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Asawapaithulsert P, Ngamprasertchai T, Kitro A. Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine Acceptance and Strategies for Travelers: Insights from a Scoping Review and Practitioners in Endemic Countries. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1683. [PMID: 38006016 PMCID: PMC10674921 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11111683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) remains the cause of vaccine-preventable encephalitis in individuals living in endemic areas and international travelers. Although rare, the disease's high fatality rate emphasizes the need for effective immunization. This review aims to provide updated data on the JE burden between 2017 and 2023, vaccine acceptance, and vaccine strategies for travelers. We prospectively identified studies, using MEDLINE and PubMed, published through 2023. JE incidence has decreased in local populations and remains low among travelers from non-endemic countries. The local JE risk cannot be utilized to determine traveler risk. Adult travelers naïve to JEV infection or immunization may be at potentially higher risk. The JE vaccine acceptance rates among international travelers visiting JE endemic areas range from 0.2% to 28.5%. The cost of the vaccine and low risk perception could be barriers to JE vaccination. For travelers, an accelerated two-dose regimen of inactivated Vero cell JE vaccine (JE-VC) or a single dosage of live attenuated JE vaccine (JE-LV) may be an option. In conclusion, the JE burden among residents and travelers is lower, but the risk is not negligible. Practitioners should prioritize sharing knowledge, increasing awareness, and promoting vaccinations and preventive measures to reduce tourists' risk of JE along their journey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punyisa Asawapaithulsert
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Thundon Ngamprasertchai
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Amornphat Kitro
- Department of Community Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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Ahn J, Yu JE, Kim H, Sung J, Han G, Sohn MH, Seong BL. AB 5-Type Toxin as a Pentameric Scaffold in Recombinant Vaccines against the Japanese Encephalitis Virus. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:425. [PMID: 37505694 PMCID: PMC10467048 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is an enveloped icosahedral capsid virus with a prime neutralizing epitope present in E protein domain III (EDIII). E dimers are rearranged into a five-fold symmetry of icosahedrons. Cholera toxin B (CTB) and heat-labile enterotoxin B (LTB) of AB5-type toxin was used as the structural scaffold for emulating the pentameric axis of EDIII. We produced homo-pentameric EDIII through the genetic fusion of LTB or CTB in E. coli without recourse to additional refolding steps. Harnessing an RNA-mediated chaperone further enhanced the soluble expression and pentameric assembly of the chimeric antigen. The pentameric assembly was validated by size exclusion chromatography (SEC), non-reduced gel analysis, and a GM1 binding assay. CTB/LTB-EDIII chimeric antigen triggered high neutralizing antibodies against the JEV Nakayama strain after immunization in mice. Altogether, our proof-of-principle study creating a JEV-protective antigen via fusion with an AB5-type toxin as both a pentameric scaffold and a built-in adjuvant posits the bacterially produced recombinant chimeric antigen as a cost-effective alternative to conventional inactivated vaccines against JEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jina Ahn
- The Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Integrative Biotechnology & Translational Medicine, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Yu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03708, Republic of Korea (H.K.)
| | - Hanna Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03708, Republic of Korea (H.K.)
| | - Jemin Sung
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03708, Republic of Korea (H.K.)
| | - Gyoonhee Han
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03708, Republic of Korea (H.K.)
- Department of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science, WCU Program of Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Hyun Sohn
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Baik-Lin Seong
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Vaccine Innovative Technology ALliance (VITAL)-Korea, Yonsei University, Seoul 03721, Republic of Korea
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3
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Kalimuddin S, Chan YFZ, Sessions OM, Chan KR, Ong EZ, Low JG, Bertoletti A, Ooi EE. An experimental medicine decipher of a minimum correlate of cellular immunity: Study protocol for a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1135979. [PMID: 36969244 PMCID: PMC10038230 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1135979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination induces an adaptive immune response that protects against infectious diseases. A defined magnitude of adaptive immune response that correlates with protection from the disease of interest, or correlates of protection (CoP), is useful for guiding vaccine development. Despite mounting evidence for the protective role of cellular immunity against viral diseases, studies on CoP have almost exclusively focused on humoral immune responses. Moreover, although studies have measured cellular immunity following vaccination, no study has defined if a “threshold” of T cells, both in frequency and functionality, is needed to reduce infection burden. We will thus conduct a double-blind, randomized clinical trial in 56 healthy adult volunteers, using the licensed live-attenuated yellow fever (YF17D) and chimeric Japanese encephalitis-YF17D (JE-YF17D) vaccines. These vaccines share the entire non-structural and capsid proteome where the majority of the T cell epitopes reside. The neutralizing antibody epitopes, in contrast, are found on the structural proteins which are not shared between the two vaccines and are thus distinct from one another. Study participants will receive JE-YF17D vaccination followed by YF17D challenge, or YF17D vaccination followed by JE-YF17D challenge. A separate cohort of 14 healthy adults will receive the inactivated Japanese Encephalitis virus (JEV) vaccine followed by YF17D challenge that controls for the effect of cross-reactive flaviviral antibodies. We hypothesize that a strong T cell response induced by YF17D vaccination will reduce JE-YF17D RNAemia upon challenge, as compared to JE-YF17D vaccination followed by YF17D challenge. The expected gradient of YF17D-specific T cell abundance and functionality would also allow us to gain insight into a T cell threshold for controlling acute viral infections. The knowledge gleaned from this study could guide the assessment of cellular immunity and vaccine development.Clinical trial registrationClinicaltrials.gov, NCT05568953.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Kalimuddin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- *Correspondence: Shirin Kalimuddin, ; Eng Eong Ooi,
| | - Yvonne F. Z. Chan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - October M. Sessions
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Eugenia Z. Ong
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Viral Research and Experimental Medicine Centre (ViREMiCS), SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jenny G. Low
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Viral Research and Experimental Medicine Centre (ViREMiCS), SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Antonio Bertoletti
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR) Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eng Eong Ooi
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Viral Research and Experimental Medicine Centre (ViREMiCS), SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- *Correspondence: Shirin Kalimuddin, ; Eng Eong Ooi,
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Howard-Jones AR, Pham D, Sparks R, Maddocks S, Dwyer DE, Kok J, Basile K. Arthropod-Borne Flaviviruses in Pregnancy. Microorganisms 2023; 11:433. [PMID: 36838398 PMCID: PMC9959669 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses are a diverse group of enveloped RNA viruses that cause significant clinical manifestations in the pregnancy and postpartum periods. This review highlights the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and prevention of the key arthropod-borne flaviviruses of concern in pregnancy and the neonatal period-Zika, Dengue, Japanese encephalitis, West Nile, and Yellow fever viruses. Increased disease severity during pregnancy, risk of congenital malformations, and manifestations of postnatal infection vary widely amongst this virus family and may be quite marked. Laboratory confirmation of infection is complex, especially due to the reliance on serology for which flavivirus cross-reactivity challenges diagnostic specificity. As such, a thorough clinical history including relevant geographic exposures and prior vaccinations is paramount for accurate diagnosis. Novel vaccines are eagerly anticipated to ameliorate the impact of these flaviviruses, particularly neuroinvasive disease manifestations and congenital infection, with consideration of vaccine safety in pregnant women and children pivotal. Moving forward, the geographical spread of flaviviruses, as for other zoonoses, will be heavily influenced by climate change due to the potential expansion of vector and reservoir host habitats. Ongoing 'One Health' engagement across the human-animal-environment interface is critical to detect and responding to emergent flavivirus epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annaleise R. Howard-Jones
