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Díez-Alonso L, Falgas A, Arroyo-Ródenas J, Romencín PA, Martínez A, Gómez-Rosel M, Blanco B, Jiménez-Reinoso A, Mayado A, Pérez-Pons A, Aguilar-Sopeña Ó, Ramírez-Fernández Á, Segura-Tudela A, Perez-Amill L, Tapia-Galisteo A, Domínguez-Alonso C, Rubio-Pérez L, Jara M, Solé F, Hangiu O, Almagro L, Albitre Á, Penela P, Sanz L, Anguita E, Valeri A, García-Ortiz A, Río P, Juan M, Martínez-López J, Roda-Navarro P, Martín-Antonio B, Orfao A, Menéndez P, Bueno C, Álvarez-Vallina L. Engineered T cells secreting anti-BCMA T cell engagers control multiple myeloma and promote immune memory in vivo. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eadg7962. [PMID: 38354229 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adg7962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is the second most common hematological malignancy in adults and remains an incurable disease. B cell maturation antigen (BCMA)-directed immunotherapy, including T cells bearing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) and systemically injected bispecific T cell engagers (TCEs), has shown remarkable clinical activity, and several products have received market approval. However, despite promising results, most patients eventually become refractory and relapse, highlighting the need for alternative strategies. Engineered T cells secreting TCE antibodies (STAb) represent a promising strategy that combines the advantages of adoptive cell therapies and bispecific antibodies. Here, we undertook a comprehensive preclinical study comparing the therapeutic potential of T cells either expressing second-generation anti-BCMA CARs (CAR-T) or secreting BCMAxCD3 TCEs (STAb-T) in a T cell-limiting experimental setting mimicking the conditions found in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. STAb-T cells recruited T cell activity at extremely low effector-to-target ratios and were resistant to inhibition mediated by soluble BCMA released from the cell surface, resulting in enhanced cytotoxic responses and prevention of immune escape of multiple myeloma cells in vitro. These advantages led to robust expansion and persistence of STAb-T cells in vivo, generating long-lived memory BCMA-specific responses that could control multiple myeloma progression in xenograft models, outperforming traditional CAR-T cells. These promising preclinical results encourage clinical testing of the BCMA-STAb-T cell approach in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Díez-Alonso
- Cancer Immunotherapy Unit (UNICA), Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Immuno-Oncology and Immunotherapy Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
- H12O-CNIO Cancer Immunotherapy Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aïda Falgas
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Red Española de Terapias Avanzadas (TERAV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Arroyo-Ródenas
- Cancer Immunotherapy Unit (UNICA), Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Immuno-Oncology and Immunotherapy Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
- H12O-CNIO Cancer Immunotherapy Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paola A Romencín
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Martínez
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Gómez-Rosel
- Cancer Immunotherapy Unit (UNICA), Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Immuno-Oncology and Immunotherapy Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
- H12O-CNIO Cancer Immunotherapy Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Blanco
- Cancer Immunotherapy Unit (UNICA), Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Immuno-Oncology and Immunotherapy Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
- H12O-CNIO Cancer Immunotherapy Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Red Española de Terapias Avanzadas (TERAV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Anaïs Jiménez-Reinoso
- Cancer Immunotherapy Unit (UNICA), Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Immuno-Oncology and Immunotherapy Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
- H12O-CNIO Cancer Immunotherapy Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Mayado
- Cancer Research Center (IBMCC, USAL-CSIC), Department of Medicine and Cytometry Service (NUCLEUS), Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Oncología (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alba Pérez-Pons
- Cancer Research Center (IBMCC, USAL-CSIC), Department of Medicine and Cytometry Service (NUCLEUS), Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Oncología (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Óscar Aguilar-Sopeña
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Lymphocyte Immunobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Ramírez-Fernández
- Cancer Immunotherapy Unit (UNICA), Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Immuno-Oncology and Immunotherapy Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
- H12O-CNIO Cancer Immunotherapy Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Segura-Tudela
- Cancer Immunotherapy Unit (UNICA), Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Immuno-Oncology and Immunotherapy Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
- H12O-CNIO Cancer Immunotherapy Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorena Perez-Amill
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Tapia-Galisteo
- Cancer Immunotherapy Unit (UNICA), Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Immuno-Oncology and Immunotherapy Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
- H12O-CNIO Cancer Immunotherapy Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Domínguez-Alonso
- Cancer Immunotherapy Unit (UNICA), Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Immuno-Oncology and Immunotherapy Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
- H12O-CNIO Cancer Immunotherapy Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Rubio-Pérez
- Cancer Immunotherapy Unit (UNICA), Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Immuno-Oncology and Immunotherapy Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
- H12O-CNIO Cancer Immunotherapy Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Chair for Immunology UFV/Merck, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria (UFV), Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Jara
- Cancer Research Center (IBMCC, USAL-CSIC), Department of Medicine and Cytometry Service (NUCLEUS), Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Oncología (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Francesc Solé
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oana Hangiu
- Cancer Immunotherapy Unit (UNICA), Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Immuno-Oncology and Immunotherapy Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Almagro
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Lymphocyte Immunobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela Albitre
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa CSIC-UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Petronila Penela
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa CSIC-UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Sanz
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Majadahonda, 28222 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Anguita
- Department of Medicine, Medical School, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Hematology, IML, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Valeri
- H12O-CNIO Hematological Malignancies Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre-Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena García-Ortiz
- H12O-CNIO Hematological Malignancies Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre-Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Río
- Red Española de Terapias Avanzadas (TERAV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Division of Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies, Biomedical Innovation Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manel Juan
- Red Española de Terapias Avanzadas (TERAV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Servei d'Immunologia, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Plataforma Immunoterapia, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquín Martínez-López
- Red Española de Terapias Avanzadas (TERAV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- H12O-CNIO Hematological Malignancies Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre-Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Roda-Navarro
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Lymphocyte Immunobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Martín-Antonio
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Diaz, (IIS-FJD), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Orfao
- Cancer Research Center (IBMCC, USAL-CSIC), Department of Medicine and Cytometry Service (NUCLEUS), Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Oncología (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Pablo Menéndez
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Red Española de Terapias Avanzadas (TERAV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Oncología (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Bueno
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Red Española de Terapias Avanzadas (TERAV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Oncología (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Álvarez-Vallina
- Cancer Immunotherapy Unit (UNICA), Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Immuno-Oncology and Immunotherapy Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
- H12O-CNIO Cancer Immunotherapy Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Chair for Immunology UFV/Merck, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria (UFV), Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
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Novel treatment strategies for acetylcholine receptor antibody-positive myasthenia gravis and related disorders. Autoimmun Rev 2022; 21:103104. [PMID: 35452851 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The presence of autoantibodies directed against the muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) is the most common cause of myasthenia gravis (MG). These antibodies damage the postsynaptic membrane of the neuromuscular junction and cause muscle weakness by depleting AChRs and thus impairing synaptic transmission. As one of the best-characterized antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases, AChR-MG has often served as a reference model for other autoimmune disorders. Classical pharmacological treatments, including broad-spectrum immunosuppressive drugs, are effective in many patients. However, complete remission cannot be achieved in all patients, and 10% of patients do not respond to currently used therapies. This may be attributed to production of autoantibodies by long-lived plasma cells which are resistant to conventional immunosuppressive drugs. Hence, novel therapies specifically targeting plasma cells might be a suitable therapeutic approach for selected patients. Additionally, in order to reduce side effects of broad-spectrum immunosuppression, targeted immunotherapies and symptomatic treatments will be required. This review presents established therapies as well as novel therapeutic approaches for MG and related conditions, with a focus on AChR-MG.
