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Margetts TJ, Wang HS, Karnik SJ, Plotkin LI, Movila A, Oblak AL, Fehrenbacher JC, Kacena MA. From the Mind to the Spine: The Intersecting World of Alzheimer's and Osteoporosis. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2024; 22:152-164. [PMID: 38334917 PMCID: PMC10912148 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-023-00848-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This comprehensive review delves into the intricate interplay between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and osteoporosis, two prevalent conditions with significant implications for individuals' quality of life. The purpose is to explore their bidirectional association, underpinned by common pathological processes such as aging, genetic factors, inflammation, and estrogen deficiency. RECENT FINDINGS Recent advances have shown promise in treating both Alzheimer's disease (AD) and osteoporosis by targeting disease-specific proteins and bone metabolism regulators. Monoclonal antibodies against beta-amyloid and tau for AD, as well as RANKL and sclerostin for osteoporosis, have displayed therapeutic potential. Additionally, ongoing research has identified neuroinflammatory genes shared between AD and osteoporosis, offering insight into the interconnected inflammatory mechanisms. This knowledge opens avenues for innovative dual-purpose therapies that could address both conditions, potentially revolutionizing treatment approaches for AD and osteoporosis simultaneously. This review underscores the potential for groundbreaking advancements in early diagnosis and treatment by unraveling the intricate connection between AD and bone health. It advocates for a holistic, patient-centered approach to medical care that considers both cognitive and bone health, ultimately aiming to enhance the overall well-being of individuals affected by these conditions. This review article is part of a series of multiple manuscripts designed to determine the utility of using artificial intelligence for writing scientific reviews.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Margetts
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Hannah S Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Sonali J Karnik
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Lilian I Plotkin
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Alexandru Movila
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Comprehensive Care, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Adrian L Oblak
- Department of Radiology & Imaging Sciences, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Jill C Fehrenbacher
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Melissa A Kacena
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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Andrade-Guerrero J, Rodríguez-Arellano P, Barron-Leon N, Orta-Salazar E, Ledesma-Alonso C, Díaz-Cintra S, Soto-Rojas LO. Advancing Alzheimer's Therapeutics: Exploring the Impact of Physical Exercise in Animal Models and Patients. Cells 2023; 12:2531. [PMID: 37947609 PMCID: PMC10648553 DOI: 10.3390/cells12212531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the main neurodegenerative disorder characterized by several pathophysiological features, including the misfolding of the tau protein and the amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, synaptic dysfunction, metabolic alterations, and cognitive impairment. These mechanisms collectively contribute to neurodegeneration, necessitating the exploration of therapeutic approaches with multiple targets. Physical exercise has emerged as a promising non-pharmacological intervention for AD, with demonstrated effects on promoting neurogenesis, activating neurotrophic factors, reducing Aβ aggregates, minimizing the formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), dampening inflammatory processes, mitigating oxidative stress, and improving the functionality of the neurovascular unit (NVU). Overall, the neuroprotective effects of exercise are not singular, but are multi-targets. Numerous studies have investigated physical exercise's potential in both AD patients and animal models, employing various exercise protocols to elucidate the underlying neurobiological mechanisms and effects. The objective of this review is to analyze the neurological therapeutic effects of these exercise protocols in animal models and compare them with studies conducted in AD patients. By translating findings from different approaches, this review aims to identify opportune, specific, and personalized therapeutic windows, thus advancing research on the use of physical exercise with AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Andrade-Guerrero
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4, Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico;
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Queretaro 76230, Mexico; (P.R.-A.); (N.B.-L.); (E.O.-S.); (C.L.-A.)
| | - Paola Rodríguez-Arellano
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Queretaro 76230, Mexico; (P.R.-A.); (N.B.-L.); (E.O.-S.); (C.L.-A.)
| | - Nayeli Barron-Leon
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Queretaro 76230, Mexico; (P.R.-A.); (N.B.-L.); (E.O.-S.); (C.L.-A.)
| | - Erika Orta-Salazar
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Queretaro 76230, Mexico; (P.R.-A.); (N.B.-L.); (E.O.-S.); (C.L.-A.)
| | - Carlos Ledesma-Alonso
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Queretaro 76230, Mexico; (P.R.-A.); (N.B.-L.); (E.O.-S.); (C.L.-A.)
| | - Sofía Díaz-Cintra
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Queretaro 76230, Mexico; (P.R.-A.); (N.B.-L.); (E.O.-S.); (C.L.-A.)
| | - Luis O. Soto-Rojas
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4, Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico;
- Red MEDICI, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
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O'Brown NM, Patel NB, Hartmann U, Klein AM, Gu C, Megason SG. The secreted neuronal signal Spock1 promotes blood-brain barrier development. Dev Cell 2023; 58:1534-1547.e6. [PMID: 37437574 PMCID: PMC10525910 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a unique set of properties of the brain vasculature which severely restrict its permeability to proteins and small molecules. Classic chick-quail chimera studies have shown that these properties are not intrinsic to the brain vasculature but rather are induced by surrounding neural tissue. Here, we identify Spock1 as a candidate neuronal signal for regulating BBB permeability in zebrafish and mice. Mosaic genetic analysis shows that neuronally expressed Spock1 is cell non-autonomously required for a functional BBB. Leakage in spock1 mutants is associated with altered extracellular matrix (ECM), increased endothelial transcytosis, and altered pericyte-endothelial interactions. Furthermore, a single dose of recombinant SPOCK1 partially restores BBB function in spock1 mutants by quenching gelatinase activity and restoring vascular expression of BBB genes including mcamb. These analyses support a model in which neuronally secreted Spock1 initiates BBB properties by altering the ECM, thereby regulating pericyte-endothelial interactions and downstream vascular gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha M O'Brown
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Nikit B Patel
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ursula Hartmann
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 52, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Allon M Klein
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chenghua Gu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sean G Megason
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Critchley BJ, Gaspar HB, Benedetti S. Targeting the central nervous system in lysosomal storage diseases: Strategies to deliver therapeutics across the blood-brain barrier. Mol Ther 2023; 31:657-675. [PMID: 36457248 PMCID: PMC10014236 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) are multisystem inherited metabolic disorders caused by dysfunctional lysosomal activity, resulting in the accumulation of undegraded macromolecules in a variety of organs/tissues, including the central nervous system (CNS). Treatments include enzyme replacement therapy, stem/progenitor cell transplantation, and in vivo gene therapy. However, these treatments are not fully effective in treating the CNS as neither enzymes, stem cells, nor viral vectors efficiently cross the blood-brain barrier. Here, we review the latest advancements in improving delivery of different therapeutic agents to the CNS and comment upon outstanding questions in the field of neurological LSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethan J Critchley
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Zayed Centre for Research, London WC1N 1DZ, UK
| | - H Bobby Gaspar
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Zayed Centre for Research, London WC1N 1DZ, UK; Orchard Therapeutics Ltd., London EC4N 6EU, UK
| | - Sara Benedetti
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Zayed Centre for Research, London WC1N 1DZ, UK; NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK.
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5
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Endothelial Dysfunction in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032909. [PMID: 36769234 PMCID: PMC9918222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebral vascular system stringently regulates cerebral blood flow (CBF). The components of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) protect the brain from pathogenic infections and harmful substances, efflux waste, and exchange substances; however, diseases develop in cases of blood vessel injuries and BBB dysregulation. Vascular pathology is concurrent with the mechanisms underlying aging, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and vascular dementia (VaD), which suggests its involvement in these mechanisms. Therefore, in the present study, we reviewed the role of vascular dysfunction in aging and neurodegenerative diseases, particularly AD and VaD. During the development of the aforementioned diseases, changes occur in the cerebral blood vessel morphology and local cells, which, in turn, alter CBF, fluid dynamics, and vascular integrity. Chronic vascular inflammation and blood vessel dysregulation further exacerbate vascular dysfunction. Multitudinous pathogenic processes affect the cerebrovascular system, whose dysfunction causes cognitive impairment. Knowledge regarding the pathophysiology of vascular dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases and the underlying molecular mechanisms may lead to the discovery of clinically relevant vascular biomarkers, which may facilitate vascular imaging for disease prevention and treatment.