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research—NSW Health Pathology, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - David Pham
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research—NSW Health Pathology, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Rebecca Sparks
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research—NSW Health Pathology, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Susan Maddocks
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research—NSW Health Pathology, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Dominic E. Dwyer
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research—NSW Health Pathology, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology-Public Health, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Jen Kok
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research—NSW Health Pathology, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology-Public Health, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Kerri Basile
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research—NSW Health Pathology, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
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Tajima S, Maeki T, Nakayama E, Faizah AN, Kobayashi D, Isawa H, Maekawa Y, Bendryman SS, Mulyatno KC, Rohmah EA, Mori Y, Sawabe K, Ebihara H, Lim CK. Growth, Pathogenesis, and Serological Characteristics of the Japanese Encephalitis Virus Genotype IV Recent Strain 19CxBa-83-Cv. Viruses 2023; 15:239. [PMID: 36680278 PMCID: PMC9866982 DOI: 10.3390/v15010239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Genotype IV Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus (GIV JEV) is the least common and most neglected genotype in JEV. We evaluated the growth and pathogenic potential of the GIV strain 19CxBa-83-Cv, which was isolated from a mosquito pool in Bali, Indonesia, in 2019, and serological analyses were also conducted. The growth ability of 19CxBa-83-Cv in Vero cells was intermediate between that of the genotype I (GI) strain Mie/41/2002 and the genotype V (GV) strain Muar, whereas 19CxBa-83-Cv and Mie/41/2002 grew faster than Muar in mouse neuroblastoma cells. The neuroinvasiveness of 19CxBa-83-Cv in mice was higher than that of Mie/41/2002 but lower than that of Muar; however, there were no significant differences in neurovirulence in mice among the three strains. The neutralizing titers of sera from 19CxBa-83-Cv- and Mie/41/2002-inoculated mice against 19CxBa-83-Cv and Mie/41/2002 were similar, whereas the titers against Muar were lower than those of the other two viruses. The neutralizing titers of JE vaccine-inoculated mouse pool serum against 19CxBa-83-Cv and Muar were significantly lower than those against Mie/41/2002. The neutralizing titers against the three viruses were similar in three out of the five serum samples from GI-infected JE patients, although the titers against Mie/41/2002 were higher than those against 19CxBa-83-Cv and Muar in the remaining two sera samples. In summary, we identified the basic characteristics of 19CxBa-83-Cv, but further studies are needed to better understand GIV JEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Tajima
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Takahiro Maeki
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Eri Nakayama
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Astri Nur Faizah
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kobayashi
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Isawa
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Maekawa
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Sri Subekti Bendryman
- Laboratory of Entomology, Institute of Tropical Diseases, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Kris Cahyo Mulyatno
- Laboratory of Entomology, Institute of Tropical Diseases, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Etik Ainun Rohmah
- Laboratory of Entomology, Institute of Tropical Diseases, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Yasuko Mori
- Division of Clinical Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Kyoko Sawabe
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Hideki Ebihara
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Chang-Kweng Lim
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
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Konevtsova OV, Golushko IY, Podgornik R, Rochal SB. Hidden symmetry of the flavivirus protein shell and pH-controlled reconstruction of the viral surface. Biomater Sci 2022; 11:225-234. [PMID: 36426630 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01562e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Using recent Zika virus structural data we reveal a hidden symmetry of protein order in immature and mature flavivirus shells, violating the Caspar-Klug paradigmatic model of capsid structures. We show that proteins of the outer immature shell layer exhibit trihexagonal tiling, while proteins from inner and outer layers conjointly form a double-shelled close-packed structure, based on a common triangular spherical lattice. Within the proposed structural model, we furthermore rationalize the structural organization of misassembled non-infectious subviral particles that have no inner capsid. We consider a pH-controlled structural reconstruction of the outer shell from the trimeric to the dimeric state, and demonstrate that this transition, occurring during the virus maturation, can be induced by changes in protein charges at lower pH, leading to a decrease in the electrostatic interaction free energy. This transition could also be assisted by electrostatic attraction of shell proteins to the interposed lipid membrane substrate separating the shells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Konevtsova
- Physics Faculty, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia.
| | - Ivan Yu Golushko
- Physics Faculty, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia.
| | - Rudolf Podgornik
- School of Physical Sciences and Kavli Institute for Theoretical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. .,Wenzhou Institute of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Sergei B Rochal
- Physics Faculty, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia.
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Furuya-Kanamori L, Gyawali N, Mills Mbbs Mphtm DJ, Mills C, Hugo LE, Devine GJ, Lau CL. Immunogenicity of a single fractional intradermal dose of Japanese encephalitis live attenuated chimeric vaccine. J Travel Med 2022; 30:6779982. [PMID: 36308439 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taac122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Japanese encephalitis (JE) is endemic in Asia and the western Pacific. Vaccination is recommended for travellers to endemic regions, but the high cost of the vaccine is a major barrier to uptake. METHODS A quasi-experimental, pre-post intervention clinical trial without a control group was conducted to assess the immunogenicity and safety of intradermal (ID) JE vaccine. Healthy adults (18-45 years) received one dose of 0.1 mL (20% of standard dose) ID Imojev® (JE live attenuated chimeric vaccine, Sanofi-Aventis). Adverse events following immunisation (AEFIs) were recorded 10 days post-vaccination. Blood samples were collected at baseline, 4, and 8 weeks post-vaccination. Neutralising antibodies were measured using 50% plaque reduction neutralisation test (PRNT50). Seroconversion was defined as PRNT50 titre ≥10. An in vitro study was also conducted to quantify the rate of decay of vaccine potency after reconstitution. RESULTS 51 participants (72.6% females, median age 31 years), all non-reactive to JE virus at baseline were enrolled. Mild and moderate AEFIs were reported by 19.6% of participants; none required medical attention or interfered with normal daily activities. All participants seroconverted at 4 weeks (GMT 249.3; 95%CI:192.8-322.5) and remained seropositive at 8-weeks (GMT 135.5; 95%CI:104.5-175.6). Vaccine potency declined at a rate of 0.14 log plaque-forming units/0.5 mL per hour. CONCLUSIONS In healthy adults, a single 0.1 mL ID dose of Imojev was safe and immunogenic, at least in the short-term. Reconstituted vials of Imojev vaccine may not retain their potency after 6 hours. Fractional JE ID vaccination could be a cheaper yet effective alternative for short-term travellers. Further studies need to investigate the immune response in a wider age range of individuals and the long-term immunogenicity of fractional JE ID vaccines. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION ACTRN12621000024842.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Furuya-Kanamori
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
| | - Narayan Gyawali
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Christine Mills
- Dr Deb The Travel Doctor, Travel Medicine Alliance, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Leon E Hugo
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gregor J Devine
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Colleen L Lau
- Dr Deb The Travel Doctor, Travel Medicine Alliance, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
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Kosen S, Khoe LC, Indriasih E, Tarigan I, Iriawan RW, Agustiya RI, Letson GW, Vodicka E. Expanding japanese encephalitis vaccination to selected endemic indonesia provinces: A cost-effectiveness analysis. Vaccine X 2022; 11:100179. [PMID: 35782720 PMCID: PMC9243152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2022.100179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction A Markov model was used to evaluate the potential health and economic impact of introducing JE vaccine nationally and in selected endemic areas of Indonesia compared to no vaccination from government and societal perspectives over a child's lifetime horizon. Methods Costs were obtained from hospitalized JE suspected patient billing data from 2014 to 2019 in seven provinces. Local data burden data were derived from the literature. Analysis considered several scenarios, including national and sub-regional introduction in seven provinces via a one-time vaccination campaign in all children 1-15 years old followed by routine immunization among infants (RI), or RI alone without vaccination campaign. Results and discussions Across scenarios, JE vaccination was projected to range from cost-saving to cost-effective compared to no vaccination at a willingness-to-pay threshold of 0.5x gross domestic product per capita. Including a one-time campaign would avert nearly three times as many JE cases and deaths compared to RI alone while still providing good value for money.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soewarta Kosen
