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Mason AK, Adams L, Garner MM. Bacterial abscesses in whitespotted bamboo sharks (Chiloscyllium plagiosum) in managed care. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2024; 47:e13917. [PMID: 38242861 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Sixteen whitespotted bamboo sharks (Chiloscyllium plagiosum) with histologically similar bacterial abscesses were submitted to Northwest ZooPath from nine zoo and aquarium institutions over a 17-year period. These abscesses were characterized by inflammatory cell infiltrates and necrosis with intralesional small, Gram-positive, acid-fast negative, cocci bacteria. The clinical presentation, histologic findings, and culture results indicate that Enterococcus faecalis is a relatively common cause of these lesions in whitespotted bamboo sharks. This organism also provides a treatment challenge due to its inherent antibiotic-resistant properties and ability to form biofilms, confounding the host's immune response. Enterococcus faecalis represents an important cause for abscess formation and cellulitis in captive whitespotted bamboo sharks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lance Adams
- Aquarium of the Pacific, Long Beach, California, USA
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2
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Wong CC, Yu J. Gut microbiota in colorectal cancer development and therapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2023:10.1038/s41571-023-00766-x. [PMID: 37169888 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-023-00766-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the commonest cancers globally. A unique aspect of CRC is its intimate association with the gut microbiota, which forms an essential part of the tumour microenvironment. Research over the past decade has established that dysbiosis of gut bacteria, fungi, viruses and Archaea accompanies colorectal tumorigenesis, and these changes might be causative. Data from mechanistic studies demonstrate the ability of the gut microbiota to interact with the colonic epithelia and immune cells of the host via the release of a diverse range of metabolites, proteins and macromolecules that regulate CRC development. Preclinical and some clinical evidence also underscores the role of the gut microbiota in modifying the therapeutic responses of patients with CRC to chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Herein, we summarize our current understanding of the role of gut microbiota in CRC and outline the potential translational and clinical implications for CRC diagnosis, prevention and treatment. Emphasis is placed on how the gut microbiota could now be better harnessed by developing targeted microbial therapeutics as chemopreventive agents against colorectal tumorigenesis, as adjuvants for chemotherapy and immunotherapy to boost drug efficacy and safety, and as non-invasive biomarkers for CRC screening and patient stratification. Finally, we highlight the hurdles and potential solutions to translating our knowledge of the gut microbiota into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Chun Wong
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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3
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Shin SY, Park S, Moon JM, Kim K, Kim JW, Chun J, Lee TH, Choi CH. Compositional Changes in the Gut Microbiota of Responders and Non-responders to Probiotic Treatment Among Patients With Diarrhea-predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Post Hoc Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2022; 28:642-654. [PMID: 36250371 PMCID: PMC9577570 DOI: 10.5056/jnm21202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims We aim to evaluate the differences in the microbiome of responders and non-responders, as well as predict the response to probiotic therapy, based on fecal microbiome data in patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D). Methods A multi-strain probiotics that contains Lactobacillus acidophilus (KCTC 11906BP), Lactobacillus plantarum (KCTC11867BP), Lactobacillus rhamnosus (KCTC 11868BP), Bifidobacterium breve (KCTC 11858BP), Bifidobacterium lactis (KCTC 11903BP), Bifidobacterium longum (KCTC 11860BP), and Streptococcus thermophilus (KCTC 11870BP) were used. Patients were categorized into probiotic and placebo groups, and fecal samples were collected from all patients before and at the end of 8 weeks of treatment. The probiotic group was further divided into responders and non-responders. Responders were defined as patients who experienced adequate relief of overall irritable bowel syndrome symptoms after probiotic therapy. Fecal microbiota were investigated using Illumina MiSeq and analyzed using the EzBioCloud 16S database and microbiome pipeline (https://www.EZbiocloud.net). Results There was no significant difference in the alpha and beta diversity between the responder and non-responder groups. The abundances of the phylum Proteobacteria and genus Bacteroides significantly decreased after probiotic treatment. Bifidobacterium bifidum, Pediococcus acidilactici, and Enterococcus faecium showed a significantly higher abundance in the probiotic group after treatment compared to the placebo group. Enterococcus faecalis and Lactococcus lactis were identified as biomarkers of non-response to probiotics. The abundance of Fusicatenibacter saccharivorans significantly increased in the responders after treatment. Conclusions Probiotic treatment changes some composition of fecal bacteria in patients with IBS-D. E. faecalis and L. lactis may be prediction biomarkers for non-response to probiotics. Increased abundance of F. sccharivorans is correlated to symptom improvement by probiotics in patients with IBS-D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Yong Shin
- Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sein Park
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Min Moon
- Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kisung Kim
- Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Wook Kim
- Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jongsik Chun
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Hee Lee
- Institute for Digestive Research, Digestive Disease Center Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Hwan Choi
- Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Bacterial Involvement in Progression and Metastasis of Adenocarcinoma of the Stomach. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194886. [PMID: 36230809 PMCID: PMC9562638 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Infectious bacteria influence primary gastric carcinogenesis, organotropism, and metastatic progression by altering the microenvironment at the primary and secondary tumors. Key species include Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and Mycoplasma hyorhinis (M. hyorhinis). Inflammation caused by H. pylori virulence factors, such as CagA, VacA, and oipA, disrupt epithelial integrity, which allows the primary tumor to progress through the metastatic process. Evidence supports the activation of aquaporin-5 by CagA-positive H. pylori infection, promoting epithelial–mesenchymal transition via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK/ERK) pathway, thus laying the foundation for metastatic disease. M. hyorhinis has also been implicated in gastric neoplasia via β-catenin stabilization and subsequent activation of the WNT-signaling pathway, promoting gastric cancer cell motility and inciting cancer progression. Abstract Gastric cancer metastasis is a process in which the tumor microenvironment may carry significant influence. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is well-established as a contributor to gastric carcinoma. However, the role that these bacteria and others may play in gastric carcinoma metastasis is a current focus of study. A review of the literature was conducted to elucidate the process by which gastric adenocarcinoma metastasizes, including its ability to utilize both the lymphatic system and the venous system to disseminate. Studies that investigate the tumor microenvironment at both the primary and secondary sites were assessed in detail. H. pylori and Mycoplasma hyorhinis (M. hyorhinis) were found to be important drivers of the pathogenesis of gastric adenocarcinoma by modifying various steps in cell metastasis, including epithelial–mesenchymal transition, cell migration, and cell invasion. H. pylori is also a known driver of MALT lymphoma, which is often reversible simply with the eradication of infection. M. hyorhinis has been implicated in gastric neoplasia via β-catenin stabilization and subsequent activation of the WNT-signaling pathway, promoting gastric cancer cell motility and inciting cancer progression. Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum) and its association with worse prognosis in diffuse-type gastric adenocarcinoma are also reviewed. Recognition of the roles that bacteria play within the metastatic cascade is vital in gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma treatment and potential reoccurrence. Further investigation is needed to establish potential treatment for metastatic gastric carcinoma by targeting the tumor microenvironment.
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Zhang Z, Tanaka I, Pan Z, Ernst PB, Kiyono H, Kurashima Y. Intestinal homeostasis and inflammation: gut microbiota at the crossroads of pancreas-intestinal barrier axis. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:1035-1046. [PMID: 35476255 PMCID: PMC9540119 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The pancreas contains exocrine glands, which release enzymes (e.g., amylase, trypsin, and lipase) that are important for digestion and islets, which produce hormones. Digestive enzymes and hormones are secreted from the pancreas into the duodenum and bloodstream, respectively. Growing evidence suggests that the roles of the pancreas extend to not only the secretion of digestive enzymes and hormones but also to the regulation of intestinal homeostasis and inflammation (e.g., mucosal defense to pathogens and pathobionts). Organ crosstalk between the pancreas and intestine is linked to a range of physiological, immunological, and pathological activities, such as the regulation of the gut microbiota by the pancreatic proteins and lipids, the retroaction of the gut microbiota on the pancreas, the relationship between inflammatory bowel disease, and pancreatic diseases. We herein discuss the current understanding of the pancreas–intestinal barrier axis and the control of commensal bacteria in intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Zhang
- Department of Innovative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Izumi Tanaka
- Department of Innovative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Zhen Pan
- Department of Innovative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Peter B Ernst
- Division of Comparative Pathology and Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92093-0956, USA.,Center for Veterinary Sciences and Comparative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093-0956, USA.,Departments of Medicine and Pathology, CU-UCSD Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy and Vaccines (CU-UCSD cMAV), University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093-0956, USA.,International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- Division of Comparative Pathology and Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92093-0956, USA.,Departments of Medicine and Pathology, CU-UCSD Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy and Vaccines (CU-UCSD cMAV), University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093-0956, USA.,Department of Mucosal Immunology, The University of Tokyo Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.,International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.,Department of Human Mucosal Vaccinology, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kurashima
- Department of Innovative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.,Division of Comparative Pathology and Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92093-0956, USA.,Departments of Medicine and Pathology, CU-UCSD Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy and Vaccines (CU-UCSD cMAV), University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093-0956, USA.,Department of Mucosal Immunology, The University of Tokyo Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.,International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.,Department of Human Mucosal Vaccinology, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.,Institute for Advanced Academic Research, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
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Li J, Chen D, Shen M. Tumor Microenvironment Shapes Colorectal Cancer Progression, Metastasis, and Treatment Responses. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:869010. [PMID: 35402443 PMCID: PMC8984105 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.869010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most devastating diseases that accounts for numerous deaths worldwide. Tumor cell-autonomous pathways, such as the oncogenic signaling activation, significantly contribute to CRC progression and metastasis. Recent accumulating evidence suggests that the CRC microenvironment also profoundly promotes or represses this process. As the roles of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in CRC progression and metastasis is gradually uncovered, the importance of these non-cell-autonomous signaling pathways is appreciated. However, we are still at the beginning of this TME function exploring process. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the TME in CRC progression and metastasis by focusing on the gut microbiota and host cellular and non-cellular components. We also briefly discuss TME-remodeling therapies in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Dawei Chen
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Minhong Shen
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Tumor Biology and Microenvironment Research Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Minhong Shen,
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7
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Bacterial Involvement in Progression and Metastasis of Colorectal Neoplasia. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14041019. [PMID: 35205767 PMCID: PMC8870662 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14041019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
While the gut microbiome is composed of numerous bacteria, specific bacteria within the gut may play a significant role in carcinogenesis, progression, and metastasis of colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Certain microbial species are known to be associated with specific cancers; however, the interrelationship between bacteria and metastasis is still enigmatic. Mounting evidence suggests that bacteria participate in cancer organotropism during solid tumor metastasis. A critical review of the literature was conducted to better characterize what is known about bacteria populating a distant site and whether a tumor depends upon the same microenvironment during or after metastasis. The processes of carcinogenesis, tumor growth and metastatic spread in the setting of bacterial infection were examined in detail. The literature was scrutinized to discover the role of the lymphatic and venous systems in tumor metastasis and how microbes affect these processes. Some bacteria have a potent ability to enhance epithelial–mesenchymal transition, a critical step in the metastatic cascade. Bacteria also can modify the microenvironment and the local immune profile at a metastatic site. Early targeted antibiotic therapy should be further investigated as a measure to prevent metastatic spread in the setting of bacterial infection.