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6
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Gupta DP, Lee YS, Choe Y, Kim KT, Song GJ, Hwang SC. Knee osteoarthritis accelerates amyloid beta deposition and neurodegeneration in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Brain 2023; 16:1. [PMID: 36593507 PMCID: PMC9809050 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-022-00986-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by knee cartilage degeneration and secondary bone hyperplasia, resulting in pain, stiffness, and gait disturbance. The relationship between knee OA and neurodegenerative diseases is still unclear. This study used an Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse model to observe whether osteoarthritis accelerates dementia progression by analyzing brain histology and neuroinflammation. Knee OA was induced by destabilizing the medial meniscus (DMM) in control (WT) and AD (5xFAD) mice before pathological symptoms. Mouse knee joints were scanned with a micro-CT scanner. A sham operation was used as control. Motor and cognitive abilities were tested after OA induction. Neurodegeneration, β-amyloid plaque formation, and neuroinflammation were analyzed by immunostaining, Western blotting, and RT-PCR in brain tissues. Compared with sham controls, OA in AD mice increased inflammatory cytokine levels in brain tissues. Furthermore, OA significantly increased β-amyloid deposition and neuronal loss in AD mice compared to sham controls. In conclusion, knee OA accelerated amyloid plaque deposition and neurodegeneration in AD-OA mice, suggesting that OA is a risk factor for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Prasad Gupta
- grid.411199.50000 0004 0470 5702Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Gangwon-Do Republic of Korea ,grid.411199.50000 0004 0470 5702Translational Brain Research Center, International St. Mary’s Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sun Lee
- grid.411199.50000 0004 0470 5702Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Gangwon-Do Republic of Korea ,grid.411199.50000 0004 0470 5702Translational Brain Research Center, International St. Mary’s Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngshik Choe
- grid.452628.f0000 0004 5905 0571Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kun-Tae Kim
- grid.411899.c0000 0004 0624 2502Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju-Si, Gyeongsangnam-Do Republic of Korea
| | - Gyun Jee Song
- grid.411199.50000 0004 0470 5702Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Gangwon-Do Republic of Korea ,grid.411199.50000 0004 0470 5702Translational Brain Research Center, International St. Mary’s Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Chul Hwang
- grid.411899.c0000 0004 0624 2502Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju-Si, Gyeongsangnam-Do Republic of Korea
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7
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Feng W, Zhang Y, Sun P, Xiao M. Acquired immunity and Alzheimer's disease. J Biomed Res 2023; 37:15-29. [PMID: 36165328 PMCID: PMC9898041 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.36.20220083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive cognitive defects. The role of the central immune system dominated by microglia in the progression of AD has been extensively investigated. However, little is known about the peripheral immune system in AD pathogenesis. Recently, with the discovery of the meningeal lymphatic vessels and glymphatic system, the roles of the acquired immunity in the maintenance of central homeostasis and neurodegenerative diseases have attracted an increasing attention. The T cells not only regulate the function of neurons, astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes and brain microvascular endothelial cells, but also participate in the clearance of β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques. Apart from producing antibodies to bind Aβ peptides, the B cells affect Aβ-related cascades via a variety of antibody-independent mechanisms. This review systemically summarizes the recent progress in understanding pathophysiological roles of the T cells and B cells in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixi Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China,Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China,Weixi Feng, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China. Tel: +86-25-86869338; E-mail:
| | - Yanli Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China,Brain Institute, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China,Brain Institute, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Ming Xiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China,Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China,Brain Institute, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
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8
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Etter MM, Martins TA, Kulsvehagen L, Pössnecker E, Duchemin W, Hogan S, Sanabria-Diaz G, Müller J, Chiappini A, Rychen J, Eberhard N, Guzman R, Mariani L, Melie-Garcia L, Keller E, Jelcic I, Pargger H, Siegemund M, Kuhle J, Oechtering J, Eich C, Tzankov A, Matter MS, Uzun S, Yaldizli Ö, Lieb JM, Psychogios MN, Leuzinger K, Hirsch HH, Granziera C, Pröbstel AK, Hutter G. Severe Neuro-COVID is associated with peripheral immune signatures, autoimmunity and neurodegeneration: a prospective cross-sectional study. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6777. [DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34068-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractGrowing evidence links COVID-19 with acute and long-term neurological dysfunction. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms resulting in central nervous system involvement remain unclear, posing both diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Here we show outcomes of a cross-sectional clinical study (NCT04472013) including clinical and imaging data and corresponding multidimensional characterization of immune mediators in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma of patients belonging to different Neuro-COVID severity classes. The most prominent signs of severe Neuro-COVID are blood-brain barrier (BBB) impairment, elevated microglia activation markers and a polyclonal B cell response targeting self-antigens and non-self-antigens. COVID-19 patients show decreased regional brain volumes associating with specific CSF parameters, however, COVID-19 patients characterized by plasma cytokine storm are presenting with a non-inflammatory CSF profile. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome strongly associates with a distinctive set of CSF and plasma mediators. Collectively, we identify several potentially actionable targets to prevent or intervene with the neurological consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Verma SD, Passerat de la Chapelle E, Malkani S, Juran CM, Boyko V, Costes SV, Cekanaviciute E. Astrocytes regulate vascular endothelial responses to simulated deep space radiation in a human organ-on-a-chip model. Front Immunol 2022; 13:864923. [PMID: 36275678 PMCID: PMC9580499 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.864923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) damage by galactic cosmic ray radiation is a major health risk for human deep space exploration. Simulated galactic cosmic rays or their components, especially high Z-high energy particles such as 56Fe ions, cause neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation in rodent models. CNS damage can be partially mediated by the blood-brain barrier, which regulates systemic interactions between CNS and the rest of the body. Astrocytes are major cellular regulators of blood-brain barrier permeability that also modulate neuroinflammation and neuronal health. However, astrocyte roles in regulating CNS and blood-brain barrier responses to space radiation remain little understood, especially in human tissue analogs. In this work, we used a novel high-throughput human organ-on-a-chip system to evaluate blood-brain barrier impairments and astrocyte functions 1-7 days after exposure to 600 MeV/n 56Fe particles and simplified simulated galactic cosmic rays. We show that simulated deep space radiation causes vascular permeability, oxidative stress, inflammation and delayed astrocyte activation in a pattern resembling CNS responses to brain injury. Furthermore, our results indicate that astrocytes have a dual role in regulating radiation responses: they exacerbate blood-brain barrier permeability acutely after irradiation, followed by switching to a more protective phenotype by reducing oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine secretion during the subacute stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali D. Verma
- Space Biosciences Division, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, United States
- Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Estrella Passerat de la Chapelle
- Space Biosciences Division, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, United States
- Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Sherina Malkani
- Space Biosciences Division, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, United States
- Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Cassandra M. Juran
- Space Biosciences Division, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, United States
- Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Valery Boyko
- Space Biosciences Division, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, United States
- Bionetics, Yorktown, VA, United States
| | - Sylvain V. Costes
- Space Biosciences Division, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, United States
| | - Egle Cekanaviciute
- Space Biosciences Division, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Egle Cekanaviciute,
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10
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Muramyl Dipeptide Administration Delays Alzheimer’s Disease Physiopathology via NOD2 Receptors. Cells 2022; 11:cells11142241. [PMID: 35883683 PMCID: PMC9321587 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the world. The prevalence is steadily increasing due to an aging population and the lack of effective treatments. However, modulation of innate immune cells is a new therapeutic avenue, which is quite effective at delaying disease onset and improving cognitive decline. Methods: We studied the effect of the NOD2 receptor ligand muramyl dipeptide (MDP) on the modulation of the innate immune cells, namely patrolling monocytes and microglia. We administrated MDP once a week for 3 months in an APPswe/PS1 mouse model in both sexes. We started the treatment at 3 months before plaque formation and evaluated its effects at 6 months. Results: We showed that the MDP injections delay cognitive decline in both sexes via different mechanisms and protect the blood brain barrier (BBB). In males, MDP triggers the sink effect from the BBB, leading to a diminution in the amyloid load in the brain. This phenomenon is underlined by the increased expression of phagocytosis markers such as TREM2, CD68, and LAMP2 and a higher expression of ABCB1 and LRP1 at the BBB level. The beneficial effect seems more restricted to the brain in females treated with MDP, where microglia surround amyloid plaques and prevent the spreading of amyloid peptides. This phenomenon is also associated with an increase in TREM2 expression. Interestingly, both treated groups showed an increase in Arg-1 expression compared to controls, suggesting that MDP modulates the inflammatory response. Conclusion: These results indicate that stimulation of the NOD2 receptor in innate immune cells is a promising therapeutic avenue with potential different mechanisms between males and females.
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11
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Li Y, Peng Y, Shen Y, Zhang Y, Liu L, Yang X. Dietary polyphenols: regulate the advanced glycation end products-RAGE axis and the microbiota-gut-brain axis to prevent neurodegenerative diseases. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:9816-9842. [PMID: 35587161 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2076064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are formed in non-enzymatic reaction, oxidation, rearrangement and cross-linking between the active carbonyl groups of reducing sugars and the free amines of amino acids. The Maillard reaction is related to sensory characteristics in thermal processed food, while AGEs are formed in food matrix in this process. AGEs are a key link between carbonyl stress and neurodegenerative disease. AGEs can interact with receptors for AGEs (RAGE), causing oxidative stress, inflammation response and signal pathways activation related to neurodegenerative diseases. Neurodegenerative diseases are closely related to gut microbiota imbalance and intestinal inflammation. Polyphenols with multiple hydroxyl groups showed a powerful ability to scavenge ROS and capture α-dicarbonyl species, which led to the formation of mono- and di- adducts, thereby inhibiting AGEs formation. Neurodegenerative diseases can be effectively prevented by inhibiting AGEs production, and interaction with RAGEs, or regulating the microbiota-gut-brain axis. These strategies include polyphenols multifunctional effects on AGEs inhibition, RAGE-ligand interactions blocking, and regulating the abundance and diversity of gut microbiota, and intestinal inflammation alleviation to delay or prevent neurodegenerative diseases progress. It is a wise and promising strategy to supplement dietary polyphenols for preventing neurodegenerative diseases via AGEs-RAGE axis and microbiota-gut-brain axis regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqin Li
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Deep Processing Technology Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province Animal Protein Food, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yao Peng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yingbin Shen
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yunzhen Zhang
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Deep Processing Technology Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province Animal Protein Food, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Lianliang Liu
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Deep Processing Technology Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province Animal Protein Food, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Xinquan Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
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Lamptey RNL, Chaulagain B, Trivedi R, Gothwal A, Layek B, Singh J. A Review of the Common Neurodegenerative Disorders: Current Therapeutic Approaches and the Potential Role of Nanotherapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031851. [PMID: 35163773 PMCID: PMC8837071 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are primarily characterized by neuron loss. The most common neurodegenerative disorders include Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. Although there are several medicines currently approved for managing neurodegenerative disorders, a large majority of them only help with associated symptoms. This lack of pathogenesis-targeting therapies is primarily due to the restrictive effects of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), which keeps close to 99% of all “foreign substances” out of the brain. Since their discovery, nanoparticles have been successfully used for targeted delivery into many organs, including the brain. This review briefly describes the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and their current management approaches. We then highlight the major challenges of brain-drug delivery, followed by the role of nanotherapeutics for the diagnosis and treatment of various neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Buddhadev Layek
- Correspondence: (B.L.); (J.S.); Tel.: +1-701-231-7906 (B.L.); +1-701-231-7943 (J.S.); Fax: +1-701-231-8333 (B.L. & J.S.)
| | - Jagdish Singh
- Correspondence: (B.L.); (J.S.); Tel.: +1-701-231-7906 (B.L.); +1-701-231-7943 (J.S.); Fax: +1-701-231-8333 (B.L. & J.S.)
