGF1. However, little information is available regarding the expression, regulation, and function of IGF1 and related proteins in human brain cells. In the current study, we examined the expression of IGF1 and IGF2 in human microglia in vivo and in vitro. METHODS Expression of IGF1 and IGF2 was examined by immunohistochemistry in post-mortem human brain sections derived from HIV+ and HIV- brains. In primary cultures of human fetal microglia, IGF1 and IGF2 mRNA and protein expression was examined by Q-PCR, ELISA, and Western blot analysis. Additionally, the role of IGF1 and IGF2 in neuroprotection was examined in primary human neuronal glial cultures. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry of human brain tissues showed that nonparenchymal cells (vessels and meninges), as well as parenchymal microglia and macrophages were positive for IGF1, in both HIV encephalitis and control brains, while IGF2 was undetectable. Cultured microglia expressed IGF1 mRNA and produced pg/ml levels of IGF1 protein; this was significantly suppressed by proinflammatory mediators, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), poly(I:C), and IFNγ. The Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 had no significant effect, but the cAMP analog (dibutyryl cAMP) significantly increased IGF1 production. In contrast, microglial IGF2 mRNA and protein (determined by Western blot) were upregulated by LPS. IGF1 receptor (IGF1R) immunoreactivity was predominantly expressed by neurons, and both IGF1 and IGF2 significantly protected neurons from cytokine (IL-1/IFNγ) induced death. CONCLUSIONS Our study in human brain tissues and cells indicates that microglia are important sources of neurotrophic growth factors IGF1 and IGF2, and that microglial activation phenotypes can influence the growth factor expression. Importantly, our results suggest that chronic neuroinflammation and upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines could lead to neurodegeneration by suppressing the production of microglia-derived neuronal growth factors, such as IGF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Sook Suh
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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35
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Chang CZ, Wu SC, Lin CL, Hwang SL, Kwan AL. Purine anti-metabolite attenuates nuclear factor κB and related pro-inflammatory cytokines in experimental vasospasm. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2012; 154:1877-85. [PMID: 22865118 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-012-1452-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) bioexpression, as well as TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 levels, were observed after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). It is of interest to investigate the effect of 6-mercaptopurine (6-mp) on cytokines/NF-κB in this SAH model. MATERIALS AND METHODS A rodent double-hemorrhage SAH model was employed. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were collected to examine IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α levels. NF-κB subunit p65 and its inhibitor of nuclear factor κB (IκB) were examined (by Western blot). TNF-α was used to induce the phosphorylation of IκB in the presence or absence of 6-mp. RESULTS Nuclear NF-κB subunit p65/IκB kinase in the basilar artery was over-expressed, and cytokines was notably increased in the SAH groups, compared with the controls (P < 0.01). In the 6-mp SAH group, obvious reduction was observed in NF-κB subunit p65 (nuclei) (P < 0.01). Treatment with 6-mp significantly reduced IL-1β and TNF-α levels to those of the healthy control. 6-Mercaptopurine also significantly increased the level of IκB in the TNF-α-stimulated SAH rats. CONCLUSIONS Through inhibiting IκB bioexpression, 6-mp decreases NF-κB-related IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in the presence of SAH. The study suggests 6-mp exerts vascular anti-inflammatory properties through inhibiting IκB kinase and subsequently blocks bio-activation of NF-κB and related cytokines, which may contribute to its antivasospastic effect in animals subjected to SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Zen Chang
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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36