- Health Systems Specialist, Taman Kebon Jeruk W4 No. 34, Jakarta 11630, Indonesia
| | - Levina Chandra Khoe
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine University of Indonesia, Indonesia
| | - Endang Indriasih
- National Institute of Health Research & Development, Ministry of Health, Indonesia
| | - Ingan Tarigan
- National Institute of Health Research & Development, Ministry of Health, Indonesia
| | | | - Rozana Ika Agustiya
- National Institute of Health Research & Development, Ministry of Health, Indonesia
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9
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Hu M, Zheng H, Wu J, Sun Y, Wang T, Chen S. DDX5: an expectable treater for viral infection- a literature review. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2022; 10:712. [PMID: 35845539 PMCID: PMC9279824 DOI: 10.21037/atm-22-2375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objective DEAD-box protein (DDX)5 plays important roles in multiple aspects of cellular processes that require modulating RNA structure. Alongside the canonical role of DDX5 in RNA metabolism, many reports have shown that DDX5 influences viral infection by directly interacting with viral proteins. However, the functional role of DDX5 in virus-associated cancers, as well as the identity of DDX5 in virus infection-associated signaling pathways, has remained largely unexplained. Here, we further explore the precise functions of DDX5 and its potential targets for antiviral treatment. Methods We searched the PubMed and PMC databases to identify studies on role of DDXs, especially DDX5, during various viral infection published up to May 2022. Key Content and Findings DDX5 functions as both a viral infection helper and inhibitor, which depends on virus type. DDXs proteins have been identified to play roles on multiple aspects covering RNA metabolism and function. Conclusions DDX5 influences viral pathogenesis by participating in viral replication and multiple viral infection-related signaling pathways, it also plays a double-edge sword role under different viral infection conditions. Deep investigation into the mechanism of DDX5 modulating immune response in host cells revealed that it holds highly potential usage for future antiviral therapy. We reviewed current studies to provide a comprehensive update of the role of DDX5 in viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Hu
- Clinical Lab, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao China
| | - Hongying Zheng
- Clinical Lab, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao China
| | - Jingqi Wu
- Microbiology Department, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yue Sun
- School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Tianying Wang
- Clinical Research Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Clinical Lab, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
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10
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Fang E, Liu X, Liu X, Li M, Wang L, Li M, Zhang Z, Li Y, Yu Y. Investigation of immune response induction by Japanese encephalitis live-attenuated and chimeric vaccines in mice. MedComm (Beijing) 2022; 3:e117. [PMID: 35415706 PMCID: PMC8986025 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Japanese encephalitis (JE) live-attenuated vaccine SA14-14-2 and the chimeric vaccine IMOJEV (JE-CV) are two kinds of vaccines available for use worldwide. JE-CV was previously known as ChimeriVax-JE, that consists of yellow fever vaccine 17D (YFV-17D) from which the structural genes (prM/E) have been replaced with those of SA14-14-2. This study aimed to investigate the neutralizing antibody, protection efficacy, and specific T-cell response elicited by both vaccines in mice. The neutralizing antibodies produced by JE-CV were slightly lower than those produced by SA14-14-2, but the protection conferred by JE-CV was considerably lower in the low vaccine dose immunization group. Furthermore, the JE-CV did not induce a specific T-cell response against JEV NS3, while it did induce a potent antigen-specific T-cell response against the viral backbone vaccine YFV. In conclusion, this study is the first detailed investigation of the cellular immune response to the two vaccines. Enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) and flow staining suggest a more potent specific T-cell response against the JEV antigen was elicited in mice immunized with SA14-14-2 but not JE-CV. Using heterologous flaviviruses as a live-attenuated vaccine backbone may unlikely generate an optimal T-cell response against the vaccine strain virus and might affect the protective efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enyue Fang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control Beijing 102629 China
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products, Co., LtD. Wuhan 430207 China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control Beijing 102629 China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control Beijing 102629 China
| | - Ming Li
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control Beijing 102629 China
| | - Ling Wang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control Beijing 102629 China
| | - Miao Li
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control Beijing 102629 China
| | - Zelun Zhang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control Beijing 102629 China
| | - Yuhua Li
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control Beijing 102629 China
| | - Yongxin Yu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control Beijing 102629 China
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11
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Islam N, Xu C, Lau CL, Mills DJ, Clark J, Devine GJ, Hugo LE, Gyawali N, Thalib L, Furuya-Kanamori L. Persistence of antibodies, boostability, and interchangeability of Japanese encephalitis vaccines: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Vaccine 2022; 40:3546-3555. [PMID: 35568587 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.04.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The burden of Japanese encephalitis (JE) is substantial and is arguably one of the most serious viral encephalitic diseases with high case fatality and no specific treatment. JE vaccines are the only available mean to prevent the disease; however, the long-term persistence of antibodies, boostability, and interchangeability between different vaccine classes are not well understood. METHODS To summarise the evidence, PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane CENTRAL were systematically searched from their inception to March 2021. Dose-response meta-analysis was utilised to synthesise the proportion of individuals who were seropositive over time after a primary vaccination course and a booster dose. Proportion meta-analysis was conducted to estimate the proportion of individuals who were seropositive as well as those who reported adverse events following a booster dose with a different vaccine class. RESULTS Of 1053 publications retrieved, 27 studies with 4,558 participants were included. Of these, 11 studies assessed persistence of antibodies, 14 studies boostability, and 8 vaccine class interchangeability. The pooled seropositivity, 1-year after primary vaccination was 83.4% (95 %CI 78.2-89.5%) and remained stable for up to 5 years (82.7%; 95 %CI 76.1-89.4%). Rapid anamnestic response was observed 10 days post-booster dose, the proportion of individuals who were seropositive reached 96.9% (95 %CI 95.9-97.8%) and remained > 95% for up to 6 years. Inactivated mouse brain-derived vaccines followed by a booster dose of a different vaccine class was effective (i.e. seropositive 99%) and well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS A booster dose after the primary vaccination is effective and further booster doses may be needed after 7 years. Inactivated mouse brain-derived vaccine followed by a booster with a newer vaccine class is effective and safe; although, there is a paucity of data related to newer classes of vaccines interchangeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazmul Islam
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Chang Xu
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Population Health Across-Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China
| | - Colleen L Lau
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Australia; Dr Deb The Travel Doctor, Travel Medicine Alliance, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Deborah J Mills
- Dr Deb The Travel Doctor, Travel Medicine Alliance, Brisbane, Australia; Research School of Population Health, College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Justin Clark
- Institute for Evidence-Based Healthcare, Bond University, Robina, Australia
| | - Gregor J Devine
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Leon E Hugo
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Narayan Gyawali
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lukman Thalib
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Luis Furuya-Kanamori
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Australia.