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13
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Tao QQ, Lin RR, Chen YH, Wu ZY. Discerning the Role of Blood Brain Barrier Dysfunction in Alzheimer’s Disease. Aging Dis 2022; 13:1391-1404. [PMID: 36186141 PMCID: PMC9466977 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.0130-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of neurodegenerative disease. The predominant characteristics of AD are the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau in the brain. Blood brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction as one of the causative factors of cognitive impairment is increasingly recognized in the last decades. However, the role of BBB dysfunction in AD pathogenesis is still not fully understood. It remains elusive whether BBB dysfunction is a consequence or causative fact of Aβ pathology, tau pathology, neuroinflammation, or other conditions. In this review, we summarized the major findings of BBB dysfunction in AD and the reciprocal relationships between BBB dysfunction, Aβ pathology, tau pathology, and neuroinflammation. In addition, the implications of BBB dysfunction in AD for delivering therapeutic drugs were presented. Finally, we discussed how to better determine the underlying mechanisms between BBB dysfunction and AD, as well as how to explore new therapies for BBB regulation to treat AD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zhi-Ying Wu
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Zhi-Ying Wu, the Department of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China. E-mail:
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14
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Zhao D, Lu Y, Yu G. Effects of on behavior and blood-brain barrier in Alzheimer's disease mice. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2021; 50:553-560. [PMID: 34986530 PMCID: PMC8732245 DOI: 10.3724/zdxbyxb-2021-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of on behavior and blood brain barrier (BBB) in Alzheimer's disease mice. Thirty-eight 4-month-old APP/PS1 double transgenic mice were randomly divided into three groups: model group, low-dose group and high-dose group. Saline, and 12 g·kg·d were given to each group by continuous gavage once a day for respectively. The changes in activities of daily live and fear conditioning memory behavior of mice were examined by nesting behavior test and fear conditioning test, respectively. The β-amyloid protein (Aβ) depositions in cortex and hippocampal CA1 area of mice were detected by thioflavin T staining. The CD34 and activities fibrinogen (Fib) immunofluorescence double staining were used to determine the vascular endothelial integrity and BBB exudation. Compared with model mice, activities of daily live were significantly improved in low-dose and high-dose groups (both <0.01), the fear memory ability was significantly increased in high-dose group (<0.01). The amount of Aβ deposition in cortex and hippocampal CA1 decreased significantly in high-dose group, the area ratio decreased significantly; the area ratio of Aβ deposition in hippocampal CA1 region in low-dose group also decreased (all <0.05). The proportions of CD34 positive area of cortex in low and high dose groups increased, the percentage of fibrinogen positive area decreased (all <0.05). The proportion of CD34 positive area in hippocampal CA1 region in high-dose group was significantly increased, the percentage of fibrinogen positive area decreased significantly (both <0.05). especially high-dose can improve the activities of daily live and fear conditioning memory function of APP/PS1 mice, reduce the deposition of Aβ in brain. The mechanism may be related to the reduction of BBB permeability and the protection of the integrity of BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yunwei Lu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Guran Yu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
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15
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Shapira R, Gdalyahu A, Gottfried I, Sasson E, Hadanny A, Efrati S, Blinder P, Ashery U. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy alleviates vascular dysfunction and amyloid burden in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model and in elderly patients. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:20935-20961. [PMID: 34499614 PMCID: PMC8457592 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Vascular dysfunction is entwined with aging and in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and contributes to reduced cerebral blood flow (CBF) and consequently, hypoxia. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is in clinical use for a wide range of medical conditions. In the current study, we exposed 5XFAD mice, a well-studied AD model that presents impaired cognitive abilities, to HBOT and then investigated the therapeutical effects using two-photon live animal imaging, behavioral tasks, and biochemical and histological analysis. HBOT increased arteriolar luminal diameter and elevated CBF, thus contributing to reduced hypoxia. Furthermore, HBOT reduced amyloid burden by reducing the volume of pre-existing plaques and attenuating the formation of new ones. This was associated with changes in amyloid precursor protein processing, elevated degradation and clearance of Aß protein and improved behavior of 5XFAD mice. Hence, our findings are consistent with the effects of HBOT being mediated partially through a persistent structural change in blood vessels that reduces brain hypoxia. Motivated by these findings, we exposed elderly patients with significant memory loss at baseline to HBOT and observed an increase in CBF and improvement in cognitive performances. This study demonstrates HBOT efficacy in hypoxia-related neurological conditions, particularly in AD and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Shapira
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Amos Gdalyahu
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Irit Gottfried
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Efrat Sasson
- Sagol Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Research, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Be’er Ya’akov, Israel
| | - Amir Hadanny
- Sagol Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Research, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Be’er Ya’akov, Israel
| | - Shai Efrati
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Sagol Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Research, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Be’er Ya’akov, Israel
| | - Pablo Blinder
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Uri Ashery
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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16
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Wang D, Chen F, Han Z, Yin Z, Ge X, Lei P. Relationship Between Amyloid-β Deposition and Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:695479. [PMID: 34349624 PMCID: PMC8326917 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.695479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) is the predominant pathologic protein in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The production and deposition of Aβ are important factors affecting AD progression and prognosis. The deposition of neurotoxic Aβ contributes to damage of the blood-brain barrier. However, the BBB is also crucial in maintaining the normal metabolism of Aβ, and dysfunction of the BBB aggravates Aβ deposition. This review characterizes Aβ deposition and BBB damage in AD, summarizes their interactions, and details their respective mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Zhaoli Han
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenyu Yin
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Xintong Ge
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ping Lei
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin, China
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17
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Han J, Tang H, Yao L, Jin E, Pan W, Chen S. Azilsartan protects against hyperglycemia-induced hyperpermeability of the blood-brain barrier. Bioengineered 2021; 12:3621-3633. [PMID: 34266350 PMCID: PMC8806574 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1948950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex metabolic disease with significant neurological complications and is reported to be closely related to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. Azilsartan is an antagonist of the Angiotensin II receptor developed for the treatment of hypertension, and it has been recently reported to have neuroprotective effects. The present study aims to investigate the protective effect of Azilsartan against hyperglycemia-induced BBB disruption and its underlying mechanism. Male db/db mice were treated with Azilsartan (20 μg/day) for 10 consecutive days. Compared to the control group, increased BBB permeability, suppressed occludin expression, excessive release of inflammatory factors, and downregulation of krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) were observed in diabetic mice, all of which were dramatically reversed by Azilsartan treatment. In the in vitro experiments, elevated endothelial permeability and decreased expression of occludin and KLF2 were observed in high glucose-challenged endothelial cells, which were significantly alleviated by Azilsartan. Lastly, the silencing of KLF2 abolished the protective effects of Azilsartan against the high glucose-induced expression of occludin and endothelial monolayer permeability in bEnd.3 brain endothelial cells. Based on these observations, we concluded that Azilsartan protected against hyperglycemia-induced hyperpermeability of BBB via the KLF2/occludin axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, the People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Hua Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Longfei Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, the People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Erliang Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery, the People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Wanxi Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, the People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Shaojun Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, the People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
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18
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Huang MY, Yu GR. Cycloastragenol inhibits Aβ 1-42-induced blood-brain barrier disruption and enhances soluble Aβ efflux in vitro. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2021; 23:556-569. [PMID: 32608254 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2020.1786372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect Cycloastragenol (CAG), a triterpenoid saponin isolated from the Radix astragali, on Aβ-induced BBB damage. An immortalized endothelial cell line (bEnd.3) was employed to mimic a BBB. The Western blot, TUNEL staining, Flow cytometric analysis and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were performed. The present results showed that CAG (10, 50, 75 μM) can alleviate oligomer Aβ1-42 induced bEnd.3 cell apoptosis and increase tight junction scaffold proteins expression. The result also indicated that CAG increased soluble Aβ efflux across BBB via upregulation of the P-gp and downregulation of RAGE expression.[Formula: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ye Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Gu-Ran Yu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
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19
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He JT, Zhao X, Xu L, Mao CY. Vascular Risk Factors and Alzheimer's Disease: Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption, Metabolic Syndromes, and Molecular Links. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 73:39-58. [PMID: 31815697 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, marked by cortical and hippocampal deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles and cognitive impairment. Studies indicate a prominent link between cerebrovascular abnormalities and the onset and progression of AD, where blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction and metabolic disorders play key risk factors. Pericyte degeneration, endothelial cell damage, astrocyte depolarization, diminished tight junction integrity, and basement membrane disarray trigger BBB damage. Subsequently, the altered expression of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 and receptor for advanced glycation end products at the microvascular endothelial cells dysregulate Aβ transport across the BBB. White matter lesions and microhemorrhages, dyslipidemia, altered brain insulin signaling, and insulin resistance contribute to tau and Aβ pathogenesis, and oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, inflammation, and hypoperfusion serve as mechanistic links between pathophysiological features of AD and ischemia. Deregulated calcium homeostasis, voltage gated calcium channel functioning, and protein kinase C signaling are also common mechanisms for both AD pathogenesis and cerebrovascular abnormalities. Additionally, APOE polymorphic alleles that characterize impaired cerebrovascular integrity function as primary genetic determinants of AD. Overall, the current review enlightens key vascular risk factors for AD and underscores pathophysiologic relationship between AD and vascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ting He
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Paediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Cui-Ying Mao