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Lo MC, Peterson LF, Yan M, Cong X, Jin F, Shia WJ, Matsuura S, Ahn EY, Komeno Y, Ly M, Ommen HB, Chen IM, Hokland P, Willman CL, Ren B, Zhang DE. Combined gene expression and DNA occupancy profiling identifies potential therapeutic targets of t(8;21) AML. Blood 2012; 120:1473-84. [PMID: 22740448 PMCID: PMC3423785 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-12-395335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome translocation 8q22;21q22 [t(8;21)] is commonly associated with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and the resulting AML1-ETO fusion proteins are involved in the pathogenesis of AML. To identify novel molecular and therapeutic targets, we performed combined gene expression microarray and promoter occupancy (ChIP-chip) profiling using Lin(-)/Sca1(-)/cKit(+) cells, the major leukemia cell population, from an AML mouse model induced by AML1-ETO9a (AE9a). Approximately 30% of the identified common targets of microarray and ChIP-chip assays overlap with the human t(8;21)-gene expression molecular signature. CD45, a protein tyrosine phosphatase and a negative regulator of cytokine/growth factor receptor and JAK/STAT signaling, is among those targets. Its expression is substantially down-regulated in leukemia cells. Consequently, JAK/STAT signaling is enhanced. Re-expression of CD45 suppresses JAK/STAT activation, delays leukemia development, and promotes apoptosis of t(8;21)-positive cells. This study demonstrates the benefit of combining gene expression and promoter occupancy profiling assays to identify molecular and potential therapeutic targets in human cancers and describes a previously unappreciated signaling pathway involving t(8;21) fusion proteins, CD45, and JAK/STAT, which could be a potential novel target for treating t(8;21) AML.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Chromatin Immunoprecipitation
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Enzyme Activation
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Gene Regulatory Networks/genetics
- Genes, Neoplasm/genetics
- Humans
- Janus Kinases/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/metabolism
- Mice
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Reproducibility of Results
- STAT Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Chia Lo
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Pineda D, AmpurdanÉS C, Medina MG, Serratosa J, Tusell JM, Saura J, Planas AM, Navarro P. Tissue plasminogen activator induces microglial inflammation via a noncatalytic molecular mechanism involving activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and Akt signaling pathways and AnnexinA2 and Galectin-1 receptors. Glia 2011; 60:526-40. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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38
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The mechanisms of microgliosis and pain following peripheral nerve injury. Exp Neurol 2011; 234:271-82. [PMID: 21893056 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the resident macrophages in the central nervous system (CNS). Any insult to the CNS homeostasis will induce a rapid change in microglia morphology, gene expression profile and functional behaviour. These responses of microglia have been collectively known as 'microgliosis'. Interestingly, damage to the nervous system outside the CNS, such as axotomy of a peripheral nerve, can lead to microgliosis in the spinal cord. There is a variation in the degree of microgliosis depending on the model of nerve injury employed for instance this response is more marked following traumatic nerve injury than in models of chemotherapy induced neuropathy. Following peripheral nerve injury nociceptive inputs from sensory neurons appear to be critical in triggering the development of spinal microgliosis. A number of signalling pathways including growth factors such as Neuregulin-1, matrix metalloproteases such as MMP-9 and multiple chemokines enable direct communication between injured primary afferents and microglia. In addition, we describe a group of mediators which although not demonstrably shown to be released from neurons are known to modulate microglial phenotype. There is a great functional diversity of the microglial response to peripheral nerve injury which includes: Cellular migration, proliferation, cytokine release, phagocytosis, antigen presentation and recruitment of T cells. It should also be noted that in certain contexts microglia may have a role in the resolution of neuro-inflammation. Although there is still no direct evidence demonstrating that spinal microglia have a role in neuropathic pain in humans, these patients present a pro-inflammatory cytokine profile and it is a reasonable hypothesis that these cells may contribute to this inflammatory response. Modulating microglial functions offers a novel therapeutic opportunity following nerve injury which ideally would involve reducing the pro-inflammatory nature of these cells whilst retaining their potential beneficial functions.
