1
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Kim JD, Lee AR, Moon DH, Chung YU, Hong SY, Cho HJ, Kang TH, Jang YH, Sohn MH, Seong BL, Seo SU. Efficacy of genotype-matched vaccine against re-emerging genotype V Japanese encephalitis virus. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2343910. [PMID: 38618740 PMCID: PMC11060017 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2343910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE), caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), is a highly threatening disease with no specific treatment. Fortunately, the development of vaccines has enabled effective defense against JE. However, re-emerging genotype V (GV) JEV poses a challenge as current vaccines are genotype III (GIII)-based and provide suboptimal protection. Given the isolation of GV JEVs from Malaysia, China, and the Republic of Korea, there is a concern about the potential for a broader outbreak. Under the hypothesis that a GV-based vaccine is necessary for effective defense against GV JEV, we developed a pentameric recombinant antigen using cholera toxin B as a scaffold and mucosal adjuvant, which was conjugated with the E protein domain III of GV by genetic fusion. This GV-based vaccine antigen induced a more effective immune response in mice against GV JEV isolates compared to GIII-based antigen and efficiently protected animals from lethal challenges. Furthermore, a bivalent vaccine approach, inoculating simultaneously with GIII- and GV-based antigens, showed protective efficacy against both GIII and GV JEVs. This strategy presents a promising avenue for comprehensive protection in regions facing the threat of diverse JEV genotypes, including both prevalent GIII and GI as well as emerging GV strains.
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MESH Headings
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/genetics
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/immunology
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/classification
- Animals
- Genotype
- Encephalitis, Japanese/prevention & control
- Encephalitis, Japanese/immunology
- Encephalitis, Japanese/virology
- Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines/immunology
- Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines/genetics
- Mice
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Humans
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Female
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Vaccine Efficacy
- Cholera Toxin/genetics
- Cholera Toxin/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Deog Kim
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah-Ra Lee
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dah-Hyun Moon
- The Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Integrative Biotechnology & Translational Medicine, Yonsei University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Uk Chung
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Yeon Hong
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Je Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Kang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yo Han Jang
- Department of Vaccine Biotechnology, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Hyun Sohn
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Baik-Lin Seong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Vaccine Innovative Technology ALliance (VITAL)-Korea, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Uk Seo
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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2
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Kang G, Kim M, Lee Y, Yang H, Seong BL, Jung H. Egg microneedles for transdermal vaccination of inactivated influenza virus. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:907-918. [PMID: 38174731 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01635h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The use of dissolving microneedles (DMNs) is a drug delivery technique in which drug dissolution occurs once it is administered into the skin. The skin is a remarkable site for vaccination due to its significant immunologic properties. Compared to the traditional hypodermic intramuscular (IM) injection, vaccination via DMN does not require cold chains and allows for minimal invasive drug delivery. On account of the significance of skin vaccination, preceding studies have been conducted to elucidate the importance of the DMN technology in vaccination. Most of these studies focused on formulations that maintain the activity of the vaccine, so formulations designed to be specific to the mechanical properties of the microneedle could not be used together independently. In this study, we have developed influenza vaccine loaded egg microneedles (EMN) and characterized the specificity of layer-specific functions of EMN by distinguishing between formulations that can maintain the activity of the vaccine and have the mechanical strength. By the use of in vitro tests such as ELISA and SRID assays, we quantitively evaluated the antigen activity of the formulation candidates to be 87% and 91%, respectively. In vivo tests were also conducted as mouse groups were inoculated with the formulation constructed into egg microneedles (FLU-EMN) to determine the protective efficacy against infection. The results demonstrated that FLU-EMN with functionalized formulations successfully enabled protective immune response even with a fractional dose compared to IM injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geonwoo Kang
- Department of Biotechnology, Building 123, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
- Juvic Inc., 272 Digital-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul 08389, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyung Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Building 123, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Youjin Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Building 123, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Huisuk Yang
- Juvic Inc., 272 Digital-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul 08389, Republic of Korea
| | - Baik-Lin Seong
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03721, Republic of Korea
- Vaccine Innovative Technology Alliance (VITAL)-Korea, Yonsei University, Seoul 03721, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungil Jung
- Department of Biotechnology, Building 123, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
- Juvic Inc., 272 Digital-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul 08389, Republic of Korea
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3
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Kang KR, Kim JA, Cho GW, Kang HU, Kang HM, Kang JH, Seong BL, Lee SY. Comparative Evaluation of Recombinant and Acellular Pertussis Vaccines in a Murine Model. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:108. [PMID: 38276680 PMCID: PMC10818713 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the 2000s, sporadic outbreaks of whooping cough have been reported in advanced countries, where the acellular pertussis vaccination rate is relatively high, and in developing countries. Small-scale whooping cough has also continued in many countries, due in part to the waning of immune protection after childhood vaccination, necessitating the development of an improved pertussis vaccine and vaccination program. Currently, two different production platforms are being actively pursued in Korea; one is based on the aP (acellular pertussis) vaccine purified from B. pertussis containing pertussis toxoid (PT), filamentous hemagglutin (FHA) and pertactin (PRN), and the other is based on the recombinant aP (raP), containing genetically detoxified pertussis toxin ADP-ribosyltransferase subunit 1 (PtxS1), FHA, and PRN domain, expressed and purified from recombinant E. coli. aP components were further combined with diphtheria and tetanus vaccine components as a prototype DTaP vaccine by GC Pharma (GC DTaP vaccine). We evaluated and compared the immunogenicity and the protective efficacy of aP and raP vaccines in an experimental murine challenge model: humoral immunity in serum, IgA secretion in nasal lavage, bacterial clearance after challenge, PTx (pertussis toxin) CHO cell neutralization titer, cytokine secretion in spleen single cell, and tissue resident memory CD4+ T cell (CD4+ TRM cell) in lung tissues. In humoral immunogenicity, GC DTaP vaccines showed high titers for PT and PRN and showed similar patterns in nasal lavage and IL-5 cytokine secretions. The GC DTaP vaccine and the control vaccine showed equivalent results in bacterial clearance after challenge, PTx CHO cell neutralization assay, and CD4+ TRM cell. In contrast, the recombinant raP vaccine exhibited strong antibody responses for FHA and PRN, albeit with low antibody level of PT and low titer in PTx CHO neutralization assay, as compared to control and GC DTaP vaccines. The raP vaccine provided a sterile lung bacterial clearance comparable to a commercial control vaccine after the experimental challenge in murine model. Moreover, raP exhibited a strong cytokine response and CD4+ TRM cell in lung tissue, comparable or superior to the experimental and commercial DTaP vaccinated groups. Contingent on improving the biophysical stability and humoral response to PT, the raP vaccine warrants further development as an effective alternative to aP vaccines for the control of a pertussis outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu-Ri Kang
- The Vaccine Bio Research Institute, Annex to Seoul Saint Mary Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea (J.-H.K.)
| | - Ji-Ahn Kim
- The Vaccine Bio Research Institute, Annex to Seoul Saint Mary Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea (J.-H.K.)
| | - Gyu-Won Cho
- The Vaccine Bio Research Institute, Annex to Seoul Saint Mary Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea (J.-H.K.)
| | - Han-Ul Kang
- The Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Integrative Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Mi Kang
- The Vaccine Bio Research Institute, Annex to Seoul Saint Mary Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea (J.-H.K.)
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Han Kang
- The Vaccine Bio Research Institute, Annex to Seoul Saint Mary Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea (J.-H.K.)
| | - Baik-Lin Seong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Young Lee
- The Vaccine Bio Research Institute, Annex to Seoul Saint Mary Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea (J.-H.K.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Bucheon St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14647, Republic of Korea
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4
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Sung J, Cheong Y, Kim YS, Ahn J, Sohn MH, Byun S, Seong BL. Harnessing Pentameric Scaffold of Cholera Toxin B (CTB) for Design of Subvirion Recombinant Dengue Virus Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:92. [PMID: 38250905 PMCID: PMC10819241 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus is an enveloped virus with an icosahedral assembly of envelope proteins (E). The E proteins are arranged as a head-to-tail homodimer, and domain III (EDIII) is placed at the edge of the dimer, converging to a pentamer interface. For a structure-based approach, cholera toxin B (CTB) was harnessed as a structural scaffold for the five-fold symmetry of EDIII. Pivoted by an RNA-mediated chaperone for the protein folding and assembly, CTB-EDIII of dengue serotype 1 (DV1) was successfully produced as soluble pentamers in an E. coli host with a high yield of about 28 mg/L. Immunization of mice with CTB-DV1EDIII elicited increased levels of neutralizing antibodies against infectious viruses compared to the control group immunized with DV1EDIII without CTB fusion. IgG isotype switching into a balanced Th1/Th2 response was also observed, probably triggered by the intrinsic adjuvant activity of CTB. Confirming the immune-enhancing potential of CTB in stabilizing the pentamer assembly of EDIII, this study introduces a low-cost bacterial production platform designed to augment the soluble production of subunit vaccine candidates, particularly those targeting flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemin Sung
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (J.S.); (Y.-S.K.)
| | - Yucheol Cheong
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (J.S.); (Y.-S.K.)
| | - Young-Seok Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (J.S.); (Y.-S.K.)
| | - Jina Ahn
- The Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Integrative Biotechnology & Translational Medicine, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea;
| | - Myung Hyun Sohn
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sanguine Byun
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (J.S.); (Y.-S.K.)