- Department of Cardiology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
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20
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Monllor P, Giraldo E, Badia MC, de la Asuncion JG, Alonso MD, Lloret A, Vina J. Serum Levels of Clusterin, PKR, and RAGE Correlate with Amyloid Burden in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 80:1067-1077. [PMID: 33646167 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and biomarkers are essential to help in the diagnosis of this disease. Image techniques and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers are limited in their use because they are expensive or invasive. Thus, the search for blood-borne biomarkers is becoming central to the medical community. OBJECTIVE The main objective of this study is the evaluation of three serum proteins as potential biomarkers in AD patients. METHODS We recruited 27 healthy controls, 19 mild cognitive impairment patients, and 17 AD patients. Using the recent A/T/N classification we split our population into two groups (AD and control). We used ELISA kits to determine Aβ42, tau, and p-tau in CSF and clusterin, PKR, and RAGE in serum. RESULTS The levels of serum clusterin, PKR, and RAGE were statistically different in the AD group compared to controls. These proteins showed a statistically significant correlation with CSF Aβ42. So, they were selected to generate an AD detection model showing an AUC-ROC of 0.971 (CI 95%, 0.931-0.998). CONCLUSION The developed model based on serum biomarkers and other co-variates could reflect the AD core pathology. So far, not one single blood-biomarker has been described, with effectiveness offering high sensitivity and specificity. We propose that the complexity of AD pathology could be reflected in a set of biomarkers also including clinical features of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Monllor
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, CIBERFES-ISCIII, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Esther Giraldo
- Department of Biotechnology, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain.,Principe Felipe Research Center, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Ana Lloret
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, CIBERFES-ISCIII, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose Vina
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, CIBERFES-ISCIII, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
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21
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Shin SJ, Nam Y, Park YH, Kim MJ, Lee E, Jeon SG, Bae BS, Seo J, Shim SL, Kim JS, Han CK, Kim S, Lee YY, Moon M. Therapeutic effects of non-saponin fraction with rich polysaccharide from Korean red ginseng on aging and Alzheimer's disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 164:233-248. [PMID: 33422674 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.12.454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Biological aging provokes morbidity and several functional declines, causing older adults more susceptible to a variety of diseases than younger adults. In particular, aging is a major risk factor contributing to non-communicable diseases, such as neurodegenerative disorders. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an aging-related neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by cognitive deficits and the formation of amyloid plaques formed by the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides. Non-saponin fraction with rich polysaccharide (NFP) from red ginseng, the largest fraction of the components of red ginseng, perform many biological activities. However, it has not been clarified whether the NFP from Korean red ginseng (KRG) has beneficial effects in the aging and AD. First, proteomics analysis was performed in aged brain to identify the effect of NFP on protein changes, and we confirmed that NFP induced changes in proteins related to the neuroprotective- and neurogenic-effects. Next, we investigated (1) the effects of NFP on AD pathologies, such as Aβ deposition, neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, mitochondrial dysfunction, and impaired adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN), in 5XFAD transgenic mouse model of AD using immunostaining; (2) the effect of NFP on Aβ-mediated mitochondrial respiration deficiency in HT22 mouse hippocampal neuronal cells (HT22) using Seahorse XFp analysis; (3) the effect of NFP on cell proliferation using WST-1 analysis; and (4) the effect of NFP on Aβ-induced cognitive dysfunction in 5XFAD mouse model of AD using Y-maze test. Histological analysis indicated that NFP significantly alleviated the accumulation of Aβ, neuroinflammation, neuronal loss, and mitochondrial dysfunction in the subiculum of 5XFAD mouse model of AD. In addition, NFP treatment ameliorated mitochondrial deficits in Aβ-treated HT22 cells. Moreover, NFP treatment significantly increased the AHN and neuritogenesis of neural stem cells in both healthy and AD brains. Furthermore, NFP significantly increased cell proliferation in the HT22 cells. Finally, NFP administration significantly enhanced and restored the cognitive function of healthy and AD mice, respectively. Taken together, NFP treatment demonstrated changes in proteins involved in central nervous system organization/maintenance in aged brain and ameliorates AD pathology. Collectively, our findings suggest that NFP from KRG could be a potential therapeutic candidate for aging and AD treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Jung Shin
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunkwon Nam
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Ho Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jeong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunbeen Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Gak Jeon
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, 41068, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Seok Bae
- The Korean Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Gajeong-ro 30, Shinseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34128, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiho Seo
- The Korean Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Gajeong-ro 30, Shinseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34128, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Lye Shim
- The Korean Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Gajeong-ro 30, Shinseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34128, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Seok Kim
- Myunggok Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Kyun Han
- The Korean Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Gajeong-ro 30, Shinseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34128, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujin Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Dementia Science, Konyang University, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong Yook Lee
- The Korean Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Gajeong-ro 30, Shinseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34128, Republic of Korea.
| | - Minho Moon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Dementia Science, Konyang University, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Ahmadpour D, Grange-Messent V. Involvement of Testosterone Signaling in the Integrity of the Neurovascular Unit in the Male: Review of Evidence, Contradictions, and Hypothesis. Neuroendocrinology 2021; 111:403-420. [PMID: 32512571 DOI: 10.1159/000509218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Age-related central nervous system function decline and increased susceptibility of females compared to males with respect to prevalence of several neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases are both based on the principle that hormonal factors could be involved. These cerebral disorders are characterized by an alteration of blood-brain barrier (BBB) properties and chronic neuroinflammation, which lead to disease progression. Neuroinflammation, in turn, contributes to BBB dysfunction. The BBB and its environment, called the neurovascular unit (NVU), are crucial for cerebral homeostasis and neuronal function. Interestingly, sex steroids influence BBB properties and modulate neuroinflammatory responses. To date however, the majority of work reported has focused on the effects of estrogens on BBB function and neuroinflammation in female mammals. In contrast, the effects of testosterone signaling on the NVU in males are still poorly studied. The aim of this review was to summarize and discuss the literature, providing insights and contradictions to highlight hypothesis and the need for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delnia Ahmadpour
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1130, CNRS UMR 8246, Neuroscience Paris-Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Grange-Messent
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1130, CNRS UMR 8246, Neuroscience Paris-Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Paris, France,
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23
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Houben S, de Fisenne MA, Ando K, Vanden Dries V, Poncelet L, Yilmaz Z, Mansour S, De Decker R, Brion JP, Leroy K. Intravenous Injection of PHF-Tau Proteins From Alzheimer Brain Exacerbates Neuroinflammation, Amyloid Beta, and Tau Pathologies in 5XFAD Transgenic Mice. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:106. [PMID: 32765217 PMCID: PMC7381181 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation in the brain of intraneuronal aggregates of abnormally and hyperphosphorylated tau proteins and of extracellular deposits of amyloid-β surrounded by dystrophic neurites. Numerous experimental models have shown that tau pathology develops in the brain after intracerebral injection of brain homogenates or pathological tau [paired helical filaments (PHF)-tau)] from AD brains. Further investigations are however necessary to identify or exclude potential extracerebral routes of tau pathology transmission, e.g., through the intravascular route. In this study, we have analyzed the effect of intravenous injection of PHF-tau proteins from AD brains on the formation of tau and amyloid pathologies in the brain of wild-type (WT) mice and of 5XFAD mice (an amyloid model). We observed that 5XFAD mice with a disrupted blood-brain barrier showed increased plaque-associated astrogliosis, microgliosis, and increased deposits of Aβ40 and Aβ42 after intravenous injection of PHF-tau proteins. In addition, an increased phosphotau immunoreactivity was observed in plaque-associated dystrophic neurites. These results suggest that blood products contaminated by PHF-tau proteins could potentially induce an exacerbation of neuroinflammation and AD pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Houben
- Laboratory of Histology, Neuroanatomy and Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marie-Ange de Fisenne
- Laboratory of Histology, Neuroanatomy and Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kunie Ando
- Laboratory of Histology, Neuroanatomy and Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Virginie Vanden Dries
- Laboratory of Histology, Neuroanatomy and Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luc Poncelet
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Biomechanics and Organogenesis, Faculty of Medicine, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Zehra Yilmaz
- Laboratory of Histology, Neuroanatomy and Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Salwa Mansour
- Laboratory of Histology, Neuroanatomy and Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Robert De Decker
- Laboratory of Histology, Neuroanatomy and Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Pierre Brion
- Laboratory of Histology, Neuroanatomy and Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karelle Leroy
- Laboratory of Histology, Neuroanatomy and Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Sera of elderly obstructive sleep apnea patients alter blood-brain barrier integrity in vitro: a pilot study. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11309. [PMID: 32647186 PMCID: PMC7347951 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68374-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is characterized by repeated episodes of hypoxia during the night. The severity of the disorder can be evaluated using an apnea–hypopnea index (AHI). The physiological consequences are mainly cardiovascular and neuronal dysfunctions. One hypothesis to explain such associated neurological disorders is disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), which protects the brain from endovascular cytotoxic compounds. We selected two subgroups of volunteers from the PROOF cohort study (France), a group of patients suffering newly diagnosed severe OSAS (AHI > 30/h) and a group showing no sleep apnea (AHI < 5/h). We exposed a human in vitro BBB model of endothelial cells (HBEC-5i) with sera of patients with and without OSAS. After exposure, we measured the apparent BBB permeability as well as tight junction and ABC transporter expression using whole cell ELISA. We showed that after incubation with sera from OSAS patients, there was a loss of integrity in the human in vitro BBB model; this was reflected by an increase in permeability (43%; p < 0.001) and correlated with a 50% and 40% decrease in tight junction protein expression of ZO-1 and claudin-5, respectively. At the same time, we observed an upregulation in Pgp protein expression (52%) and functionality, and a downregulation in BCRP expression (52%). Our results demonstrated that severe BBB disorder after exposure to sera from OSAS patients was reflected by an opening of the BBB.