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12
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Detection and Prevention of Virus Infection. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1368:21-52. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-8969-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is an endemic disease dominantly in the Asia-Pacific region with mortality rate varying between 3% and 30%. Long-term neuropsychiatric sequelae developed in 30–50% of the survivors. There is no available antiviral therapy for JE. JE vaccines play a major role in preventing this devastating disease. The incidence of JE declined over years and the age distribution shifted toward adults in countries where JE immunization program exists. Mouse brain–JE vaccine is currently replaced by inactivated Vero cell-derived vaccine and live-attenuated vaccine using SA14-14-2 strain, and live chimeric JE vaccines. These three types of JE vaccines are associated with favorable efficacy and safety profiles. Common adverse reactions include injection site reactions and fever, and severe adverse reactions are rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Li Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Ing Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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14
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Tajima S, Taniguchi S, Nakayama E, Maeki T, Inagaki T, Saijo M, Lim CK. Immunogenicity and Protective Ability of Genotype I-Based Recombinant Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) with Attenuation Mutations in E Protein against Genotype V JEV. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9101077. [PMID: 34696184 PMCID: PMC8538582 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Genotype V (GV) Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) has emerged in Korea and China since 2009. Recent findings suggest that current Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccines may reduce the ability to induce neutralizing antibodies against GV JEV compared to other genotypes. This study sought to produce a novel live attenuated JE vaccine with a high efficacy against GV JEV. Genotype I (GI)-GV intertypic recombinant strain rJEV-EXZ0934-M41 (EXZ0934), in which the E region of the GI Mie/41/2002 strain was replaced with that of GV strain XZ0934, was introduced with the same 10 attenuation substitutions in the E region found in the live attenuated JE vaccine strain SA 14-14-2 to produce a novel mutant virus rJEV-EXZ/SA14142m-M41 (EXZ/SA14142m). In addition, another mutant rJEV-EM41/SA14142m-M41 (EM41/SA14142m), which has the same substitutions in the Mie/41/2002, was also produced. The neuroinvasiveness and neurovirulence of the two mutant viruses were significantly reduced in mice. The mutant viruses induced neutralizing antibodies against GV JEV in mice. The growth of EXZ/SA14142m was lower than that of EM41/SA14142m. In mouse challenge tests, a single inoculation with a high dose of the mutants blocked lethal GV JEV infections; however, the protective efficacy of EXZ/SA14142m was weaker than that of EM41/SA14142m in low-dose inoculations. The lower protection potency of EXZ/SA14142m may be ascribed to the reduced growth ability caused by the attenuation mutations.
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15
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Furuya-Kanamori L, Xu C, Doi SAR, Clark J, Wangdi K, Mills DJ, Lau CL. Comparison of immunogenicity and safety of licensed Japanese encephalitis vaccines: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Vaccine 2021; 39:4429-4436. [PMID: 34175128 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Annually more than 100,000 Japanese encephalitis (JE) cases and 25,000 deaths worldwide are caused by JE virus infection. More than 15 JE vaccines are currently in use worldwide. It is unknown whether any of the vaccines is superior to the others in terms of immunogenicity and safety. METHODS Four databases were systematically searched for randomised controlled trials that compared two or more types of JE vaccines. Vaccines were classified into four classes: inactivated mouse brain-derived (oldest class), inactivated Vero cell, live chimeric, and live attenuated. Network meta-analysis was used to generate mixed effect estimates against inactivated mouse brain-derived vaccines for seroconversion, and against placebo for adverse event (AE) and severe adverse event (SAE). RESULTS 23 studies (38,496 participants) were included. All newer vaccine classes had better immunogenicity, the difference was statistically significant for inactivated Vero cell (OR = 2.98; 95 %CI: 1.02-8.65) and live chimeric (OR = 5.93; 95 %CI: 1.73-20.32) vaccines. Inactivated mouse-derived vaccines had the highest odds for AEs (OR = 2.27; 95 %CI: 1.59-3.23), the odds of AE of newer vaccines was not different to placebo. There was no difference in SAEs across vaccine classes. CONCLUSIONS All newer JE vaccines have comparable safety profiles, live chimeric and inactivated Vero cell vaccines are the most immunogenic among the newer vaccine classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Furuya-Kanamori
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, Australia.
| | - Chang Xu
- Department of Population Medicine, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Suhail A R Doi
- Department of Population Medicine, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Justin Clark
- Institute for Evidence-Based Healthcare, Bond University, Robina, Australia
| | - Kinley Wangdi
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Deborah J Mills
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia; Dr Deb The Travel Doctor, Travel Medicine Alliance, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Colleen L Lau
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia; Dr Deb The Travel Doctor, Travel Medicine Alliance, Brisbane, Australia; School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
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16
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Carpio KL, Barrett ADT. Flavivirus NS1 and Its Potential in Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:622. [PMID: 34207516 PMCID: PMC8229460 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Flavivirus genus contains many important human pathogens, including dengue, Japanese encephalitis (JE), tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), West Nile (WN), yellow fever (YF) and Zika (ZIK) viruses. While there are effective vaccines for a few flavivirus diseases (JE, TBE and YF), the majority do not have vaccines, including WN and ZIK. The flavivirus nonstructural 1 (NS1) protein has an unusual structure-function because it is glycosylated and forms different structures to facilitate different roles intracellularly and extracellularly, including roles in the replication complex, assisting in virus assembly, and complement antagonism. It also plays a role in protective immunity through antibody-mediated cellular cytotoxicity, and anti-NS1 antibodies elicit passive protection in animal models against a virus challenge. Historically, NS1 has been used as a diagnostic marker for the flavivirus infection due to its complement fixing properties and specificity. Its role in disease pathogenesis, and the strong humoral immune response resulting from infection, makes NS1 an excellent target for inclusion in candidate flavivirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassandra L. Carpio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA;
| | - Alan D. T. Barrett
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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17
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Sampath V, Rabinowitz G, Shah M, Jain S, Diamant Z, Jesenak M, Rabin R, Vieths S, Agache I, Akdis M, Barber D, Breiteneder H, Chinthrajah S, Chivato T, Collins W, Eiwegger T, Fast K, Fokkens W, O'Hehir RE, Ollert M, O'Mahony L, Palomares O, Pfaar O, Riggioni C, Shamji MH, Sokolowska M, Jose Torres M, Traidl-Hoffmann C, van Zelm M, Wang DY, Zhang L, Akdis CA, Nadeau KC. Vaccines and allergic reactions: The past, the current COVID-19 pandemic, and future perspectives. Allergy 2021; 76:1640-1660. [PMID: 33811364 PMCID: PMC8251022 DOI: 10.1111/all.14840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines are essential public health tools with a favorable safety profile and prophylactic effectiveness that have historically played significant roles in reducing infectious disease burden in populations, when the majority of individuals are vaccinated. The COVID-19 vaccines are expected to have similar positive impacts on health across the globe. While serious allergic reactions to vaccines are rare, their underlying mechanisms and implications for clinical management should be considered to provide individuals with the safest care possible. In this review, we provide an overview of different types of allergic adverse reactions that can potentially occur after vaccination and individual vaccine components capable of causing the allergic adverse reactions. We present the incidence of allergic adverse reactions during clinical studies and through post-authorization and post-marketing surveillance and provide plausible causes of these reactions based on potential allergenic components present in several common vaccines. Additionally, we review implications for individual diagnosis and management and vaccine manufacturing overall. Finally, we suggest areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanitha Sampath
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research at Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Grace Rabinowitz
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research at Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mihir Shah
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research at Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Surabhi Jain
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research at Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zuzana Diamant
- Departmentt of Microbiology Immunology & Transplantation, KU Leuven, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Respiratory Medicine & Allergology, Institute for Clinical Science, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy &Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Thomayer Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Milos Jesenak
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Center for Vaccination in Special Situations, University Hospital in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ronald Rabin
- Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Stefan Vieths
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Langen, Germany
| | | | - Mübeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Domingo Barber
- Departamento de CienciasMédicasBásicas, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA), Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, España
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, RETIC ARADYAL, Madrid, Spain