- POSTECH Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Baik-Lin Seong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Vaccine Innovative Technology ALliance (VITAL)-Korea, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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5
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Ahn J, Yu JE, Kim H, Sung J, Han G, Sohn MH, Seong BL. AB 5-Type Toxin as a Pentameric Scaffold in Recombinant Vaccines against the Japanese Encephalitis Virus. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:425. [PMID: 37505694 PMCID: PMC10467048 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is an enveloped icosahedral capsid virus with a prime neutralizing epitope present in E protein domain III (EDIII). E dimers are rearranged into a five-fold symmetry of icosahedrons. Cholera toxin B (CTB) and heat-labile enterotoxin B (LTB) of AB5-type toxin was used as the structural scaffold for emulating the pentameric axis of EDIII. We produced homo-pentameric EDIII through the genetic fusion of LTB or CTB in E. coli without recourse to additional refolding steps. Harnessing an RNA-mediated chaperone further enhanced the soluble expression and pentameric assembly of the chimeric antigen. The pentameric assembly was validated by size exclusion chromatography (SEC), non-reduced gel analysis, and a GM1 binding assay. CTB/LTB-EDIII chimeric antigen triggered high neutralizing antibodies against the JEV Nakayama strain after immunization in mice. Altogether, our proof-of-principle study creating a JEV-protective antigen via fusion with an AB5-type toxin as both a pentameric scaffold and a built-in adjuvant posits the bacterially produced recombinant chimeric antigen as a cost-effective alternative to conventional inactivated vaccines against JEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jina Ahn
- The Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Integrative Biotechnology & Translational Medicine, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Yu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03708, Republic of Korea (H.K.)
| | - Hanna Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03708, Republic of Korea (H.K.)
| | - Jemin Sung
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03708, Republic of Korea (H.K.)
| | - Gyoonhee Han
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03708, Republic of Korea (H.K.)
- Department of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science, WCU Program of Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Hyun Sohn
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Baik-Lin Seong
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Vaccine Innovative Technology ALliance (VITAL)-Korea, Yonsei University, Seoul 03721, Republic of Korea
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6
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Shin WJ, Choi S, Seong BL. What are the considerations when selecting a model for influenza drug discovery? Expert Opin Drug Discov 2023; 18:1-3. [PMID: 36529907 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2023.2157812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Jin Shin
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port St. Lucie, Florida, USA
| | - Seongil Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 03721, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Baik-Lin Seong
- Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 03721, Seoul, South Korea.,Vaccine Innovation Technology ALliance (Vital)-Korea, Yonsei University, 03721, Seoul South Korea
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Oh J, Subbiah J, Kim KH, Park BR, Bhatnagar N, Garcia KR, Liu R, Jung YJ, Shin CH, Seong BL, Kang SM. Impact of hemagglutination activity and M2e immunity on conferring protection against influenza viruses. Virology 2022; 574:37-46. [PMID: 35914365 PMCID: PMC9978532 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To improve cross-protection of influenza vaccination, we tested conjugation of conserved M2e epitopes to the surface of inactivated influenza virus (iPR8-M2e*). Treatment of virus with chemical cross-linker led to diminished hemagglutination activity and failure to induce hemagglutination inhibiting antibodies. Conjugated iPR8-M2e* vaccine was less protective against homologous and heterosubtypic viruses, despite the induction of virus-specific binding IgG antibodies. In alternative approaches to enhance cross-protection, we developed a genetically linked chimeric protein (M2e-B stalk) vaccine with M2e of influenza A and hemagglutinin (HA) stalk of influenza B virus. Vaccination of mice with inactivated influenza A virus supplemented with M2e-B stalk effectively induced hemagglutination inhibiting antibodies, humoral and cellular M2e immune responses, and enhanced heterosubtypic protection. This study demonstrates the importance of HA functional integrity in influenza vaccine efficacy and that supplementation of influenza vaccines with M2e-B stalk protein could be a feasible strategy of improving cross-protection against influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Oh
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Jeeva Subbiah
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Ki-Hye Kim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Bo Ryoung Park
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Noopur Bhatnagar
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Karla Ruiz Garcia
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Rong Liu
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Yu-Jin Jung
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Chong-Hyun Shin
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Baik-Lin Seong
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea; Vaccine Innovative Technology ALliance (VITAL)-Korea, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA.
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Subbiah J, Oh J, Kim KH, Shin CH, Park BR, Bhatnagar N, Seong BL, Wang BZ, Kang SM. A chimeric thermostable M2e and H3 stalk-based universal influenza A virus vaccine. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:68. [PMID: 35768475 PMCID: PMC9243060 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00498-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a new chimeric M2e and H3 hemagglutinin (HA) stalk protein vaccine (M2e-H3 stalk) by genetic engineering of modified H3 stalk domain conjugated with conserved M2e epitopes to overcome the drawbacks of low efficacy by monomeric domain-based universal vaccines. M2e-H3 stalk protein expressed and purified from Escherichia coli was thermostable, displaying native-like antigenic epitopes recognized by antisera of different HA subtype proteins and influenza A virus infections. Adjuvanted M2e-H3 stalk vaccination induced M2e and stalk-specific IgG antibodies recognizing viral antigens on virus particles and on the infected cell surface, CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses, and antibody-dependent cytotoxic cell surrogate activity in mice. M2e-H3 stalk was found to confer protection against heterologous and heterosubtypic cross-group subtype viruses (H1N1, H5N1, H9N2, H3N2, H7N9) at similar levels in adult and aged mice. These results provide evidence that M2e-H3 stalk chimeric proteins can be developed as a universal influenza A virus vaccine candidate for young and aged populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeeva Subbiah
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Judy Oh
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Ki-Hye Kim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Chong-Hyun Shin
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Bo Ryoung Park
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Noopur Bhatnagar
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Baik-Lin Seong
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.,Vaccine Innovative Technology ALliance (VITAL)-Korea, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Bao-Zhong Wang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA.
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9
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Seo SU, Seong BL. Prospects on Repurposing a Live Attenuated Vaccine for the Control of Unrelated Infections. Front Immunol 2022; 13:877845. [PMID: 35651619 PMCID: PMC9149153 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.877845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Live vaccines use attenuated microbes to acquire immunity against pathogens in a safe way. As live attenuated vaccines (LAVs) still maintain infectivity, the vaccination stimulates diverse immune responses by mimicking natural infection. Induction of pathogen-specific antibodies or cell-mediated cytotoxicity provides means of specific protection, but LAV can also elicit unintended off-target effects, termed non-specific effects. Such mechanisms as short-lived genetic interference and non-specific innate immune response or long-lasting trained immunity and heterologous immunity allow LAVs to develop resistance to subsequent microbial infections. Based on their safety and potential for interference, LAVs may be considered as an alternative for immediate mitigation and control of unexpected pandemic outbreaks before pathogen-specific therapeutic and prophylactic measures are deployed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Uk Seo
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Baik-Lin Seong
- Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Vaccine Innovative Technology ALliance (VITAL)-Korea, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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10
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Subbbiah J, Oh J, Kim KH, Shin CH, Park BR, Bhatnagar N, Jung YJ, Lee Y, Wang BZ, Seong BL, Kang SM. Thermostable H1 hemagglutinin stem with M2e epitopes provides broad cross-protection against group1 and 2 influenza A viruses. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 26:38-51. [PMID: 35755946 PMCID: PMC9198381 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hemagglutinin (HA) stem-based vaccines have limitations in providing broad and effective protection against cross-group influenza viruses, despite being a promising universal vaccine target. To overcome the limited cross-protection and low efficacy by HA stem vaccination, we genetically engineered a chimeric conjugate of thermostable H1 HA stem and highly conserved M2e repeat (M2e-H1stem), which was expressed at high yields in Escherichia coli. M2e-H1stem protein presented native-like epitopes reactive to antisera of live virus infection. M2e-H1stem protein vaccination of mice induced strong M2e- and HA stem-specific immune responses, conferring broadly effective cross-protection against both antigenically distinct group 1 (H1N1, H5N1, and H9N2 subtypes) and group 2 (H3N2 and H7N9 subtypes) seasonal and pandemic potential influenza viruses. M2e-H1stem vaccination generated CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses and antibody-dependent cytotoxic cellular and humoral immunity, which contributed to enhancing cross-protection. Furthermore, comparable broad cross-group protection was observed in older aged mice after M2e-H1stem vaccination. This study provides evidence warranting further development of chimeric M2e-stem proteins as a promising universal influenza vaccine candidate in adult and aged populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeeva Subbbiah
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue, PSC 718 P.O. Box 5035, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Judy Oh
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue, PSC 718 P.O. Box 5035, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Ki-Hye Kim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue, PSC 718 P.O. Box 5035, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Chong Hyun Shin
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue, PSC 718 P.O. Box 5035, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Bo Ryoung Park
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue, PSC 718 P.O. Box 5035, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Noopur Bhatnagar
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue, PSC 718 P.O. Box 5035, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Yu-Jin Jung
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue, PSC 718 P.O. Box 5035, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Youri Lee
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue, PSC 718 P.O. Box 5035, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Bao-Zhong Wang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue, PSC 718 P.O. Box 5035, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Baik-Lin Seong
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Vaccine Innovative Technology Alliance (VITAL), Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue, PSC 718 P.O. Box 5035, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
- Corresponding author Sang-Moo Kang, PhD, Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue, PSC 718 P.O. Box 5035, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
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11
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Bhatnagar N, Kim KH, Subbiah J, Park BR, Ko EJ, Seong BL, Kang SM. Comparison of the effects of different potent adjuvants on enhancing the immunogenicity and cross-protection by influenza virus vaccination in young and aged mice. Antiviral Res 2022; 197:105229. [PMID: 34933043 PMCID: PMC8801234 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination against influenza viruses suffers from low efficacy in conferring homologous and cross-protection, particularly in older adults. Here, we compared the effects of three different adjuvant types (QS-21+MPL, CpG+MPL and bacterial cell wall CWS) on enhancing the immunogenicity and homologous and heterosubtypic protection of influenza vaccination in young adult and aged mouse models. A combination of saponin QS-21 and monophosphoryl lipid A (QS-21+MPL) was most effective in inducing T helper type 1 (Th1) T cell and cross-reactive IgG as well as hemagglutination inhibiting antibody responses to influenza vaccination. Both combination adjuvants (QS-21+MPL and CpG+MPL) exhibited high potency by preventing weight loss and reducing viral loads and enhanced homologous and cross-protection by influenza vaccination in adult and aged mouse models. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin cell-wall skeleton (CWS) displayed substantial adjuvant effects on immune responses to influenza vaccination but lower adjuvant efficacy in inducing Th1 IgG responses, cross-protection in adult mice, and in conferring homologous protection in aged mice. This study has significance in comparing the effects of potent adjuvants on enhancing humoral and cellular immune responses to influenza virus vaccination, inducing homologous and cross-protection in adult and aged populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noopur Bhatnagar
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA
| | - Ki-Hye Kim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA.