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Nobari ST, Nojadeh JN, Talebi M. B-cell maturation antigen targeting strategies in multiple myeloma treatment, advantages and disadvantages. J Transl Med 2022; 20:82. [PMID: 35144648 PMCID: PMC8832753 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03285-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
B cell maturation antigen (BCMA), a transmembrane glycoprotein member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily 17 (TNFRSF17), highly expressed on the plasma cells of Multiple myeloma (MM) patients, as well as the normal population. BCMA is used as a biomarker for MM. Two members of the TNF superfamily proteins, including B-cell activating factor (BAFF) and A proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL), are closely related to BCMA and play an important role in plasma cell survival and progression of MM. Despite the maximum specificity of the monoclonal antibody technologies, introducing the tumor-specific antigen(s) is not applicable for all malignancies, such as MM that there plenty of relatively specific antigens such as GPCR5D, MUC1, SLAMF7 and etc., but higher expression of BCMA on these cells in comparison with normal ones can be regarded as a relatively exclusive marker. Currently, different monoclonal antibody (mAb) technologies applied in anti-MM therapies such as daratuzumab, SAR650984, GSK2857916, and CAR-T cell therapies are some of these tools that are reviewed in the present manuscript. By the way, the structure, function, and signaling of the BCMA and related molecule(s) role in normal plasma cells and MM development, evaluated as well as the potential side effects of its targeting by different CAR-T cells generations. In conclusion, BCMA can be regarded as an ideal molecule to be targeted in immunotherapeutic methods, regarding lower potential systemic and local side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Teymouri Nobari
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Jafar Nouri Nojadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Talebi
- Department of Applied Cells Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Quazi S. An Overview of CAR T Cell Mediated B Cell Maturation Antigen Therapy. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA, MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2022; 22:e392-e404. [PMID: 34992008 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Multiple Myeloma (MM) is one of the incurable types of cancer in plasma cells. While immense progress has been made in the treatment of this malignancy, a large percentage of patients were unable to adapt to such therapy. Additionally, these therapies might be associated with significant diseases and are not always tolerated well in all patients. Since cancer in plasma cells has no cure, patients develop resistance to treatments, resulting in R/R MM (Refractory/Relapsed Multiple Myeloma). BCMA (B cell maturation antigen) is primarily produced on mature B cells. It's up-regulation and activation are associated with multiple myeloma in both murine and human models, indicating that this might be an effective therapeutic target for this type of malignancy. Additionally, BCMA's predictive value, association with effective clinical trials, and capacity to be utilized in previously difficult to observe patient populations, imply that it might be used as a biomarker for multiple myeloma. Numerous kinds of BCMA-targeting medicines have demonstrated antimyeloma efficacy in individuals with refractory/relapsed MM, including CAR T-cell (Chimeric antigen receptor T cell) treatments, ADCs (Antibody-drug conjugate s), bispecific antibody constructs. Among these medications, CART cell-mediated BCMA therapy has shown significant outcomes in multiple myeloma clinical trials. This review article outlines CAR T cell mediated BCMA medicines have the efficiency to change the therapeutic pattern for multiple myeloma significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Quazi
- GenLab Biosolutions Private Limited, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
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Lancman G, Sastow DL, Cho HJ, Jagannath S, Madduri D, Parekh SS, Richard S, Richter J, Sanchez L, Chari A. Bispecific Antibodies in Multiple Myeloma: Present and Future. Blood Cancer Discov 2021; 2:423-433. [PMID: 34661161 PMCID: PMC8510808 DOI: 10.1158/2643-3230.bcd-21-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite many recent advances in therapy, there is still no plateau in overall survival curves in multiple myeloma. Bispecific antibodies are a novel immunotherapeutic approach designed to bind antigens on malignant plasma cells and cytotoxic immune effector cells. Early-phase clinical trials targeting B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA), GPRC5D, and FcRH5 have demonstrated a favorable safety profile, with mainly low-grade cytokine release syndrome, cytopenias, and infections. Although dose escalation is ongoing in several studies, early efficacy data show response rates in the most active dose cohorts between 61% and 83% with many deep responses; however, durability remains to be established. Further clinical trial data are eagerly anticipated. SIGNIFICANCE Overall survival of triple-class refractory multiple myeloma remains poor. Bispecific antibodies are a novel immunotherapeutic modality with a favorable safety profile and impressive preliminary efficacy in heavily treated patients. Although more data are needed, bispecifics will likely become an integral part of the multiple myeloma treatment paradigm in the near future. Studies in earlier lines of therapy and in combination with other active anti-multiple myeloma agents will help further define the role of bispecifics in multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Lancman
- Tisch Cancer Insitute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | | | - Hearn J Cho
- Tisch Cancer Insitute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Sundar Jagannath
- Tisch Cancer Insitute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Deepu Madduri
- Tisch Cancer Insitute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Samir S Parekh
- Tisch Cancer Insitute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Shambavi Richard
- Tisch Cancer Insitute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Joshua Richter
- Tisch Cancer Insitute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Larysa Sanchez
- Tisch Cancer Insitute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Ajai Chari
- Tisch Cancer Insitute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
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Mikkilineni L, Kochenderfer JN. CAR T cell therapies for patients with multiple myeloma. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2020; 18:71-84. [PMID: 32978608 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-020-0427-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite several therapeutic advances over the past decade, multiple myeloma (MM) remains largely incurable, indicating a need for new treatment approaches. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy works by mechanisms distinct from those of other MM therapies and involves the modification of patient or donor T cells to target specific cell-surface antigens. B cell maturation antigen (BCMA) is expressed only on plasma cells, a small subset of B cells and MM cells, which makes it a suitable target antigen for such therapies. At the time of writing, data from >20 clinical trials involving anti-BCMA CAR T cells have demonstrated that patients with relapsed and/or refractory MM can achieve objective responses. These early investigations have been instrumental in demonstrating short-term safety and efficacy; however, most patients do not have disease remission lasting >18 months. Attempts to reduce or delay the onset of relapsed disease are underway and include identifying additional CAR T cell target antigens and methods of enhancing BCMA expression on MM cells. Engineering CAR T cells to enhance both the activity and safety of treatment continues to be a promising avenue for improvement. In this Review we summarize data from clinical trials that have been carried out to date, describe novel antigens that could be targeted in the future, and highlight potential future innovations that could enhance the efficacy and/or reduce the toxicities associated with CAR T cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lekha Mikkilineni
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Yu B, Jiang T, Liu D. BCMA-targeted immunotherapy for multiple myeloma. J Hematol Oncol 2020; 13:125. [PMID: 32943087 PMCID: PMC7499842 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-00962-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell maturation antigen (BCMA) is a novel treatment target for multiple myeloma (MM) due to its highly selective expression in malignant plasma cells (PCs). Multiple BCMA-targeted therapeutics, including antibody-drug conjugates (ADC), chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells, and bispecific T cell engagers (BiTE), have achieved remarkable clinical response in patients with relapsed and refractory MM. Belantamab mafodotin-blmf (GSK2857916), a BCMA-targeted ADC, has just been approved for highly refractory MM. In this article, we summarized the molecular and physiological properties of BCMA as well as BCMA-targeted immunotherapeutic agents in different stages of clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yu
- Department of Medicine, Lincoln Medical Center, Bronx, NY USA
| | - Tianbo Jiang
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College and Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY USA
| | - Delong Liu
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College and Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY USA
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Eckhert E, Hewitt R, Liedtke M. B-cell maturation antigen directed monoclonal antibody therapies for multiple myeloma. Immunotherapy 2019; 11:801-811. [PMID: 31094254 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2018-0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma affects 30,000 new patients in the USA yearly, with 5-year median overall survival rates of 82, 62 and 40% for patients in groups I, II and III of the revised international staging system. Novel therapeutic and prognostic tools are changing the way we treat patients with this historically difficult to manage condition. B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) represents an ideal therapeutic target in myeloma because of its high expression rate and high specificity for myeloma cells. Preclinical data indicate that anti-BCMA monoclonal antibody therapies are highly potent, and initial data from Phase I clinical trials indicate that these drugs are well tolerated. Numerous ongoing Phase I and II clinical trials of anti-BCMA monoclonal antibodies are currently under way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Eckhert
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University Hospital, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rhonda Hewitt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Stanford University Hospital, 875 Blake Wilbur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michaela Liedtke
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Stanford University Hospital, 875 Blake Wilbur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Chimeric antigen receptor T cell targeting B cell maturation antigen immunotherapy is promising for multiple myeloma. Ann Hematol 2019; 98:813-822. [PMID: 30693373 PMCID: PMC6423312 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-018-03592-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) remains an incurable plasma cells malignancy because of its complex genetic heterogeneity and high relapse rate post immunotherapy. The encouraging results of chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) targeting B cell maturation antigen (BCMA) immunotherapy clinical trials have shed light on curing MM in recent years. However, many therapeutic side effects limit the promotion and clinical use of this novel effective approach such as cytokine release syndrome, antigen escape, and neurotoxicity. We should make every effort to do further study about this immunotherapy to make it safer and effective. This review focusing on this topic clarifies the following contents: present status of MM treatment, effectiveness of CAR-T cells, features of BCMA, preclinical and clinical trials of BCMA CAR-T cells therapy, and existing problems and strategies. Hoping to provide a reference for the subsequent correlative clinical and research.