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8
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Genomic, Microbial and Immunological Microenvironment of Colorectal Polyps. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143382. [PMID: 34298598 PMCID: PMC8303543 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Colorectal cancers (CRC) initiate from small cell clusters known as polyps. Colonoscopic surveillance and removal of polyps is an important strategy to prevent CRC progression. Recent advances in sequencing technologies have highlighted genetic mutations in polyps that potentially contribute to CRC development. However, CRC might be considered more than a genetic disease, as emerging evidence describes early changes to immune surveillance and gut microbiota in people with polyps. Here, we review the molecular landscape of colorectal polyps, considering their genomic, microbial and immunological features, and discuss the potential clinical utility of these data. Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) develops from pre-cancerous cellular lesions in the gut epithelium, known as polyps. Polyps themselves arise through the accumulation of mutations that disrupt the function of key tumour suppressor genes, activate proto-oncogenes and allow proliferation in an environment where immune control has been compromised. Consequently, colonoscopic surveillance and polypectomy are central pillars of cancer control strategies. Recent advances in genomic sequencing technologies have enhanced our knowledge of key driver mutations in polyp lesions that likely contribute to CRC. In accordance with the prognostic significance of Immunoscores for CRC survival, there is also a likely role for early immunological changes in polyps, including an increase in regulatory T cells and a decrease in mature dendritic cell numbers. Gut microbiotas are under increasing research interest for their potential contribution to CRC evolution, and changes in the gut microbiome have been reported from analyses of adenomas. Given that early changes to molecular components of bowel polyps may have a direct impact on cancer development and/or act as indicators of early disease, we review the molecular landscape of colorectal polyps, with an emphasis on immunological and microbial alterations occurring in the gut and propose the potential clinical utility of these data.
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Dai Z, Zhang J, Wu Q, Chen J, Liu J, Wang L, Chen C, Xu J, Zhang H, Shi C, Li Z, Fang H, Lin C, Tang D, Wang D. The role of microbiota in the development of colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer 2019; 145:2032-2041. [PMID: 30474116 PMCID: PMC6899977 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third largest cancer in worldwide and has been proven to be closely related to the intestinal microbiota. Many reports and clinical studies have shown that intestinal microbial behavior may lead to pathological changes in the host intestines. The changes can be divided into epigenetic changes and carcinogenic changes at the gene level, which ultimately promote the production and development of colorectal cancer. This article reviews the pathways of microbial signaling in the intestinal epithelial barrier, the role of microbiota in inflammatory colorectal tumors, and typical microbial carcinogenesis. Finally, by gaining a deeper understanding of the intestinal microbiota, we hope to achieve the goal of treating colorectal cancer using current microbiota technologies, such as fecal microbiological transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhujiang Dai
- Clinical Medical CollegeYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Jingqiu Zhang
- Department of General SurgeryInstitute of General Surgery, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Northern Jiangsu People's HospitalYangzhouChina
| | - Qi Wu
- Clinical Medical CollegeYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Juan Chen
- Department of GastroenterologyClinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Northern Jiangsu People's HospitalYangzhouChina
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of GastroenterologyClinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Northern Jiangsu People's HospitalYangzhouChina
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of GastroenterologyClinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Northern Jiangsu People's HospitalYangzhouChina
| | - Chaowu Chen
- Department of GastroenterologyClinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Northern Jiangsu People's HospitalYangzhouChina
| | - Jiaming Xu
- Department of General SurgeryInstitute of General Surgery, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Northern Jiangsu People's HospitalYangzhouChina
| | - Hongpeng Zhang
- Department of General SurgeryInstitute of General Surgery, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Northern Jiangsu People's HospitalYangzhouChina
| | - Chunfeng Shi
- Clinical Medical CollegeYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Zhen Li
- Clinical Medical CollegeYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Huiwen Fang
- Clinical Medical CollegeYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Chaobiao Lin
- Clinical Medical CollegeYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Dong Tang
- Department of General SurgeryInstitute of General Surgery, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Northern Jiangsu People's HospitalYangzhouChina
| | - Daorong Wang
- Department of General SurgeryInstitute of General Surgery, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Northern Jiangsu People's HospitalYangzhouChina
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Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hide: How Enterococcus faecalis Subverts the Host Immune Response to Cause Infection. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:2932-2945. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Lengfelder I, Sava IG, Hansen JJ, Kleigrewe K, Herzog J, Neuhaus K, Hofmann T, Sartor RB, Haller D. Complex Bacterial Consortia Reprogram the Colitogenic Activity of Enterococcus faecalis in a Gnotobiotic Mouse Model of Chronic, Immune-Mediated Colitis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1420. [PMID: 31281321 PMCID: PMC6596359 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are associated with compositional and functional changes of the intestinal microbiota, but specific contributions of individual bacteria to chronic intestinal inflammation remain unclear. Enterococcus faecalis is a resident member of the human intestinal core microbiota that has been linked to the pathogenesis of IBD and induces chronic colitis in susceptible monoassociated IL-10-deficient (IL-10−/−) mice. In this study, we characterized the colitogenic activity of E. faecalis as part of a simplified human microbial consortium based on seven enteric bacterial strains (SIHUMI). RNA sequencing analysis of E. faecalis isolated from monoassociated wild type and IL-10−/− mice identified 408 genes including 14 genes of the ethanolamine utilization (eut) locus that were significantly up-regulated in response to inflammation. Despite considerable up-regulation of eut genes, deletion of ethanolamine utilization (ΔeutVW) had no impact on E. faecalis colitogenic activity in monoassociated IL-10−/− mice. However, replacement of the E. faecalis wild type bacteria by a ΔeutVW mutant in SIHUMI-colonized IL-10−/− mice resulted in exacerbated colitis, suggesting protective functions of E. faecalis ethanolamine utilization in complex bacterial communities. To better understand E. faecalis gene response in the presence of other microbes, we purified wild type E. faecalis cells from the colon content of SIHUMI-colonized wild type and IL-10−/− mice using immuno-magnetic separation and performed RNA sequencing. Transcriptional profiling revealed that the bacterial environment reprograms E. faecalis gene expression in response to inflammation, with the majority of differentially expressed genes not being shared between monocolonized and SIHUMI conditions. While in E. faecalis monoassociation a general bacterial stress response could be observed, expression of E. faecalis genes in SIHUMI-colonized mice was characterized by up-regulation of genes involved in growth and replication. Interestingly, in mice colonized with SIHUMI lacking E. faecalis enhanced inflammation was observed in comparison to SIHUMI-colonized mice, supporting the hypothesis that E. faecalis ethanolamine metabolism protects against colitis in complex consortia. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that complex bacterial consortia interactions reprogram the gene expression profile and colitogenic activity of the opportunistic pathogen E. faecalis toward a protective function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Lengfelder
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Irina G Sava
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Jonathan J Hansen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Karin Kleigrewe
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Jeremy Herzog
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Klaus Neuhaus
- ZIEL - Institute for Food & Health, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany.,ZIEL Core Facility Microbiome, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Thomas Hofmann
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany.,ZIEL - Institute for Food & Health, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - R Balfour Sartor
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Dirk Haller
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany.,ZIEL - Institute for Food & Health, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
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12
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Bertolini M, Ranjan A, Thompson A, Diaz PI, Sobue T, Maas K, Dongari-Bagtzoglou A. Candida albicans induces mucosal bacterial dysbiosis that promotes invasive infection. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007717. [PMID: 31009520 PMCID: PMC6497318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious complications are a common cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy due to increased risk of oral and gastrointestinal candidiasis, candidemia and septicemia. Interactions between C. albicans and endogenous mucosal bacteria are important in understanding the mechanisms of invasive infection. We published a mouse intravenous chemotherapy model that recapitulates oral and intestinal mucositis, and myelosuppression in patients receiving 5-fluorouracil. We used this model to study the influence of C. albicans on the mucosal bacterial microbiome and compared global community changes in the oral and intestinal mucosa of the same mice. We validated 16S rRNA gene sequencing data by qPCR, in situ hybridization and culture approaches. Mice receiving both 5Fu and C. albicans had an endogenous bacterial overgrowth on the oral but not the small intestinal mucosa. C. albicans infection was associated with loss of mucosal bacterial diversity in both sites with indigenous Stenotrophomonas, Alphaproteobacteria and Enterococcus species dominating the small intestinal, and Enterococcus species dominating the oral mucosa. Both immunosuppression and Candida infection contributed to changes in the oral microbiota. Enterococci isolated from mice with oropharyngeal candidiasis were implicated in degrading the epithelial junction protein E-cadherin and increasing the permeability of the oral epithelial barrier in vitro. Importantly, depletion of these organisms with antibiotics in vivo attenuated oral mucosal E-cadherin degradation and C. albicans invasion without affecting fungal burdens, indicating that bacterial community changes represent overt dysbiosis. Our studies demonstrate a complex interaction between C. albicans, the resident mucosal bacterial microbiota and the host environment in pathogenesis. We shed significant new light on the role of C. albicans in shaping resident bacterial communities and driving mucosal dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martinna Bertolini
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Amit Ranjan
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Angela Thompson
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Patricia I. Diaz
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Takanori Sobue
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Kendra Maas
- Microbial Analysis, Resources, and Services Core, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Anna Dongari-Bagtzoglou
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
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13
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Yu Y, Zhu S, Li P, Min L, Zhang S. Helicobacter pylori infection and inflammatory bowel disease: a crosstalk between upper and lower digestive tract. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:961. [PMID: 30237392 PMCID: PMC6148320 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0982-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori has coexisted with humans for approximately 60,000 years and greater than 50% of the global population is infected with H. pylori. H. pylori was successfully cultured in vitro in 1983 and studies of H. pylori have achieved substantial advances over the last 35 years. Since then, H. pylori has been characterized as the primary pathogenic factor for chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric malignancy. Numerous patients have received H. pylori eradication treatment, but only 1-2% of H. pylori-infected individuals ultimately develop gastric cancer. Recently, numerous epidemiological and basic experimental studies suggested a role for chronic H. pylori infection in protecting against inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by inducing systematic immune tolerance and suppressing inflammatory responses. Here we summarize the current research progress on the association between H. pylori and IBD, and further describe the detailed molecular mechanism underlying H. pylori-induced dendritic cells (DCs) with the tolerogenic phenotype and immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs). Based on the potential protective role of H. pylori infection on IBD, we suggest that the interaction between H. pylori and the host is complicated, and H. pylori eradication treatment should be administered with caution, especially for children and young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Shengtao Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Li Min
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Shutian Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Beijing, 100050, China.