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25
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Xie Y, Yan L, Zeng H, Chen W, Lu JH, Wan JB, Su H, Yao X. Fish oil protects the blood-brain barrier integrity in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Chin Med 2020; 15:29. [PMID: 32256685 PMCID: PMC7106819 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-020-00314-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is ranked as the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease. However, the exact molecular mechanisms underlying pathophysiological alterations in AD remain unclear, especially at the prodromal stage. The decreased proteolytic degradation of Aβ, blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, and neuroinflammation are considered to play key roles in the course of AD. METHODS Male APPswe/PS1dE9 C57BL/6 J double-transgenic (APP/PS1) mice in the age range from 1 month to 6 months and age-matched wild type mice were used in this study, intending to investigate the expression profiles of Aβ-degrading enzymes for Aβ degradation activities and zonula occludens-1 (zo-1) for BBB integrity at the prodromal stage. RESULTS Our results showed that there were no significant genotype-related alterations in mRNA expression levels of 4 well-characterized Aβ-degrading enzymes in APP/PS1 mice within the ages of 6 months. Interestingly, a significant decrease in zo-1 expression was observed in APP/PS1 mice starting from the age of 5 months, suggesting that BBB disrupt occurs at an early stage. Moreover, treatment of fish oil (FO) for 4 weeks remarkably increased zo-1 expression and significantly inhibited the glial activation and NF-κB activation in APP/PS1 mice. CONCLUSION The results of our study suggest that FO supplement could be a potential therapeutic early intervention for AD through protecting the BBB integrity and suppressing glial and NF-κB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youna Xie
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical, Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No.58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - Lingli Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Haitao Zeng
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 People’s Republic of China
| | - Weineng Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical, Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No.58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - Jia-Hong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Jian-Bo Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Huanxing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Xiaoli Yao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, National Key Clinical, Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No.58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080 China
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26
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Yue H, Xie K, Ji X, Xu B, Wang C, Shi P. Vascularized neural constructs for ex-vivo reconstitution of blood-brain barrier function. Biomaterials 2020; 245:119980. [PMID: 32229330 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.119980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Ex-vivo blood-brain barrier (BBB) model is of great value for studying brain function and drug development, but it is still challenging to engineer macroscale three-dimensional (3D) tissue constructs to recapitulate physiological and functional aspects of BBB. Here, we describe a delicate 3D vascularized neural constructs for ex-vivo reconstitution of BBB function. The tissue-engineered tissue construct is based on a multicomponent 3D co-culture of four types of cells, which typically exist in the BBB and were spatially defined and organized to mimic the in vivo BBB structure and function. A porous polycaprolactone/poly (d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PCL/PLGA) microfluidic perfusion system works as the vasculature network, which was made by freeze-coating a 3D-printed sacrificial template. Endothelial cells were seeded inside the channels of the network to form 3D interconnected blood vessels; while other types of cells, including pericytes, astrocytes, and neurons, were co-cultured in a collagen matrix wrapping the vasculature network to derive a vascularized neural construct that recapitulates in vivo BBB function with great complexity and delicacy. Using this model, we successfully reconstituted BBB function with parameters that are similar to the in vivo condition, and demonstrated the identification of BBB-penetrating therapeutics by examining the molecular delivery to neuronal cells when relevant biologic molecules were applied to the vasculature circulation system of the neural construct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibing Yue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kai Xie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xianglin Ji
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bingzhe Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China; School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 511434, China
| | - Chong Wang
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Songshan Lake, Dongguan, 523808, China.
| | - Peng Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China; Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518000, China.
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27
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Hamanaka G, Kubo T, Ohtomo R, Takase H, Reyes-Bricio E, Oribe S, Osumi N, Lok J, Lo EH, Arai K. Microglial responses after phagocytosis: Escherichia coli bioparticles, but not cell debris or amyloid beta, induce matrix metalloproteinase-9 secretion in cultured rat primary microglial cells. Glia 2020; 68:1435-1444. [PMID: 32057146 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Upon infection or brain damage, microglia are activated to play roles in immune responses, including phagocytosis and soluble factor release. However, little is known whether the event of phagocytosis could be a trigger for releasing soluble factors from microglia. In this study, we tested if microglia secrete a neurovascular mediator matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) after phagocytosis in vitro. Primary microglial cultures were prepared from neonatal rat brains. Cultured microglia phagocytosed Escherichia coli bioparticles within 2 hr after incubation and started to secrete MMP-9 at around 12 hr after the phagocytosis. A TLR4 inhibitor TAK242 suppressed the E. coli-bioparticle-induced MMP-9 secretion. However, TAK242 did not change the engulfment of E. coli bioparticles in microglial cultures. Because lipopolysaccharides (LPS), the major component of the outer membrane of E. coli, also induced MMP-9 secretion in a dose-response manner and because the response was inhibited by TAK242 treatment, we assumed that the LPS-TLR4 pathway, which was activated by adhering to the substance, but not through the engulfing process of phagocytosis, would play a role in releasing MMP-9 from microglia after E. coli bioparticle treatment. To support the finding that the engulfing step would not be a critical trigger for MMP-9 secretion after the event of phagocytosis in microglia, we confirmed that cell debris and amyloid beta were both captured into microglia via phagocytosis, but neither of them induced MMP-9 secretion from microglia. Taken together, these data demonstrate that microglial response in MMP-9 secretion after phagocytosis differs depending on the types of particles/substances that microglia encountered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Hamanaka
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tomoya Kubo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ryo Ohtomo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hajime Takase
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Estefania Reyes-Bricio
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shuntaro Oribe
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Noriko Osumi
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Josephine Lok
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Eng H Lo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ken Arai
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Estrada LD, Ahumada P, Cabrera D, Arab JP. Liver Dysfunction as a Novel Player in Alzheimer's Progression: Looking Outside the Brain. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:174. [PMID: 31379558 PMCID: PMC6650779 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) afflicts an estimated 20 million people worldwide and is the fourth-leading cause of death in the developed world. The most common cause of dementia in older individuals, AD is characterized by neuropathologies including synaptic and neuronal degeneration, amyloid plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles (NTFs). Amyloid plaques are primarily composed of amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ), which accumulates in the brains of patients with AD. Further, small aggregates termed Aβ oligomers are implicated in the synaptic loss and neuronal degeneration underlying early cognitive impairments. Whether Aβ accumulates in part because of dysregulated clearance from the brain remains unclear. The flow of substances (e.g., nutrients, drugs, toxins) in and out of the brain is mediated by the blood-brain-barrier (BBB). The BBB exhibits impairment in AD patients and animal models. The effect of BBB impairment on Aβ, and whether BBB function is affected by non-neurological pathologies that impair peripheral clearance requires further investigation. In particular, impaired peripheral clearance is a feature of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a spectrum of liver disorders characterized by accumulation of fat in the liver accompanied by varying degrees of inflammation and hepatocyte injury. NAFLD has reached epidemic proportions, with an estimated prevalence between 20% and 30% of the general population. This chronic condition may influence AD pathogenesis. This review article summarizes the current state of the literature linking NAFLD and AD, highlighting the role of the major Aβ efflux and clearance protein, the LRP-1 receptor, which is abundantly expressed in liver, brain, and vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbell D. Estrada
- Bionanotechnology Laboratory, Integrative Center for Applied Biology and Chemistry (CIBQA), Department of Chemical & Biological Sciences, Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Ahumada
- Bionanotechnology Laboratory, Integrative Center for Applied Biology and Chemistry (CIBQA), Department of Chemical & Biological Sciences, Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Cabrera
- Bionanotechnology Laboratory, Integrative Center for Applied Biology and Chemistry (CIBQA), Department of Chemical & Biological Sciences, Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratório de Hepatologia Experimental, Gastroenterology Department, Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE Chile-UC), P. Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan P. Arab
- Laboratório de Hepatologia Experimental, Gastroenterology Department, Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE Chile-UC), P. Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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29
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Jeon SG, Cha MY, Kim JI, Hwang TW, Kim KA, Kim TH, Song KC, Kim JJ, Moon M. Vitamin D-binding protein-loaded PLGA nanoparticles suppress Alzheimer's disease-related pathology in 5XFAD mice. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 17:297-307. [PMID: 30794963 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The aggregation and accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide is believed to be the primary cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) can attenuate Aβ aggregation and accumulation. A biocompatible polymer poly (D,L-lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) can be loaded with therapeutic agents and control the rate of their release. In the present study, a PLGA-based drug delivery system was used to examine the therapeutic effects of DBP-PLGA nanoparticles in Aβ-overexpressing (5XFAD) mice. DBP was loaded into PLGA nanoparticles and the characteristics of the DBP-PLGA nanoparticles were analyzed. Using a thioflavin-T assay, we observed that DBP-PLGA nanoparticles significantly inhibited Aβ aggregation in vitro. In addition, we found that intravenous injection of DBP-PLGA nanoparticles significantly attenuated the Aβ accumulation, neuroinflammation, neuronal loss and cognitive dysfunction in the 5XFAD mice. Collectively, our results suggest that DBP-PLGA nanoparticles could be a promising therapeutic candidate for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Gak Jeon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Yong Cha