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Huang W, Quach TD, Dascalu C, Liu Z, Leung T, Byrne-Steele M, Pan W, Yang Q, Han J, Lesser M, Rothstein TL, Furie R, Mackay M, Aranow C, Davidson A. Belimumab promotes negative selection of activated autoreactive B cells in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. JCI Insight 2018; 3:122525. [PMID: 30185675 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.122525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Belimumab has therapeutic benefit in active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), especially in patients with high-titer anti-dsDNA antibodies. We asked whether the profound B cell loss in belimumab-treated SLE patients is accompanied by shifts in the immunoglobulin repertoire. We enrolled 15 patients who had been continuously treated with belimumab for more than 7 years, 17 matched controls, and 5 patients who were studied before and after drug initiation. VH genes of sort-purified mature B cells and plasmablasts were subjected to next-generation sequencing. We found that B cell-activating factor (BAFF) regulates the transitional B cell checkpoint, with conservation of transitional 1 (T1) cells and approximately 90% loss of T3 and naive B cells after chronic belimumab treatment. Class-switched memory B cells, B1 B cells, and plasmablasts were also substantially depleted. Next-generation sequencing revealed no redistribution of VH, DH, or JH family usage and no effect of belimumab on representation of the autoreactive VH4-34 gene or CDR3 composition in unmutated IgM sequences, suggesting a minimal effect on selection of the naive B cell repertoire. Interestingly, a significantly greater loss of VH4-34 was observed among mutated IgM and plasmablast sequences in chronic belimumab-treated subjects than in controls, suggesting that belimumab promotes negative selection of activated autoreactive B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqing Huang
- Center for Autoimmunity and Musculoskeletal and Hematologic Diseases, and
| | - Tam D Quach
- Center for Autoimmunity and Musculoskeletal and Hematologic Diseases, and
| | - Cosmin Dascalu
- Center for Autoimmunity and Musculoskeletal and Hematologic Diseases, and
| | - Zheng Liu
- Center for Autoimmunity and Musculoskeletal and Hematologic Diseases, and
| | - Tungming Leung
- Biostatistics Unit, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Wenjing Pan
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | - Qunying Yang
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | - Jian Han
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | - Martin Lesser
- Biostatistics Unit, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, New York, USA
| | - Thomas L Rothstein
- Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
| | - Richard Furie
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health, Great Neck, New York, USA
| | - Meggan Mackay
- Center for Autoimmunity and Musculoskeletal and Hematologic Diseases, and.,Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health, Great Neck, New York, USA
| | - Cynthia Aranow
- Center for Autoimmunity and Musculoskeletal and Hematologic Diseases, and.,Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health, Great Neck, New York, USA
| | - Anne Davidson
- Center for Autoimmunity and Musculoskeletal and Hematologic Diseases, and.,Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health, Great Neck, New York, USA
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11
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Wang X, Liang KD, Zhang JA, Liu GB, Chen Z, Chen C, Zhuang ZG, Liu YQ, Luo HL, Li RX, Zheng BY, Xu JF. Increased B cell activating factor is associated with B cell class switching in patients with tuberculous pleural effusion. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:1704-1709. [PMID: 29845274 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell activating factor (BAFF), a member of the tumor necrosis factor family, is a key cytokine for B cell survival, a function that is essential for B cell maturation and memory. The expression levels of BAFF and its potential contribution to B cell maturation remain elusive in patients with tuberculous pleural effusion (TPE). The present study enrolled 40 healthy controls (HC) and 45 TPE patients, and investigated the levels of BAFF in the plasma and pleural effusion. Concomitantly, B cell subsets including naïve B cell (CD19+IgD+CD27‑), unswitched B cell (CD19+IgD+CD27+), switched B cell (CD19+IgD‑CD27+), total memory B cell (CD19+CD27+), plasma B cell (CD19+IgD‑CD38+CD27+) and transitional B cell (CD19+IgDdim CD38+) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and pleural fluid mononuclear cells (PFMCs) were assessed using multicolor flow cytometry. Finally, the associations between BAFF and each sub‑group of B cells in TPE patients were analyzed. Compared with HC cases, an increased BAFF level and elevated frequency of switched B cell were observed in the blood and pleural effusion from patients with TPE. The proportions of naïve B cell, plasma B cell and transitional B cell were lower in the PFMCs of TPE patients. Furthermore, a significant correlation was observed between the level of BAFF, and the proportion of switched B cell in the peripheral blood and pleural effusion of TPE patients. These findings indicated that the B cell profile may be different in the pleural effusion, and BAFF may activate switched B cells to enhance the humoral immune responses in patients with TPE. Further studies are required to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and determine the potential immunotherapy of the BAFF‑switched B cell axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Kui-Di Liang
- Department of Respiration, Dongguan 6th Hospital, Dongguan, Guangdong 523000, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Ai Zhang
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Gan-Bin Liu
- Department of Respiration, Dongguan 6th Hospital, Dongguan, Guangdong 523000, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Chen Chen
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Ze-Gang Zhuang
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Qing Liu
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Hou-Long Luo
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Rui Xi Li
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Bi-Ying Zheng
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Fa Xu
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
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12
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Yiwen Z, Shilin G, Yingshi C, Lishi S, Baohong L, Chao L, Linghua L, Ting P, Hui Z. Efficient generation of antigen-specific CTLs by the BAFF-activated human B Lymphocytes as APCs: a novel approach for immunotherapy. Oncotarget 2018; 7:77732-77748. [PMID: 27780916 PMCID: PMC5363617 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient antigen presentation is indispensable for cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated immunotherapy. B-lymphocytes propagated with CD40L have been developed as antigen-presenting cells (APCs), but this capacity needs further optimization. Here, we aimed to expand human B-lymphocytes on a large scale while maintaining their antigen-presenting ability by using both CD40L and B-cell activating factor (BAFF). The addition of BAFF enhanced the expansion efficiency and prolonged the culture time without causing apoptosis of the expanded B-cells. This method thus provided an almost unlimited source of cellular adjuvant to achieve sufficient expansion of CTLs in cases where several rounds of stimulation are required. We also showed that the addition of BAFF significantly enhanced the expression of major costimulatory molecules, CD80 and CD86. Subsequently, the antigen-presenting ability of the B-lymphocytes also increased. Consequently, these B-lymphocytes showed robust CTL responses to inhibit tumor growth after tumor-specific peptide pulses. A similar method induced potent antigen-specific CTL responses, which effectively eradicated human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) latency in CD4 T-lymphocytes isolated from patients receiving suppressive anti-retroviral therapy (ART). Together, our findings indicate that potent antigen-specific CTLs can be generated using BAFF-activated B-lymphocytes as APCs ex vivo. This approach can be applied for CTL-mediated immunotherapy in patients with cancers or chronic viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Yiwen
- Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.,Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Gao Shilin
- Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.,Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Chen Yingshi
- Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.,Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Su Lishi
- Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.,Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Luo Baohong
- Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.,Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Liu Chao
- Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.,Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Li Linghua
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou 8th People's Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Pan Ting
- Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.,Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Zhang Hui
- Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.,Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
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13
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Borhis G, Trovato M, Chaoul N, Ibrahim HM, Richard Y. B-Cell-Activating Factor and the B-Cell Compartment in HIV/SIV Infection. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1338. [PMID: 29163465 PMCID: PMC5663724 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With the goal to design effective HIV vaccines, intensive studies focused on broadly neutralizing antibodies, which arise in a fraction of HIV-infected people. Apart from identifying new vulnerability sites in the viral envelope proteins, these studies have shown that a fraction of these antibodies are produced by self/poly-reactive B-cells. These findings prompted us to revisit the B-cell differentiation and selection process during HIV/SIV infection and to consider B-cells as active players possibly shaping the helper T-cell program within germinal centers (GCs). In this context, we paid a particular attention to B-cell-activating factor (BAFF), a key cytokine in B-cell development and immune response that is overproduced during HIV/SIV infection. As it does in autoimmune diseases, BAFF excess might contribute to the abnormal rescue of self-reactive B-cells at several checkpoints of the B-cell development and impair memory B-cell generation and functions. In this review, we first point out what is known about the functions of BAFF/a proliferation-inducing ligand and their receptors [B-cell maturation, transmembrane activator and CAML interactor (TACI), and BAFF-R], in physiological and pathophysiological settings, in mice and humans. In particular, we highlight recent results on the previously underappreciated regulatory functions of TACI and on the highly regulated production of soluble TACI and BAFF-R that act as decoy receptors. In light of recent data on BAFF, TACI, and BAFF-R, we then revisit the altered phenotypes and functions of B-cell subsets during the acute and chronic phase of HIV/SIV infection. Given the atypical phenotype and reduced functions of memory B-cells in HIV/SIV infection, we particularly discuss the GC reaction, a key checkpoint where self-reactive B-cells are eliminated and pathogen-specific memory B-cells and plasmablasts/cells are generated in physiological settings. Through its capacity to differentially bind and process BAFF-R and TACI on GC B-cells and possibly on follicular helper T-cells, BAFF appears as a key regulator of the physiological GC reaction. Its local excess during HIV/SIV infection could play a key role in B-cell dysregulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenoline Borhis
- INSERM u1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Maria Trovato
- INSERM u1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Nada Chaoul
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Institut des maladies Emergentes et Thérapies innovantes, Service d'Immuno-Virologie, Fontenay-aux Roses, France
| | - Hany M Ibrahim
- INSERM u1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Yolande Richard
- INSERM u1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
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14
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Becerra E, De La Torre I, Leandro MJ, Cambridge G. B cell phenotypes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis relapsing after rituximab: expression of B cell-activating factor-binding receptors on B cell subsets. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 190:372-383. [PMID: 28800164 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Serum levels of B cell-activating factor (BAFF) rise following rituximab (RTX) therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Initiation of naive B cell return to the periphery and autoreactive B cell expansion leading to relapse after RTX may therefore be linked to interactions between BAFF and BAFF-binding receptors (BBR). Relationships between serum BAFF and BBR expression [(BAFFR, calcium signal modulating cyclophilic ligand interactor (TACI) and B cell maturation antigen (BCMA)] were determined on B cell subsets, defined using immunoglobulin (Ig)D/CD38. Twenty pre-RTX and 18 RA patients relapsing after B cell depletion were included. Results were analysed with respect to timing of relapse up to 7 months after peripheral B cell return (≥ 5 B cells/μl) and to serum BAFF levels. After B cell return, B cell populations from relapsing patients had significantly lower BAFFR+ expression compared to HC and pre-RTX patients. The percentage of BAFFR+ B cells increased with time after B cell return and was correlated inversely with serum BAFF levels. BAFFR expression remained reduced. The percentage of TACI+ memory B cells were lower in RA patients after RTX compared with healthy controls (HC). BCMA expression (% and expression) did not differ between patients and HC. Relapse following B cell return appeared largely independent of the percentage of BAFFR+ or percentage of BCMA+ B cells or serum BAFF levels. The lower percentage of TACI+ memory B cells may reduce inhibitory signalling for B cell differentiation. In patients relapsing at longer periods after B cell return, recovery of the B cell pool was more complete, suggesting that selection or expansion of autoreactive B cells may be needed to precipitate relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Becerra
- Department of Rheumatology, University College London, London, UK
| | - I De La Torre
- Department of Rheumatology, University College London, London, UK
| | - M J Leandro
- Department of Rheumatology, University College London, London, UK
| | - G Cambridge
- Department of Rheumatology, University College London, London, UK
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15
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Characterization of BAFF and APRIL subfamily receptors in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Potential role of the BAFF / APRIL axis in the pathogenesis of proliferative kidney disease. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174249. [PMID: 28323891 PMCID: PMC5360319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Proliferative kidney disease (PKD) is a parasitic infection of salmonid fish characterized by hyper-secretion of immunoglobulins in response to the presence of the myxozoan parasite, Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae. In this context, we hypothesized that the BAFF/APRIL axis, known to play a major role in B cell differentiation and survival in mammals, could be affected by the parasite and consequently be involved in the apparent shift in normal B cell activity. To regulate B cell activity, BAFF and APRIL bind to transmembrane activator and calcium modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI) and B cell maturation antigen (BCMA), whereas BAFF also binds to BAFF receptor (BAFF-R). In teleost fish, although some BAFF and APRIL sequences have been reported, their receptors have not been identified. Thus, as a first step in the current work, we have identified homologues to mammalian TACI, BCMA and BAFF-R in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), that constitute the first report of BAFF and APRIL receptor sequences in fish. Subsequently we studied the transcriptional modulation of BAFF, APRIL, and the fish-specific related cytokine, BALM and their putative receptors in fish naturally exposed to T. bryosalmonae. Finally, to gain further insights on the functional role that these cytokines play during the course of PKD, we have studied their effect on the survival of kidney IgM+ B cells and on immunoglobulin transcription. Our results support the premise that the BAFF / APRIL axis could play an important role during PKD, which may open the possibility of new therapeutic treatments against the disease.