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14
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Ballegeer M, Van Looveren K, Timmermans S, Eggermont M, Vandevyver S, Thery F, Dendoncker K, Souffriau J, Vandewalle J, Van Wyngene L, De Rycke R, Takahashi N, Vandenabeele P, Tuckermann J, Reichardt HM, Impens F, Beyaert R, De Bosscher K, Vandenbroucke RE, Libert C. Glucocorticoid receptor dimers control intestinal STAT1 and TNF-induced inflammation in mice. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:3265-3279. [PMID: 29746256 DOI: 10.1172/jci96636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
TNF is an important mediator in numerous inflammatory diseases, e.g., in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). In IBD, acute increases in TNF production can lead to disease flares. Glucocorticoids (GCs), which are steroids that bind and activate the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), are able to protect animals and humans against acute TNF-induced inflammatory symptoms. Mice with a poor transcriptional response of GR dimer-dependent target genes were studied in a model of TNF-induced lethal inflammation. In contrast to the GRWT/WT mice, these GRdim/dim mice displayed a substantial increase in TNF sensitivity and a lack of protection by the GC dexamethasone (DEX). Unchallenged GRdim/dim mice had a strong IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) signature, along with STAT1 upregulation and phosphorylation. This ISG signature was gut specific and, based on our studies with antibiotics, depended on the gut microbiota. GR dimers directly bound to short DNA sequences in the STAT1 promoter known as inverted repeat negative GRE (IR-nGRE) elements. Poor control of STAT1 in GRdim/dim mice led to failure to repress ISG genes, resulting in excessive necroptosis induction by TNF. Our findings support a critical interplay among gut microbiota, IFNs, necroptosis, and GR in both the basal response to acute inflammatory challenges and pharmacological intervention by GCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies Ballegeer
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kelly Van Looveren
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steven Timmermans
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Melanie Eggermont
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Vandevyver
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Fabien Thery
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karen Dendoncker
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jolien Souffriau
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jolien Vandewalle
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lise Van Wyngene
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Riet De Rycke
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nozomi Takahashi
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Vandenabeele
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Tuckermann
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Holger M Reichardt
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University of Göttingen Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Francis Impens
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Proteomics Core, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rudi Beyaert
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karolien De Bosscher
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Receptor Research Laboratories, Nuclear Receptor Lab, Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roosmarijn E Vandenbroucke
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Claude Libert
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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15
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Syed S, Dinallo V, Iqbal NT, Di Iorio L, Di Fusco D, Guleria S, Amadi BC, Sadiq K, Moskaluk C, Ali SA, Kelly P, Monteleone G. High SMAD7 and p-SMAD2,3 expression is associated with environmental enteropathy in children. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006224. [PMID: 29415065 PMCID: PMC5819826 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteropathies such as Crohn's disease are associated with enteric inflammation characterized by impaired TGF-β signaling, decreased expression of phosphorylated (p)-SMAD2,3 and increased expression of SMAD7 (an inhibitor of SMAD3 phosphorylation). Environmental enteropathy (EE) is an acquired inflammatory disease of the small intestine (SI), which is associated with linear growth disruption, cognitive deficits, and reduced oral vaccine responsiveness in children <5 y in resource-poor countries. We aimed to characterize EE inflammatory pathways by determining SMAD7 and p-SMAD2,3 levels (using Western blotting) in EE duodenal biopsies (N = 19 children, 7 from Pakistan, 12 from Zambia) and comparing these with healthy controls (Ctl) and celiac disease (CD) patients from Italy. Densitometric analysis of immunoblots showed that EE SI biopsies expressed higher levels of both SMAD7 (mean±SD in arbitrary units [a.u.], Ctl = 0.47±0.20 a.u., EE = 1.13±0.25 a.u., p-value = 0.03) and p-SMAD2,3 (mean±SD, Ctl = 0.38±0.14 a.u., EE = 0.60±0.10 a.u., p-value = 0.03). Immunohistochemistry showed that, in EE, SMAD7 is expressed in both the epithelium and in mononuclear cells of the lamina propria (LP). In contrast, p-SMAD3 in EE is expressed much more prominently in epithelial cells than in the LP. The high SMAD7 immunoreactivity and lack of p-SMAD3 expression in the LP suggests defective TGF-β signaling in the LP in EE similar to a previously reported SMAD7-mediated inflammatory pathway in refractory CD and Crohn's disease. However, Western blot densitometry showed elevated p-SMAD2,3 levels in EE, possibly suggesting a different inflammatory pathway than Crohn's disease but more likely reflecting cumulative protein expression from across all compartments of the mucosa as opposed to the LP alone. Further studies are needed to substantiate these preliminary results and to illustrate the relationship between SMAD proteins, TGF-β signaling, and inflammatory cytokine production, all of which may be potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Syed
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, & Nutrition, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States of America
| | - Vincenzo Dinallo
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | - Najeeha T. Iqbal
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Laura Di Iorio
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Di Fusco
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | - Shan Guleria
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, & Nutrition, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States of America
| | - Beatrice C. Amadi
- Tropical Gastroenterology and Nutrition group, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Kamran Sadiq
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Christopher Moskaluk
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - S. Asad Ali
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Paul Kelly
- Tropical Gastroenterology and Nutrition group, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni Monteleone
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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16
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Abstract
Colorectal cancer, the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, is a multifactorial disease involving genetic, environmental and lifestyle risk factors. In addition, increased evidence has established a role for the intestinal microbiota in the development of colorectal cancer. Indeed, changes in the intestinal microbiota composition in colorectal cancer patients compared to control subjects have been reported. Several bacterial species have been shown to exhibit the pro-inflammatory and pro-carcinogenic properties, which could consequently have an impact on colorectal carcinogenesis. This review will summarize the current knowledge about the potential links between the intestinal microbiota and colorectal cancer, with a focus on the pro-carcinogenic properties of bacterial microbiota such as induction of inflammation, the biosynthesis of genotoxins that interfere with cell cycle regulation and the production of toxic metabolites. Finally, we will describe the potential therapeutic strategies based on intestinal microbiota manipulation for colorectal cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécily Lucas
- M2iSH, UMR 1071 Inserm, University of Clermont Auvergne, INRA USC 2018, Clermont-Ferrand 63001, France.
| | - Nicolas Barnich
- M2iSH, UMR 1071 Inserm, University of Clermont Auvergne, INRA USC 2018, Clermont-Ferrand 63001, France.
| | - Hang Thi Thu Nguyen
- M2iSH, UMR 1071 Inserm, University of Clermont Auvergne, INRA USC 2018, Clermont-Ferrand 63001, France.
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17
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Elshaer D, Begun J. The role of barrier function, autophagy, and cytokines in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 61:51-59. [PMID: 27565684 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal homeostasis is maintained through the interplay of the intestinal mucosa, local and systemic immune factors, and the microbial content of the gut. The cellular processes of autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum stress, the unfolded protein response and regulation of reactive oxygen species production are required to maintain a balance between pro-inflammatory responses against potential pathogens and a tolerogenic response towards commensal bacteria. Intestinally active cytokines regulate innate immune pathways and cellular pathways within the gut mucosa. Disruption of these processes, or alterations in the cytokine milieu, can result in an improper response to the commensal gut microbial community leading to inappropriate inflammation characteristic of conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Elshaer
- Immunity, Infection and Inflammation Program, Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Jakob Begun
- Immunity, Infection and Inflammation Program, Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia; University of Queensland School of Medicine, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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18
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Pourgholamhossein F, Sharififar F, Rasooli R, Pourgholi L, Nakhaeipour F, Samareh-Fekri H, Iranpour M, Mandegary A. Thymoquinone effectively alleviates lung fibrosis induced by paraquat herbicide through down-regulation of pro-fibrotic genes and inhibition of oxidative stress. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 45:340-345. [PMID: 27375216 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The potential preventive and therapeutic effects of thymoquinone (TQ) and its molecular mechanism were evaluated in paraquat (PQ)-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. TQ was administered orally at the doses of 20 and 40mg/kg during the course and after development of fibrosis. Pathological changes, expressions of genes involved in fibrogenesis, hydroxyproline (HP) and oxidative stress parameters were determined in the lung tissues. TQ dose-dependently recovered the pathological changes induced by PQ. TQ decreased hydroxyproline content, lipid peroxidation and restored the antioxidant enzymes to the normal values. In molecular level, expressions of TGF-β1, α-SMA, collagen 1a1 and collagen 4a1 genes were also returned to the control level by TQ. This study indicated that TQ has the preventive and therapeutic potentials for the treatment of lung fibrosis by inhibition of oxidative stress and down-regulation of profibrotic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Pourgholamhossein
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Haft-Bagh Blvd., Kerman 7616911319, Iran; Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Haft-Bagh Blvd., Kerman 7616911319 , Iran.
| | - Fariba Sharififar
- Department of Pharmacognosy Herbal and Traditional Medicines Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Haft-Bagh Blvd., Kerman 7616911319, Iran.
| | - Rokhsana Rasooli
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Haft-Bagh Blvd., Kerman 7616911319, Iran; Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Haft-Bagh Blvd., Kerman 7616911319 , Iran.
| | - Leyla Pourgholi
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Haft-Bagh Blvd., Kerman 7616911319 , Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Nakhaeipour
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Haft-Bagh Blvd., Kerman 7616911319 , Iran.
| | - Hojjat Samareh-Fekri
- Central Research Laboratory, Deputy of Research, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Haft-Bagh Blvd., Kerman 7616911319, Iran.
| | - Maryam Iranpour
- Pathology and Stem Cell Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7617939555, Iran.
| | - Ali Mandegary
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Haft-Bagh Blvd., Kerman 7616911319 , Iran; Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Afzalipour's Hospital, Imam Highway, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7616913911, Iran.