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Jin-Il Kim
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Woong Hwang
- Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Ah Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyoung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Materials, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Chang Song
- Department of Biomedical Materials, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jwa-Jin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Jungwon University, Goesan-gun, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea; Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Minho Moon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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30
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Xiang S, Huang Z, Wang T, Han Z, Yu CY, Ni D, Huang K, Zhang J. Condition-specific gene co-expression network mining identifies key pathways and regulators in the brain tissue of Alzheimer's disease patients. BMC Med Genomics 2018; 11:115. [PMID: 30598117 PMCID: PMC6311927 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-018-0431-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gene co-expression network (GCN) mining is a systematic approach to efficiently identify novel disease pathways, predict novel gene functions and search for potential disease biomarkers. However, few studies have systematically identified GCNs in multiple brain transcriptomic data of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients and looked for their specific functions. Methods In this study, we first mined GCN modules from AD and normal brain samples in multiple datasets respectively; then identified gene modules that are specific to AD or normal samples; lastly, condition-specific modules with similar functional enrichments were merged and enriched differentially expressed upstream transcription factors were further examined for the AD/normal-specific modules. Results We obtained 30 AD-specific modules which showed gain of correlation in AD samples and 31 normal-specific modules with loss of correlation in AD samples compared to normal ones, using the network mining tool lmQCM. Functional and pathway enrichment analysis not only confirmed known gene functional categories related to AD, but also identified novel regulatory factors and pathways. Remarkably, pathway analysis suggested that a variety of viral, bacteria, and parasitic infection pathways are activated in AD samples. Furthermore, upstream transcription factor analysis identified differentially expressed upstream regulators such as ZFHX3 for several modules, which can be potential driver genes for AD etiology and pathology. Conclusions Through our state-of-the-art network-based approach, AD/normal-specific GCN modules were identified using multiple transcriptomic datasets from multiple regions of the brain. Bacterial and viral infectious disease related pathways are the most frequently enriched in modules across datasets. Transcription factor ZFHX3 was identified as a potential driver regulator targeting the infectious diseases pathways in AD-specific modules. Our results provided new direction to the mechanism of AD as well as new candidates for drug targets. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12920-018-0431-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunian Xiang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.,Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Zhi Huang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Tianfu Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Zhi Han
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Christina Y Yu
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Dong Ni
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Kun Huang
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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31
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Vecchio LM, Meng Y, Xhima K, Lipsman N, Hamani C, Aubert I. The Neuroprotective Effects of Exercise: Maintaining a Healthy Brain Throughout Aging. Brain Plast 2018; 4:17-52. [PMID: 30564545 PMCID: PMC6296262 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-180069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical activity plays an essential role in maintaining a healthy body, yet it also provides unique benefits for the vascular and cellular systems that sustain a healthy brain. While the benefit of exercise has been observed in humans of all ages, the availability of preclinical models has permitted systematic investigations into the mechanisms by which exercise supports and protects the brain. Over the past twenty-five years, rodent models have shown that increased physical activity elevates neurotrophic factors in the hippocampal and cortical areas, facilitating neurotransmission throughout the brain. Increased physical activity (such as by the voluntary use of a running wheel or regular, timed sessions on a treadmill) also promotes proliferation, maturation and survival of cells in the dentate gyrus, contributing to the process of adult hippocampal neurogenesis. In this way, rodent studies have tremendous value as they demonstrate that an 'active lifestyle' has the capacity to ameliorate a number of age-related changes in the brain, including the decline in adult neurogenesis. Moreover, these studies have shown that greater physical activity may protect the brain health into advanced age through a number of complimentary mechanisms: in addition to upregulating factors in pro-survival neurotrophic pathways and enhancing synaptic plasticity, increased physical activity promotes brain health by supporting the cerebrovasculature, sustaining the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, increasing glymphatic clearance and proteolytic degradation of amyloid beta species, and regulating microglia activation. Collectively, preclinical studies demonstrate that exercise initiates diverse and powerful neuroprotective pathways that may converge to promote continued brain health into old age. This review will draw on both seminal and current literature that highlights mechanisms by which exercise supports the functioning of the brain, and aids in its protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Vecchio
- Biological Sciences, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ying Meng
- Biological Sciences, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kristiana Xhima
- Biological Sciences, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nir Lipsman
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
- Physical Sciences, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, ON, Canada
| | - Clement Hamani
- Biological Sciences, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Isabelle Aubert
- Biological Sciences, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
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32
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Kniewallner KM, Foidl BM, Humpel C. Platelets isolated from an Alzheimer mouse damage healthy cortical vessels and cause inflammation in an organotypic ex vivo brain slice model. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15483. [PMID: 30341392 PMCID: PMC6195547 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33768-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are anuclear blood cells and play a major role in hemostasis and thrombosis. Platelets express amyloid-precursor protein (APP), release beta-amyloid (Aβ) and are stimulated (pre-activated) in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We hypothesize that such stimulated platelets severely damage brain vessels which subsequently leads to cerebrovascular damage in AD. In order to study this issue we isolated platelets from AD mice (expressing APP with the Swedish-Dutch-Iowa mutations), labeled them with the red fluorescent dye PKH26 and transcardially infused these freshly isolated platelets into the brains of anesthetized healthy C57BL6 wildtype mice. Brains were immediately taken, 110 µm thick organotypic brain slices prepared and cultured for 1 or 14 days. We observed that red PKH26+ fluorescent platelets were localized in collagen IV and Lectin-649 counterstained cortical brain vessels and that platelets from AD mice severely damaged cortical brain vessels in wildtype mice and entered the brain parenchyma. Confocal microscopy showed immunoreactivity for matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) and beta-amyloid around these platelets. The effect was completely inhibited with an MMP inhibitor. Furthermore, isolated AD platelets caused inflammation and activated microglia around the site where platelets damaged cortical brain vessels. We conclude that AD-derived platelets more aggressively damage healthy vessels which may consequently play a role in the progression of cerebral amyloid angiopathy in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin M Kniewallner
- Laboratory of Psychiatry and Exp. Alzheimer's Research, Department of Psychiatry I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bettina M Foidl
- Laboratory of Psychiatry and Exp. Alzheimer's Research, Department of Psychiatry I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian Humpel
- Laboratory of Psychiatry and Exp. Alzheimer's Research, Department of Psychiatry I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Stock AJ, Kasus-Jacobi A, Pereira HA. The role of neutrophil granule proteins in neuroinflammation and Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:240. [PMID: 30149799 PMCID: PMC6112130 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1284-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the innate immune system’s first line of defense. Neutrophils play a critical role in protecting the host against infectious pathogens, resolving sterile injuries, and mediating inflammatory responses. The granules of neutrophils and their constituent proteins are central to these functions. Although neutrophils may exert a protective role upon acute inflammatory conditions or insults, continued activity of neutrophils in chronic inflammatory diseases can contribute to tissue damage. Neutrophil granule proteins are involved in a number of chronic inflammatory conditions and diseases. However, the functions of these proteins in neuroinflammation and chronic neuroinflammatory diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), remain to be elucidated. In this review, we discuss recent findings from our lab and others that suggest possible functions for neutrophils and the neutrophil granule proteins, CAP37, neutrophil elastase, and cathepsin G, in neuroinflammation, with an emphasis on AD. These findings reveal that neutrophil granule proteins may exert both neuroprotective and neurotoxic effects. Further research should determine whether neutrophil granule proteins are valid targets for therapeutic interventions in chronic neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Stock
- The Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd., BRC Rm 06B121, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1110 N. Stonewall Ave., CPB 255, Oklahoma City, OK, 73117, USA
| | - Anne Kasus-Jacobi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1110 N. Stonewall Ave., CPB 255, Oklahoma City, OK, 73117, USA.,Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1110 N. Stonewall Ave., CPB 255, Oklahoma City, OK, 73117, USA
| | - H Anne Pereira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1110 N. Stonewall Ave., CPB 255, Oklahoma City, OK, 73117, USA. .,Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1110 N. Stonewall Ave., CPB 255, Oklahoma City, OK, 73117, USA. .,Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1105 N. Stonewall, Robert M. Bird Library, Rm 258, Oklahoma City, OK, 73117, USA. .,Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1105 N. Stonewall, Robert M. Bird Library, Rm 258, Oklahoma City, OK, 73117, USA.