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16
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Stohl W. Inhibition of B cell activating factor (BAFF) in the management of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2017; 13:623-633. [DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2017.1291343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- William Stohl
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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17
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Jones DD, Wilmore JR, Allman D. Cellular Dynamics of Memory B Cell Populations: IgM+ and IgG+ Memory B Cells Persist Indefinitely as Quiescent Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4753-9. [PMID: 26438523 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite their critical role in long-term immunity, the life span of individual memory B cells remains poorly defined. Using a tetracycline-regulated pulse-chase system, we measured population turnover rates and individual t1/2 of pre-established Ag-induced Ig class-switched and IgM-positive memory B cells over 402 d. Our results indicate that, once established, both IgG-positive and less frequent IgM-positive memory populations are exceptionally stable, with little evidence of attrition or cellular turnover. Indeed, the vast majority of cells in both pools exhibited t1/2 that appear to exceed the life span of the mouse, contrasting dramatically with mature naive B cells. These results indicate that recall Ab responses are mediated by stable pools of extremely long-lived cells, and suggest that Ag-experienced B cells employ remarkably efficient survival mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek D Jones
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Joel R Wilmore
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - David Allman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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18
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Abstract
Novel effective immunotherapies are needed for patients with multiple myeloma (MM), since disease recurrence remains a major obstacle. B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA), a cell surface protein universally expressed on malignant plasma cells , has emerged as a very selective antigen to be targeted in novel treatments for MM. We here first review BCMA-related biology, and then highlight the recent clinical development of a novel afucosylated anti-BCMA monoclonal antibody conjugated with monomethyl auristatin F via noncleavable linker (GSK2857916). Chimeric antigen receptor-expressing T cells targeting BCMA may also induce specific and durable anti-MM responses by patients' own effector cells. Clinical trials testing these two approaches (NCT02064387, NCT02215967) are currently ongoing in relapsed and refractory MM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Tzu Tai
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kenneth C Anderson
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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19
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Kawai T, Sachs DH, Sprangers B, Spitzer TR, Saidman SL, Zorn E, Tolkoff-Rubin N, Preffer F, Crisalli K, Gao B, Wong W, Morris H, LoCascio SA, Sayre P, Shonts B, Williams WW, Smith RN, Colvin RB, Sykes M, Cosimi AB. Long-term results in recipients of combined HLA-mismatched kidney and bone marrow transplantation without maintenance immunosuppression. Am J Transplant 2014; 14:1599-611. [PMID: 24903438 PMCID: PMC4228952 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We report here the long-term results of HLA-mismatched kidney transplantation without maintenance immunosuppression (IS) in 10 subjects following combined kidney and bone marrow transplantation. All subjects were treated with nonmyeloablative conditioning and an 8- to 14-month course of calcineurin inhibitor with or without rituximab. All 10 subjects developed transient chimerism, and in seven of these, IS was successfully discontinued for 4 or more years. Currently, four subjects remain IS free for periods of 4.5-11.4 years, while three required reinstitution of IS after 5-8 years due to recurrence of original disease or chronic antibody-mediated rejection. Of the 10 renal allografts, three failed due to thrombotic microangiopathy or rejection. When compared with 21 immunologically similar living donor kidney recipients treated with conventional IS, the long-term IS-free survivors developed significantly fewer posttransplant complications. Although most recipients treated with none or two doses of rituximab developed donor-specific antibody (DSA), no DSA was detected in recipients treated with four doses of rituximab. Although further revisions of the current conditioning regimen are planned in order to improve consistency of the results, this study shows that long-term stable kidney allograft survival without maintenance IS can be achieved following transient mixed chimerism induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Kawai
- Transplant Center, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA,Corresponding author: Tatsuo Kawai,
| | - D. H. Sachs
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - B. Sprangers
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - T. R. Spitzer
- Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - S. L. Saidman
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - E. Zorn
- Transplant Center, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - N. Tolkoff-Rubin
- Transplant Center, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - F. Preffer
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - K. Crisalli
- Transplant Center, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - B. Gao
- Transplant Center, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - W. Wong
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - H. Morris
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - S. A. LoCascio
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - P. Sayre
- Immune Tolerance Network, San Francisco, CA
| | - B. Shonts
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - W. W. Williams
- Transplant Center, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - R.-N. Smith
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - R. B. Colvin
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - M. Sykes
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - A. B. Cosimi
- Transplant Center, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
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20
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Leandro MJ, Cambridge G. Expression of B cell activating factor (BAFF) and BAFF-binding receptors in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2014; 40:1247-50. [PMID: 23908529 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.130677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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21
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The effect of B-cell depletion therapy on serological evidence of B-cell and plasmablast activation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis over multiple cycles of rituximab treatment. J Autoimmun 2014; 50:67-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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22
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Scholzen A, Teirlinck AC, Bijker EM, Roestenberg M, Hermsen CC, Hoffman SL, Sauerwein RW. BAFF and BAFF receptor levels correlate with B cell subset activation and redistribution in controlled human malaria infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 192:3719-29. [PMID: 24646735 PMCID: PMC4028688 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Characteristic features of Plasmodium falciparum malaria are polyclonal B cell activation and an altered composition of the blood B cell compartment, including expansion of CD21(-)CD27(-) atypical memory B cells. BAFF is a key cytokine in B cell homeostasis, but its potential contribution to the modulation of the blood B cell pool during malaria remains elusive. In the controlled human malaria model (CHMI) in malaria-naive Dutch volunteers, we therefore examined the dynamics of BAFF induction and B cell subset activation and composition, to investigate whether these changes are linked to malaria-induced immune activation and, in particular, induction of BAFF. Alterations in B cell composition after CHMI closely resembled those observed in endemic areas. We further found distinct kinetics of proliferation for individual B cell subsets across all developmental stages. Proliferation peaked either immediately after blood-stage infection or at convalescence, and for most subsets was directly associated with the peak parasitemia. Concomitantly, plasma BAFF levels during CHMI were increased and correlated with membrane-expressed BAFF on monocytes and dendritic cells, as well as blood-stage parasitemia and parasite-induced IFN-γ. Correlating with increased plasma BAFF and IFN-γ levels, IgD(-)CD38(low)CD21(-)CD27(-) atypical B cells showed the strongest proliferative response of all memory B cell subsets. This provides unique evidence for a link between malaria-induced immune activation and temporary expansion of this B cell subset. Finally, baseline BAFF-R levels before CHMI were predictive of subsequent changes in proportions of individual B cell subsets. These findings suggest an important role of BAFF in facilitating B cell subset proliferation and redistribution as a consequence of malaria-induced immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Scholzen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Wong TW, Doyle AD, Lee JJ, Jelinek DF. Eosinophils regulate peripheral B cell numbers in both mice and humans. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:3548-58. [PMID: 24616476 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The view of eosinophils (Eos) as solely effector cells involved in host parasite defense and in the pathophysiology of allergic diseases has been challenged in recent years. In fact, there is a growing realization that these cells interact with other components of innate and adaptive immunity. For example, mouse Eos were recently demonstrated to promote plasma cell retention in the bone marrow. However, it remains unknown whether Eos influence the biology of normal B lymphocytes. In this study, we specifically assessed the effect of Eos on B cell survival, proliferation, and Ig secretion. Our data first revealed that the genetic deletion of Eos from NJ1638 IL-5 transgenic hypereosinophilic mice (previously shown to display profound B cell expansion) resulted in the near abolishment of the B cell lymphocytosis. In vitro studies using human tissues demonstrated Eos' proximity to B cell follicles and their ability to promote B cell survival, proliferation, and Ig secretion via a contact-independent mechanism. Additionally, this ability of Eos to enhance B cell responsiveness was observed in both T-independent and T-dependent B cell activation and appears to be independent of the activation state of Eos. Finally, a retrospective clinical study of hypereosinophilic patients revealed a direct correlation between peripheral blood eosinophil levels and B cell numbers. Taken together, our study identifies a novel role for Eos in the regulation of humoral immunity via their impact on B cell homeostasis and proliferation upon activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina W Wong
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
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Suryani S, Tangye SG. Therapeutic implications of advances in our understanding of transitional B-cell development in humans. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 6:765-75. [DOI: 10.1586/eci.10.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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25
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Pulendran B, Oh JZ, Nakaya HI, Ravindran R, Kazmin DA. Immunity to viruses: learning from successful human vaccines. Immunol Rev 2013; 255:243-55. [PMID: 23947360 PMCID: PMC3748616 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
For more than a century, immunologists and vaccinologists have existed in parallel universes. Immunologists have for long reveled in using 'model antigens', such as chicken egg ovalbumin or nitrophenyl haptens, to study immune responses in model organisms such as mice. Such studies have yielded many seminal insights about the mechanisms of immune regulation, but their relevance to humans has been questioned. In another universe, vaccinologists have relied on human clinical trials to assess vaccine efficacy, but have done little to take advantage of such trials for studying the nature of immune responses to vaccination. The human model provides a nexus between these two universes, and recent studies have begun to use this model to study the molecular profile of innate and adaptive responses to vaccination. Such 'systems vaccinology' studies are beginning to provide mechanistic insights about innate and adaptive immunity in humans. Here, we present an overview of such studies, with particular examples from studies with the yellow fever and the seasonal influenza vaccines. Vaccination with the yellow fever vaccine causes a systemic acute viral infection and thus provides an attractive model to study innate and adaptive responses to a primary viral challenge. Vaccination with the live attenuated influenza vaccine causes a localized acute viral infection in mucosal tissues and induces a recall response, since most vaccinees have had prior exposure to influenza, and thus provides a unique opportunity to study innate and antigen-specific memory responses in mucosal tissues and in the blood. Vaccination with the inactivated influenza vaccine offers a model to study immune responses to an inactivated immunogen. Studies with these and other vaccines are beginning to reunite the estranged fields of immunology and vaccinology, yielding unexpected insights about mechanisms of viral immunity. Vaccines that have been proven to be of immense benefit in saving lives offer us a new fringe benefit: lessons in viral immunology.
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Sindhava VJ, Scholz JL, Cancro MP. Roles for BLyS family members in meeting the distinct homeostatic demands of innate and adaptive B cells. Front Immunol 2013; 4:37. [PMID: 23443938 PMCID: PMC3580333 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
B-1 and B-2 B cell populations have different progenitors, receptor diversity, anatomic location, and functions – suggesting vastly differing requisites for homeostatic regulation. There is evidence that the B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) family of cytokines and receptors, key factors in the homeostatic regulation of B-2 B cell subsets, is also a major player in the B-1 compartment. Here we review the development and differentiation of these two primary B cell lineages and their immune functions. We discuss evidence that BLyS or a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) availability in different anatomic sites, coupled with signature BLyS receptor expression patterns on different B cell subsets, may be important for homeostatic regulation of B-1 as well as B-2 populations. Finally, we extend our working model of B cell homeostasis to integrate B-1s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal J Sindhava
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Etanercept attenuates collagen-induced arthritis by modulating the association between BAFFR expression and the production of splenic memory B cells. Pharmacol Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Scholz JL, Cancro MP. Resolve, revise, and relax: the 3 Rs of B cell repertoire adjustment. Immunol Lett 2012; 143:2-8. [PMID: 22330846 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2012.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Competition for limited, cell extrinsic survival factors is a general feature of peripheral selection checkpoints involved in B lymphocyte maturation and activation. Perhaps the best-characterized example involves BLyS (B lymphocyte stimulator), which modulates the size and composition of mature naïve B cell pools, but evidence for analogous competitive checkpoints is emerging for both germinal center B cells and plasma cells. Here we discuss how deliberate alteration of BLyS levels might be used to manipulate B cell repertoire selection in order to restore self-tolerance in autoimmunity, remodel the repertoire to accommodate neo-self antigens introduced through transplantation and gene therapy, or expand repertoire diversity to reveal novel, therapeutically useful specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean L Scholz
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, United States
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Karnell JL, Ettinger R. The Interplay of IL-21 and BAFF in the Formation and Maintenance of Human B Cell Memory. Front Immunol 2012; 3:2. [PMID: 22566888 PMCID: PMC3342005 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, IL-21 stands out as the most influential cytokine for human B cell activation and differentiation. Indeed, when compared to other important B cell tropic cytokines such as IL-2, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10, IL-21 is clearly the most potent in terms of its ability to influence humoral immune responses in humans. IL-21 has wide reaching actions in determining how B cells will respond to co-stimulation ranging from induction of cell death upon BCR crosslinking to potent induction of class switch recombination and plasma cell differentiation when CD40 molecules are co-engaged. Another crucial B cell factor, exemplified in recent clinical trials, is BAFF/BLys. BAFF plays a critical role in the survival of human B cells and plasma blasts and influences B cell expansion and migration. Recent evidence has shown that IL-21 and BAFF can work in concert to promote and perhaps maintain humoral immunity in humans. Notably, BAFF has the unique ability to substitute for CD40L activities in regard to IL-21-co-stimulation and differentiation of a specific B cell subpopulation located in the human splenic marginal zone. However, and perhaps surprisingly, BAFF signals do not have the capability to override IL-21-driven cell death events when BCR is engaged. In stark contrast, anti-CD40 ligation of B cells co-activated with IL-21 and anti-IgM not only reverses this aforementioned activation-induced cell death, but transforms this death signal into one that drives plasma cell differentiation. Here we will discuss these two critical B cell factors, IL-21 and BAFF, and their distinct and complimentary effects on human B cell responses.