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Choi J, Ifuku M, Noda M, Guilarte TR. Translocator protein (18 kDa)/peripheral benzodiazepine receptor specific ligands induce microglia functions consistent with an activated state. Glia 2011; 59:219-30. [PMID: 21125642 DOI: 10.1002/glia.21091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In the brain, translocator protein (18 kDa) (TSPO), previously called peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR), is a glial protein that has been extensively used as a biomarker of brain injury and inflammation. However, the functional role of TSPO in glial cells is not well characterized. In this study, we show that the TSPO-specific ligands R-PK11195 (PK) and Ro5-4864 (Ro) increased microglia proliferation and phagocytosis with no effect on migration. Both ligands increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and this effect may be mediated by NADPH-oxidase. PK and Ro also produced a small but detectable increase in IL-1β release. We also examined the effect of PK and Ro on the expression of proinflammatory genes and cytokine release in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) activated microglia. PK or Ro had no effect on LPS-induced increase of pro-inflammatory genes, but they both decreased the ATP-induced increase of COX-2 gene expression. Ro, but not PK, enhanced the LPS-induced release of IL-1β. However, Ro decreased the ATP-induced release of IL-1β and TNF-α, and PK decreased the ATP-induced release of TNF-α. Exposure to Ro in the presence of LPS increased the number of apoptotic microglia, an effect that could be blocked by PK. These findings show that TSPO ligands modulate cellular functions consistent with microglia activation. Further, when microglia are activated, these ligands may have therapeutic potential by reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory genes and cytokine release. Finally, Ro-like ligands may be involved in the elimination of activated microglia via apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Choi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Choudhary SK, Margolis DM. Curing HIV: Pharmacologic approaches to target HIV-1 latency. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2011; 51:397-418. [PMID: 21210747 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010510-100237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 infection persists even after years of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Although ART can halt viral replication and thereby reduce viremia to clinically undetectable levels, proviral latency established within the host genome remains largely unaffected by ART and can replenish systemic infection following interruption of therapy. Pharmacologic strategies, which not only target viral replication but also deplete proviral infection, are required for successful clearance of HIV-1 infection. This review highlights the current understanding of molecular mechanisms that establish and maintain HIV-1 latency in its major reservoir, the resting memory CD4(+) T cell. We also identify the molecular targets that might be exploited to induce HIV-1 expression, remove epigenetic restrictions, or enhance effective transcription. Finally, we discuss the potential pharmacologic approaches toward targeting viral persistence in different cellular and anatomical reservoirs to achieve a cure of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailesh K Choudhary
- Departments of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599, USA
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Calvo M, Zhu N, Grist J, Ma Z, Loeb JA, Bennett DLH. Following nerve injury neuregulin-1 drives microglial proliferation and neuropathic pain via the MEK/ERK pathway. Glia 2011; 59:554-68. [PMID: 21319222 PMCID: PMC3222694 DOI: 10.1002/glia.21124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Following peripheral nerve injury microglia accumulate within the spinal cord and adopt a proinflammatory phenotype a process which contributes to the development of neuropathic pain. We have recently shown that neuregulin-1, a growth factor released following nerve injury, activates erbB 2, 3, and 4 receptors on microglia and stimulates proliferation, survival and chemotaxis of these cells. Here we studied the intracellular signaling pathways downstream of neuregulin-1-erbB activation in microglial cells. We found that neuregulin-1 in vitro induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Akt without activating p38MAPK. Using specific kinase inhibitors we found that the mitogenic effect of neuregulin-1 on microglia was dependant on MEK/ERK1/2 pathway, the chemotactic effect was dependant on PI3K/Akt signaling and survival was dependant on both pathways. Intrathecal treatment with neuregulin-1 was associated with microgliosis and development of mechanical and cold pain related hypersensitivity which was dependant on ERK1/2 phosphorylation in microglia. Spinal nerve ligation results in a robust microgliosis and sustained ERK1/2 phosphorylation within these cells. This pathway is downstream of neuregulin-1/erbB signaling since its blockade resulted in a significant reduction in microglial ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Inhibition of the MEK/ERK1/2 pathway resulted in decreased spinal microgliosis and in reduced mechanical and cold hypersensitivity after peripheral nerve damage. We conclude that neuregulin-1 released after nerve injury activates microglial erbB receptors which consequently stimulates the MEK/ERK1/2 pathway that drives microglial proliferation and contributes to the development of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Calvo