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19
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Nakada-Tsukui K, Nozaki T. Immune Response of Amebiasis and Immune Evasion by Entamoeba histolytica. Front Immunol 2016; 7:175. [PMID: 27242782 PMCID: PMC4863898 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan parasite and the causative agent of amebiasis. It is estimated approximately 1% of humans are infected with E. histolytica, resulting in an estimate of 100,000 deaths annually. Clinical manifestations of amebic infection range widely from asymptomatic to severe symptoms, including dysentery and extra-intestinal abscesses. Like other infectious diseases, it is assumed that only ~20% of infected individuals develop symptoms, and genetic factors of both the parasite and humans as well as the environmental factors, e.g., microbiota, determine outcome of infection. There are multiple essential steps in amebic infection: degradation of and invasion into the mucosal layer, adherence to the intestinal epithelium, invasion into the tissues, and dissemination to other organs. While the mechanisms of invasion and destruction of the host tissues by the amebae during infection have been elucidated at the molecular levels, it remains largely uncharacterized how the parasite survive in the host by evading and attacking host immune system. Recently, the strategies for immune evasion by the parasite have been unraveled, including immunomodulation to suppress IFN-γ production, elimination of immune cells and soluble immune mediators, and metabolic alterations against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species to fend off the attack from immune system. In this review, we summarized the latest knowledge on immune reaction and immune evasion during amebiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Nakada-Tsukui
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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20
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Ocvirk S, Sava IG, Lengfelder I, Lagkouvardos I, Steck N, Roh JH, Tchaptchet S, Bao Y, Hansen JJ, Huebner J, Carroll IM, Murray BE, Sartor RB, Haller D. Surface-Associated Lipoproteins Link Enterococcus faecalis Virulence to Colitogenic Activity in IL-10-Deficient Mice Independent of Their Expression Levels. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004911. [PMID: 26067254 PMCID: PMC4466351 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The commensal Enterococcus faecalis is among the most common causes of nosocomial infections. Recent findings regarding increased abundance of enterococci in the intestinal microbiota of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases and induction of colitis in IL-10-deficient (IL-10-/-) mice put a new perspective on the contribution of E. faecalis to chronic intestinal inflammation. Based on the expression of virulence-related genes in the inflammatory milieu of IL-10-/- mice using RNA-sequencing analysis, we characterized the colitogenic role of two bacterial structures that substantially impact on E. faecalis virulence by different mechanisms: the enterococcal polysaccharide antigen and cell surface-associated lipoproteins. Germ-free wild type and IL-10-/- mice were monoassociated with E. faecalis wild type OG1RF or the respective isogenic mutants for 16 weeks. Intestinal tissue and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) were collected to characterize tissue pathology, loss of intestinal barrier function, bacterial adhesion to intestinal epithelium and immune cell activation. Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC) were stimulated with bacterial lysates and E. faecalis virulence was additionally investigated in three invertebrate models. Colitogenic activity of wild type E. faecalis (OG1RF score: 7.2±1.2) in monoassociated IL-10-/- mice was partially impaired in E. faecalis lacking enterococcal polysaccharide antigen (ΔepaB score: 4.7±2.3; p<0.05) and was almost completely abrogated in E. faecalis deficient for lipoproteins (Δlgt score: 2.3±2.3; p<0.0001). Consistently both E. faecalis mutants showed significantly impaired virulence in Galleria mellonella and Caenorhabditis elegans. Loss of E-cadherin in the epithelium was shown for all bacterial strains in inflamed IL-10-/- but not wild type mice. Inactivation of epaB in E. faecalis reduced microcolony and biofilm formation in vitro, altered bacterial adhesion to intestinal epithelium of germ-free Manduca sexta larvae and impaired penetration into the colonic mucus layer of IL-10-/- mice. Lipoprotein-deficient E. faecalis exhibited an impaired TLR2-mediated activation of BMDCs in vitro despite their ability to fully reactivate MLN cells as well as MLN-derived colitogenic T cells ex vivo. E. faecalis virulence factors accounting for bacterial adhesion to mucosal surfaces as well as intestinal barrier disruption partially contribute to colitogenic activity of E. faecalis. Beyond their well-known role in infections, cell surface-associated lipoproteins are essential structures for colitogenic activity of E. faecalis by mediating innate immune cell activation. Enterococcus faecalis is a commensal of the human intestinal core microbiota harboring several putative virulence factors, which highlight its role as opportunistic pathogen. This dualistic character is supported by recent evidence linking Enterococcus spp. to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Although several studies suggest a crucial role for opportunistic pathogens in IBD pathogenesis targeting genetically susceptible individuals, the dynamic relationship between disease-relevant host compartments and specific bacterial structures able to trigger intestinal inflammation remain unclear. Here, we report that cell surface-associated lipoproteins and the enterococcal polysaccharide antigen, which are relevant for E. faecalis virulence in invertebrate infection models, but whose expression is minimally affected by the intestinal inflammatory milieu, exhibit colitogenic activity in a mouse model susceptible for chronic colitis. Bacterial lipoproteins trigger innate immune cell activation and are a critical prerequisite for E. faecalis-induced colitis. The enterococcal polysaccharide antigen mediates bacterial mucus penetration and adhesion to mucosal surfaces, promotes the formation of biofilm and contributes to E. faecalis colitogenic activity. Using E. faecalis as a model organism, we demonstrate that colitogenic activity of opportunistic pathogens can be assigned to specific bacterial structures, a finding that may help to identify the most essential steps in IBD-related microbe-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soeren Ocvirk
- Technische Universität München, Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, ZIEL–Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Irina G. Sava
- Technische Universität München, Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, ZIEL–Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Isabella Lengfelder
- Technische Universität München, Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, ZIEL–Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Ilias Lagkouvardos
- Technische Universität München, Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, ZIEL–Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Natalie Steck
- Technische Universität München, Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, ZIEL–Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Jung H. Roh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sandrine Tchaptchet
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yinyin Bao
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan J. Hansen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Johannes Huebner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ian M. Carroll
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Barbara E. Murray
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - R. Balfour Sartor
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Dirk Haller
- Technische Universität München, Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, ZIEL–Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- * E-mail:
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21
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Draghiciu O, Nijman HW, Hoogeboom BN, Meijerhof T, Daemen T. Sunitinib depletes myeloid-derived suppressor cells and synergizes with a cancer vaccine to enhance antigen-specific immune responses and tumor eradication. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e989764. [PMID: 25949902 PMCID: PMC4404834 DOI: 10.4161/2162402x.2014.989764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The high efficacy of therapeutic cancer vaccines in preclinical studies has yet to be fully achieved in clinical trials. Tumor immune suppression is a critical factor that hampers the desired antitumor effect. Here, we analyzed the combined effect of a cancer vaccine and the receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor sunitinib. Sunitinib was administered intraperitoneally, alone or in combination with intramuscular immunization using a viral vector based cancer vaccine composed of Semliki Forest virus replicon particles and encoding the oncoproteins E6 and E7 (SFVeE6,7) of human papilloma virus (HPV). We first demonstrated that treatment of tumor-bearing mice with sunitinib alone dose-dependently depleted myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the tumor, spleen and in circulation. Concomitantly, the number of CD8+ T cells increased 2-fold and, on the basis of CD69 expression, their activation status was greatly enhanced. The intrinsic immunosuppressive activity of residual MDSCs after sunitinib treatment was not changed in a dose-dependent fashion. We next combined sunitinib treatment with SFVeE6,7 immunization. This combined treatment resulted in a 1.5- and 3-fold increase of E7-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) present within the circulation and tumor, respectively, as compared to immunization only. The ratio of E7-specific CTLs to MDSCs in blood thereby increased 10- to 20-fold and in tumors up to 12.5-fold. As a result, the combined treatment strongly enhanced the antitumor effect of the cancer vaccine. This study demonstrates that sunitinib creates a favorable microenvironment depleted of MDSCs and acts synergistically with a cancer vaccine resulting in enhanced levels of active tumor-antigen specific CTLs, thus changing the balance in favor of antitumor immunity.
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Key Words
- ARG1, arginase-1
- CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte
- DC, dendritic cell
- Flt3, Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3
- HPV, human papilloma virus
- MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cell
- PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell
- Semliki Forest virus
- TGFβ, transforming growth factor β
- Treg, regulatory T cell
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor.
- cancer vaccine
- iNOS, nitric oxide synthase
- mRCC, metastatic renal cell carcinoma
- myeloid-derived suppressor cells
- rSFV, recombinant Semliki forest virus
- sunitinib
- suppressive factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana Draghiciu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tumor Virology and Cancer Immunotherapy; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen ; Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hans W Nijman
- Department of Gynecology; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen ; Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Baukje Nynke Hoogeboom
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tumor Virology and Cancer Immunotherapy; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen ; Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tjarko Meijerhof
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tumor Virology and Cancer Immunotherapy; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen ; Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Toos Daemen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Tumor Virology and Cancer Immunotherapy; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen ; Groningen, the Netherlands
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22
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Enjapoori AK, Grant TR, Nicol SC, Lefèvre CM, Nicholas KR, Sharp JA. Monotreme lactation protein is highly expressed in monotreme milk and provides antimicrobial protection. Genome Biol Evol 2014; 6:2754-73. [PMID: 25245409 PMCID: PMC4224336 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evu209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Monotremes (platypus and echidna) are the descendants of the oldest ancestor of all extant mammals distinguished from other mammals by mode of reproduction. Monotremes lay eggs following a short gestation period and after an even briefer incubation period, altricial hatchlings are nourished over a long lactation period with milk secreted by nipple-less mammary patches located on the female’s abdomen. Milk is the sole source of nutrition and immune protection for the developing young until weaning. Using transcriptome and mass spectrometry analysis of milk cells and milk proteins, respectively, a novel Monotreme Lactation Protein (MLP) was identified as a major secreted protein in milk. We show that platypus and short-beaked echidna MLP genes show significant homology and are unique to monotremes. The MLP transcript was shown to be expressed in a variety of tissues; however, highest expression was observed in milk cells and was expressed constitutively from early to late lactation. Analysis of recombinant MLP showed that it is an N-linked glycosylated protein and biophysical studies predicted that MLP is an amphipathic, α-helical protein, a typical feature of antimicrobial proteins. Functional analysis revealed MLP antibacterial activity against both opportunistic pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus and commensal Enterococcus faecalis bacteria but showed no effect on Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Salmonella enterica. Our data suggest that MLP is an evolutionarily ancient component of milk-mediated innate immunity absent in other mammals. We propose that MLP evolved specifically in the monotreme lineage supporting the evolution of lactation in these species to provide bacterial protection, at a time when mammals lacked nipples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tom R Grant
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stewart C Nicol
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | | | - Kevin R Nicholas
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julie A Sharp
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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23
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Abstract
The human colon plays host to a diverse and metabolically complex community of microorganisms. While the colonic microbiome has been suggested to contribute to the development of colorectal cancer (CRC), a definitive link has not been made. The role in which the colon microflora could contribute to the initiation and/or progression of CRC is explored in this review. Potential mechanisms of bacterial oncogenesis are presented, along with lines of evidence derived from animal models of microbially induced CRC. Particular focus is given to the oncogenic capabilities of enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis. Recent progress in defining the microbiome of CRC in the human population is evaluated, and the future challenges of linking specific etiologic agents to CRC are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Dejea
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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24
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Malhotra N, Kang J. SMAD regulatory networks construct a balanced immune system. Immunology 2013; 139:1-10. [PMID: 23347175 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A balanced immune response requires combating infectious assaults while striving to maintain quiescence towards the self. One of the central players in this process is the pleiotropic cytokine transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), whose deficiency results in spontaneous systemic autoimmunity in mice. The dominant function of TGF-β is to regulate the peripheral immune homeostasis, particularly in the microbe-rich and antigen-rich environment of the gut. To maintain intestinal integrity, the epithelial cells, myeloid cells and lymphocytes that inhabit the gut secrete TGF-β, which acts in both paracrine and autocrine fashions to activate its signal transducers, the SMAD transcription factors. The SMAD pathway regulates the production of IgA by B cells, maintains the protective mucosal barrier and promotes the balanced differentiation of CD4(+) T cells into inflammatory T helper type 17 cells and suppressive FOXP3(+) T regulatory cells. While encounters with pathogenic microbes activate SMAD proteins to evoke a protective inflammatory immune response, SMAD activation and synergism with immunoregulatory factors such as the vitamin A metabolite retinoic acid enforce immunosuppression toward commensal microbes and innocuous food antigens. Such complementary context-dependent functions of TGF-β are achieved by the co-operation of SMAD proteins with distinct dominant transcription activators and accessory chromatin modifiers. This review highlights recent advances in unravelling the molecular basis for the multi-faceted functions of TGF-β in the gut that are dictacted by fluid orchestrations of SMADs and their myriad partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Malhotra