| | - Heimo Breiteneder
- Division of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sharon Chinthrajah
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research at Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tomas Chivato
- School of Medicine, University CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
| | - William Collins
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research at Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Eiwegger
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Translational Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Katharine Fast
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research at Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Wytske Fokkens
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robyn E O'Hehir
- Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, and Alfred Health, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Markus Ollert
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Liam O'Mahony
- Department of Medicine and School of Microbiology, APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Oscar Palomares
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Oliver Pfaar
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Rhinology and Allergy, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Carmen Riggioni
- Department of Paediatrics, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mohamed H Shamji
- Department of National Heart and Lung Institute, Immunomodulation and Tolerance Group, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
| | - Milena Sokolowska
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maria Jose Torres
- Allergy Unit, Malaga Regional University Hospital-UMA-ARADyAL, Málaga, Spain
| | - Claudia Traidl-Hoffmann
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Menno van Zelm
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - De Yun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Luo Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Cezmi A Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kari C Nadeau
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research at Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Targeting the DEAD-Box RNA Helicase eIF4A with Rocaglates-A Pan-Antiviral Strategy for Minimizing the Impact of Future RNA Virus Pandemics. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030540. [PMID: 33807988 PMCID: PMC8001013 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase in pandemics caused by RNA viruses of zoonotic origin highlights the urgent need for broad-spectrum antivirals against novel and re-emerging RNA viruses. Broad-spectrum antivirals could be deployed as first-line interventions during an outbreak while virus-specific drugs and vaccines are developed and rolled out. Viruses depend on the host’s protein synthesis machinery for replication. Several natural compounds that target the cellular DEAD-box RNA helicase eIF4A, a key component of the eukaryotic translation initiation complex eIF4F, have emerged as potential broad-spectrum antivirals. Rocaglates, a group of flavaglines of plant origin that clamp mRNAs with highly structured 5′ untranslated regions (5′UTRs) onto the surface of eIF4A through specific stacking interactions, exhibit the largest selectivity and potential therapeutic indices among all known eIF4A inhibitors. Their unique mechanism of action limits the inhibitory effect of rocaglates to the translation of eIF4A-dependent viral mRNAs and a minor fraction of host mRNAs exhibiting stable RNA secondary structures and/or polypurine sequence stretches in their 5′UTRs, resulting in minimal potential toxic side effects. Maintaining a favorable safety profile while inducing efficient inhibition of a broad spectrum of RNA viruses makes rocaglates into primary candidates for further development as pan-antiviral therapeutics.
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19
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Carro SD, Cherry S. Beyond the Surface: Endocytosis of Mosquito-Borne Flaviviruses. Viruses 2020; 13:E13. [PMID: 33374822 PMCID: PMC7824540 DOI: 10.3390/v13010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses are a group of positive-sense RNA viruses that are primarily transmitted through arthropod vectors and are capable of causing a broad spectrum of diseases. Many of the flaviviruses that are pathogenic in humans are transmitted specifically through mosquito vectors. Over the past century, many mosquito-borne flavivirus infections have emerged and re-emerged, and are of global importance with hundreds of millions of infections occurring yearly. There is a need for novel, effective, and accessible vaccines and antivirals capable of inhibiting flavivirus infection and ameliorating disease. The development of therapeutics targeting viral entry has long been a goal of antiviral research, but most efforts are hindered by the lack of broad-spectrum potency or toxicities associated with on-target effects, since many host proteins necessary for viral entry are also essential for host cell biology. Mosquito-borne flaviviruses generally enter cells by clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME), and recent studies suggest that a subset of these viruses can be internalized through a specialized form of CME that has additional dependencies distinct from canonical CME pathways, and antivirals targeting this pathway have been discovered. In this review, we discuss the role and contribution of endocytosis to mosquito-borne flavivirus entry as well as consider past and future efforts to target endocytosis for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Cherry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
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20
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Abstract
Purpose of review As an eminently vaccine-preventable disease, encephalitis caused by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) has attracted an unusually high degree of attention from those seeking to develop viral vaccines. Since the 1950s, all types of JEV vaccines including inactivated, recombinant and live attenuated ones have been licensed. As an example of an extremely successful endeavour, the time is ripe for reviewing the development of JEV vaccines and probing the reasons behind their uniform success. Recent findings Vaccines against JEV have come a long way since the first licensing in the mid-1950s of the mouse brain-grown-inactivated virus preparations, to the present day live-attenuated virus vaccines. A survey of the various inactivated and live vaccines developed against JEV provides a striking insight into the impressive safety and efficacy of all the vaccines available to prevent encephalitis from JEV. This review juxtaposes studies to understand naturally acquired immunity against JEV that have mostly been published post-2000, compares these with those elicited by vaccines and highlights the paucity of data on cell-mediated immune responses elicited by JEV vaccines. Summary This article not only seeks to make available the immense salient literature on this endeavour in one collection, but also queries the basis for the remarkable success of JEV vaccines, not least of which may be the ease of protecting against encephalitis caused by JEV. To conclude, the true test of the ingenuity of those dedicated to the pursuit of viral vaccines would be success against viral diseases such as HIV-AIDS and dengue that pose a far greater challenge to scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya Satchidanandam
- Room SA07, Biology Building, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Sir C.V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012 India
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21
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Zheng X, Yu X, Wang Y, Turtle L, Cui M, Wang R, Yin C. Complete protection for mice conferred by a DNA vaccine based on the Japanese encephalitis virus P3 strain used to prepare the inactivated vaccine in China. Virol J 2020; 17:126. [PMID: 32831096 PMCID: PMC7444069 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01400-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of Japanese encephalitis (JE) has been dramatically reduced in China after sufficient vaccine coverage. The live-attenuated Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) vaccine SA14-14-2 is believed to have strongly contribute to this decrease. Another vaccine that seems to have decreased in importance is an inactivated vaccine based on the JEV P3 strain, which is considered to be modifiable, such as being transformed into a DNA vaccine to improve its immunogenicity. METHODS In this study, the protective efficacy induced by the Japanese encephalitis DNA vaccine candidate pV-JP3ME encoding the premembrane (prM) and envelope (E) proteins of the P3 strain was assessed in BALB/c mice. The prM/E genes of the JEV P3 strain were subcloned into the vector pVAX1 (pV) to construct pV-JP3ME. RESULTS The plasmid DNA was immunized into BALB/c mice, and high titers of IgG antibody and neutralizing antibody (nAb) against JEV were detected. The key cytokines in splenocytes were secreted upon stimulation with JEV antigens. Finally, complete protective efficacy was generated after challenge with the JEV P3 strain in the mice. CONCLUSIONS The DNA vaccine pV-JP3ME based on the JEV P3 strain in this study can induce specific humoral immune and cytokine responses and provide complete protection against JEV in mice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- China
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Cytokines/immunology
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/classification
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/genetics
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/immunology
- Encephalitis, Japanese/immunology
- Encephalitis, Japanese/prevention & control
- Female
- Immunization
- Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Plasmids/genetics
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, Inactivated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology
- Vero Cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zheng
- Beijing Institute of Tropical Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Research on Prevention and Treatment of Tropical Diseases, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xiaozheng Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Outpatient Department, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Lance Turtle
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK
- Tropical and Infectious Disease Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital (member of Liverpool Health Partners), Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK
| | - Min Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Ran Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU016, Laboratory of Infection and Virology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China.
| | - Chenghong Yin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100026, China.