- Wolfson CARD, Kings College London, Hodgkin Building, Guys Campus, SE1 1UL, London, United Kingdom
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Chen D, Yang K, Zhang G, Mei J, Xiang L. Screen and analysis of key disease genes for precancerous lesions of oral buccal mucosa induced by DMBA in golden hamsters. Oncol Lett 2010; 2:265-271. [PMID: 22866075 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2010.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)-anthracene (DMBA)-induced oral buccal mucosa squamous cell carcinoma in Syrian golden hamsters was used to establish precancerous lesions. Agilent rat whole-genome microarray and biological information analysis were used to screen for genes related to key diseases during the transformation of normal buccal mucosa to precancerous lesions in golden hamsters. DMBA acetone solution (0.5%) was used to establish a model of precancerous lesions in oral buccal mucosa in golden hamsters. The results showed that a total of 1331 genes were differentially expressed, including 1278 known, 53 unknown, 747 up-regulated and 584 down-regulated genes. Analysis revealed a total of 14 gene interaction pathways that significantly associated with the 1278 known differentially expressed genes (P<0.05). In conclusion, the occurrence of precancerous lesions in the oral buccal mucosa of golden hamsters was caused by a number of genetic changes that resulted in changes to their respective pathways. Key candidate genes for the formation of precancerous lesions in oral buccal mucosa included Cyp2b13, Orc1L, casp8, CCL5, CXCL12, CCL20, Serping1, P518/Qrfp, F5, TFPI, Vcam1, Fn1, Angpt2, Lcp2, Cxadr, Lyn, Hck, Btk, RGD1564385/fes, Vav1 and IL5ra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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Suh HS, Choi S, Khattar P, Choi N, Lee SC. Histone deacetylase inhibitors suppress the expression of inflammatory and innate immune response genes in human microglia and astrocytes. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2010; 5:521-32. [PMID: 20157787 PMCID: PMC3115474 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-010-9192-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) have been proposed as therapies for certain cancers and as an anti-reservoir therapy for HIV+ individuals with highly active anti-retroviral therapy, yet their roles in glial inflammatory and innate antiviral gene expression have not been defined. In this study, we examined the effects of two non-selective HDACi, trichostatin A and valproic acid, on antiviral and cytokine gene expression in primary human microglia and astrocytes stimulated with TLR3 or TLR4 ligand. HDACi potently suppressed the expression of innate antiviral molecules such as IFNβ, interferon-simulated genes, and proteins involved in TLR3/TLR4 signaling. HDACi also suppressed microglial and astrocytic cytokine and chemokine gene expression, but with different effects on different groups of cytokines. These results have important implications for the clinical use of HDACi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Sook Suh
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Freudenburg W, Buller RML, Corbett JA. Src family kinases participate in the regulation of encephalomyocarditis virus-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression by macrophages. J Gen Virol 2010; 91:2278-85. [PMID: 20505008 PMCID: PMC3052521 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.022665-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Src family kinases (SFKs) are non-receptor tyrosine kinases that have been implicated as regulators of the inflammatory response. In this study, the role of SFK activation in the inflammatory response of macrophages to encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) infection was examined. Virus infection of macrophages stimulates the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin (IL)-1β and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Inhibition of SFK attenuates EMCV-induced COX-2 expression and prostaglandin E2 production, iNOS expression and subsequent nitric oxide production, and IL-1β expression. EMCV-induced COX-2 expression requires the activation of nuclear factor-κB and the mitogen-activated protein kinase p38. Consistent with these previous findings, inhibition of SFKs attenuated the phosphorylation of p38 in response to EMCV infection, suggesting that SFKs may act upstream of p38. These findings provide evidence that SFK activation plays an active role in the regulation of inflammatory gene expression by virus-infected macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieke Freudenburg
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
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Olivieri KC, Agopian KA, Mukerji J, Gabuzda D. Evidence for adaptive evolution at the divergence between lymphoid and brain HIV-1 nef genes. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2010; 26:495-500. [PMID: 20377428 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2009.0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) infection of the central nervous system frequently causes HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). The role of HIV Nef and other accessory proteins in HAND pathogenesis is unclear. To determine whether HIV nef undergoes adaptive selection in brain, we cloned 100 nef sequences (n = 30 brain and n = 70 lymphoid) from four patients with AIDS and HIV-associated dementia (HAD). Normalized nonsynonymous substitutions were more frequent at the divergence of lymphoid and brain sequences, indicating stronger adaptive selection in brain compared to lymphoid tissue. Brain-specific nonsynonymous substitutions were found within an NH(3)-terminal CTL epitope, the PACS1 binding motif, or positions predicted to be important for activation of the myeloid-restricted Src family tyrosine kinase Hck. These results suggest that adaptive selection of HIV nef in brain may reflect altered requirements for efficient replication in macrophages and brain-specific immune selection pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C. Olivieri