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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25
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Forster K, Goethel A, Chan CWT, Zanello G, Streutker C, Croitoru K. An oral CD3-specific antibody suppresses T-cell-induced colitis and alters cytokine responses to T-cell activation in mice. Gastroenterology 2012; 143:1298-1307. [PMID: 22819863 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS New therapeutic approaches are needed for inflammatory bowel diseases. A monoclonal antibody against CD3 (anti-CD3) suppresses T-cell-mediated autoimmune diseases such as experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. We explored the effects of anti-CD3 in mice with colitis. METHODS Severe combined immunodeficient mice were given injections of CD4(+)CD45RB(high) T cells to induce colitis. Four weeks later, the mice were given 2 or 5 μg/day of anti-CD3 or hamster immunoglobulin (Ig)G (control), via gavage, for 5 or 10 days. The effect of oral anti-CD3 on cytokine responses was studied by activating T cells using intraperitoneal injections of anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody 2 days after oral administration of the antibody. We collected intestine samples for histology analysis and cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. Cytokines in sera were analyzed by cytometric bead array. RESULTS Oral administration of anti-CD3 protected the mice from wasting disease and intestinal inflammation. Analyses of spleen and mesenteric lymph node cells showed no differences in total cell counts, or percentages of CD4(+) and forkhead box P3(+) regulatory T cells, between mice given anti-CD3 or the control immunoglobulin. Colitis therefore was not suppressed by induction of forkhead box P3(+) regulatory T cells, or depletion or limited expansion of T cells. Oral administration of anti-CD3 ameliorated the enteropathy induced by intraperitoneal injection of the antibody. In mice with enteropathy, oral anti-CD3 reduced levels of inflammatory cytokines such as interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin (IL)-6; it also increased levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β. The effects of oral anti-CD3 required IL-10. CONCLUSIONS Oral administration of anti-CD3 to mice induces changes in the mucosal immune response that prevent colitis, independent of specific antigen, and reduce T-cell activation in an IL-10-dependent manner. Oral anti-CD3 therefore might be developed for the treatment of patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Forster
- Institute of Medical Science, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashleigh Goethel
- Institute of Medical Science, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Catherine Wing-Tak Chan
- Institute of Medical Science, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Galliano Zanello
- Institute of Medical Science, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Catherine Streutker
- Surgical Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kenneth Croitoru
- Institute of Medical Science, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Zane Cohen Center for Digestive Research, Division of Gastroenterology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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26
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Bosanquet DC, Harding KG, Ruge F, Sanders AJ, Jiang WG. Expression of IL-24 and IL-24 receptors in human wound tissues and the biological implications of IL-24 on keratinocytes. Wound Repair Regen 2012; 20:896-903. [PMID: 23110359 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-475x.2012.00840.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-24, also known as melanoma differentiation-associated gene-7, is a cytokine initially identified from cancerous cells and expressed in a range of cell types. It is a regulator of cell differentiation, growth, and apoptosis, and a promising anticancer agent. IL-24 acts via its heterodimic receptors: the IL-20R1 and IL-20R2 complex and the IL-22R1 and IL-20R2 complex. There is limited information on the effect of IL-24 in wound healing. Human acute and chronic wound tissues were used to analyze the transcript levels and histological staining of IL-24 and the IL-24 receptors. The biological response of human keratinocytes to recombinant human IL-24 was evaluated using electric cell-substrate impedance sensing-based methods in conjunction with inhibitors to candidate signaling pathways. IL-24 significantly slowed the migration of keratinocytes (p = 0.01), with only a marginal effect on cellular adhesion. The inhibitory effect of IL-24 on migration was completed reversed following addition of an AKT inhibitor (p = 0.004) but not an SMAD3 pathway inhibitor. Human chronic wound tissues showed raised levels of both IL-24 (p = 0.003) and its receptor (p = 0.0305) compared with acute wound tissues. We conclude that IL-24 appears to promote wound chronicity via its inhibitory effect on the migratory behavior of human keratinocytes, mediated through an AKT-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Bosanquet
- Departments of Surgery and Wound Healing, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
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27
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Inflammatory bowel disease and pregnancy: overlapping pathways. Transl Res 2012; 160:65-83. [PMID: 22687963 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have reported on the association between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as preterm birth. The exact mechanisms of action are unclear; however, several pathways and processes are involved in both IBD and pregnancy that may help explain this. In this review, we discuss the immune system's T helper cells and human leukocyte antigens, inflammation, its function, and the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), and prostaglandins in the inflammatory response. For each of these topics, we consider their involvement in IBD and pregnancy, and we speculate as to how they can lead to preterm birth. Finally, we review briefly corticosteroids, biologic therapies, and immunosuppressants for the treatment of IBD, as well as their safety in use during pregnancy, with special focus on preterm birth.
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28
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Foye OT, Huang IF, Chiou CC, Walker WA, Shi HN. Early administration of probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus and/or prebiotic inulin attenuates pathogen-mediated intestinal inflammation and Smad 7 cell signaling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 65:467-80. [PMID: 22524476 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2012.00978.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Immaturity of gut-associated immunity may contribute to pediatric mortality associated with enteric infections. A murine model to parallel infantile enteric disease was used to determine the effects of probiotic, Lactobacillus acidophilus (La), prebiotic, inulin, or both (synbiotic, syn) on pathogen-induced inflammatory responses, NF-κB, and Smad 7 signaling. Newborn mice were inoculated bi-weekly for 4 weeks with La, inulin, or syn and challenged with Citrobacter rodentium (Cr) at 5 weeks. Mouse intestinal epithelial cells (CMT93) were exposed to Cr to determine temporal alterations in NF-Kappa B and Smad 7 levels. Mice with pretreatment of La, inulin, and syn show reduced intestinal inflammation following Cr infection compared with controls, which is associated with significantly reduced bacterial colonization in La, inulin, and syn animals. Our results further show that host defense against Cr infection correlated with enhanced colonic IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β expression and inhibition of NF-κB in syn-treated mice, whereas mice pretreated with syn, La, or inulin had attenuation of Cr-induced Smad 7 expression. There was a temporal Smad 7 and NF-κB intracellular accumulation post-Cr infection and post-tumor necrosis factor stimulation in CMT93 cells. These results, therefore, suggest that probiotic, La, prebiotic inulin, or synbiotic may promote host-protective immunity and attenuate Cr-induced intestinal inflammation through mechanisms affecting NF-κB and Smad 7 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondulla T Foye
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
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29
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New insights into the impact of the intestinal microbiota on health and disease: a symposium report. Br J Nutr 2012; 107 Suppl 1:S1-13. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511006970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The present report summarises key insights from a recent symposium focusing on the impact of the intestinal microbiota on health and disease. A more appropriate definition of health was proposed since health maintenance is a dynamic process better assessed in terms of ability to adapt to stress and maintain physiological homeostasis. Biomarkers specifically for health are needed; use of challenge models and subjects with suboptimal health or specific disease risk were advised. The complexity of interactions between external factors, the intestinal epithelium, intestinal microbiota, the immune system and health was exemplified by describing the effects of antibiotics, the Western diet and non-digestible carbohydrates on the microbiota. The association of certain bacteria with different states of health or disease was acknowledged but also that is not always clear whether this is a cause or effect. Recent identification of three robust faecal metagenome clusters may advance this understanding. It was speculated that knowledge of the intestinal microbiota profile may eventually help in the diagnosis of health risks and choice of therapy. It was agreed that beneficial manipulation of the commensal microbiota can improve health outcome. For this purpose, three areas were reviewed. Firstly, research into probiotics as vaccine adjuvants was considered useful for substantiation of immune function claims. Secondly, positive results with certain probiotics and synbiotics for colorectal cancer are emerging, mostly fromin vitroand animal studies. Finally, studies in endurance athletes have shown strain-specific probiotic benefit in terms of maintenance of immune function and, for certain strains, reduction of episodes of respiratory and/or gastrointestinal tract infections.
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30
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Larmonier CB, Laubitz D, Thurston RD, Bucknam AL, Hill FM, Midura-Kiela M, Ramalingam R, Kiela PR, Ghishan FK. NHE3 modulates the severity of colitis in IL-10-deficient mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 300:G998-G1009. [PMID: 21415416 PMCID: PMC3119112 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00073.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
NHE3, the major intestinal Na(+)/H(+) exchanger, was shown to be downregulated and/or inhibited in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a phenomenon believed to contribute to inflammation-associated diarrhea. NHE3(-/-) mice spontaneously develop colitis and demonstrate high susceptibility to dextran sulfate-induced mucosal injury. We investigated the effects of NHE3 deficiency on the development of chronic colitis in an IL-10 knockout (KO) mouse model of Crohn's disease. NHE3(-/-) mice were first backcrossed to 129/SvEv mice for >10 generations, with no apparent changes in their survival or phenotype. These mice were crossed with IL-10(-/-) mice on the same genetic background, and the phenotypes of 10-wk-old wild-type (WT), IL-10(-/-), NHE3(-/-), and IL-10(-/-)/NHE3(-/-) (double-KO) mice were studied. Histological and immunohistochemical examination of the colon established important architectural alterations, including increased neutrophilic and mononuclear cell infiltration in double- compared with single-KO mice. Double-KO mice demonstrated increased colonic expression of neutrophil collagenase matrix metalloproteinase-8 and the chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein-2, CXCL1, CXCL10, and CXCL11. Colonic IFNγ, IL-17, and IL-12/23 p40 protein secretion was significantly increased in double- compared with single-KO mice. IL-10(-/-)/NHE3(-/-) mouse colonic epithelium exhibited increased hallmarks of apoptosis, including a significantly increased number of cleaved caspase-3-positive surface epithelial cells. These results highlight the importance of NHE3 in the maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity and in modulating the inflammatory process in IL-10-deficient mice. Chronic NHE3 inhibition or underexpression observed in IBD may therefore contribute to the pathogenesis of IBD by influencing the extent of the epithelial barrier defect and affect the ultimate degree of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. B. Larmonier
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children's Research Center,
| | - D. Laubitz
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children's Research Center, ,3Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - R. D. Thurston
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children's Research Center,
| | - A. L. Bucknam
- 2Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona; and
| | - F. M. Hill
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children's Research Center,
| | - M. Midura-Kiela
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children's Research Center,
| | - R. Ramalingam
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children's Research Center,
| | - P. R. Kiela
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children's Research Center, ,2Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona; and
| | - F. K. Ghishan
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children's Research Center,
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31
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Scarpa M, Grillo A, Pozza A, Faggian D, Ruffolo C, Scarpa M, D'Incà R, Plebani M, Sturniolo GC, Castagliuolo I, Angriman I. TLR2 and TLR4 up-regulation and colonization of the ileal mucosa by Clostridiaceae spp. in chronic/relapsing pouchitis. J Surg Res 2011; 169:e145-54. [PMID: 21601883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic pouchitis, which can lead to pouch failure, occurs in approximately 5% of patients after restorative proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis (UC). This work examined the interplay between the microbiota adherent to the ileal pouch mucosa and the mucosal immune system in chronic/relapsing pouchitis. PATIENTS AND METHODS Thirty-two consecutive patients attending our surgical gastroenterological department following restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) for UC were considered eligible candidates for this study. Biopsy samples of bacteria adherent to the mucosa were collected. TLR4 and TLR2 mucosal expression was measured by Real Time RT-PCR. Serum and mucosal IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels were assessed using immunometric assays. Fecal lactoferrin concentrations were determined by quantitative ELISA. After a median follow-up of 23 months (IQR 20-24 months) each patient underwent a global assessment of their clinical condition and disease activity status. RESULTS Six patients were diagnosed with relapsing/chronic pouchitis during the follow-up period. Mucosal TLR2 and TLR4 expression was higher in the chronic/relapsing pouchitis group than in the no or only one episode of pouchitis group (P = 0.036 and P = 0.016, respectively). The number of colony forming units (CFU) of mucosa-associated Clostridiaceae spp. was higher in the former than in the latter group (P = 0.031). Clostridiaceae were associated to a significant risk of chronic/relapsing pouchitis [OR: 14 (95% CI 0.887-224.021), P = 0.045]. CONCLUSION Chronic/relapsing pouchitis is associated to higher mucosal TLR2 and TLR4 expression. Mucosal colonization by Clostridiaceae spp seems to play a role in the pathogenesis of chronic/relapsing pouchitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Scarpa
- Oncological Surgery Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology (IOV-IRCCS), Padova, Italy.