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Kwun J, Bulut P, Kim E, Dar W, Oh B, Ruhil R, Iwakoshi N, Knechtle SJ. The role of B cells in solid organ transplantation. Semin Immunol 2011; 24:96-108. [PMID: 22137187 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2011.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The role of antibodies in chronic injury to organ transplants has been suggested for many years, but recently emphasized by new data. We have observed that when immunosuppressive potency decreases either by intentional weaning of maintenance agents or due to homeostatic repopulation after immune cell depletion, the threshold of B cell activation may be lowered. In human transplant recipients the result may be donor-specific antibody, C4d+ injury, and chronic rejection. This scenario has precise parallels in a rhesus monkey renal allograft model in which T cells are depleted with CD3 immunotoxin, or in a CD52-T cell transgenic mouse model using alemtuzumab to deplete T cells. Such animal models may be useful for the testing of therapeutic strategies to prevent DSA. We agree with others who suggest that weaning of immunosuppression may place transplant recipients at risk of chronic antibody-mediated rejection, and that strategies to prevent this scenario are needed if we are to improve long-term graft and patient outcomes in transplantation. We believe that animal models will play a crucial role in defining the pathophysiology of antibody-mediated rejection and in developing effective therapies to prevent graft injury. Two such animal models are described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Kwun
- Emory Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Gutierrez A, Arendt BK, Tschumper RC, Kay NE, Zent CS, Jelinek DF. Differentiation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells into immunoglobulin secreting cells decreases LEF-1 expression. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26056. [PMID: 21998751 PMCID: PMC3188588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocyte enhancer binding factor 1 (LEF-1) plays a crucial role in B lineage development and is only expressed in B cell precursors as B cell differentiation into mature B and plasma cells silences its expression. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells aberrantly express LEF-1 and its expression is required for cellular survival. We hypothesized that modification of the differentiation status of CLL cells would result in loss of LEF-1 expression and eliminate the survival advantage provided by its aberrant expression. In this study, we first established a methodology that induces CLL cells to differentiate into immunoglobulin (Ig) secreting cells (ISC) using the TLR9 agonist, CpG, together with cytokines (CpG/c). CpG/c stimulation resulted in dramatic CLL cell phenotypic and morphologic changes, expression of cytoplasmic Ig, and secretion of light chain restricted Ig. CpG/c stimulation also resulted in decreased CLL cell LEF-1 expression and increased Blimp-1 expression, which is crucial for plasma cell differentiation. Further, Wnt pathway activation and cellular survival were impaired in differentiated CLL cells compared to undifferentiated CLL cells. These data support the notion that CLL can differentiate into ISC and that this triggers decreased leukemic cell survival secondary to the down regulation of LEF-1 and decreased Wnt pathway activation.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- B-Lymphocytes/cytology
- B-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cell Survival/immunology
- Cytokines/pharmacology
- Cytoplasm/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Light Chains/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoid Enhancer-Binding Factor 1/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/pharmacology
- Positive Regulatory Domain I-Binding Factor 1
- Repressor Proteins/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Wnt Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Gutierrez
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Graduate School, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Bonnie K. Arendt
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Graduate School, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Renee C. Tschumper
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Graduate School, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Neil E. Kay
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Graduate School, College of Medicine, Rochester, Mayo Clinic, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Clive S. Zent
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Graduate School, College of Medicine, Rochester, Mayo Clinic, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Diane F. Jelinek
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Graduate School, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Nduati E, Gwela A, Karanja H, Mugyenyi C, Langhorne J, Marsh K, Urban BC. The plasma concentration of the B cell activating factor is increased in children with acute malaria. J Infect Dis 2011; 204:962-70. [PMID: 21849293 PMCID: PMC3156925 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria-specific antibody responses in children often appear to be short-lived but the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are not well understood. In this study, we investigated the relationship between the B-cell activating factor (BAFF) and its receptors expressed on B cells with antibody responses during and after acute malaria in children. Our results demonstrate that BAFF plasma levels increased during acute malarial disease and reflected disease severity. The expression profiles for BAFF receptors on B cells agreed with rapid activation and differentiation of a proportion of B cells to plasma cells. However, BAFF receptor (BAFF-R) expression was reduced on all peripheral blood B cells during acute infection, but those children with the highest level of BAFF-R expression on B cells maintained schizont-specific immunoglobin G (IgG) over a period of 4 months, indicating that dysregulation of BAFF-R expression on B cells may contribute to short-lived antibody responses to malarial antigens in children. In summary, this study suggests a potential role for BAFF during malaria disease, both as a marker for disease severity and in shaping the differentiation pattern of antigen-specific B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice Nduati
- KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Collaborative Research Program, Centre for Geographical Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Agnes Gwela
- KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Collaborative Research Program, Centre for Geographical Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Henry Karanja
- KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Collaborative Research Program, Centre for Geographical Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Cleopatra Mugyenyi
- KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Collaborative Research Program, Centre for Geographical Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Jean Langhorne
- Division of Parasitology, MRC, National Institute for Medical Research, London
| | - Kevin Marsh
- KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Collaborative Research Program, Centre for Geographical Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington
| | - Britta C. Urban
- KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Collaborative Research Program, Centre for Geographical Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
- Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
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Jiang C, Loo WM, Greenley EJ, Tung KS, Erickson LD. B cell maturation antigen deficiency exacerbates lymphoproliferation and autoimmunity in murine lupus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:6136-47. [PMID: 21536804 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus and its preclinical lupus-prone mouse models are autoimmune disorders involving the production of pathogenic autoantibodies. Genetic predisposition to systemic lupus erythematosus results in B cell hyperactivity, survival of self-reactive B cells, and differentiation to autoantibody-secreting plasma cells (PCs). These corrupt B cell responses are, in part, controlled by excess levels of the cytokine BAFF that normally maintains B cell homeostasis and self-tolerance through limited production. B cell maturation Ag (BCMA) is a receptor for BAFF that, under nonautoimmune conditions, is important for sustaining enduring Ab protection by mediating survival of long-lived PCs but is not required for B cell maturation and homeostasis. Through analysis of two different lupus-prone mouse models deficient in BCMA, we identify BCMA as an important factor in regulating peripheral B cell expansion, differentiation, and survival. We demonstrate that a BCMA deficiency combined with the lpr mutation or the murine lupus susceptibility locus Nba2 causes dramatic B cell and PC lymphoproliferation, accelerated autoantibody production, and early lethality. This study unexpectedly reveals that BCMA works to control B cell homeostasis and self-tolerance in systemic autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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Mucosal immunologic responses in cholera patients in Bangladesh. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2011; 18:506-12. [PMID: 21248157 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00481-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae O1 causes dehydrating diarrhea with a high mortality rate if untreated. The infection also elicits long-term protective immunity. Since V. cholerae is noninvasive, mucosal immunity is likely important for protection. In this study, we compared humoral immune responses in the duodenal mucosa and blood of cholera patients at different time points after the onset of disease and compared them with those of healthy controls (HCs). Immune responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the recombinant cholera toxin B subunit (rCTB) were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay. Significant increases in V. cholerae LPS-specific IgA and IgG antibody levels were seen in duodenal extracts on day 30, but the levels decreased to baseline by day 180; plasma V. cholerae LPS-specific IgA levels remained elevated longer. Levels of mucosal CTB antibodies also peaked on day 30, but the increase reached statistical significance only for IgG. A significant correlation was found between the CTB antibody-secreting cell (ASC) response in the circulatory system on day 7 and subsequent CTB-specific IgA levels in duodenal extracts on day 30 and the numbers of CTB-specific IgA ASCs in duodenal tissues on day 180. The proportion (0.07%) of mucosal V. cholerae LPS IgA ASCs peaked on day 30 and remained elevated through day 180 compared to that of HCs (P = 0.03). These results suggest that protective immunity against V. cholerae is not likely mediated by the constitutive secretion of antibodies at the mucosal surface; our results are consistent with those of other studies that suggest instead that anamnestic immune responses of mucosal lymphocytes may play a major role in protection against cholera.
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Abstract
Decades of high-titered antibody are sustained due to the persistence of memory B cells and long-lived plasma cells (PCs). The differentiation of each of these subsets is antigen- and T-cell driven and is dependent on signals acquired and integrated during the germinal center response. Inherent in the primary immune response must be the delivery of signals to B cells to create these populations, which have virtual immortality. Differences in biology and chemotactic behavior disperse memory B cells and long-lived PCs to a spectrum of anatomic sites. Each subset must rely on survival factors that can support their longevity. This review focuses on the generation of each of these subsets, their survival, and renewal, which must occur to sustain serological memory. In this context, we discuss the role of antigen, bystander inflammation, and cellular niches. The contribution of BAFF (B-cell activating factor belonging to the tumor necrosis factor family) and APRIL (a proliferation-inducing ligand) to the persistence of memory B cells and PCs are also detailed. Insights that have been provided over the past few years in the regulation of long-lived B-cell responses will have profound impact on vaccine development, the treatment of pre-sensitized patients for organ transplantation, and therapeutic interventions in both antibody- and T-cell-mediated autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Elgueta
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
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Polverino F, Baraldo S, Bazzan E, Agostini S, Turato G, Lunardi F, Balestro E, Damin M, Papi A, Maestrelli P, Calabrese F, Saetta M. A Novel Insight into Adaptive Immunity in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 182:1011-9. [DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200911-1700oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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LEF-1 is a prosurvival factor in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and is expressed in the preleukemic state of monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis. Blood 2010; 116:2975-83. [PMID: 20595513 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-02-269878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The canonical Wnt signaling pathway is pathogenic in a variety of cancers. We previously identified aberrant expression of the Wnt pathway transcription factor and target gene lymphoid enhancer binding factor-1 (LEF1) in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). This suggested that the Wnt signaling pathway has a role in the biology of CLL. In this study, we performed a Wnt pathway analysis using gene expression profiling and identified aberrant regulation of Wnt pathway target genes, ligands, and signaling members in CLL cells. Furthermore, we identified aberrant protein expression of LEF-1 specifically in CLL but not in normal mature B-cell subsets or after B-cell activation. Using the T cell-specific transcription factor/LEF (TCF/LEF) dual luciferase reporter assay, we demonstrated constitutive Wnt pathway activation in CLL, although the pathway was inactive in normal peripheral B cells. Importantly, LEF-1 knockdown decreased CLL B-cell survival. We also identified LEF-1 expression in CD19(+)/CD5(+) cells obtained from patients with monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis, suggesting a role for LEF-1 early in CLL leukemogenesis. This study has identified the constitutive activation and prosurvival function of LEF-1 and the Wnt pathway in CLL and uncovered a possible role for these factors in the preleukemic state of monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis.