| | - Jeeva Subbiah
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA
| | - Bo Ryoung Park
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA
| | - Eun-Ju Ko
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA; College of Veterinary Medicine and Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Baik-Lin Seong
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea; Vaccine Innovative Technology ALliance (VITAL)-Korea, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA.
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12
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Shin YW, Park DB, Choi MM, Chun JH, Seong BL, Rhie GE. Construction of Luminescence- and Fluorescence-Tagged Burkholderia pseudomallei for Pathogen Tracking in a Mouse Model. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 28:498-502. [PMID: 29212292 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1710.10013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Molecular imaging is a powerful method for tracking various infectious disease-causing pathogens in host organisms. Currently, a dual molecular imaging method that can provide temporal and spatial information on infected hosts at the organism, organ, tissue, and cellular levels simultaneously has not been reported for Burkholderia pseudomallei, a high-risk pathogen that causes melioidosis. In this study, we have established an experimental method that provides spatiotemporal information on infected hosts using luminescent and fluorescent dual-labeled B. pseudomallei. Using this method, we visualized B. pseudomallei infection at the organism, organ, and tissue levels in a BALB/c mouse model by detecting its luminescence and fluorescence. The infection of B. pseudomallei at the cellular level was also visualized by its emitted fluorescence in infected macrophage cells. This method could be an extremely useful and applicable tool to study the pathogenesis of B. pseudomallei-related infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Woo Shin
- Division of High-Risk Pathogens, Center for Laboratory Control of Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Bum Park
- Division of High-Risk Pathogens, Center for Laboratory Control of Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Min Choi
- Division of High-Risk Pathogens, Center for Laboratory Control of Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hoon Chun
- Division of High-Risk Pathogens, Center for Laboratory Control of Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Baik-Lin Seong
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Eun Rhie
- Division of High-Risk Pathogens, Center for Laboratory Control of Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
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Shin WJ, Nam KY, Kim ND, Kim SH, No KT, Seong BL. Identification of a Small Benzamide Inhibitor of Influenza Virus Using a Cell-Based Screening. Chemotherapy 2016; 61:159-66. [PMID: 26821172 DOI: 10.1159/000441941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The zoonotic transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses and the global pandemic of H1N1 influenza in 2009 signified the need for a wider coverage of therapeutic options for the control of influenza. METHODS An in-house compound library was screened using a cytopathic effect inhibition assay. Selected hits were then tested in vivo and used as a core skeleton for derivative synthesis. RESULTS The hit compound (BMD-2601505) was effective [50% effective concentration (EC50) of 60-70 μM] in reducing the death rate of cells infected with human influenza A and B viruses as well as avian influenza A virus. Furthermore, BMD-2601505 reduced the weight loss and increased the survival after lethal infection. The compound was further modified to enhance its antiviral potency. Results show that one derivative with bromobenzene moiety was most effective (EC50 of 22-37 μM) against the influenza viruses tested. CONCLUSION We identified a small benzamide compound exhibiting antiviral activity against influenza viruses. The results warrant further evaluation of antiviral activities against drug-resistant influenza isolates.
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Lee DH, Park JK, Kwon JH, Yuk SS, Erdene-Ochir TO, Jang YH, Seong BL, Lee JB, Park SY, Choi IS, Song CS. Efficacy of single dose of a bivalent vaccine containing inactivated Newcastle disease virus and reassortant highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus against lethal HPAI and NDV infection in chickens. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58186. [PMID: 23469269 PMCID: PMC3585801 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and Newcastle disease (ND) are 2 devastating diseases of poultry, which cause great economic losses to the poultry industry. In the present study, we developed a bivalent vaccine containing antigens of inactivated ND and reassortant HPAI H5N1 viruses as a candidate poultry vaccine, and we evaluated its immunogenicity and protective efficacy in specific pathogen-free chickens. The 6∶2 reassortant H5N1 vaccine strain containing the surface genes of the A/Chicken/Korea/ES/2003(H5N1) virus was successfully generated by reverse genetics. A polybasic cleavage site of the hemagglutinin segment was replaced by a monobasic cleavage site. We characterized the reverse genetics-derived reassortant HPAI H5N1 clade 2.5 vaccine strain by evaluating its growth kinetics in eggs, minimum effective dose in chickens, and cross-clade immunogenicity against HPAI clade 1 and 2. The bivalent vaccine was prepared by emulsifying inactivated ND (La Sota strain) and reassortant HPAI viruses with Montanide ISA 70 adjuvant. A single immunization with this vaccine induced high levels of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody titers and protected chickens against a lethal challenge with the wild-type HPAI and ND viruses. Our results demonstrate that the bivalent, inactivated vaccine developed in this study is a promising approach for the control of both HPAI H5N1 and ND viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hun Lee
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Keun Park
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hoon Kwon
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Su Yuk
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tseren-Ochir Erdene-Ochir
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yo-Han Jang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Baik-Lin Seong
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Bok Lee
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yong Park
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Soo Choi
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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15
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Feng E, Shin WJ, Zhu X, Li J, Ye D, Wang J, Zheng M, Zuo JP, No KT, Liu X, Zhu W, Tang W, Seong BL, Jiang H, Liu H. Structure-Based Design and Synthesis of C-1- and C-4-Modified Analogs of Zanamivir as Neuraminidase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2013; 56:671-84. [DOI: 10.1021/jm3009713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enguang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu chong zhi Road, Shanghai
201203, China
| | - Woo-Jin Shin
- Department
of Biotechnology,
College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
| | - Xuelian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu chong zhi Road, Shanghai
201203, China
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu chong zhi Road, Shanghai
201203, China
| | - Deju Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Drug
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu chong zhi Road, Shanghai
201203, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu chong zhi Road, Shanghai
201203, China
| | - Mingyue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu chong zhi Road, Shanghai
201203, China
| | - Jian-Ping Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu chong zhi Road, Shanghai
201203, China
| | - Kyoung Tai No
- Department
of Biotechnology,
College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
| | - Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu chong zhi Road, Shanghai
201203, China
| | - Weiliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu chong zhi Road, Shanghai
201203, China
| | - Wei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu chong zhi Road, Shanghai
201203, China
| | - Baik-Lin Seong
- Department
of Biotechnology,
College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu chong zhi Road, Shanghai
201203, China
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu chong zhi Road, Shanghai
201203, China
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16
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Moon SJ, Lee SH, Byun YH, Yun GY, Kim SK, Seong BL, Kim AR, Sun Park E, Kim HJ, Lee JE, Ha SK, Lee JM, Park HC. Risk factors affecting seroconversion after influenza A/H1N1 vaccination in hemodialysis patients. BMC Nephrol 2012. [PMID: 23206898 PMCID: PMC3560184 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2369-13-165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemodialysis (HD) patients have multiple causes of immune dysfunction and poor immune response to influenza vaccination. We investigated the antibody response rate to a pandemic H1N1/2009 influenza vaccination and clinical parameters influencing the induction of antibody responses in HD patients. METHODS A total of 114 HD patients were vaccinated with a monovalent adjuvanted H1N1 inactivated influenza vaccine. Titers of neutralizing antibodies were evaluated by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay at pre- and 4 weeks after vaccination. Seroconversion was defined as either a pre-vaccination HI titer < 1:10 and a post vaccination HI titer > 1:40 or a pre-vaccination HI titer ≥ 1:10 and a minimum four-fold rise in post-vaccination HI antibody titer. Seventeen out of 114 HD patients (14.9%) tested positive for antibodies against influenza A/H1N1/2009 before vaccination. The remaining 97 baseline sero-negative patients were included in the analysis. RESULTS Only 30 (30.9%) HD patients had seroconversion 4 weeks after vaccination. The elderly patients, those over 65 years of age, showed significantly lower seroconversion rate compared to younger HD patients (20.5% vs. 39.6%, p = 0.042). Furthermore, patients with hemoglobin values less than 10 g/dL had a significantly lower seroconversion rate compared to those with higher hemoglobin values (20.0 vs. 38.6%, p = 0.049). By multivariate logistic regression analysis, only age ≥65 years (OR = 0.336, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.116-0.971, p = 0.044) and hemoglobin levels <10 g/dL (OR = 0.315, 95% CI 0.106-0.932, p = 0.037) were independently associated with seroconversion after vaccination. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that HD patients, especially who are elderly with low hemoglobin levels, are at increased risk for lower seroconversion rate after influenza A/H1N1 vaccination. Further studies are needed to improve the efficacy of vaccination in these high risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Jin Moon