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22
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A Chimeric Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine Protects against Lethal Yellow Fever Virus Infection without Inducing Neutralizing Antibodies. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.02494-19. [PMID: 32265332 PMCID: PMC7157777 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02494-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient and safe vaccines against yellow fever (e.g., YFV-17D) that provide long-lasting protection by rapidly inducing neutralizing antibody responses exist. However, the vaccine supply cannot cope with an increasing demand posed by urban outbreaks in recent years. Here we report that JE-CVax/Imojev, a YFV-17D-based chimeric Japanese encephalitis vaccine, also efficiently protects against YFV infection in mice. In case of shortage of the YFV vaccine during yellow fever outbreaks, (off-label) use of JE-CVax/Imojev may be considered. Moreover, wider use of JE-CVax/Imojev in Asia may lower the risk of the much-feared YFV spillover to the continent. More generally, chimeric vaccines that combine surface antigens and replication machineries of two distinct flaviviruses may be considered dual vaccines for the latter pathogen without induction of surface-specific antibodies. Following this rationale, novel flavivirus vaccines that do not hold a risk for antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of infection (inherent to current dengue vaccines and dengue vaccine candidates) could be designed. Recent outbreaks of yellow fever virus (YFV) in West Africa and Brazil resulted in rapid depletion of global vaccine emergency stockpiles and raised concerns about being unprepared against future YFV epidemics. Here we report that a live attenuated virus similar to the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) vaccine JE-CVax/Imojev that consists of YFV-17D vaccine from which the structural (prM/E) genes have been replaced with those of the JEV SA14-14-2 vaccine strain confers full protection in mice against lethal YFV challenge. In contrast to the YFV-17D-mediated protection against YFV, this protection is not mediated by neutralizing antibodies but correlates with YFV-specific nonneutralizing antibodies and T cell responses against cell-associated YFV NS1 and other YFV nonstructural (NS) proteins. Our findings reveal the potential of YFV NS proteins to mediate protection and demonstrate that chimeric flavivirus vaccines, such as Imojev, could confer protection against two flaviviruses. This dual protection may have implications for the possible off-label use of JE-CVax in case of emergency and vaccine shortage during YFV outbreaks. In addition, populations in Asia that have been vaccinated with Imojev may already be protected against YFV should outbreaks ever occur on that continent, as several countries/regions in the Asia-Pacific are vulnerable to international spread of the YFV.
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Vodicka E, Zimmermann M, Lopez AL, Silva MW, Gorgolon L, Kohei T, Mooney J, Muhib F, Pecenka C, Marfin AA. Japanese encephalitis vaccination in the Philippines: A cost-effectiveness analysis comparing alternative delivery strategies. Vaccine 2020; 38:2833-2840. [PMID: 32085954 PMCID: PMC7068699 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a mosquito-borne viral infection of the brain that can cause permanent brain damage and death. In the Philippines, efforts are underway to deliver a live attenuated JE vaccine (CD-JEV) to children under five years of age (YOA), who are disproportionately infected. Multiple vaccination strategies are being considered. METHODS We conducted a cost-effectiveness analysis comparing three vaccination strategies to the current state of no vaccination from the societal and government perspectives: (1) national routine vaccination only, (2) sub-national campaign followed by national routine, and (3) national campaign followed by national routine. We developed a Markov model to estimate impact of vaccination or no vaccination over the child's lifetime horizon, assuming an annual incidence of 10.6 cases per 100,000. Costs of illness ($859/case), vaccine ($0.50/dose), routine vaccination ($0.95/dose), and campaign vaccination ($0.98/dose) were based on hospital financial records, expert opinion and literature. The societal perspective included transportation and opportunity costs of caregiver time, in addition to costs incurred by the health system. RESULTS JE vaccination via national campaign followed by national routine delivery was the most cost-effective strategy modeled with a cost per disability adjusted life year (DALY) averted of $233 and $29 from the government and societal perspectives, respectively. Results were similar for other delivery strategies with cost/DALY ranging from $233 to $265 from the government perspective and $29-$57 from the societal perspective. JE vaccination was projected to prevent 27,856-37,277 cases, 5571-7455 deaths, and 173,233-230,704 DALYs among children under five over 20 consecutive birth cohorts. Total incremental costs of vaccination versus no vaccination over 20 birth cohorts were $6.6-$9.8 million from the societal perspective ($230 K-$440 K annually) and $45.9-$53.9 million ($2.2 M-$2.7 M annually) from the governmental perspective. CONCLUSION Vaccination with CD-JEV in the Philippines is projected to be cost-effective, reducing long-term costs associated with JE illness and improving health outcomes compared to no vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marita Zimmermann
- Consultants in Global Health, LLC, 1523B NW 64th St., Seattle, WA 98107, USA
| | - Anna Lena Lopez
- University of the Philippines Manila National Institutes of Health, Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 623 Pedro Gil Street, Ermita 1000, Manila, Philippines
| | - Maria Wilda Silva
- Department of Health, San Lazaro Compound, Rizal Ave., Sta. Cruz, Manila, Philippines
| | - Leonita Gorgolon
- Department of Health, San Lazaro Compound, Rizal Ave., Sta. Cruz, Manila, Philippines
| | - Toda Kohei
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Western Pacific, P.O. Box 2932, 1000 Manila, Philippines
| | - Jessica Mooney
- PATH, 2201 Westlake Ave, Suite 200, Seattle, WA 98121, USA
| | - Farzana Muhib
- PATH, 2201 Westlake Ave, Suite 200, Seattle, WA 98121, USA
| | - Clint Pecenka
- PATH, 2201 Westlake Ave, Suite 200, Seattle, WA 98121, USA
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Kling K, Harder T, Younger Z, Burchard G, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Wichmann O. Vaccination against Japanese encephalitis with IC51: systematic review on immunogenicity, duration of protection and safety. J Travel Med 2020; 27:5732465. [PMID: 32043122 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taaa016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis is a disease caused by a flavivirus which is transmitted by mosquitos in endemic countries. Considering the potentially severe outcomes of the disease, vaccination is recommended for those at risk of exposure. During recent years, IC51 (IXIARO®, JESPECT®, JEVAL®) has increasingly been used to protect travellers from Europe and the USA. However, no systematic review exists that summarizes the currently available evidence on the immunogenicity and safety of this vaccine. We conducted a systematic review on the immunogenicity and safety of IC51, using the databases PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE and ClinicalTrials.gov (search date: 31 August 2019). Data extracted from included studies were grouped by outcomes and stratified by population and setting. Risk of bias (ROB) was assessed using the RoB 2 tool for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and ROBINS-I for non-randomized studies. Due to high heterogeneity, meta-analysis was not performed. A total of 32 studies from 16 countries met the inclusion criteria (15 RCTs, 17 non-randomized studies). ROB was serious or high in the majority of studies. Seroprotection rates ranged from 93 to 100% in adults (seven studies) and from 91 to 100% in children (four studies). In the study involving adults aged 64 years and older, seroprotection was 65% with higher rates in persons who were previously vaccinated against tick-borne encephalitis virus. Safety was investigated in 27 studies. Rates of serious adverse events were below 5% in all age groups, with the majority not being causally related to the vaccine. IC51 is a safe vaccine with good seroprotective abilities in persons aged >2 months to <64 years. The body of evidence, however, is weakened by a large amount of heterogeneity in study and clinical trial methodology. Further well-designed RCTs with special risk groups are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Kling
- Immunization Unit, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Thomas Harder
- Immunization Unit, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Zane Younger
- Immunization Unit, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Gerd Burchard
- Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg 20359, Germany
| | - Jonas Schmidt-Chanasit
- Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg 20359, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg 22609, Germany
| | - Ole Wichmann
- Immunization Unit, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin 13353, Germany