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Walter JE, Rucci F, Patrizi L, Recher M, Regenass S, Paganini T, Keszei M, Pessach I, Lang PA, Poliani PL, Giliani S, Al-Herz W, Cowan MJ, Puck JM, Bleesing J, Niehues T, Schuetz C, Malech H, DeRavin SS, Facchetti F, Gennery AR, Andersson E, Kamani NR, Sekiguchi J, Alenezi HM, Chinen J, Dbaibo G, ElGhazali G, Fontana A, Pasic S, Detre C, Terhorst C, Alt FW, Notarangelo LD. Expansion of immunoglobulin-secreting cells and defects in B cell tolerance in Rag-dependent immunodeficiency. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 207:1541-54. [PMID: 20547827 PMCID: PMC2901061 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20091927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of B cells to the pathology of Omenn syndrome and leaky severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) has not been previously investigated. We have studied a mut/mut mouse model of leaky SCID with a homozygous Rag1 S723C mutation that impairs, but does not abrogate, V(D)J recombination activity. In spite of a severe block at the pro–B cell stage and profound B cell lymphopenia, significant serum levels of immunoglobulin (Ig) G, IgM, IgA, and IgE and a high proportion of Ig-secreting cells were detected in mut/mut mice. Antibody responses to trinitrophenyl (TNP)-Ficoll and production of high-affinity antibodies to TNP–keyhole limpet hemocyanin were severely impaired, even after adoptive transfer of wild-type CD4+ T cells. Mut/mut mice produced high amounts of low-affinity self-reactive antibodies and showed significant lymphocytic infiltrates in peripheral tissues. Autoantibody production was associated with impaired receptor editing and increased serum B cell–activating factor (BAFF) concentrations. Autoantibodies and elevated BAFF levels were also identified in patients with Omenn syndrome and leaky SCID as a result of hypomorphic RAG mutations. These data indicate that the stochastic generation of an autoreactive B cell repertoire, which is associated with defects in central and peripheral checkpoints of B cell tolerance, is an important, previously unrecognized, aspect of immunodeficiencies associated with hypomorphic RAG mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolan E Walter
- Division of Immunology and The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Tengvall S, Lundgren A, Quiding-Järbrink M, Svennerholm AM. BAFF, stimulatory DNA and IL-15 stimulates IgA(+) memory B cells and provides a novel approach for analysis of memory responses to mucosal vaccines. Vaccine 2010; 28:5445-50. [PMID: 20547203 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Revised: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of immune responses induced by mucosal vaccines is to a large extent based on measurement of IgA levels in mucosal secretions and detection of short-lived effector IgA-secreting cells circulating in peripheral blood. Since these immunological parameters poorly reflect long-term IgA-mediated responses, we sought to investigate novel approaches that would enable detection of vaccine specific IgA memory B cells. We demonstrate that stimulation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro with immunostimulatory DNA in combination with B cell-activating factor (BAFF) and IL-15 promotes differentiation of IgA memory B cells to IgA-secreting cells. By using the inactivated oral cholera vaccine Dukoral we demonstrate that vaccine specific IgA memory B cells are induced by oral immunization and are circulating for at least 9 months after vaccination. We also show that stimulated IgA memory B cells do not secrete IgA unless they reencounter the specific antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Tengvall
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Göteborg University Vaccine Research Institute (GUVAX), University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 7A, Box 435, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Yeramilli VA, Knight KL. Requirement for BAFF and APRIL during B cell development in GALT. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:5527-36. [PMID: 20400696 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The effects of B cell-activating factor belonging to the TNF family (BAFF) on B cell maturation and survival in the mouse are relatively well understood. In contrast, little is known about the role of BAFF in B cell development in other mammals, such as rabbits, that use GALT to develop and maintain the B cell compartment. We examined the expression and requirement of BAFF and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) during peripheral B cell development in young rabbits. By neutralizing BAFF and APRIL in neonates with a soluble decoy receptor, transmembrane activator calcium modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor-Fc, we found a marked reduction in the number of peripheral B cells, but found no change in the bone marrow (BM) compartment. In the appendix, the size and number of proliferating B cell follicles were greatly reduced, demonstrating that although BAFF/APRIL is dispensable for B cell development in BM, it is required for B cell development in GALT. We found that all rabbit B cells expressed BAFF receptor 3, but did not bind rBAFF, suggesting that the BAFF-binding receptors (BBRs) are bound by endogenous soluble BAFF. Further, we found that B cells themselves express BAFF, suggesting that the soluble BAFF bound to BBRs may be endogenously produced and stimulate B cells in an autocrine fashion. Additionally, we propose that this chronic occupancy of BBRs on B cells may provide a tonic and/or survival signal for the maintenance of peripheral B cells in adults after B lymphopoiesis is arrested in BM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata A Yeramilli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Strich School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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41
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In vivo intraclonal and interclonal kinetic heterogeneity in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2009; 114:4832-42. [PMID: 19789386 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-05-219634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Clonal evolution and outgrowth of cellular variants with additional chromosomal abnormalities are major causes of disease progression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Because new DNA lesions occur during S phase, proliferating cells are at the core of this problem. In this study, we used in vivo deuterium ((2)H) labeling of CLL cells to better understand the phenotype of proliferating cells in 13 leukemic clones. In each case, there was heterogeneity in cellular proliferation, with a higher fraction of newly produced CD38+ cells compared with CD38- counterparts. On average, there were 2-fold higher percentages of newly born cells in the CD38+ fraction than in CD38- cells; when analyzed on an individual patient basis, CD38+ (2)H-labeled cells ranged from 6.6% to 73%. Based on distinct kinetic patterns, interclonal heterogeneity was also observed. Specifically, 4 patients exhibited a delayed appearance of newly produced CD38+ cells in the blood, higher leukemic cell CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) levels, and increased risk for lymphoid organ infiltration and poor outcome. Our data refine the proliferative compartment in CLL based on CD38 expression and suggest a relationship between in vivo kinetics, expression of a protein involved in CLL cell retention and trafficking to solid tissues, and clinical outcome.
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Downregulation of RUNX1 by RUNX3 requires the RUNX3 VWRPY sequence and is essential for Epstein-Barr virus-driven B-cell proliferation. J Virol 2009; 83:6909-16. [PMID: 19403666 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00216-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cross-regulation of RUNX1 expression by RUNX3 plays a critical role in regulating proliferation of human B cells infected with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). When EBV infection induces RUNX3, the consequent reduction in RUNX1 levels is required for the ensuing cell proliferation because forced expression of RUNX1 in an EBV lymphoblastoid cell line prevented cell proliferation. The TEL-RUNX1 fusion gene from acute B-lymphocytic leukemia retains almost all of the RUNX1 sequence but does not prevent B-cell proliferation in the same assay. B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) was found to be induced by conditionally expressed RUNX3 in a lymphoma cell line. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed that RUNX3 binds to the RUNX1 promoter in a lymphoblastoid cell line and a Burkitt's lymphoma cell line. The TLE binding VWRPY sequence from the C terminus of RUNX3 was found to be required for repression of the RUNX1 P1 promoter in a B-lymphoma cell line. The mechanism of repression in B-cell lines most likely involves recruitment of corepressor TLE3 or TLE4 to the RUNX1 promoter. The results demonstrate the importance of RUNX3-mediated repression of RUNX1 for EBV-driven B-cell proliferation and identify functional differences between human RUNX family proteins.