- 1Myongji Hospital, College of Medicine, Kwandong University, Goyang, Korea
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17
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Ye D, Shin WJ, Li N, Tang W, Feng E, Li J, He PL, Zuo JP, Kim H, Nam KY, Zhu W, Seong BL, Tai No K, Jiang H, Liu H. Synthesis of C-4-modified zanamivir analogs as neuraminidase inhibitors and their anti-AIV activities. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 54:764-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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18
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Jang YH, Seong BL. Principles underlying rational design of live attenuated influenza vaccines. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2012; 1:35-49. [PMID: 23596576 PMCID: PMC3623510 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2012.1.1.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent innovative advances in molecular virology and the developments of vaccines, influenza virus remains a serious burden for human health. Vaccination has been considered a primary countermeasure for prevention of influenza infection. Live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs) are particularly attracting attention as an effective strategy due to several advantages over inactivated vaccines. Cold-adaptation, as a classical means for attenuating viral virulence, has been successfully used for generating safe and effective donor strains of LAIVs against seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics. Recently, the advent of reverse genetics technique expedited a variety of rational strategies to broaden the pool of LAIVs. Considering the breadth of antigenic diversity of influenza virus, the pool of LAIVs is likely to equip us with better options for controlling influenza pandemics. With a brief reflection on classical attenuating strategies used at the initial stage of development of LAIVs, especially on the principles underlying the development of cold-adapted LAIVs, we further discuss and outline other attenuation strategies especially with respect to the rationales for attenuation, and their practicality for mass production. Finally, we propose important considerations for a rational vaccine design, which will provide us with practical guidelines for improving the safety and effectiveness of LAIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Han Jang
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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19
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Song JM, Lee KH, Seong BL. Recombinant influenza viruses as delivery vectors for hepatis B virus epitopes. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2012; 1:77-82. [PMID: 23596580 PMCID: PMC3623514 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2012.1.1.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Neuraminidase (NA) of influenza virus contains stalk region that shows a great deal of variability in both amino acid sequence and length. In this paper, we investigated generation of recombinant influenza viruses that had hepatitis B virus (HBV) B cell epitopes in the NA stalk region as a dual vaccine candidate. Materials and Methods We used the WSH-HK reassortant helper virus for rescue of recombinant influenza virus containing HBV epitopes and reverse genetic protocol based on the use of micrococcal nuclease-treated virus cores for reconstitution of ribonucleoproteins. Results We successfully generated a chimeric influenza viruses which contained 22 amino acid peptides in the stalk region derived from the surface and pre-surface protein HBV. The growth kinetics of the recombinant viruses was investigated after infection of Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) and Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells and the rIV-BVPreS virus showed higher titer than other viruses in MDCK cells. We also confirmed the presence of HBV epitopes in the chimeric viruses by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using anti-HBV polyclonal antibody. When the ratio of recombinant virus verse wild type virus was calculated by ELISA, recombinant viruses exhibited 2 fold higher values than the wild type virus. Conclusion These results suggest that chimeric influenza virus which contained foreign antigens can be used as dual vaccine against both HBV and influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Min Song
- Department of Global Medical Science, College of Nursing, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, Korea
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20
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Park JK, Lee DH, Youn HN, Kim MS, Lee YN, Yuk SS, Lim TH, Jang JH, Kwon JH, Kim BY, Kang SM, Seong BL, Lee JB, Park SY, Choi IS, Song CS. Protective efficacy of crude virus-like particle vaccine against HPAI H5N1 in chickens and its application on DIVA strategy. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2012; 7:340-8. [PMID: 22716302 PMCID: PMC4941755 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2012.00396.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Currently, Asian lineage highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 has become widespread across continents. These viruses are persistently circulating among poultry populations in endemic regions, causing huge economic losses, and raising concerns about an H5N1 pandemic. To control HPAI H5N1, effective vaccines for poultry are urgently needed. Objective In this study, we developed HPAI virus‐like particle (VLP) vaccine as a candidate poultry vaccine and evaluated its protective efficacy and possible application for differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA). Methods Specific pathogen‐free chickens received a single injection of HPAI H5N1 VLP vaccine generated using baculovirus expression vector system. Immunogenicity of VLP vaccines was determined using hemagglutination inhibition (HI), neuraminidase inhibition (NI), and ELISA test. Challenge study was performed to evaluate efficacy of VLP vaccines. Results and Conclusions A single immunization with HPAI H5N1 VLP vaccine induced high levels of HI and NI antibodies and protected chickens from a lethal challenge of wild‐type HPAI H5N1 virus. Viral excretion from the vaccinated and challenged group was strongly reduced compared with a mock‐vaccinated control group. Furthermore, we were able to differentiate VLP‐vaccinated chickens from vaccinated and then infected chickens with a commercial ELISA test kit, which offers a promising strategy for the application of DIVA concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Keun Park
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Lee HJ, Lee YN, Youn HN, Lee DH, Kwak JH, Seong BL, Lee JB, Park SY, Choi IS, Song CS. Anti-influenza virus activity of green tea by-products in vitro and efficacy against influenza virus infection in chickens. Poult Sci 2012; 91:66-73. [PMID: 22184430 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-01645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenolic compounds present in green tea, particularly catechins, are known to have strong anti-influenza activity. The goal of this study was to determine whether green tea by-products could function as an alternative to common antivirals in animals compared to original green tea. Inhibition of viral cytopathic effects ascertained by neutral red dye uptake was examined with 50% effective (virus-inhibitory) concentrations (EC₅₀)determined. Against the H1N1 virus A/NWS/33, we found the anti-influenza activity of green tea by-products (EC₅₀ = 6.36 µg/mL) to be equivalent to that of original green tea (EC₅₀= 6.72 µg/mL). The anti-influenza activity of green tea by-products was further examined in mouse and chicken influenza infection models. In mice, oral administration of green tea by-products reduced viral titers in the lungs in the early phase of infection, but they could not protect these animals from disease and death. In contrast, therapeutic administration of green tea by-products via feed or water supplement resulted in a dose-dependent significant antiviral effect in chickens, with a dose of 10 g/kg of feed being the most effective (P < 0.001). We also demonstrated that unidentified hexane-soluble fractions of green tea by-products possessed strong anti-influenza activity, in addition to ethyl acetate-soluble fractions, including catechins. This study revealed green tea by-product extracts to be a promising novel antiviral resource for animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-701 Korea
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Nam JS, Kim AR, Yoon JC, Byun Y, Kim SA, Kim KR, Cho S, Seong BL, Ahn CW, Lee JM. The humoral immune response to the inactivated influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent vaccine in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus in Korea. Diabet Med 2011; 28:815-7. [PMID: 21672004 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03255.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We evaluated the antibody response to a single-dose adjuvanted, inactivated, pandemic H1N1 influenza vaccination in patients with diabetes and assessed factors associated with the failure to induce antibody responses. METHODS Eighty-two patients with Type 2 diabetes were vaccinated and antibody responses were determined with haemagglutination inhibition assay and anti-haemagglutinin antibody ELISA. RESULTS Among 70 antibody-negative patients at baseline, 34 (48.6%) achieved seroconversion; 28 (60.9%) in the young adults group and six (25%) in the elderly group acquired H1N1-specific antibodies. Patients in the older age range or with longer duration of diabetes had a lower seroconversion rate. CONCLUSIONS Our data show low cross-reactive antibody carrying rate and low seroconversion rate in patients with diabetes. Until larger-scale, case-controlled trials become available, older patients and patients with a longer duration of diabetes should be considered for the two-dose vaccination or have antibody titres measured after the first vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Nam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