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He X, Lang X, Yu J, Zhu L, Qin Z, Liu X, Chen P, Dai C, Chen T, Li X, Chen Y, Zhou D, Fang W, Xiao W, Zhang B, Xie Q, Wu Q, Zhao W. The effects of Japanese encephalitis virus antibodies on Zika virus infection. Med Microbiol Immunol 2020; 209:177-188. [PMID: 32078028 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-020-00658-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently, Zika virus (ZIKV) has become more widespread, thus attracting global attention. The vaccine against Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is currently used in China, being included in planned immunisation regimes. Although ZIKV and JEV are closely related mosquito-borne Flaviviruses, and a complex cross-immune response within flaviviruses has been demonstrated, the effect of JEV vaccination on ZIKV infection has not been well described. Thus, this study aimed to explore the impact of different titres of anti-JEV antibodies (Abs) against ZIKV infection using sera from healthy human donors in Guangzhou and anti-JEV rabbit polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) in vitro and vivo. Human anti-JEV Ab titres were tested at decreasing concentrations as the age increased. A neutralising effect on ZIKV infection was observed when anti-JEV Ab titres in human sera or rabbit pAbs were high (the corresponding age was under 30 years). Even though a lower titre in human sera showed no apparent effect, whereas rabbit pAbs had an antibody-dependent enhancement(ADE)effect, we proved an ADE effect in vivo for the first time. This study suggests that individuals over 60 years of age are at high risk for JEV and ZIKV infection, and screening this age group for infection should strengthen. Furthermore, a deep exploration of the relationship between anti-JEV Abs and ZIKV infection is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoen He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xinyue Lang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jianhai Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zhiran Qin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xuling Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Pei Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Chengguqiu Dai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xujuan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yangyang Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Dongrui Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Wanyi Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Weiwei Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Bao Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Qian Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Qinghua Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmacy, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Wei Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmacy, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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Wang R, Xie L, Gao N, Fan D, Chen H, Wang P, Zhou H, An J. Decreases in Both the Seroprevalence of Serum Antibodies and Seroprotection against Japanese Encephalitis Virus among Vaccinated Children. Virol Sin 2019; 34:243-252. [PMID: 30911897 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-019-00099-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of Japanese encephalitis (JE) has significantly decreased in China due to JE vaccines. In this study, we investigated the post-JE vaccination seroprevalence and protection provided by vaccinated sera against Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) to elucidate the persistence and waning of antibodies to JEV among JE-SA14-14-2-vaccinated children. A total of 300 serum samples were collected from vaccinated children aged 3-10 years in Zhaotong, Yunnan, China. The seroprevalence of anti-JEV antibodies was determined by enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay and plaque reduction neutralization test. The highest seropositivity of 82% was observed in vaccinated children during the first 0.5-1.5 years after booster vaccination. Then, the seropositivity began to decline and remained lower than the original level observed in the 0.5-1.5-year group. An association was found between the waning of seroprevalence and elapsed time of the post-booster vaccination. Similarly, the neutralizing antibody (nAb) titres gradually decreased over time, and the levels showed a positive correlation with the protective efficacy in mice. This finding suggests that nAbs play an important role in the antiviral process and that the nAb titre is an adequately credible parameter for evaluating the protective efficacy induced by the JE vaccine. Our results provide data that clarify the persistence and waning of antibodies to JEV, which may help elucidate the pathogenesis of JE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Lyu Xie
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Disease Control and Research, Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu'er, 665000, China
| | - Na Gao
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Dongying Fan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Peigang Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Hongning Zhou
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-borne Disease Control and Research, Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu'er, 665000, China.
| | - Jing An
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China. .,Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100069, China.
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Saxena SK, Kumar S, Maurya VK. Pathogen-associated acute encephalitis syndrome: therapeutics and management. Future Microbiol 2019; 14:259-262. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2018-0334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra K Saxena
- Center for Advanced Research (CFAR) – Stem Cell/Cell Culture Unit, Faculty of Medicine, King George's Medical University (KGMU), Lucknow 226003, India
- CSIR – Center for Cellular & Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Swatantra Kumar
- Center for Advanced Research (CFAR) – Stem Cell/Cell Culture Unit, Faculty of Medicine, King George's Medical University (KGMU), Lucknow 226003, India
| | - Vimal K Maurya
- Center for Advanced Research (CFAR) – Stem Cell/Cell Culture Unit, Faculty of Medicine, King George's Medical University (KGMU), Lucknow 226003, India
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Barrows NJ, Campos RK, Liao KC, Prasanth KR, Soto-Acosta R, Yeh SC, Schott-Lerner G, Pompon J, Sessions OM, Bradrick SS, Garcia-Blanco MA. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Flaviviruses. Chem Rev 2018; 118:4448-4482. [PMID: 29652486 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Flaviviruses, such as dengue, Japanese encephalitis, tick-borne encephalitis, West Nile, yellow fever, and Zika viruses, are critically important human pathogens that sicken a staggeringly high number of humans every year. Most of these pathogens are transmitted by mosquitos, and not surprisingly, as the earth warms and human populations grow and move, their geographic reach is increasing. Flaviviruses are simple RNA-protein machines that carry out protein synthesis, genome replication, and virion packaging in close association with cellular lipid membranes. In this review, we examine the molecular biology of flaviviruses touching on the structure and function of viral components and how these interact with host factors. The latter are functionally divided into pro-viral and antiviral factors, both of which, not surprisingly, include many RNA binding proteins. In the interface between the virus and the hosts we highlight the role of a noncoding RNA produced by flaviviruses to impair antiviral host immune responses. Throughout the review, we highlight areas of intense investigation, or a need for it, and potential targets and tools to consider in the important battle against pathogenic flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Barrows
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , Texas 77555 , United States.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27710 , United States
| | - Rafael K Campos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , Texas 77555 , United States.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27710 , United States
| | - Kuo-Chieh Liao
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases , Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore 169857 , Singapore
| | - K Reddisiva Prasanth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , Texas 77555 , United States
| | - Ruben Soto-Acosta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , Texas 77555 , United States
| | - Shih-Chia Yeh
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases , Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore 169857 , Singapore
| | - Geraldine Schott-Lerner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , Texas 77555 , United States
| | - Julien Pompon
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases , Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore 169857 , Singapore.,MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier , Montpellier 34090 , France
| | - October M Sessions
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases , Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore 169857 , Singapore
| | - Shelton S Bradrick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , Texas 77555 , United States
| | - Mariano A Garcia-Blanco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , Texas 77555 , United States.,Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases , Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore 169857 , Singapore
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29