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32
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Relationship between mucosa-associated microbiota and inflammatory parameters in the ileal pouch after restorative proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis. Surgery 2011; 150:56-67. [PMID: 21549404 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2011.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our aim was to assess the relationship between the ileal-pouch microbiota and inflammatory parameters in patients operated on for ulcerative colitis. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 32 consecutive outpatients returning for follow-up endoscopy were recruited. Pouch biopsies were obtained during endoscopy for culture of bacteria adherent to the mucosa, histology, and analysis of local inflammation (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα by immunometric assay; and toll-like receptor [TLR] 2 and 4 mRNA by quantitative real-time PCR). Fecal samples were collected for analysis of lactoferrin by ELISA. RESULTS Granulocyte and monocyte mucosal infiltration correlated directly with mucosal Bacteriodiaceae spp. counts. Clostridiaceae spp. counts showed a direct correlation with mucosal ulceration and number of daily stools. In patients with pouchitis, Enterococcaceae spp. counts were less than in healthy patients. Enterobacteriaceae spp., Streptococcaceae spp. and Enterococcaceae spp. counts correlated inversely with immune cell infiltration. TLR-2 and TLR-4 mRNA, and mucosal levels of IL-1β levels all correlated directly with Veilonella spp. counts. CONCLUSION Bacteriodaceae spp. and, Clostridiaceae spp. may be associated with inflammation of the pouch mucosa. Conversely, Enterococcaceae spp., and possibly Enterobacteriaceae spp. and Streptococcaceae spp., may have an active role in maintaining immunologic homeostasis within the pouch mucosa.
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33
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Edmunds SJ, Roy NC, Love DR, Laing WA. Kiwifruit extracts inhibit cytokine production by lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages, and intestinal epithelial cells isolated from IL10 gene deficient mice. Cell Immunol 2011; 270:70-9. [PMID: 21600571 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract involving an inappropriate immune response to commensal microorganisms in a genetically susceptible host. This study examined the effects of aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts of gold kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) or green kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) using in vitro models of IBD. These models comprised primary macrophages and intestinal epithelial cells isolated from C57BL/5J and interleukin-10 gene deficient (Il10(-/-)) mice and RAW 264.7, a murine macrophage-like cell line. All four kiwifruit extracts reduced the activation of these models after lipopolysaccharide stimulation, decreasing nitric oxide and cytokine secretion by both Il10(-/-) and wild-type cells. The ethyl acetate extracts exhibited the highest anti-inflammatory activity, with almost complete suppression of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophage activation. These results suggest that kiwifruit extracts have significant anti-inflammatory activity relevant to IBD. We suggest that the Il10(-/-) mouse is a suitable model for further study of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley J Edmunds
- Food Innovation, The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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34
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Diegelmann J, Seiderer J, Niess JH, Haller D, Göke B, Reinecker HC, Brand S. Expression and regulation of the chemokine CXCL16 in Crohn's disease and models of intestinal inflammation. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010; 16:1871-81. [PMID: 20848509 PMCID: PMC2981128 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CXCL16 mediates adhesion and phagocytosis of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and is a strong chemoattractant for CXCR6+ T cells. In this study, we determined the so far unknown expression and signal transduction of the novel CXCL16-CXCR6 chemokine-ligand receptor system in intestinal inflammation in vivo and in vitro. METHODS CXCL16 mRNA was measured by quantitative PCR in human colonic biopsies of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) as well as in the TNFΔARE mouse model of ileitis and in murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV)-induced colitis. CXCL16 serum levels were analyzed by ELISA. CXCL16-induced signal transduction was analyzed in intestinal epithelial cells with phospho-specific antibodies for mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases and Akt. RESULTS We found an inverse expression pattern of CXCL16 and CXCR6, with highest CXCL16 mRNA expression in the proximal murine small intestine and the highest CXCR6 mRNA expression in the distal colon. CXCL16 and CXCR6 mRNA were expressed in colorectal cancer (CRC)-derived intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) lines. CRC-expressed CXCR6 was functional, as demonstrated by CXCL16-induced MAP kinase and Akt activation. Intestinal CXCL16 expression was elevated in the TNFΔARE mouse model of ileitis and in MCMV-induced colitis (P < 0.05) and in the sera and colons of patients with CD (P < 0.05), where its expression correlated highly with CXCR6 and IL-8 levels (r = 0.85 and 0.89, respectively). CONCLUSIONS CRC-derived IECs express the functional CXCL16 receptor CXCR6. CXCL16 mRNA and protein expression is up-regulated in intestinal inflammation in vitro and in CD patients, suggesting an important role for this chemokine in intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Diegelmann
- Department of Internal Medicine II - Grosshadern, University of Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Seiderer
- Department of Internal Medicine II - Grosshadern, University of Munich, Germany
| | | | - Dirk Haller
- Nutrition and Food Research Center, Experimental Nutritional Medicine, Technical University Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Burkhard Göke
- Department of Internal Medicine II - Grosshadern, University of Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Christian Reinecker
- Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, U.S.A
| | - Stephan Brand
- Department of Internal Medicine II - Grosshadern, University of Munich, Germany,Corresponding author: Stephan Brand, M.D., Department of Medicine II, University-Hospital Munich-Grosshadern, University of Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, D-81377 Munich, Germany, Tel. + 49-89-7095 2295, Fax. + 49-89-7095 5291,
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35
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Barnett MPG, McNabb WC, Cookson AL, Zhu S, Davy M, Knoch B, Nones K, Hodgkinson AJ, Roy NC. Changes in colon gene expression associated with increased colon inflammation in interleukin-10 gene-deficient mice inoculated with Enterococcus species. BMC Immunol 2010; 11:39. [PMID: 20630110 PMCID: PMC2912833 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-11-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inappropriate responses to normal intestinal bacteria may be involved in the development of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD, e.g. Crohn's Disease (CD), Ulcerative Colitis (UC)) and variations in the host genome may mediate this process. IL-10 gene-deficient (Il10-/-) mice develop CD-like colitis mainly in the colon, in part due to inappropriate responses to normal intestinal bacteria including Enterococcus strains, and have therefore been used as an animal model of CD. Comprehensive characterization of changes in cecum gene expression levels associated with inflammation in the Il10-/- mouse model has recently been reported. Our aim was to characterize changes in colonic gene expression levels in Il10-/- and C57BL/6J (C57; control) mice resulting from oral bacterial inoculation with 12 Enterococcus faecalis and faecium (EF) strains isolated from calves or poultry, complex intestinal flora (CIF) collected from healthy control mice, or a mixture of the two (EF·CIF). We investigated two hypotheses: (1) that oral inoculation of Il10-/- mice would result in greater and more consistent intestinal inflammation than that observed in Il10-/- mice not receiving this inoculation, and (2) that this inflammation would be associated with changes in colon gene expression levels similar to those previously observed in human studies, and these mice would therefore be an appropriate model for human CD. Results At 12 weeks of age, total RNA extracted from intact colon was hybridized to Agilent 44 k mouse arrays. Differentially expressed genes were identified using linear models for microarray analysis (Bioconductor), and these genes were clustered using GeneSpring GX and Ingenuity Pathways Analysis software. Intestinal inflammation was increased in Il10-/- mice as a result of inoculation, with the strongest effect being in the EF and EF·CIF groups. Genes differentially expressed in Il10-/- mice as a result of EF or EF·CIF inoculation were associated with the following pathways: inflammatory disease (111 genes differentially expressed), immune response (209 genes), antigen presentation (11 genes, particularly major histocompatability complex Class II), fatty acid metabolism (30 genes) and detoxification (31 genes). Conclusions Our results suggest that colonic inflammation in Il10-/- mice inoculated with solutions containing Enterococcus strains is associated with gene expression changes similar to those of human IBD, specifically CD, and that with the EF·CIF inoculum in particular this is an appropriate model to investigate food-gene interactions relevant to human CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P G Barnett
- Food, Metabolism & Microbiology Section, AgResearch Grasslands, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
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Mortimer L, Chadee K. The immunopathogenesis of Entamoeba histolytica. Exp Parasitol 2010; 126:366-80. [PMID: 20303955 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2010.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Revised: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Amebiasis is the disease caused by the enteric dwelling protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica. The WHO considers amebiasis as one of the major health problems in developing countries; it is surpassed by only malaria and schistosomiasis for death caused by parasitic infection. E. histolytica primarily lives in the colon as a harmless commensal, but is capable of causing devastating dysentery, colitis and liver abscess. What triggers the switch to a pathogenic phenotype and the onset of disease is unknown. We are becoming increasingly aware of the complexity of the host-parasite interaction. During chronic stages of amebiasis, the host develops an immune response that is incapable of eliminating tissue resident parasites, while the parasite actively immunosuppresses the host. However, most individuals with symptomatic infections succumb only to an episode of dysentery. Why most halt invasion and a minority progress to chronic disease remains poorly understood. This review presents a current understanding of the immune processes that shape the outcome of E. histolytica infections during its different stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne Mortimer
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary Health Sciences Centre, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Toll-like receptor signalling in the intestinal epithelium: how bacterial recognition shapes intestinal function. Nat Rev Immunol 2010; 10:131-44. [PMID: 20098461 DOI: 10.1038/nri2707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 866] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A single layer of epithelial cells lines the small and large intestines and functions as a barrier between commensal bacteria and the rest of the body. Ligation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on intestinal epithelial cells by bacterial products promotes epithelial cell proliferation, secretion of IgA into the gut lumen and expression of antimicrobial peptides. As described in this Review, this establishes a microorganism-induced programme of epithelial cell homeostasis and repair in the intestine. Dysregulation of this process can result in chronic inflammatory and over-exuberant repair responses, and it is associated with the development of colon cancer. Thus, dysregulated TLR signalling by intestinal epithelial cells may explain how colonic bacteria and inflammation promote colorectal cancer.