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kristin A. Agopian
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joya Mukerji
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dana Gabuzda
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Minocycline reduces neuronal death and attenuates microglial response after pediatric asphyxial cardiac arrest. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2010; 30:119-29. [PMID: 19756023 PMCID: PMC2949095 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2009.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms leading to delayed neuronal death after asphyxial cardiac arrest (ACA) in the developing brain are unknown. This study aimed at investigating the possible role of microglial activation in neuronal death in developing brain after ACA. Postnatal day-17 rats were subjected to 9 mins of ACA followed by resuscitation. Rats were randomized to treatment with minocycline, (90 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.)) or vehicle (saline, i.p.) at 1 h after return of spontaneous circulation. Thereafter, minocycline (22.5 mg/kg, i.p.) was administrated every 12 h until sacrifice. Microglial activation (evaluated by immunohistochemistry using ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule-1 (Iba1) antibody) coincided with DNA fragmentation and neurodegeneration in CA1 hippocampus and cortex (assessed by deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL), Fluoro-Jade-B and Nissl stain). Minocycline significantly decreased both the microglial response and neuronal degeneration compared with the vehicle. Asphyxial CA significantly enhanced proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine levels in hippocampus versus control (assessed by multiplex bead array assay), specifically tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha), regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), and growth-related oncogene (GRO-KC) (P<0.05). Minocycline attenuated ACA-induced increases in MIP-1alpha and RANTES (P<0.05). These data show that microglial activation and cytokine production are increased in immature brain after ACA. The beneficial effect of minocycline suggests an important role for microglia in selective neuronal death after pediatric ACA, and a possible therapeutic target.
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Reddy PH, Manczak M, Zhao W, Nakamura K, Bebbington C, Yarranton G, Mao P. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor antibody suppresses microglial activity: implications for anti-inflammatory effects in Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis. J Neurochem 2009; 111:1514-28. [PMID: 19840215 PMCID: PMC2796704 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06432.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The objective of our study was to determine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) activity in the brain following GM-CSF induction. We injected recombinant mouse GM-CSF into the brains of 8-month-old C57BL6 mice via intracerebroventricular injections and studied the activities of microglia, astrocytes, and neurons. We also sought to determine whether an anti-GM-CSF antibody could suppress endogenous microglial activity in the C57BL6 mice and could also suppress microglial activity induced by the recombinant mouse GM-CSF in another group of C57BL6 mice. Using quantitative real-time RT-PCR, we assessed microglial, astrocytic, and neuronal activity by measuring mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, GFAP, and the neuronal marker NeuN in the cerebral cortex tissues from C57BL6 mice. We performed immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry of activated microglia in different regions of the brains from control (phosphate-buffered saline-injected C57BL6 mice) and experimental mice (recombinant GM-CSF-injected C57BL6 mice, GM-CSF antibody-injected C57BL6 mice, and recombinant mouse GM-CSF plus anti-GM-CSF antibody-injected C57BL6 mice). We found increased mRNA expression of CD40 (9.75-fold), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (2.1-fold), CD45 (1.73-fold), and CD11c (1.70-fold) in the cerebral cortex of C57BL6 mice that were induced with recombinant GM-CSF, compared with control mice. Further, the anti-GM-CSF antibody suppressed microglia in mice that were induced with recombinant GM-CSF. Our immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry findings of GM-CSF-associated cytokines in C57BL6 mice induced with recombinant GM-CSF, in C57BL6 mice injected with the anti-GM-CSF antibody, and in C57BL6 mice injected with recombinant mouse GM-CSF plus anti-GM-CSF antibody concurred with our real-time RT-PCR findings. These findings suggest that GM-CSF is critical for microglial activation and that anti-GM-CSF antibody suppresses microglial activity in the CNS. The findings from this study may have implications for anti-inflammatory effects of Alzheimer's disease and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice (a multiple sclerosis mouse model).
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hemachandra Reddy
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA.