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Ginsburg AS, Meghani A, Halstead SB, Yaich M. Use of the live attenuated Japanese Encephalitis vaccine SA 14-14-2 in children: A review of safety and tolerability studies. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:2222-2231. [PMID: 28841362 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1356496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is the leading cause of viral neurological disease and disability in Asia. Some 50-80% of children with clinical JE die or have long-term neurologic sequelae. Since there is no cure, human vaccination is the only effective long-term control measure, and the World Health Organization recommends that at-risk populations receive a safe and effective vaccine. Four different types of JE vaccines are currently available: inactivated mouse brain-derived vaccines, inactivated Vero cell vaccines, live attenuated SA 14-14-2 vaccines and a live recombinant (chimeric) vaccine. With the rapidly increasing demand for and availability and use of JE vaccines, countries face an important decision in the selection of a JE vaccine. This article provides a comprehensive review of the available safety literature for the live attenuated SA 14-14-2 JE vaccine (LAJEV), the most widely used new generation JE vaccine. With well-established effectiveness data, a single dose of LAJEV protects against clinical JE disease for at least 5 years, providing a long duration of protection compared with inactivated mouse brain-derived vaccines. Since 1988, about 700 million doses of the LAJEV have been distributed globally. Our review found that LAJEV is well tolerated across a wide age range and can safely be given to children as young as 8 months of age. While serious adverse events attributable to LAJEV have been reported, independent experts have not found sufficient evidence for causality based on the available data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ankita Meghani
- b Department of International Health , Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Scott B Halstead
- c Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics , Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda , MD , USA
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30
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More S, Bøtner A, Butterworth A, Calistri P, Depner K, Edwards S, Garin‐Bastuji B, Good M, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda MA, Nielsen SS, Raj M, Sihvonen L, Spoolder H, Stegeman JA, Thulke H, Velarde A, Willeberg P, Winckler C, Baldinelli F, Broglia A, Dhollander S, Beltrán‐Beck B, Kohnle L, Morgado J, Bicout D. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): Japanese encephalitis (JE). EFSA J 2017; 15:e04948. [PMID: 32625600 PMCID: PMC7009931 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Chen TH, Hu CC, Liao JT, Lee YL, Huang YW, Lin NS, Lin YL, Hsu YH. Production of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Antigens in Plants Using Bamboo Mosaic Virus-Based Vector. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:788. [PMID: 28515719 PMCID: PMC5413549 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is among the major threats to public health in Asia. For disease control and prevention, the efficient production of safe and effective vaccines against JEV is in urgent need. In this study, we produced a plant-made JEV vaccine candidate using a chimeric virus particle (CVP) strategy based on bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV) for epitope presentation. The chimeric virus, designated BJ2A, was constructed by fusing JEV envelope protein domain III (EDIII) at the N-terminus of BaMV coat protein, with an insertion of the foot-and-mouth disease virus 2A peptide to facilitate the production of both unfused and epitope-presenting for efficient assembly of the CVP vaccine candidate. The strategy allowed stable maintenance of the fusion construct over long-term serial passages in plants. Immuno-electron microscopy examination and immunization assays revealed that BJ2A is able to present the EDIII epitope on the surface of the CVPs, which stimulated effective neutralizing antibodies against JEV infection in mice. This study demonstrates the efficient production of an effective CVP vaccine candidate against JEV in plants by the BaMV-based epitope presentation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Hsien Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Chi Hu
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Teh Liao
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia SinicaTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Wen Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
| | - Na-Sheng Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia SinicaTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia SinicaTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Yau-Heiu Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
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Lee EY, Kim JY, Lee DK, Yoon IS, Ko HL, Chung JW, Chang J, Nam JH. Sublingual immunization with Japanese encephalitis virus vaccine effectively induces immunity through both cellular and humoral immune responses in mice. Microbiol Immunol 2017; 60:846-853. [PMID: 28004418 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the leading cause of viral encephalitis. Although there are four classes of vaccines against JEV, all of them are administered by s.c or i.m injection. Here, the effectiveness of sublingual (s.l.) administration of a JEV live-attenuated vaccine or recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vaccine, including JEV prM/E, was investigated. The mice were immunized three times i.m. or s.c. One week after the final immunization by both s.l. and i.m. routes, the titers of IgG1 induced by the recombinant MVA vaccine were higher than those induced by the live-attenuated vaccine, whereas the titers of IgG2a induced by the live-attenuated vaccine were higher than those induced by the recombinant MVA vaccine. However, both vaccines induced neutralizing antibodies when given by either s.l. or i.m. routes, indicating that both vaccines induce appropriate Th1 and Th2 cell responses through the s.l. and i.m. routes. Moreover, both vaccines protected against induction of proinflammatory cytokines and focal spleen white pulp hyperplasia after viral challenge. Virus-specific IFN-γ+ CD4+ and CD8+ T cells appeared to increase in mice immunized via both s.l. and i.m. routes. Interestingly, virus-specific IL-17+ CD4+ T cells increased significantly only in the mice immunized via the s.l. route; however, the increased IL-17 did not affect pathogenicity after viral challenge. These results suggest that s.l. immunization may be as useful as i.m. injection for induction of protective immune responses against JEV by both live-attenuated and recombinant MVA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Young Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 420-743
| | - Joo-Young Kim
- Division of Life & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Women's University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Deuk-Ki Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 420-743
| | - Il-Sub Yoon
- Department of Biotechnology, Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 420-743
| | - Hae Li Ko
- Department of Biotechnology, Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 420-743
| | - Ji-Woo Chung
- Department of Biotechnology, Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 420-743
| | - Jun Chang
- Division of Life & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Women's University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Jae-Hwan Nam
- Department of Biotechnology, Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 420-743
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Hattasingh W, Pengsaa K, Thisyakorn U. Report on: "The 1st Workshop on National Immunization Programs and Vaccine Coverage in ASEAN Countries, April 30, 2015, Pattaya, Thailand". Vaccine 2016; 34:1233-40. [PMID: 26805596 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The 1st Workshop on National Immunization Programs and Vaccine Coverage in Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Countries Group (WNIPVC-ASEAN) held a meeting on April 30, 2015, Pattaya, Thailand under the auspices of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the World Health Organization (WHO). Reports on the current status and initiatives of the national immunization program (NIP) in each ASEAN countries that attended were presented. These reports along with survey data collected from ministries of health in ASEAN countries NIPs demonstrate that good progress has been made toward the goal of the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP). However, some ASEAN countries have fragile health care systems that still have insufficient vaccine coverage of some basic EPI antigens. Most ASEAN countries still do not have national coverage of some new and underused vaccines, and raising funds for the expansion of NIPs is challenging. Also, there is insufficient research into disease burden of vaccine preventable diseases and surveillance. Health care workers must advocate NIPs to government policy makers and other stakeholders as well as improve research and surveillance to achieve the goals of the GVAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weerawan Hattasingh
- Department of Tropical Pediatrics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Krisana Pengsaa
- Department of Tropical Pediatrics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Usa Thisyakorn
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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