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Messlik A, Schmechel S, Kisling S, Bereswill S, Heimesaat MM, Fischer A, Göbel U, Haller D. Loss of Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 leads to differential induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress and proapoptotic responses in the intestinal epithelium under conditions of chronic inflammation. J Proteome Res 2010; 8:4406-17. [PMID: 19681597 DOI: 10.1021/pr9000465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in the recognition of microbial molecular patterns of infectious and commensal bacteria and their expression in various tissues including the intestinal epithelium orchestration of the innate and adaptive immune defense mechanisms. Changes in the TLR signaling pathways due to host genetic predispositions may turn a physiological response into a pathological situation including failure of bacterial clearance and development of chronic inflammation. The aim of this study was to characterize the role of TLR2 or TLR4 deficiency in epithelial cell stress responses under noninflamed and inflamed conditions using TLR-deficient mice and TLR(-/-) cross-bred IL-10-deficient mice as a model for genetically driven experimental colitis. Primary intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) were isolated from specific-pathogen-free wild-type, TLR2-, TLR4-, IL-10-, IL-10XTLR2- and IL-10XTLR4-deficient mice at the age of 1, 8, and 16 weeks. Histopathological analysis showed absence of tissue pathology (score 0-12) in distal colon sections of TLR2- and TLR4-deficient mice. In addition, TLR2- but not TLR4-deficient mice cross-bred to the IL-10-deficient background develop moderate colitis, suggesting different effects of these pattern recognition receptors in regulating disease mechanisms. Proteome analysis revealed significantly regulated proteins associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondrial stress responses in the epithelium. In contrast to TLR2(-/-) and IL-10XTLR2(-/-) mice, the induction of the ER-associated chaperone grp-78 was dissociated from the activation of proapoptotic caspase 3 cleavage in noninflamed TLR4(-/-) and IL10XTLR4(-/-) mice. These results suggest that ER-associated cellular stress responses play an important role in epithelial cells homeostasis leading to beneficial but also deleterious effects. We hypothesize that ER stress-associated processes in the absence of TLR2 and TLR4 differentially affect host responses and epithelial functions under conditions of genetically driven chronic intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Messlik
- Chair for Biofunctionality, CDD-Center for Diet and Disease, ZIEL-Research Center for Nutrition and Food Science, Technische Universität München, Am Forum 5, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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Srinivasan M, Summerlin DJ. Modulation of the colonic epithelial cell responses and amelioration of inflammation by CD80 blockade in TNBS colitis. Clin Immunol 2009; 133:411-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2009.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2008] [Revised: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Westendorf AM, Fleissner D, Hansen W, Buer J. T cells, dendritic cells and epithelial cells in intestinal homeostasis. Int J Med Microbiol 2009; 300:11-8. [PMID: 19781991 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2009.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucosal immune system of the intestinal tract is continuously exposed to both potential pathogens and beneficial commensal microorganism. A variety of mechanisms contribute to the ability of the gut to either react or remain tolerant to antigen present in the intestinal lumen. Antigens of the gut commensals are not simply ignored, but rather trigger an active immunosuppressive process, which prevents the outcome of immunopathology. The aim of this review is to provide an update on the mechanism of intestinal homeostasis, with particular focus on the complex crosstalk between T cells, dendritic cells and intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid M Westendorf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, D-45122 Essen, Germany.
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41
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Bollyky PL, Falk BA, Long SA, Preisinger A, Braun KR, Wu RP, Evanko SP, Buckner JH, Wight TN, Nepom GT. CD44 costimulation promotes FoxP3+ regulatory T cell persistence and function via production of IL-2, IL-10, and TGF-beta. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:2232-41. [PMID: 19635906 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Work by our group and others has demonstrated a role for the extracellular matrix receptor CD44 and its ligand hyaluronan in CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cell (Treg) function. Herein, we explore the mechanistic basis for this observation. Using mouse FoxP3/GFP(+) Treg, we find that CD44 costimulation promotes expression of FoxP3, in part through production of IL-2. This promotion of IL-2 production was resistant to cyclosporin A treatment, suggesting that CD44 costimulation may promote IL-2 production through bypassing FoxP3-mediated suppression of NFAT. CD44 costimulation increased production of IL-10 in a partially IL-2-dependent manner and also promoted cell surface TGF-beta expression. Consistent with these findings, Treg from CD44 knockout mice demonstrated impaired regulatory function ex vivo and depressed production of IL-10 and cell surface TGF-beta. These data reveal a novel role for CD44 cross-linking in the production of regulatory cytokines. Similar salutary effects on FoxP3 expression were observed upon costimulation with hyaluronan, the primary natural ligand for CD44. This effect is dependent upon CD44 cross-linking; while both high-molecular-weight hyaluronan (HA) and plate-bound anti-CD44 Ab promoted FoxP3 expression, neither low-molecular weight HA nor soluble anti-CD44 Ab did so. The implication is that intact high-molecular weight HA can cross-link CD44 only in those settings where it predominates over fragmentary LMW-HA, namely, in uninflamed tissue. We propose that intact but not fragmented extracellular is capable of cross-linking CD44 and thereby maintains immunologic tolerance in uninjured or healing tissue.
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Hoffmann M, Kim SC, Sartor RB, Haller D. Enterococcus faecalis strains differentially regulate Alix/AIP1 protein expression and ERK 1/2 activation in intestinal epithelial cells in the context of chronic experimental colitis. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:1183-92. [PMID: 19166300 DOI: 10.1021/pr800785m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Monoassociation of germfree Interleukin 10 gene deficient (IL-10-/-) 129SvEv but not wild-type mice with Enterococcus faecalis induces severe chronic colitis. Bacterial strain-specific effects on the development of chronic intestinal inflammation are not understood. We investigated the molecular mechanisms of E. faecalis OG1RF (human clinical isolate, colitogenic) and E. faecalis ms2 (endogenous isolate from an IL-10-/- mouse) in initiating chronic experimental colitis using IL-10-/- mice. Monoassociation of IL-10-/- mice for 14 weeks revealed significant differences in colonic inflammation (3.6 +/- 0.2 and 2.4 +/- 0.6 for OG1RF and ms2, respectively) (n = 5 mice in each group) (histological scoring (0-4)). Consistent with the tissue pathology, gene expression of the pro-inflammatory chemokine interferon-gamma inducible protein-10 (IP-10) was significantly higher in intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) derived from E. faecalis OG1RF monoassociated IL-10-/- mice. We further compared the differentially E. faecalis induced colitis on the epithelial level by 2D-SDS PAGE coupled with MALDI-TOF MS. Proteome analysis identified 13 proteins which were differentially regulated during disease progression in the epithelium of E. faecalis-monoassociated IL-10-/- mice. Regulation of Alix/AIP1 protein expression and ERK1/2 phosphorylation was validated in primary IEC and epithelial cell lines, suggesting a protective role for Alix/AIP1 in the process of disease progression. Alix/AIP1 protein expression was further characterized in epithelial cell lines using siRNA-mediated knock-down. Our study demonstrates E. faecalis strain-specific induction of colitis in IL-10-/- mice after 14 weeks of monoassociation. Our study suggests that Alix/AIP1 protein expression and ERK1/2 activation are decreased in severe colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micha Hoffmann
- Chair for Biofunctionality, ZIEL-Research Center for Nutrition and Food Science, Technische Universitat Munchen, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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Inoue Y, Iwabuchi N, Xiao JZ, Yaeshima T, Iwatsuki K. Suppressive effects of bifidobacterium breve strain M-16V on T-helper type 2 immune responses in a murine model. Biol Pharm Bull 2009; 32:760-3. [PMID: 19336921 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.32.760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Bifidobacterium breve M-16V strain has previously been shown to be effective in infants in improving the symptoms of allergic hypersensitivity to cow's milk and atopic dermatitis. In the current study, we investigated the effect of an oral administration of M-16V on immunoglobulin (Ig) E production in BALB/c mice. Live M-16V was orally administered to ovalbumin (OVA)-immunized mice for 3 weeks at a dose level of 5x10(8) colony-forming unit (cfu)/0.5 ml/d/animal. While M-16V treatment significantly reduced the serum levels of total IgE, OVA-specific IgE and OVA-specific IgG1, as compared to controls, it did not affect the serum level of OVA-specific IgG2a. In M-16V-administered mice, there was a significant decrease in the serum OVA-specific IgG1/IgG2a ratio. In addition, while ex vivo production of interleukin (IL)-4 by the splenocytes from M-16V-administered mice was significantly lower as compared to controls, there was no difference in the production of gamma-interferon (IFN-gamma) and IL-10. We also examined the effect of M-16V on cytokine and IgE production from OVA-sensitized splenocytes via restimulation with OVA in vitro. While M-16V suppressed OVA-induced total IgE and IL-4 production and induced secretion of IFN-gamma and IL-10 in a dose-dependent manner, it was not able to induce IL-12. We concluded that oral administration of M-16V suppressed the T-helper type (Th) 2 immune response and IgE production and modulated the systemic Th1/Th2 balance, and which was at least partially independent of the Th1 cytokine induction. These results suggest that M-16V may potentially have an antiallergic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Inoue
- Food Science and Technology Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd, Japan
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Naundorf S, Schröder M, Höflich C, Suman N, Volk HD, Grütz G. IL-10 interferes directly with TCR-induced IFN-gamma but not IL-17 production in memory T cells. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:1066-77. [PMID: 19266486 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
IL-10 is a potent immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine. However, therapeutic trials in chronic inflammation have been largely disappointing. It is well established that IL-10 can inhibit Th1 and Th2 cytokine production via indirect effects on APC. Less data are available about the influence of IL-10 on IL-17 production, a cytokine which has been recently linked to chronic inflammation. Furthermore, there are only few reports about a direct effect of IL-10 on T cells. We demonstrate here that IL-10 can directly interfere with TCR-induced IFN-gamma production in freshly isolated memory T cells in the absence of APC. This effect was independent of the previously described effects of IL-10 on T cells, namely inhibition of IL-2 production and inhibition of CD28 signaling. In contrast, IL-10 did not affect anti-CD3/anti-CD28-induced IL-17 production from memory T cells even in the presence of APC. This might have implications for the interpretation of therapeutic trials in patients with chronic inflammation where Th17 cells contribute to pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Naundorf
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité, Humboldt-University, Berlin, Germany
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Ebert EC, Panja A, Das KM, Praveen R, Geng X, Rezac C, Bajpai M. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease may have a transforming growth factor-beta-, interleukin (IL)-2- or IL-10-deficient state induced by intrinsic neutralizing antibodies. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 155:65-71. [PMID: 19076830 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03802.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) are considered to be immunologically mediated disorders that share certain features with murine models of colitis. Whether any of these models are physiologically relevant to the human condition remains controversial. The hypothesis is that increased amounts of antibodies neutralizing transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, interleukin (IL)-2 or IL-10 create a relative immunodeficient state in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that predisposes to disease. To evaluate this, serum samples from patients with UC or CD and from normal healthy individuals were studied by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Antibodies recognizing TGF-beta were most prevalent in UC (P<0.01); anti-IL-10 antibodies were elevated in CD (P<0.05), while anti-IL-2 antibodies were the same for all three groups. Importantly, the percentage of IBD patients with at least one of the antibody levels greater than any control value was 30% for UC and 33% for CD. To verify the presence of these antibodies, immobilized TGF-beta was exposed to UC sera and the attached proteins identified by Western blot assay. The proteins proved to be exclusively immunoglobulin (Ig) G. To evaluate the neutralizing activity of these antibodies, cytokine-specific IgG from subjects in each group of patients was incubated with TGF-beta, IL-2 or IL-10 before addition to a bioassay with changes in viability determined by a colorimetric analysis. Antibodies from most individuals in all three groups neutralized the action of each cytokine. This study shows that about one-third of IBD patients may have a relative deficiency of TGF-beta, IL-2 or IL-10 due to an increase in neutralizing antibodies in their sera.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Ebert