Evaluation of: Wolf MC, Freiberg AN, Zhang T et al. A broad-spectrum antiviral targeting entry of enveloped viruses. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107, 3157-3162 (2010). The emergence and re-emergence of viruses and the widespread antiviral resistance calls for the development of a broad-spectrum strategy for viral infection. The article under review describes an approach to achieve this goal by developing an antiviral rhodanine derivative effective against enveloped viruses targeting the viral lipid membrane. By intercalating into the viral membrane, the compound irreversibly inactivates the virions with virucidal effects. Potential toxic effects on hosts could be minimized by continuous regeneration of cellular membranes. The present strategy exploits the therapeutic window that exists between static viral membranes and biogenic cellular membranes and provides a useful guideline for future research endeavors towards broad-spectrum antiviral approaches for enveloped viruses. Developing a formulation that ensures efficient delivery and pharmacokinetic properties while minimizing systemic toxicity on cell membranes remains a challenge. The advantages and disadvantages of a viral membrane-targeting approach for the control of emerging and re-emerging viruses will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Min Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Kim KH, Kim ND, Seong BL. Discovery and development of anti-HBV agents and their resistance. Molecules 2010; 15:5878-908. [PMID: 20802402 PMCID: PMC6257723 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15095878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Revised: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a prime cause of liver diseases such as hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The current drugs clinically available are nucleot(s)ide analogues that inhibit viral reverse transcriptase activity. Most drugs of this class are reported to have viral resistance with breakthrough. Recent advances in methods for in silico virtual screening of chemical libraries, together with a better understanding of the resistance mechanisms of existing drugs have expedited the discovery and development of novel anti-viral drugs. This review summarizes the current status of knowledge about and viral resistance of HBV drugs, approaches for the development of novel drugs as well as new viral and host targets for future drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyun-Hwan Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, and Center for Cancer Research and Diagnostic Medicine, IBST, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: (K.H.K.); Tel.: +82 2 2030 7833; Fax: +82 2 2049 6192; E-Mail: (B.L.S.); Tel.: +82 2 2123 2885; Fax: +82 2 392 3582
| | - Nam Doo Kim
- R&D Center, Equispharm Inc., 11F Gyeonggi Bio-Center, 864-1 Iui-Dong, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-Shi, Gyeonggi-Do 443-766, Korea
| | - Baik-Lin Seong
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
- Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: (K.H.K.); Tel.: +82 2 2030 7833; Fax: +82 2 2049 6192; E-Mail: (B.L.S.); Tel.: +82 2 2123 2885; Fax: +82 2 392 3582
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Jang HC, Kim CJ, Kim KH, Lee KH, Byun YH, Seong BL, Saletti G, Czerkinsky C, Park WB, Park SW, Kim HB, Kim NJ, Oh MD. A randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of CJ-50300, a newly developed cell culture-derived smallpox vaccine, in healthy volunteers. Vaccine 2010; 28:5845-9. [PMID: 20600480 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of CJ-50300, a newly developed cell culture-derived smallpox vaccine, and to determine its minimum effective dose. The overall rates of cutaneous "take" reaction and humoral and cellular immunogenicity in CJ-50300 vaccinees were 100% (123/123), 99.2% (122/123), and 90.8% (109/120), respectively, and these rates did not differ significantly between the conventional-dose and the low-dose CJ-50300 (1.0x10(8) and 1.0x10(7) plaque-forming units/mL, respectively) (P>0.05 for each). No serious adverse reaction was observed. However, one case of possible generalized vaccinia occurred in the conventionally dosed group [ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00607243].
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Chang Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Nojima H, Park RE, Kwon JH, Suh I, Jeon J, Ha E, On HK, Kim HR, Choi K, Lee KH, Seong BL, Jung H, Jung Kang S, Namba S, Takiyama K. Novel atmospheric pressure plasma device releasing atomic hydrogen: reduction of microbial-contaminants and OH radicals in the air. J Phys D Appl Phys 2007; 40:501-509. [PMID: 32287388 PMCID: PMC7115748 DOI: 10.1088/0022-3727/40/2/026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A novel atmospheric pressure plasma device releasing atomic hydrogen has been developed. This device has specific properties such as (1) deactivation of airborne microbial-contaminants, (2) neutralization of indoor OH radicals and (3) being harmless to the human body. It consists of a ceramic plate as a positive ion generation electrode and a needle-shaped electrode as an electron emission electrode. Release of atomic hydrogen from the device has been investigated by the spectroscopic method. Optical emission of atomic hydrogen probably due to recombination of positive ions, H+(H2O)n, generated from the ceramic plate electrode and electrons emitted from the needle-shaped electrode have been clearly observed in the He gas (including water vapour) environment. The efficacy of the device to reduce airborne concentrations of influenza virus, bacteria, mould fungi and allergens has been evaluated. 99.6% of airborne influenza virus has been deactivated with the operation of the device compared with the control test in a 1 m3 chamber after 60 min. The neutralization of the OH radical has been investigated by spectroscopic and biological methods. A remarkable reduction of the OH radical in the air by operation of the device has been observed by laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy. The cell protection effects of the device against OH radicals in the air have been observed. Furthermore, the side effects have been checked by animal experiments. The harmlessness of the device has been confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Nojima
- Digital Appliances R&D Center, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea
| | - Rae-Eun Park
- Digital Appliances R&D Center, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea
| | - Jun-Hyoun Kwon
- Digital Appliances R&D Center, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea
| | - Inseon Suh
- Digital Appliances R&D Center, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea
| | - Junsang Jeon
- Digital Appliances R&D Center, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea
| | - Eunju Ha
- Digital Appliances R&D Center, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea
| | - Hyeon-Ki On
- Digital Appliances R&D Center, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea
| | - Hye-Ryung Kim
- Digital Appliances R&D Center, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea
| | - KyoungHui Choi
- Digital Appliances R&D Center, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea
| | - Kwang-Hee Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Baik-Lin Seong
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hoon Jung
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Shin Jung Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Shinichi Namba
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ken Takiyama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
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Song JM, Lee KH, Seong BL. Antiviral effect of catechins in green tea on influenza virus. Antiviral Res 2005; 68:66-74. [PMID: 16137775 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2005.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 431] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2005] [Revised: 06/28/2005] [Accepted: 06/28/2005] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Polyphenolic compound catechins ((-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), (-)-epicatechin gallate (ECG) and (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC)) from green tea were evaluated for their ability to inhibit influenza virus replication in cell culture and for potentially direct virucidal effect. Among the test compounds, the EGCG and ECG were found to be potent inhibitors of influenza virus replication in MDCK cell culture and this effect was observed in all influenza virus subtypes tested, including A/H1N1, A/H3N2 and B virus. The 50% effective inhibition concentration (EC50) of EGCG, ECG, and EGC for influenza A virus were 22-28, 22-40 and 309-318 microM, respectively. EGCG and ECG exhibited hemagglutination inhibition activity, EGCG being more effective. However, the sensitivity in hemagglutination inhibition was widely different among three different subtypes of influenza viruses tested. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that, at high concentration, EGCG and ECG also suppressed viral RNA synthesis in MDCK cells whereas EGC failed to show similar effect. Similarly, EGCG and ECG inhibited the neuraminidase activity more effectively than the EGC. The results show that the 3-galloyl group of catechin skeleton plays an important role on the observed antiviral activity, whereas the 5'-OH at the trihydroxy benzyl moiety at 2-position plays a minor role. The results, along with the HA type-specific effect, suggest that the antiviral effect of catechins on influenza virus is mediated not only by specific interaction with HA, but altering the physical properties of viral membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Min Song
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, 134, Shinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
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30
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Abstract
Although the thymic microenvironment provides the necessary elements for T-cell differentiation, the precise role of individual components remains to be determined. In this paper, attempts were made to address the possibility that CD4 or CD8 single-positive (SP) thymocytes could be developed from immature CD4+CD8+ (double-positive; DP) thymocytes in a suspension culture in the presence of soluble factors. We observed that IL-4 and IFN-gamma weakly induced DP cells to differentiate to CD4 cells, but not to CD8. In contrast, IL-2 weakly induced differentiation to CD8. Interestingly, Con A sup strongly induced differentiation to CD8 SP from the purified DP thymocytes prepared from C57BL/6 or LCMV TCRtg mice. In particular, it was found that thymocyte culture with Con A sup generated CD69+DP cells, and the CD69+DP differentiated to CD8 SP under the suspension culture with soluble factors. Thus, Con A sup or combinations of IL-2, IL-4 and IL-7 strongly induced differentiation of CD69+DP to CD8 SP, whereas individual cytokines did not. These results suggest that soluble factors like cytokines play an important role in the generation of SP thymocytes in the absence of thymic stromal cells, at least from a distinctive subpopulation like CD69+DP thymocytes, and perhaps from those of broader range when in conjunction with TCR/MHC interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Young Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering, Yonesei University, Seoul, Korea.