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Chiba T, Yamada M, Aiso S. Targeting the JAK2/STAT3 axis in Alzheimer's disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2009; 13:1155-67. [PMID: 19663649 DOI: 10.1517/14728220903213426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyloid beta (Abeta) has long been implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Little is known, however, about the intracellular events in neurons which lead to memory loss related to AD. Focusing on the fact that an AD-specific neuroprotective peptide named humanin (HN) inhibits AD-related neurotoxicity by activating the JAK2/STAT3 signaling axis, we recently found that age- and disease-dependent deterioration in the JAK2/STAT3 axis plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of AD. OBJECTIVE/METHODS Here we summarize the neuroprotective effect of HN and its derivative, named colivelin (CLN), and also review the roles of the JAK2/STAT3 axis in memory impairment related to AD. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS The JAK2/STAT3 axis is a major transducer of HN-mediated neuroprotective activity. Abeta-dependent inactivation of the JAK2/STAT3 axis in hippocampal neurons causes cholinergic dysfunction via pre- and post-synaptic mechanisms, which leads to memory impairment related to AD. This provides not only a novel pathological hallmark of AD but also a novel target in AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Chiba
- Keio University School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
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Suh HS, Zhao ML, Choi N, Belbin TJ, Brosnan CF, Lee SC. TLR3 and TLR4 are innate antiviral immune receptors in human microglia: role of IRF3 in modulating antiviral and inflammatory response in the CNS. Virology 2009; 392:246-59. [PMID: 19646728 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In the CNS, microglia are the primary targets of HIV infection. In this study, we investigated the effect of activation of the innate antiviral receptors TLR3 and TLR4 on HIV infection of primary human microglia, as well as microglial cell signaling and gene expression. Ligands for both TLR3 and TLR4 potently inhibited HIV replication in microglia through a pathway requiring IRF3. Surprisingly, a remarkably similar pattern of cell signaling and gene expression was observed in TLR3- and TLR4-activated microglia, suggesting a relatively minor role for MyD88 following TLR4 activation in these cells. HIV did not activate IRF3 but rather decreased IRF3 protein, indicating that HIV does not activate TLR3 or RIG-like helicases in microglia. Taken together, these results indicate that activation of TLR3 or TLR4 will elicit antiviral immunity, in addition to inducing proinflammatory responses. We suggest that a balanced expression between inflammatory and innate immune genes might be achieved by IRF3 over-expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Sook Suh
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Olivetta E, Mallozzi C, Ruggieri V, Pietraforte D, Federico M, Sanchez M. HIV-1 Nef induces p47(phox) phosphorylation leading to a rapid superoxide anion release from the U937 human monoblastic cell line. J Cell Biochem 2009; 106:812-22. [PMID: 19130504 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The Nef protein of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) plays a crucial role in AIDS pathogenesis by modifying host cell signaling pathways. We investigated the effects of Nef on the NADPH oxidase complex, a key enzyme involved in the generation of reactive oxygen species during the respiratory burst in human monocyte/macrophages. We have recently shown that the inducible expression of HIV-1 Nef in human macrophages cell line modulates in bi-phasic mode the superoxide anion release by NADPH oxidase, inducing a fast increase of the superoxide production, followed by a delayed strong inhibition mediated by Nef-induced soluble factor(s). Our study is focused on the molecular mechanisms involved in Nef-mediated activation of NADPH oxidase and superoxide anion release. Using U937 cells stably transfected with different Nef alleles, we found that both Nef membrane localization and intact SH3-binding domain are needed to induce superoxide release. The lack of effect during treatment with a specific MAPK pathway inhibitor, PD98059, demonstrated that Nef-induced superoxide release is independent of Erk1/2 phosphorylation. Furthermore, Nef induced the phosphorylation and then the translocation of the cytosolic subunit of NADPH oxidase complex p47(phox) to the plasma membrane. Adding the inhibitor PP2 prevented this process, evidencing the involvement of the Src family kinases on Nef-mediated NADPH oxidase activation. In addition, LY294002, a specific inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibited both the Nef-induced p47(phox) phosphorylation and the superoxide anion release. These data indicate that Nef regulates the NADPH oxidase activity through the activation of the Src kinases and PI3K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Olivetta
- National AIDS Centre, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy
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