- Department of Medicine, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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Inoue S, Nakase H, Matsuura M, Mikami S, Ueno S, Uza N, Chiba T. The effect of proteasome inhibitor MG132 on experimental inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 156:172-82. [PMID: 19220323 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03872.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoproteasome up-regulation enhances the processing of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and degradation of IkappaBalpha, which correlates with increased amounts of NF-kappaB in the various cells. Aberrant activation of NF-kappaB is involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The aim of this study was to elucidate the effect of proteasome inhibitor MG132 on experimental IBD. We investigated the effects of MG132 on intestinal inflammation and epithelial regeneration in both interleukin-10-deficient (IL-10(-/-)) mice and mice with dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Body weight, histological findings and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha mRNA expression, epithelial cell proliferation and NF-kappaB p65 activity in colonic tissues were examined. The effects of MG132 on cell proliferation, migration and multiple drug resistance 1 (MDR1) gene expression were determined in vitro. MG132 ameliorated intestinal inflammation of IL-10(-/-) mice by decreasing TNF-alpha mRNA expression in the colonic tissues, which was associated with suppression of NF-kappaB activation, and reduced significantly the number of Ki-67-positive intestinal epithelial cells. On the other hand, MG132 did not reduce intestinal inflammation in mice with DSS-induced colitis, and delayed significantly the recovery of body weight and epithelial regeneration. MG132 also suppressed significantly epithelial cell proliferation, cell migration and MDR1 gene expression in vitro. Proteasome inhibition reduces T cell-mediated intestinal inflammation, but may interrupt both epithelial regeneration and barrier function of colonic mucosa. Optimal use of proteasome inhibitor should be kept in mind when we consider its clinical application for patients with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Inoue
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Hörmannsperger G, Clavel T, Hoffmann M, Reiff C, Kelly D, Loh G, Blaut M, Hölzlwimmer G, Laschinger M, Haller D. Post-translational inhibition of IP-10 secretion in IEC by probiotic bacteria: impact on chronic inflammation. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4365. [PMID: 19197385 PMCID: PMC2634842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical and experimental studies suggest that the probiotic mixture VSL#3 has protective activities in the context of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The aim of the study was to reveal bacterial strain-specific molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory potential of VSL#3 in intestinal epithelial cells (IEC). Methodology/Principal Findings VSL#3 inhibited TNF-induced secretion of the T-cell chemokine interferon-inducible protein (IP-10) in Mode-K cells. Lactobacillus casei (L. casei) cell surface proteins were identified as active anti-inflammatory components of VSL#3. Interestingly, L. casei failed to block TNF-induced IP-10 promoter activity or IP-10 gene transcription at the mRNA expression level but completely inhibited IP-10 protein secretion as well as IP-10-mediated T-cell transmigration. Kinetic studies, pulse-chase experiments and the use of a pharmacological inhibitor for the export machinery (brefeldin A) showed that L. casei did not impair initial IP-10 production but decreased intracellular IP-10 protein stability as a result of blocked IP-10 secretion. Although L. casei induced IP-10 ubiquitination, the inhibition of proteasomal or lysosomal degradation did not prevent the loss of intracellular IP-10. Most important for the mechanistic understanding, the inhibition of vesicular trafficking by 3-methyladenine (3-MA) inhibited IP-10 but not IL-6 expression, mimicking the inhibitory effects of L. casei. These findings suggest that L. casei impairs vesicular pathways important for the secretion of IP-10, followed by subsequent degradation of the proinflammatory chemokine. Feeding studies in TNFΔARE and IL-10−/− mice revealed a compartimentalized protection of VSL#3 on the development of cecal but not on ileal or colonic inflammation. Consistent with reduced tissue pathology in IL-10−/− mice, IP-10 protein expression was reduced in primary epithelial cells. Conclusions/Significance We demonstrate segment specific effects of probiotic intervention that correlate with reduced IP-10 protein expression in the native epithelium. Furthermore, we revealed post-translational degradation of IP-10 protein in IEC to be the molecular mechanism underlying the anti-inflammatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Hörmannsperger
- Chair for Biofunctionality, ZIEL-Research Center for Nutrition and Food Science, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Thomas Clavel
- Chair for Biofunctionality, ZIEL-Research Center for Nutrition and Food Science, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Micha Hoffmann
- Chair for Biofunctionality, ZIEL-Research Center for Nutrition and Food Science, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Caroline Reiff
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, Aberdeen University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Denise Kelly
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, Aberdeen University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Gunnar Loh
- Gastrointestinale Mikrobiologie, Deutsches Institut für Ernährungsforschung, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Michael Blaut
- Gastrointestinale Mikrobiologie, Deutsches Institut für Ernährungsforschung, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | | | | | - Dirk Haller
- Chair for Biofunctionality, ZIEL-Research Center for Nutrition and Food Science, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Chen LL, Wang XH, Cui Y, Lian GH, Zhang J, Ouyang CH, Lu FG. Therapeutic effects of four strains of probiotics on experimental colitis in mice. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15:321-7. [PMID: 19140231 PMCID: PMC2653328 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the therapeutic effects of four strains of probiotics (E. feacalis, L. acidophilus, C. butyricum and B. adolescentis) on dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced experimental colitis in Balb/c mice.
METHODS: Eighty Balb/c mice were randomly divided into 8 groups. Weight-loss, fecal character, fecal occult blood and hematochezia were recorded daily. Disease activity index (DAI) scores were also evaluated everyday. Length of colon was measured and histological scores were evaluated on the 13th day. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was detected. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) and IL-4 expression was detected by ELISA and RT-PCR.
RESULTS: The four strains of probiotics relieved the inflammatory condition of DSS-induced experimental colitis in mice. Weight loss was slowed down in all probiotics-treated mice. Even weight gain was observed by the end of probiotics treatment. The DAI and histological scores of probiotics-treated mice were lower than those of mice in the control group (1.9 ± 0.2 vs 8.6 ± 0.4, P < 0.05 for E. faecalis). The length of colon of probiotics-treated mice was longer than that of mice in the control group (10.3 ± 0.34 vs 8.65 ± 0.77, P < 0.05 for E. faecalis). The four strains of probiotics decreased the MP activity and the IL-1 expression, but increased the IL-4 expression. E. faecalis had a better effect on DSS-induced experimental colitis in mice than the other three strains.
CONCLUSION: The four strains of probiotics have beneficial effects on experimental colitis in mice. E. faecalis has a better effect on DSS-induced experimental colitis in mice than the other three strains. Supplement of probiotics provides a new therapy for UC.
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Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta)/bone morphogenic protein (BMP) signaling is involved in the vast majority of cellular processes and is fundamentally important during the entire life of all metazoans. Deregulation of TGF-beta/BMP activity almost invariably leads to developmental defects and/or diseases, including cancer. The proper functioning of the TGF-beta/BMP pathway depends on its constitutive and extensive communication with other signaling pathways, leading to synergistic or antagonistic effects and eventually desirable biological outcomes. The nature of such signaling cross-talk is overwhelmingly complex and highly context-dependent. Here we review the different modes of cross-talk between TGF-beta/BMP and the signaling pathways of Mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/Akt, Wnt, Hedgehog, Notch, and the interleukin/interferon-gamma/tumor necrosis factor-alpha cytokines, with an emphasis on the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Xiao-Fan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Larmonier CB, Uno JK, Lee KM, Karrasch T, Laubitz D, Thurston R, Midura-Kiela MT, Ghishan FK, Sartor RB, Jobin C, Kiela PR. Limited effects of dietary curcumin on Th-1 driven colitis in IL-10 deficient mice suggest an IL-10-dependent mechanism of protection. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008; 295:G1079-91. [PMID: 18818316 PMCID: PMC2584828 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.90365.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin (diferulolylmethane) demonstrates profound anti-inflammatory effects in intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) and in immune cells in vitro and exhibits a protective role in rodent models of chemically induced colitis, with its presumed primary mechanism of action via inhibition of NF-kappaB. Although it has been demonstrated effective in reducing relapse rate in ulcerative colitis patients, curcumin's effectiveness in Crohn's disease (CD) or in Th-1/Th-17 mediated immune models of CD has not been evaluated. Therefore, we investigated the effects of dietary curcumin (0.1-1%) on the development of colitis, immune activation, and in vivo NF-kappaB activity in germ-free IL-10(-/-) or IL-10(-/-);NF-kappaB(EGFP) mice colonized with specific pathogen-free microflora. Proximal and distal colon morphology showed a mild protective effect of curcumin only at 0.1%. Colonic IFN-gamma and IL-12/23p40 mRNA expression followed similar pattern ( approximately 50% inhibition at 0.1%). Secretion of IL-12/23p40 and IFN-gamma by colonic explants and mesenteric lymph node cells was elevated in IL-10(-/-) mice and was not decreased by dietary curcumin. Surprisingly, activation of NF-kappaB in IL-10(-/-) mice (phospho-NF-kappaBp65) or in IL-10(-/-);NF-kappaB(EGFP) mice (whole organ or confocal imaging) was not noticeably inhibited by curcumin. Furthermore, we demonstrate that IL-10 and curcumin act synergistically to downregulate NF-kappaB activity in IEC and IL-12/23p40 production by splenocytes and dendritic cells. In conclusion, curcumin demonstrates limited effectiveness on Th-1 mediated colitis in IL-10(-/-) mice, with moderately improved colonic morphology, but with no significant effect on pathogenic T cell responses and in situ NF-kappaB activity. In vitro studies suggest that the protective effects of curcumin are IL-10 dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. B. Larmonier
- Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children's Research Center, and Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona; and Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - J. K. Uno
- Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children's Research Center, and Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona; and Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kang-Moon Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children's Research Center, and Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona; and Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - T. Karrasch
- Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children's Research Center, and Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona; and Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - D. Laubitz
- Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children's Research Center, and Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona; and Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - R. Thurston
- Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children's Research Center, and Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona; and Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - M. T. Midura-Kiela
- Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children's Research Center, and Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona; and Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - F. K. Ghishan
- Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children's Research Center, and Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona; and Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - R. B. Sartor
- Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children's Research Center, and Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona; and Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - C. Jobin
- Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children's Research Center, and Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona; and Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - P. R. Kiela
- Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children's Research Center, and Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona; and Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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