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Paik S, Somvanshi RK, Kumar U. Somatostatin Maintains Permeability and Integrity of Blood-Brain Barrier in β-Amyloid Induced Toxicity. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:292-306. [PMID: 29700775 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1045-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD), the impaired clearance of β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) due to disrupted tight junction and transporter proteins is the prominent cause of disease progression. Somatostatin (SST) blocks the aggregation of Aβ and inflammation whereas reduction of SST levels in the CSF and brain tissue is associated with impaired cognitive function and memory loss. However, the role of SST in preservation of blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and functionality in Aβ-induced toxicity is not known. In the present study using human CMEC/D3 cells, we demonstrate that SST prevents Aβ-induced BBB permeability by regulating LRP1 and RAGE expression and improving the disrupted tight junction proteins. Furthermore, SST abrogates Aβ-induced JNK phosphorylation and expression of MMP2. Taken together, results presented here suggest that SST might serve as a therapeutic intervention in AD via targeting multiple pathways responsible for neurotoxicity, impaired BBB function, and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungil Paik
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, V6T1Z3, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Rishi K Somvanshi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, V6T1Z3, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ujendra Kumar
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, V6T1Z3, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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35
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Wang H, Chen F, Du YF, Long Y, Reed MN, Hu M, Suppiramaniam V, Hong H, Tang SS. Targeted inhibition of RAGE reduces amyloid-β influx across the blood-brain barrier and improves cognitive deficits in db/db mice. Neuropharmacology 2018; 131:143-153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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36
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Liu C, Chen K, Lu Y, Fang Z, Yu G. Catalpol provides a protective effect on fibrillary Aβ1-42
-induced barrier disruption in an in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier. Phytother Res 2018; 32:1047-1055. [PMID: 29479743 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Jiangsu Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital; The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Nanjing 210029 China
| | - Kang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Jiangsu Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital; The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Nanjing 210029 China
| | - Yunwei Lu
- Department of Neurology, Jiangsu Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital; The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Nanjing 210029 China
| | - Zhuyuan Fang
- Department of Cardiology, Jiangsu Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital; The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese medicine; Nanjing 210029 China
| | - Guran Yu
- Department of Neurology, Jiangsu Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital; The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Nanjing 210029 China
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Kim DK, Park J, Han D, Yang J, Kim A, Woo J, Kim Y, Mook-Jung I. Molecular and functional signatures in a novel Alzheimer's disease mouse model assessed by quantitative proteomics. Mol Neurodegener 2018; 13:2. [PMID: 29338754 PMCID: PMC5771139 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0234-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by the deposition of extracellular amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. To understand the pathological mechanisms underlying AD, developing animal models that completely encompass the main features of AD pathologies is indispensable. Although mouse models that display pathological hallmarks of AD (amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, or both) have been developed and investigated, a systematic approach for understanding the molecular characteristics of AD mouse models is lacking. Methods To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the contribution of amyloid beta (Aβ) and tau in AD pathogenesis, we herein generated a novel animal model of AD, namely the AD-like pathology with amyloid and neurofibrillary tangles (ADLPAPT) mice. The ADLPAPT mice carry three human transgenes, including amyloid precursor protein, presenilin-1, and tau, with six mutations. To characterize the molecular and functional signatures of AD in ADLPAPT mice, we analyzed the hippocampal proteome and performed comparisons with individual-pathology transgenic mice (i.e., amyloid or neurofibrillary tangles) and wild-type mice using quantitative proteomics with 10-plex tandem mass tag. Results The ADLPAPT mice exhibited accelerated neurofibrillary tangle formation in addition to amyloid plaques, neuronal loss in the CA1 area, and memory deficit at an early age. In addition, our proteomic analysis identified nearly 10,000 protein groups, which enabled the identification of hundreds of differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in ADLPAPT mice. Bioinformatics analysis of DEPs revealed that ADLPAPT mice experienced age-dependent active immune responses and synaptic dysfunctions. Conclusions Our study is the first to compare and describe the proteomic characteristics in amyloid and neurofibrillary tangle pathologies using isobaric label-based quantitative proteomics. Furthermore, we analyzed the hippocampal proteome of the newly developed ADLPAPT model mice to investigate how both Aβ and tau pathologies regulate the hippocampal proteome. Because the ADLPAPT mouse model recapitulates the main features of AD pathogenesis, the proteomic data derived from its hippocampus has significant utility as a novel resource for the research on the Aβ-tau axis and pathophysiological changes in vivo. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13024-017-0234-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Kyu Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea
| | - Joonho Park
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea
| | - Dohyun Han
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Seoul, 110-744, South Korea
| | - Jinhee Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea
| | - Ahbin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea
| | - Jongmin Woo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea
| | - Youngsoo Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea.
| | - Inhee Mook-Jung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea. .,Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea.
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van Duinen V, van den Heuvel A, Trietsch SJ, Lanz HL, van Gils JM, van Zonneveld AJ, Vulto P, Hankemeier T. 96 perfusable blood vessels to study vascular permeability in vitro. Sci Rep 2017; 7:18071. [PMID: 29273771 PMCID: PMC5741747 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14716-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Current in vitro models to test the barrier function of vasculature are based on flat, two-dimensional monolayers. These monolayers do not have the tubular morphology of vasculature found in vivo and lack important environmental cues from the cellular microenvironment, such as interaction with an extracellular matrix (ECM) and exposure to flow. To increase the physiological relevance of in vitro models of the vasculature, it is crucial to implement these cues and better mimic the native three-dimensional vascular architecture. We established a robust, high-throughput method to culture endothelial cells as 96 three-dimensional and perfusable microvessels and developed a quantitative, real-time permeability assay to assess their barrier function. Culture conditions were optimized for microvessel formation in 7 days and were viable for over 60 days. The microvessels exhibited a permeability to 20 kDa dextran but not to 150 kDa dextran, which mimics the functionality of vasculature in vivo. Also, a dose-dependent effect of VEGF, TNFα and several cytokines confirmed a physiologically relevant response. The throughput and robustness of this method and assay will allow end-users in vascular biology to make the transition from two-dimensional to three-dimensional culture methods to study vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- V van Duinen
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - H L Lanz
- Mimetas BV, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J M van Gils
- Department of Internal Medicine, Einthoven laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A J van Zonneveld
- Department of Internal Medicine, Einthoven laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - P Vulto
- Mimetas BV, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - T Hankemeier
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Sciacca G, Cicchetti F. Mutant huntingtin protein expression and blood-spinal cord barrier dysfunction in huntington disease. Ann Neurol 2017; 82:981-994. [PMID: 29171910 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to assess the distribution, frequency, and specific location of mutant huntingtin protein (mHTT) aggregates-the pathological hallmark of Huntington disease (HD)-within the various compartments of the spinal cord and their potential impact on the local vasculature and blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB). METHODS We performed a series of postmortem immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent stainings, as well as Western blot analyses, on cervical and lumbar sections of the spinal cord in patients diagnosed with HD (n = 11 of all grades of disease severity) along with sex- and age-matched healthy controls (n = 9). RESULTS We observed that mHTT was preferably expressed within the anterior horn of the gray matter, in both cervical and lumbar sections. At the cellular level, mHTT aggregates were more often encountered in the extracellular matrix but could also be observed within cell bodies and neurites as well as within the endothelium of blood vessels with an increase in the density of small blood vessels in cervical sections of HD cases. These vasculature changes were accompanied with features of BSCB leakage, as assessed by the presence of increased levels of fibrinogen in the surrounding parenchyma and enhanced leukocyte infiltration. INTERPRETATION This alteration in BSCB integrity may be explained, in part, by the dysregulation we found in some of the main proteins associated with it such as junctional adhesion molecule-1 and vascular endothelial cadherin. These observations have important implications for our understanding of HD pathology and may also have significant therapeutic implications. Ann Neurol 2017;82:981-994.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Sciacca
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Axe Neurosciences, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Francesca Cicchetti
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Axe Neurosciences, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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40
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Setiadi A, Korim WS, Elsaafien K, Yao ST. The role of the blood-brain barrier in hypertension. Exp Physiol 2017; 103:337-342. [PMID: 28986948 DOI: 10.1113/ep086434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? This review highlights the importance of the blood-brain barrier in the context of diseases involving autonomic dysfunction, such as hypertension and heart failure. What advances does it highlight? It highlights the potential role of pro-inflammatory cytokines, leucocytes and angiotensin II in disrupting the blood-brain barrier in cardiovascular diseases. Advances are highlighted in our understanding of neurovascular unit cells, astrocytes and microglia, with a specific emphasis on their pathogenic roles within the brain. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a crucial barrier that provides both metabolic and physical protection to an immune-privileged CNS. The BBB has been shown to be disrupted in hypertension. This review addresses the importance of the BBB in maintaining homeostasis in the context of diseases related to autonomic dysfunction, such as hypertension. We highlight the potentially important roles of the immune system and neurovascular unit in the maintenance of the BBB, whereby dysregulation may lead to autonomic dysfunction in diseases such as heart failure and hypertension. Circulating leucocytes and factors such as angiotensin II and pro-inflammatory cytokines are thought ultimately to downregulate endothelial tight junction proteins that are a crucial component of the BBB. The specific mechanisms underlying BBB disruption and their role in contributing to autonomic dysfunction are not yet fully understood but are a growing area of interest. A greater understanding of these systems and advances in our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms causing BBB disruption will allow for the development of future therapeutic interventions in the treatment of autonomic imbalance associated with diseases such as heart failure and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Setiadi
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Willian S Korim
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Khalid Elsaafien
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Song T Yao
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Boonruamkaew P, Chonpathompikunlert P, Vong LB, Sakaue S, Tomidokoro Y, Ishii K, Tamaoka A, Nagasaki Y. Chronic treatment with a smart antioxidative nanoparticle for inhibition of amyloid plaque propagation in Tg2576 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28630497 PMCID: PMC5476667 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03411-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to assess whether our newly developed redox nanoparticle (RNPN) that has antioxidant potential decreases Aβ levels or prevents Aβ aggregation associated with oxidative stress. The transgenic Tg2576 Alzheimer’s disease (AD) mice were used to investigate the effect of chronic ad libitum drinking of RNPN solution for 6 months, including memory and learning functions, antioxidant activity, and amyloid plaque aggregation. The results showed that RNPN-treated mice had significantly attenuated cognitive deficits of both spatial and non-spatial memories, reduced oxidative stress of lipid peroxide, and DNA oxidation. RNPN treatment increased the percent inhibition of superoxide anion and glutathione peroxidase activity, neuronal densities in the cortex and hippocampus, decreased Aβ(1-40), Aβ(1-42) and gamma (γ)-secretase levels, and reduced Aβ plaque observed using immunohistochemistry analysis and thioflavin S staining. Our results suggest that RNPN may be a promising candidate for AD therapy because of its antioxidant properties and reduction in Aβ aggregation, thereby suppressing its adverse side effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phetcharat Boonruamkaew
- Department of Materials Sciences, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan.,School of Pharmacy, Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80161, Thailand
| | - Pennapa Chonpathompikunlert
- Department of Materials Sciences, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan.,College of Alternative Medicine, Chandrakasem Rajabhat University, 39/1 Ratchadaphisek Road, Khwaeng Chantharakasem, Chatuchak Districk, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Long Binh Vong
- Department of Materials Sciences, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Ho Chi Minh City, 702500, Vietnam
| | - Sho Sakaue
- Department of Materials Sciences, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan
| | - Yasushi Tomidokoro
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ishii
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Akira Tamaoka
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.,Master's School of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan
| | - Yukio Nagasaki
- Department of Materials Sciences, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan. .,Master's School of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan. .,Satellite Laboratory, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitechtonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Sciences (NIMS), University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan.