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Lee KY, Hyeok Yoon JH, Kim M, Roh S, Lee YS, Seong BL, Kim K. A dipalmitoyl peptide that binds SH3 domain, disturbs intracellular signal transduction, and inhibits tumor growth in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 296:434-42. [PMID: 12163038 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)00869-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The Src homology 3 (SH3) domain plays a crucial role in protein-protein interactions during intracellular signal transduction. Blocking the SH3-mediated protein binding may inhibit the corresponding signal transduction, and thus, block the cellular functions. In this study, a peptide that specifically binds to SH3 domain could be introduced into the intracellular region when the peptides were conjugated with dipalmitic acid and appeared to disturb intracellular signaling. The dipalmitoyl peptide appeared to inhibit the phosphorylation of ZAP-70, Lck, and T-cell antigen receptor zeta in Jurkat. Mobilization of the intracellular free calcium induced by anti-CD3 antibody was reduced after treatment with the dipalmitoyl peptide. It was also observed that the dipalmitoyl peptide inhibited cancer cell growth both in vitro and in vivo. These results suggest that the dipalmitoyl peptide that presumably disturbs SH3-mediated signal transduction may have a potent anti-proliferative activity, which would be useful as a potential anti-tumor agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Young Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Division of Molecular Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, 11 Daehyundong, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Choi SI, Song HW, Moon JW, Seong BL. Recombinant enterokinase light chain with affinity tag: expression from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its utilities in fusion protein technology. Biotechnol Bioeng 2001; 75:718-24. [PMID: 11745150 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Enterokinase and recombinant enterokinase light chain (rEK(L)) have been used widely to cleave fusion proteins with the target sequence of (Asp)(4)-Lys. In this work, we show that their utility as a site-specific cleavage agent is compromised by sporadic cleavage at other sites, albeit at low levels. Further degradation of the fusion protein in cleavage reaction is due to an intrinsic broad specificity of the enzyme rather than to the presence of contaminating proteases. To offer facilitated purification from fermentation broth and efficient removal of rEK(L) after cleavage reaction, thus minimizing unwanted cleavage of target protein, histidine affinity tag was introduced into rEK(L). Utilizing the secretion enhancer peptide derived from the human interleukin 1 beta, the recombinant EK(L) was expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and efficiently secreted into culture medium. The C-terminal His-tagged EK(L) was purified in a single-step procedure on nickel affinity chromatography. It retained full enzymatic activity similar to that of EK(L), whereas the N-terminal His-tagged EK(L) was neither efficiently purified nor had any enzymatic activity. After cleavage reaction of fusion protein, the C-terminal His-tagged EK(L) was efficiently removed from the reaction mixture by a single passage through nickel-NTA spin column. The simple affinity tag renders rEK(L) extremely useful for purification, post-cleavage removal, recovery, and recycling and will broaden the utility and the versatility of the enterokinase for the production of recombinant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering and Bioproducts Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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33
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Abstract
X-31(H3N2) virus, which is a high yielding reassortant between A/PR/8/34(H1N1) and A/Aichi/68(H3N2), is currently used as a backbone strain for influenza vaccine production. The sequence of the current X-31 virus was determined from cloned cDNA of 6 internal RNA genes, and was compared with the original sequence of the A/PR/8/34 virus. 71 point mutations were accumulated in the six internal viral genes (PB2, PB1, PA, NP, M and NS). These nucleotide changes encode 23 amino acid substitutions in seven viral proteins (PB2, PB1, PA, M1, M2, NS1 and NS2). Among three polymerase genes, a significantly low mutation frequency was observed in PA gene as compared to PB2 and PB1. The mutation frequency at the nucleotide level was significantly low in NP gene without any amino acid substitution, being only about 20% of those observed in 5 other internal genes. The unequal distribution of mutations among different viral proteins may correlate with individual role of each protein in viral growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Lee
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioproducts Research Center, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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Lee J, Choi SI, Jang JS, Jang K, Moon JW, Bae CS, Yang DS, Seong BL. Novel secretion system of recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae using an N-terminus residue of human IL-1 beta as secretion enhancer. Biotechnol Prog 1999; 15:884-90. [PMID: 10514258 DOI: 10.1021/bp9900918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An N-terminus sequence of human interleukin 1beta (hIL-1beta) was used as a fusion expression partner for the production of two recombinant therapeutic proteins, human granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (hG-CSF) and human growth hormone (hGH), using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a host. The expression cassette comprised the leader sequence of killer toxin of Kluyveromyces lactis, the N-terminus 24 amino acids (Ser5-Ala28) of mature hIL-1beta, the KEX2 dibasic endopeptidase cleavage site, and the target protein (hG-CSF or hGH). The gene expression was controlled by the inducible UAS(gal)/MF-alpha1 promoter. With the expression vector above, both recombinant proteins were well secreted into culture medium with high secretion efficiencies, and especially, the recombinant hGH was accumulated up to around 1.3 g/L in the culture broth. This is due presumably to the significant role of fused hIL-1beta as secretion enhancer in the yeast secretory pathway. In our recent report, various immunoblotting analyses have shown that the presence of a core N-glycosylation resident in the hIL-1beta fragment is likely to be of crucial importance in the high-level secretion of hG-CSF from the recombinant S. cerevisiae. When the N-glycosylation was completely blocked with the addition of tunicamycin to the culture, the secretion of hG-CSF and hGH was decreased to a negligible level although the other host-derived proteins were well secreted to the culture broth regardless of the presence of tunicamycin. The N-terminal sequencing of the purified hG-CSF verified that the hIL-1beta fusion peptide was correctly removed by in vivo KEX2 protease upon the exit of fusion protein from Golgi complex. From the results presented in this article, it is strongly suggested that the N-terminus fusion of the hIL-1beta peptide could be utilized as a potent secretion enhancer in the expression systems designed for the secretory production of other heterologous proteins from S. cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lee
- Biochemical Process Engineering R.U., Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), P.O. Box 115, Yusong, Taejon 305-600, Korea
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Cheong HK, Cheong C, Lee YS, Seong BL, Choi BS. Structure of influenza virus panhandle RNA studied by NMR spectroscopy and molecular modeling. Nucleic Acids Res 1999; 27:1392-7. [PMID: 9973631 PMCID: PMC148329 DOI: 10.1093/nar/27.5.1392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure of a 34 nucleotide RNA molecule in solution, which contains the conserved panhandle sequences, was determined by NMR spectroscopy and molecular modeling. The partially double-strandedpanhandle structure of the influenza virus RNA serves to regulate initiation and termination of viral transcription as well as polyadenylation. The panhandle RNA consists of internal loop flanked by short helices. The nucleotides at or near the internal loop are crucial for polymerase binding and transcriptional activity. They show more flexible conformational character than the Watson-Crick base-paired region, especially for the backbone torsion angles of alpha, gamma and delta. Although residues A10 and A12 are stacked in the helix, the phosphodiester backbones are distorted. Residues A12, A13 and G25 show dynamic sugar conformations and the backbone conformations of these nucleotides are flexible. This backbone conformation and its associated flexibility may be important for protein-RNA interactions as well as base-specific interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Cheong
- Magnetic Resonance Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Eoun-dong 52, Yusung-gu, Taejon 305-333, Korea.