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Cain D, Kondo M, Chen H, Kelsoe G. Effects of acute and chronic inflammation on B-cell development and differentiation. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 129:266-77. [PMID: 19148216 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2008.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recently, our understanding of hematopoiesis and the development of the immune system has fundamentally changed, leading to significant discoveries with important clinical relevance. Hematopoiesis, once described in terms of irreversible and discrete developmental branch points, is now understood to exist as a collection of alternative developmental pathways capable of generating functionally identical progeny. Developmental commitment to a particular blood-cell lineage is gradually acquired and reflects both cell intrinsic and extrinsic signals. Chief among the extrinsic factors are the environmental cues of hematopoietic microenvironments that comprise specific "developmental niches" that support hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Most of this new understanding comes from the study of normal, steady-state hematopoiesis, but there is ample reason to expect that special developmental and/or differentiative mechanisms operate in response to inflammation. For example, both stem and progenitor cells are now known to express Toll-like receptors that can influence hematopoietic cell fates in response to microbial products. Likewise, proinflammatory cytokines mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to peripheral tissues. In this Perspective, we review inflammation's effects on central and extramedullary B lymphopoiesis and discuss the potential consequences of peripheral B-cell development in the context of systemic autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Cain
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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Kato A, Xiao H, Chustz RT, Liu MC, Schleimer RP. Local release of B cell-activating factor of the TNF family after segmental allergen challenge of allergic subjects. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 123:369-75. [PMID: 19135236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Revised: 10/17/2008] [Accepted: 11/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Local production of IgA and IgE in the airways has been proposed to be an important event in both immune protection from pathogens and the pathogenesis of airway allergic diseases. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the production of B cell-activating factor of the TNF family (BAFF), an important regulator of B-cell survival and immunoglobulin class-switch recombination, in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid after segmental allergen challenge of allergic subjects. METHODS Segmental allergen challenge with saline or allergen was performed in 16 adult allergic subjects. BAL was performed at both saline- and allergen-challenged sites 20 to 24 hours after challenge. Concentrations of B cell-active cytokines, including BAFF, IL-6, and IL-13, were measured by using specific ELISA and cytometric bead array assays. RESULTS Levels of BAFF protein were significantly increased in BAL fluid after allergen challenge (53.8 pg/mL [range, 0-407.4 pg/mL], P = .001) compared with those at saline-challenged sites (0 pg/mL [0-34.7 pg/mL]). In the BAL fluid after allergen challenge, BAFF levels were significantly correlated with absolute numbers of total cells (r = 0.779, P < .001), lymphocytes (r = 0.842, P < .001), neutrophils (r = 0.809, P < .001), and eosinophils (r = 0.621, P = .010) but did not correlate with macrophages. Normalization to albumin indicated that BAFF production occurred locally in the airways. BAFF levels were also significantly correlated with the other B cell-activating cytokines IL-6 (r = 0.875, P < .001) and IL-13 (r = 0.812, P < .001). CONCLUSION The antigen-induced production of BAFF in the airway might contribute to local class-switch recombination and immunoglobulin synthesis by B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kato
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill, USA
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45
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Nossent JC, Lester S, Zahra D, Mackay CR, Rischmueller M. Polymorphism in the 5' regulatory region of the B-lymphocyte activating factor gene is associated with the Ro/La autoantibody response and serum BAFF levels in primary Sjogren's syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2008; 47:1311-6. [PMID: 18617551 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ken246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between haplotypes in the 5' regulatory region of the B-lymphocyte activating factor (BAFF) gene, disease susceptibility and serum BAFF (s-BAFF) levels in Caucasian primary SS (pSS) patients. METHODS Case-control study in an established pSS cohort with PCR-RFLP genotyping for four SNPs (-2841 T-->C, -2704 T-->C, -2701 T-->A, -871 C-->T), which tag a haplotype block in the 5' regulatory region of the BAFF gene and s-BAFF determination by ELISA. RESULTS s-BAFF levels were elevated in Ro/La-positive pSS patients (n = 85, 1770 pg/ml) compared with both Ro/La-negative pSS patients (n = 27, 1193 pg/ml) and controls (n = 59, 1171 pg/ml), P < 0.001. s-BAFF increased with diversification of the anti-Ro/La antibody response, but was not correlated with age, RF or immunoglobulin G levels. There were four common BAFF haplotypes. While the CTAT haplotype was associated with Ro/La-positive pSS [odds ratio (OR) 2.6; 95% CI 1.7, 4.1; P = 0.00004], the TTTT haplotype was associated with elevated s-BAFF in autoantibody-positive pSS (n = 85; 88% females; P = 0.008). The shared -871 T allele had no independent contribution to disease susceptibility or s-BAFF. CONCLUSIONS Disease susceptibility for Ro/La-positive pSS is increased with the CTAT haplotype, but not associated with high s-BAFF levels. Elevated s-BAFF levels in pSS are associated with the TTTT haplotype and may be a secondary phenomenon in Ro/La-positive pSS. While both haplotypes carry the -871 T allele, this allele is not independently associated with disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Nossent
- Department of Rheumatology, PO Box 14, University Hospital Northern Norway, N-9038 Tromsø, Norway.
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46
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Benson MJ, Dillon SR, Castigli E, Geha RS, Xu S, Lam KP, Noelle RJ. Cutting edge: the dependence of plasma cells and independence of memory B cells on BAFF and APRIL. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:3655-9. [PMID: 18322170 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.6.3655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Memory B (B(MEM)) cells and long-lived bone marrow plasma cells (BM-PCs) persist within local environmental survival niches that afford cellular longevity. However, the factors supporting B(MEM) cell survival within the secondary lymphoid organs and allowing BM-PC persistence in the bone marrow remain poorly characterized. We report herein that long-lived B(MEM) cell survival and function are completely independent of BAFF (B cell-activating factor of the TNF family) or APRIL (a proliferation-inducing ligand). Thus, B(MEM) cells represent the only mature B2 lineage subset whose survival is independent of these ligands. We have previously shown that the TNFR family member receptor BCMA (B cell maturation Ag) is a critical survival receptor for BM-PC survival in vivo. We identify in this study the ligands critical for BM-PC survival and show that either BAFF or APRIL supports the survival of BM-PCs in vivo. These data define the BAFF/APRIL-dependent and -independent components of long-lived humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah J Benson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, The Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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47
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TACI, an enigmatic BAFF/APRIL receptor, with new unappreciated biochemical and biological properties. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2008; 19:263-76. [PMID: 18514565 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2008.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BAFF is a B cell survival factor that binds to three receptors BAFF-R, TACI and BCMA. BAFF-R is the receptor triggering naïve B cell survival and maturation while BCMA supports the survival of plasma cells in the bone marrow. Excessive BAFF production leads to autoimmunity, presumably as the consequence of inappropriate survival of self-reactive B cells. The function of TACI has been more elusive with TACI(-/-) mice revealing two sides of this receptor, a positive one driving T cell-independent immune responses and a negative one down-regulating B cell activation and expansion. Recent work has revealed that the regulation of TACI expression is intimately linked to the activation of innate receptors on B cells and that TACI signalling in response to multimeric BAFF and APRIL provides positive signals to plasmablasts. How TACI negatively regulates B cells remains elusive but may involve an indirect control of BAFF levels. The discovery of TACI mutations associated with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) in humans not only reinforces its important role for humoral responses but also suggests a more complex role than first anticipated from knockout animals. TACI is emerging as an unusual TNF receptor-like molecule with a sophisticated mode of action.
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48
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Kato A, Peters A, Suh L, Carter R, Harris KE, Chandra R, Conley D, Grammer LC, Kern R, Schleimer RP. Evidence of a role for B cell-activating factor of the TNF family in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 121:1385-92, 1392.e1-2. [PMID: 18410958 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2008] [Revised: 02/28/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The polypoid form of chronic rhinosinusitis (chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps [CRSwNP]) is a highly prevalent disease that often requires surgical intervention for treatment. Nasal polyps contain large quantities of B lymphocytes and immunoglobulin as well as eosinophils. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to investigate the expression of B cell-activating factor of the TNF family (BAFF), an important regulator of class-switch recombination and immunoglobulin production, in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). METHODS We collected nasal tissue and nasal lavage fluid from patients with CRS and control subjects. We assayed mRNA for BAFF and B-lymphocyte markers, CD20 and transmembrane activator and calcium-modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor, by using real-time PCR, and assayed BAFF protein by using ELISA and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS BAFF mRNA was significantly increased in nasal polyps from patients with CRSwNP (P < .001) compared with inferior turbinate tissue from patients with CRS or healthy subjects. BAFF protein was also elevated in polypoid tissue and nasal lavage from patients with CRSwNP. Immunohistochemistry showed considerable BAFF staining in mucosal epithelial cells in nasal polyps along with unidentified cells in the lamina propria. Expression of mRNA for BAFF in sinonasal tissue was significantly correlated with CD20 and transmembrane activator and CAML interactor in sinus tissue. IgA, an immunoglobulin isotype known to activate eosinophils, was also significantly elevated in the polypoid tissue. CONCLUSION Overproduction of BAFF in nasal polyps may contribute to the pathogenesis of CRSwNP via the local induction of IgA and activation of eosinophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kato
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill 60611, USA
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49
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Allen CDC, Cyster JG. Follicular dendritic cell networks of primary follicles and germinal centers: phenotype and function. Semin Immunol 2008; 20:14-25. [PMID: 18261920 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2007] [Accepted: 12/06/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) were identified decades ago by their ability to retain immune complexes and more recent findings indicate that they are a source of B cell attractants and trophic factors. New imaging studies have shown that B cells closely associate with their dendritic processes during migration. Here we will review the properties of these specialized follicular stromal cells and provide an update on the requirements for their maturation into phenotypically distinct cells within germinal center light and dark zones. We will then discuss current understanding of how they help support the B cell immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D C Allen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Box 0414, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0414, USA.
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50
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Darce JR, Arendt BK, Wu X, Jelinek DF. Regulated expression of BAFF-binding receptors during human B cell differentiation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 179:7276-86. [PMID: 18025170 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.11.7276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BAFF plays a central role in B-lineage cell biology; however, the regulation of BAFF-binding receptor (BBR) expression during B cell activation and differentiation is not completely understood. In this study, we provide a comprehensive ex vivo analysis of BBRs in human B-lineage cells at various stages of maturation, as well as describe the events that drive and regulate receptor expression. Our data reveal that B-lineage cells ranging from naive to plasma cells (PCs), excluding bone marrow PCs, express BAFF-R uniformly. In contrast, only tonsillar memory B cells (MB) and PCs, from both tonsil and bone marrow tissues, express BCMA. Furthermore, we show that TACI is expressed by MB cells and PCs, as well as a subpopulation of activated CD27(neg) B cells. In this regard, we demonstrate that TACI is inducible early upon B cell activation and this is independent of B cell turnover. In addition, we found that TACI expression requires activation of the ERK1/2 pathway, since its expression was blocked by ERK1/2-specific inhibitors. Expression of BAFF-R and B cell maturation Ag (BCMA) is also highly regulated and we demonstrate that BCMA expression is only acquired in MB cells and in a manner accompanied by loss of BAFF-R expression. This inverse expression coincides with MB cell differentiation into Ig-secreting cells (ISC), since blocking differentiation inhibited both induction of BCMA expression and loss of BAFF-R. Collectively, our data suggest that the BBR profile may serve as a footprint of the activation history and stage of differentiation of normal human B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime R Darce
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Graduate School, Rochester MN 55905, USA
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