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Chen SH, Bu XL, Jin WS, Shen LL, Wang J, Zhuang ZQ, Zhang T, Zeng F, Yao XQ, Zhou HD, Wang YJ. Altered peripheral profile of blood cells in Alzheimer disease: A hospital-based case-control study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e6843. [PMID: 28538375 PMCID: PMC5457855 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000006843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) has been made a global priority for its multifactorial pathogenesis and lack of disease-modifying therapies. We sought to investigate the changes of profile of blood routine in AD and its correlation with the disease severity.In all, 92 AD patients and 84 age and sex-matched normal controls were enrolled and their profiles of blood routine were evaluated.Alzheimer disease patients had increased levels of mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, red cell distribution width-standard deviation, mean platelet volume,and decreased levels of platelet distribution width, red blood cell, hematocrit, hemoglobin, lymphocyte, and basophil compared with normal controls.Alterations in quantity and quality of blood cells may be involved in the pathogenesis of AD and contribute to the disease progression.
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The Research on the Relationship of RAGE, LRP-1, and Aβ Accumulation in the Hippocampus, Prefrontal Lobe, and Amygdala of STZ-Induced Diabetic Rats. J Mol Neurosci 2017; 62:1-10. [PMID: 28401370 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-017-0892-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been regarded as an important risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), and diabetic patients and animals have shown cognitive dysfunction. More research has shown that the amyloid-β (Aβ), which is a hallmark of AD, was found deposited in the hippocampus of diabetic rats. This Aβ accumulation is regulated by the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP-1). However, the expression of RAGE and LRP-1 in diabetic rats is not very clear. In the present study, we used streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats to investigate whether the expression of RAGE and LRP-1 is related to Aβ1-42 deposition at the hippocampus, prefrontal lobe, and amygdala in DM. We found that diabetic rats had longer escape latency and less frequency of entrance into the target zone than that of the control group (P < 0.05) in the Morris water maze (MWM) test. The Aβ1-42 expression in the hippocampus and prefrontal lobe significantly increased in the DM group compared to the control group (P < 0.05). RAGE increased (P < 0.05), while LRP-1 decreased (P < 0.05) in the hippocampus tissue and prefrontal lobe tissue of DM rats. The Aβ1-42 deposition was correlated with RAGE positively (P < 0.05), but with LRP-1 negatively (P < 0.05). Further, the expression levels of Aβ1-42, RAGE, and LRP-1 were not changed in the amygdala between the diabetic rats and the control group. These findings indicated that upregulating RAGE and/or downregulating LRP-1 at the hippocampus and the prefrontal lobe contributed to the Aβ1-42 accumulation and then further promoted the cognitive impairment of diabetic rats.
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Festoff BW, Sajja RK, van Dreden P, Cucullo L. HMGB1 and thrombin mediate the blood-brain barrier dysfunction acting as biomarkers of neuroinflammation and progression to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:194. [PMID: 27553758 PMCID: PMC4995775 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0670-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction represents an early feature of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) that precedes the hallmarks of amyloid beta (amyloid β) plaque deposition and neuronal neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) formation. A damaged BBB correlates directly with neuroinflammation involving microglial activation and reactive astrogliosis, which is associated with increased expression and/or release of high-mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) and thrombin. However, the link between the presence of these molecules, BBB damage, and progression to neurodegeneration in AD is still elusive. Therefore, we aimed to profile and validate non-invasive clinical biomarkers of BBB dysfunction and neuroinflammation to assess the progression to neurodegeneration in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD patients. Methods We determined the serum levels of various proinflammatory damage-associated molecules in aged control subjects and patients with MCI or AD using validated ELISA kits. We then assessed the specific and direct effects of such molecules on BBB integrity in vitro using human primary brain microvascular endothelial cells or a cell line. Results We observed a significant increase in serum HMGB1 and soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) that correlated well with amyloid beta levels in AD patients (vs. control subjects). Interestingly, serum HMGB1 levels were significantly elevated in MCI patients compared to controls or AD patients. In addition, as a marker of BBB damage, soluble thrombomodulin (sTM) antigen, and activity were significantly (and distinctly) increased in MCI and AD patients. Direct in vitro BBB integrity assessment further revealed a significant and concentration-dependent increase in paracellular permeability to dextrans by HMGB1 or α-thrombin, possibly through disruption of zona occludins-1 bands. Pre-treatment with anti-HMGB1 monoclonal antibody blocked HMGB1 effects and leaving BBB integrity intact. Conclusions Our current studies indicate that thrombin and HMGB1 are causal proximate proinflammatory mediators of BBB dysfunction, while sTM levels may indicate BBB endothelial damage; HMGB1 and sRAGE might serve as clinical biomarkers for progression and/or therapeutic efficacy along the AD spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry W Festoff
- pHLOGISTIX LLC, 4220 Shawnee Mission Parkway, Fairway, KS, 66205, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Ravi K Sajja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S. Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Patrick van Dreden
- Clinical Research Department, R&D, Diagnostica Stago, Gennevilliers, France
| | - Luca Cucullo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S. Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA.
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Masuzzo A, Dinet V, Cavanagh C, Mascarelli F, Krantic S. Amyloidosis in Retinal Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Neurol 2016; 7:127. [PMID: 27551275 PMCID: PMC4976396 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
As a part of the central nervous system, the retina may reflect both physiological processes and abnormalities related to pathologies that affect the brain. Amyloidosis due to the accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) was initially regarded as a specific and exclusive characteristic of neurodegenerative alterations seen in the brain of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. More recently, it was discovered that amyloidosis-related alterations, similar to those seen in the brain of Alzheimer's patients, also occur in the retina. Remarkably, these alterations were identified not only in primary retinal pathologies, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and glaucoma, but also in the retinas of Alzheimer's patients. In this review, we first briefly discuss the biogenesis of Aβ, a peptide involved in amyloidosis. We then discuss some pathological aspects (synaptic dysfunction, mitochondrial failure, glial activation, and vascular abnormalities) related to the neurotoxic effects of Aβ. We finally highlight common features shared by AD, AMD, and glaucoma in the context of Aβ amyloidosis and further discuss why the retina, due to the transparency of the eye, can be considered as a "window" to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambra Masuzzo
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Université Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités , Paris , France
| | - Virginie Dinet
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Université Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités , Paris , France
| | - Chelsea Cavanagh
- Department of Neuroscience, Douglas Hospital Research Center , Montreal, QC , Canada
| | - Frederic Mascarelli
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Université Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités , Paris , France
| | - Slavica Krantic
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Université Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités , Paris , France
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Saraiva C, Praça C, Ferreira R, Santos T, Ferreira L, Bernardino L. Nanoparticle-mediated brain drug delivery: Overcoming blood–brain barrier to treat neurodegenerative diseases. J Control Release 2016; 235:34-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 813] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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47
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Cerebrovascular pathology during the progression of experimental Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 88:107-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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48
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Almutairi MMA, Gong C, Xu YG, Chang Y, Shi H. Factors controlling permeability of the blood-brain barrier. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:57-77. [PMID: 26403789 PMCID: PMC11108286 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2050-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
As the primary protective barrier for neurons in the brain, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) exists between the blood microcirculation system and the brain parenchyma. The normal BBB integrity is essential in protecting the brain from systemic toxins and maintaining the necessary level of nutrients and ions for neuronal function. This integrity is mediated by structural BBB components, such as tight junction proteins, integrins, annexins, and agrin, of a multicellular system including endothelial cells, astrocytes, pericytes, etc. BBB dysfunction is a significant contributor to the pathogeneses of a variety of brain disorders. Many signaling factors have been identified to be able to control BBB permeability through regulating the structural components. Among those signaling factors are inflammatory mediators, free radicals, vascular endothelial growth factor, matrix metalloproteinases, microRNAs, etc. In this review, we provide a summary of recent progress regarding these structural components and signaling factors, relating to their roles in various brain disorders. Attention is also devoted to recent research regarding impact of pharmacological agents such as isoflurane on BBB permeability and how iron ion passes across BBB. Hopefully, a better understanding of the factors controlling BBB permeability helps develop novel pharmacological interventions of BBB hyperpermeability under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed M A Almutairi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Malott Hall 5044, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Chen Gong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Malott Hall 5044, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Yuexian G Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Yanzhong Chang
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050016, China
| | - Honglian Shi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Malott Hall 5044, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA.
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Hua Y, Zhang W, Xie Z, Xu N, Lu Y. MMP-2 Is Mainly Expressed in Arterioles and Contributes to Cerebral Vascular Remodeling Associated with TGF-β1 Signaling. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 59:317-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0687-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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McCaulley ME, Grush KA. Alzheimer's Disease: Exploring the Role of Inflammation and Implications for Treatment. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 2015:515248. [PMID: 26664821 PMCID: PMC4664815 DOI: 10.1155/2015/515248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by both structural abnormalities and inflammation in the brain. While recent research has chiefly focused on the structural changes involved in AD, understanding the pathophysiology and associated inflammation of the AD brain helps to elucidate potential therapeutic and preventative options. By exploring the data supporting an inflammatory etiology of AD, we present a case for the use of existing evidence-based treatments addressing inflammation as promising options for treating and preventing AD. We present data demonstrating tumor necrosis factor alpha association with the inflammation of AD. We also discuss data supporting TNF alpha associated inflammation in traumatic brain injury, stroke, and spinal disc associated radiculopathy. We augment this previously unarticulated concept of a unifying pathophysiology of central nervous system disease, with reports of benefits of TNF alpha inhibition in many hundreds of patients with those diseases, including AD. We also assess the pathophysiologic and clinical trial evidence supporting the role of other inflammation resolving treatments in AD. In aggregate, the data from the several potentially effective therapeutic and preventative options contained within this report presents a clearer picture of next steps needed in research of treatment alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E. McCaulley
- Yampa Valley Medical Associates, 940 Central Park Drive, Steamboat Springs, CO 80487, USA
| | - Kira A. Grush
- Yampa Valley Medical Associates, 940 Central Park Drive, Steamboat Springs, CO 80487, USA
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