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Abstract
The coadministration of cytokines can modulate immunity in DNA based viral vaccines. In order to determine the effects of various cytokines on long-term protection against the influenza virus, mice were intramuscularly coinoculated with plasmids that encoded either the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-12 (IL-12), or the interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene, in the presence of two plasmids that encoded the nucleoprotein (NP) and the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of the influenza A virus. The coadministration of IL-4, IL-6 and IL-12 transiently enhanced antibody responses against influenza virus in early time points (4 to 7 week post immunization) after post inoculation. The expression of GMCSF gene resulted in the sustained elevation of antibody responses for at least 20 weeks post inoculation. However, NP-specific CTL responses decreased in these animals. Mice that received either the IL-12 or the IL-6 gene had enhanced NP-specific CTL responses. Remarkably, the coadministration of the IL-6 gene completely protected mice from a lethal challenge with influenza virus. Conversely, mice that received the IL-4 gene appeared to be more susceptible to lethal challenge than mice that were inoculated with the NP and the HA genes alone. These results demonstrate that the use of cytokines as molecular adjuvants when coadministered in influenza DNA vaccination must be specific. Our data also demonstrates that the coadministration of IL-6 should be considered to enhance the efficacy of influenza DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Lee
- Department of Life Science, Center for Biofunctional Molecules, School of Environmental Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, South Korea
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Lee KH, Seong BL. The position 4 nucleotide at the 3' end of the influenza virus neuraminidase vRNA is involved in temporal regulation of transcription and replication of neuraminidase RNAs and affects the repertoire of influenza virus surface antigens. J Gen Virol 1998; 79 ( Pt 8):1923-34. [PMID: 9714240 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-79-8-1923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the sequence motif conserved at the extreme ends of the influenza virus vRNAs, a unique natural variation, U or C, is observed at position 4 of the 3' end. To test the role of this nucleotide, two isogenic A/WSN/33 viruses, carrying either C4 or U4 nucleotide at the 3' end of the neuraminidase (NA) gene, were generated. Compared with the C4 virus, the U4 virus exhibited delayed synthesis of vRNA and stimulation of mRNA synthesis with prolonged accumulation in influenza virus-infected cells. The mRNA/ vRNA ratio was increased up to 20-fold by the C4 --> U4 substitution suggesting that the U4 nucleotide greatly stimulated transcription of the vRNA template. In isolated virion, the U4 virus had higher NA activity than the C4 virus. In MDBK cells, the U4 virus grew to lower haemagglutination (HA) titres but with higher infectivity than the C4 virus, with a corresponding increase in the ratio of p.f.u./HA units of about 10- to 40-fold. Western blot analysis of isolated virion showed that the ratio of two surface proteins, HA/NA, was greatly decreased in the U4 virus. This suggests that the position 4 nucleotide is a genetic determinant for the repertoire of surface antigens and their ratio could be changed without detrimental effects on virus growth. Results could be used to design genetically engineered influenza virus for vaccination. The observed down-regulation of transcription by C4 nucleotide is consistent with its potential role in segment-specific regulation of influenza virus gene expression, especially PB1, PB2 and PA proteins, during virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Lee
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Hanhyo Institutes of Technology, Taejeon, South Korea
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Lee YS, Seong BL. Nucleotides in the panhandle structure of the influenza B virus virion RNA are involved in the specificity between influenza A and B viruses. J Gen Virol 1998; 79 ( Pt 4):673-81. [PMID: 9568960 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-79-4-673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A and B viruses share common sequences and potentially similar panhandle structures in the terminal noncoding regions of virion RNA (vRNA). Interesting differences exist, however, in the number of conserved nucleotides at the 5' and 3' ends of the vRNAs, in base pairs constituting the panhandle duplex, and the length of uridine stretch (U stretch) juxtaposed to the RNA duplex. To analyse the contribution of these signals to the specificity between the two viruses, a transient ribonucleoprotein transfection method was used for the expression of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene flanked by the noncoding nucleotides derived from influenza B vRNA. While the base pairing in the RNA duplex was primarily important for template activity, mismatch mutations G11 x G12' and C12 x A13' in the terminal RNA duplex region were utilized by influenza B virus, whereas these mutations were detrimental for influenza A virus. Different activity profiles were observed in the length preference of the RNA duplexes: maximum template activity was observed with 11 base pairs for influenza B virus, and 8 base pairs for influenza A virus. When the mutants with various lengths of U stretch were tested, highest CAT activities were observed with 5 to 7 uridine residues in influenza A virus, whereas in influenza B virus the activity was drastically decreased with 7 uridine residues. We suggest that the specific interaction of influenza virus RNA polymerase with these noncoding cis-acting signals in transcription of the RNA genome, along with unique coding strategies adopted by influenza B virus, has contributed to the divergence of these two closely related viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Lee
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Hanhyo Institutes of Technology, Taejun, South Korea
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Bae CS, Yang DS, Chang KR, Seong BL, Lee J. Enhanced secretion of human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor directed by a novel hybrid fusion peptide from recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae at high cell concentration. Biotechnol Bioeng 1998; 57:600-9. [PMID: 10099239 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19980305)57:5<600::aid-bit12>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and secretion of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) are investigated in fed-batch cultures at high cell concentration of recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and some important characteristics of the secreted rhG-CSF are demonstrated. Transcription of the recombinant gene is regulated by a GAL1-10 upstream activating sequence (UASG), and the rhG-CSF is expressed in a hybrid fusion protein consisting of signal sequence of Kluyveromyces lactis killer toxin and N-terminal 24 amino acids of human interleukin 1beta. The intracellular KEX2 cleavage leads to excretion of mature rhG-CSF into extracellular culture broth, and the cleavage process seems to be highly efficient. In spite of relatively low copy number the plasmid propagation is stably maintained even at nonselective culture conditions. The rhG-CSF synthesis does not depend on galactose level, whereas the production of extracellular rhG-CSF was significantly enhanced by increasing the inducer concentration above a certain level and also by supplementing the nonionic surfactant to the culture medium, which is notably due to the enhanced secretion efficiency. Various immunoblotting analyses demonstrate that none of the rhG-CSF is accumulated in the cell wall fraction and that a significant amount of intracellular rhG-CSF antibody-specific immunoreactive proteins is located in the ER. A core N-glycosylation at fused IL-1beta fragment is likely to play a critical role in directing the high-level secretion of rhG-CSF, and the O-glycosylation of secreted rhG-CSF seems nearly negligible. Also the extracellular rhG-CSF is observed to exist as various multimers, and the nature of molecular interaction is evidently not the covalent disulfide bridges. The CD spectra of purified rhG-CSF and Escherichia coli-derived standard show that the conformations of both are similar and are almost identical to that reported for natural hG-CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Bae
- Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering, Hanhyo Institutes of Technology, 461-6, Jeonmin-Dong, Yusong-Ku, Taejon, South Korea
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Abstract
The genome of influenza A virus consists of eight negative-stranded RNA segments which have partially complementary non-coding terminal sequences. Previous transcription studies of the virion RNA promoter in vitro have shown that the 5' terminus forms an integral part of the promoter and an 'RNA-fork' model has been proposed for the initiation of transcription. According to this model part of the promoter is formed by an RNA-duplex which involves complementary residues 10 to 1 2 of the 3' end and residues 11' to 13' of the 5' end. With a reverse genetics system, based on the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene, we have now tested this part of the promoter in vivo. Single mutations of the conserved residues at positions 11 and 12 of the 3' terminus and at positions 12' and 13' of the 5' terminus abolished promoter activity. The introduction of complementary mutations into both termini partially restored activity. On the other hand, mutations at positions 10 of the 3' terminus and 11' of the 5' terminus inhibited activity independently of whether a base-pair was formed or not. Thus, at these positions, the nature of the residues is apparently more important than their ability to form base-pairs. These results extend our previous virion 'RNA-fork' model and are consistent with in vitro findings that the 5' terminus is involved in the initiation of transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Kim
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Hanhyo Institutes of Technology, Yoosung-ku, Taejeon, South Korea
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Abstract
The roles of the 3'- and 5'-terminal nucleotides and the panhandle structure of influenza B virus virion RNA were analyzed in vitro by transcription of model RNA templates with influenza B virus RNA polymerase. The results suggest that the stability of the panhandle and breathing of the extreme ends of the panhandle are important factors for efficient transcription. Influenza B virus polymerase appears to be more tolerant of mutations in the panhandle structure than influenza A virus polymerase. This is consistent with the greater degree of heterogeneity observed naturally in the 3'-terminal nucleotides of the virion RNA of influenza B virus than in influenza A virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Lee
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Hanhyo Institutes of Technology, Kyungki-Do, South Korea
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Pritlove DC, Fodor E, Seong BL, Brownlee GG. In vitro transcription and polymerase binding studies of the termini of influenza A virus cRNA: evidence for a cRNA panhandle. J Gen Virol 1995; 76 ( Pt 9):2205-13. [PMID: 7561757 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-76-9-2205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
An in vitro transcription assay was used to study transcription from synthetic RNA corresponding to the 3' terminus of influenza A virus cRNA. Micrococcal nuclease-treated influenza virus ribonucleoprotein was used as a source of active polymerase complex. Mutations at two regions of the 13 nucleotide-long conserved cRNA 3' terminus were shown to reduce transcription templated by the short added model RNAs. The first region, at positions 1 and 2 from the 3' terminus, was shown to be affected by the exact nature of the dinucleotide primer used in the in vitro transcription reactions and may not be relevant in vivo. The second region, centred on positions 11 and 12, may be involved in base pairing with conserved nucleotides at the 5' terminus of the cRNA. Evidence for this comes from the finding that RNA corresponding to 5' conserved sequences, but mutated to restore the postulated base pairing with the mutated 3' ends, could partly restore transcription. Binding of the influenza virus polymerase complex to a set of 5'-mutated RNAs was investigated using a photochemical cross-linking assay. Specific binding to two regions of the cRNA 5' terminus was demonstrated, at positions 1 to 3 and positions 8 to 10. Together, these observations suggest that a panhandle forms from the termini of the cRNA molecule and that this structure may play a role in transcription to produce virion RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Pritlove
- Chemical Pathology Unit, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, UK
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Fodor E, Seong BL, Brownlee GG. Photochemical cross-linking of influenza A polymerase to its virion RNA promoter defines a polymerase binding site at residues 9 to 12 of the promoter. J Gen Virol 1993; 74 ( Pt 7):1327-33. [PMID: 8336121 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-74-7-1327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A previous study of the 12 nucleotide-long influenza A virion RNA promoter has shown that three nucleotides, residues 9 to 11, were crucial for transcription in vitro, although other nucleotides play a significant but less important role. A model for polymerase-promoter recognition was proposed, according to which there were two sites: a binding site at residues 9 to 11 and a regulatory site at or near the site of initiation at residue 1. By studying the effect of point mutations in the promoter on the binding efficiency of the polymerase using a photochemical cross-linking assay, we now show that residues 9 to 12 are crucial for binding. In addition residues 4 to 8, though not as important, are involved in binding, possibly by stabilizing the polymerase-promoter complex. Both PB1 and PB2 apparently play an important role during virion RNA promoter recognition and binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fodor
- Chemical Pathology Unit, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, U.K
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Seong BL. Influencing the influenza virus: genetic analysis and engineering of the negative-sense RNA genome. Infect Agents Dis 1993; 2:17-24. [PMID: 8162350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The genome of influenza virus has become amenable to genetic analysis as a result of newly developed methods for reconstitution of the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex. This allows a dissection of the regulatory signals and promoters required for transcription and replication of the viral genome. The ability to rescue chimeric viruses in vivo after transfection opens up a way to engineer viruses suitable for human immunization and carrying desirable antigenic determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Seong
- Chemical Pathology Unit, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The 12 nucleotide conserved sequence at the 3' end of influenza A virion RNA is sufficient to function as a promoter in vitro. By introducing point mutations in all 12 positions of this promoter in model RNA templates and studying the efficiency of RNA synthesis in vitro, we show that only three nucleotides, residues 9, 10 and 11, are crucial for activity, although other nucleotides play a significant but less important role. Additions or deletions within the promoter are tolerated, resulting in either an increase or a decrease in promoter activity, depending on the mutation introduced; in some cases premature termination is caused. Taking these observations into account, a model for RNA polymerase binding and copying of the promoter is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Seong
- Chemical Pathology Unit, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, U.K
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Seong BL, Kobayashi M, Nagata K, Brownlee GG, Ishihama A. Comparison of two reconstituted systems for in vitro transcription and replication of influenza virus. J Biochem 1992; 111:496-9. [PMID: 1618740 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a123786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription and replication of influenza RNA can be studied in vitro by the reconstitution of functional ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex from viral core proteins including the RNA polymerase (complex of three P protein subunits) and nucleoprotein (NP), and model templates. Here, two different core protein preparations, one based on CsCl centrifugation (CS enzyme) and the other on micrococcal nuclease treatment of viral cores (MN enzyme), were compared side-by-side. Short model RNA templates and their 3'-half molecules of both viral RNA (vRNA) and complementary RNA (cRNA) senses were reconstituted with the core protein preparations in parallel, and RNA polymerase activity was tested either in the presence or absence of ApG or globin mRNA as primers. Both enzyme preparations were active in the syntheses of short vRNA and cRNA transcripts using ApG as a primer, although the synthesis of cRNA was 2-10-fold higher (depending on the template used) than the synthesis of vRNA. The MN enzyme, however, was more active per weight of total protein than the CS enzyme, probably because of its higher content of RNA polymerase. Both enzymes failed to show primer-independent synthesis of vRNA. The differences observed in the synthesis of short transcripts using globin mRNA as a primer are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Seong
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, U.K
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Seong BL, Brownlee GG. A new method for reconstituting influenza polymerase and RNA in vitro: a study of the promoter elements for cRNA and vRNA synthesis in vitro and viral rescue in vivo. Virology 1992; 186:247-60. [PMID: 1727600 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(92)90079-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The influenza RNA polymerase is known to catalyse three distinct copying activities: (i) transcription of minus-sense virion RNA (vRNA) into mRNA, (ii) transcription of vRNA into full-length complementary RNA (cRNA), and (iii) transcription of cRNA to vRNA. Ever since the discovery of the conserved 13 and 12 long sequences at each end of all the influenza RNA segments, these have been good candidates for promoters of transcription. By devising a new, simple method for preparing influenza polymerase complex capable of transcribing in vitro added short model RNA templates without interference from endogenous viral RNA, we have now tested the promoter hypothesis. We conclude that the 13 long and the 12 long 3' conserved sequences of cRNA and vRNA of influenza A virus are by themselves sufficient to promote vRNA and cRNA synthesis in vitro. Using our new method, we also show that chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) activity can be detected in MDBK (bovine kidney) cells, after transfection of influenza polymerase assembled with a negatively stranded CAT RNA, even in the absence of helper virus. As in a previously described method (Luytjes et al., 1989), CAT activity is amplified by helper virus and can be rescued in infectious recombinant virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Seong
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
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Lee CP, Seong BL, RajBhandary UL. Structural and sequence elements important for recognition of Escherichia coli formylmethionine tRNA by methionyl-tRNA transformylase are clustered in the acceptor stem. J Biol Chem 1991; 266:18012-7. [PMID: 1917939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We show that the structure and/or sequence of the first three base pairs at the end of the amino acid acceptor stem of Escherichia coli initiator tRNA and the discriminator base 73 are important for its formylation by E. coli methionyl-tRNA transformylase. This conclusion is based on mutagenesis of the E. coli initiator tRNA gene followed by measurement of kinetic parameters for formylation of the mutant tRNAs in vitro and function in protein synthesis in vivo. The first base pair found at the end of the amino acid acceptor stem in all other tRNAs is replaced by a C.A. "mismatch" in E. coli initiator tRNA. Mutation of this C.A. to U:A, a weak base pair, or U.G., a mismatch, has little effect on formylation, whereas mutation to C:G, a strong base pair, has a dramatic effect lowering Vmax/Kappm by 495-fold. Mutation of the second basepair G2:C71 to U2:A71 lowers Vmax/Kappm by 236-fold. Replacement of the third base-pair C3:G70 by U3:A70, A3:U70, or G3:C70 lowers Vmax/Kappm by about 67-, 27-, and 30-fold, respectively. Changes in the rest of the acceptor stem, dihydrouridine stem, anticodon stem, anticodon sequence, and T psi C stem have little or no effect on formylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Lee
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139
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Varshney U, Lee CP, Seong BL, RajBhandary UL. Mutants of initiator tRNA that function both as initiators and elongators. J Biol Chem 1991; 266:18018-24. [PMID: 1917940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the effect of mutations in the acceptor stem of Escherichia coli initiator tRNA on its function in vivo. The acceptor stem mutations were coupled to mutations in the anticodon sequence from CAU----CUA to allow functional studies on the mutant tRNAs in initiation and in elongation in vivo. We show that, with one exception, there is a good correlation between the kinetic parameters for formylation of the mutant tRNAs in vitro (preceding paper, Lee, C.P., Seong, B. L., and RajBhandary, U.L. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 18012-18017) and their activity in initiation in vivo. These results suggest an important role for formylation of initiator tRNA in its function in initiation, at least when it is aminoacylated with glutamine as is the case with the mutant tRNAs used here. Mutant tRNAs that have a base pair between nucleotides 1 and 72 at the top of the acceptor stem function as elongators, as analyzed by their ability to suppress an amber mutation in the E. coli beta-galactosidase gene. One of these mutants is also quite active in initiation. Thus, activities of a tRNA in initiation and elongation steps of protein synthesis are not mutually exclusive. Using a mRNA with two in frame UAG codons, we show that this mutant tRNA can both initiate protein synthesis from the upstream UAG and suppress the down-stream UAG. We discuss the potential use of tRNAs with such "dual" functions in tightly regulated expression of genes for proteins in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Varshney
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139
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Seong BL, Lee CP, RajBhandary UL. Suppression of amber codons in vivo as evidence that mutants derived from Escherichia coli initiator tRNA can act at the step of elongation in protein synthesis. J Biol Chem 1989; 264:6504-8. [PMID: 2649502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The absence of a Watson-Crick base pair at the end of the amino acid acceptor stem is one of the features which distinguishes prokaryotic initiator tRNAs as a class from all other tRNAs. We show that this structural feature prevents Escherichia coli initiator tRNA from acting as an elongator in protein synthesis in vivo. We generated a mutant of E. coli initiator tRNA in which the anticodon sequence is changed from CAU to CUA (the T35A36 mutant). This mutant tRNA has the potential to read the amber termination codon UAG. We then coupled this mutation to others which change the C1.A72 mismatch at the end of the acceptor stem to either a U1:A72 base pair (T1 mutant) or a C1:G72 base pair (G72 mutant). Transformation of E. coli CA274 (HfrC Su- lacZ125am trpEam) with multicopy plasmids carrying the mutant initiator tRNA genes show that mutant tRNAs carrying changes in both the anticodon sequence and the acceptor stem suppress amber codons in vivo, whereas mutant tRNA with changes in the anticodon sequence alone does not. Mutant tRNAs with the above anticodon sequence change are aminoacylated with glutamine in vitro. Measurement of kinetic parameters for aminoacylation by E. coli glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase show that both the nature of the base pair at the end of the acceptor stem and the presence or absence of a base pair at this position can affect aminoacylation kinetics. We discuss the implications of this result on recognition of tRNAs by E. coli glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Seong
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139
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