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Mu C, Gao M, Xu W, Sun X, Chen T, Xu H, Qiu H. Mechanisms of microRNA-132 in central neurodegenerative diseases: A comprehensive review. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 170:116029. [PMID: 38128185 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.116029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA-132 (miR-132) is a highly conserved molecule that plays a crucial regulatory role in central nervous system (CNS) disorders. The expression levels of miR-132 exhibit variability in various neurological disorders and have been closely linked to disease onset and progression. The expression level of miR-132 in the CNS is regulated by a diverse range of stimuli and signaling pathways, including neuronal migration and integration, dendritic outgrowth, and complexity, synaptogenesis, synaptic plasticity, as well as inflammation and apoptosis activation. The aberrant expression of miR-132 in various central neurodegenerative diseases has garnered widespread attention. Clinical studies have revealed altered miR-132 expression levels in both chronic and acute CNS diseases, positioning miR-132 as a potential biomarker or therapeutic target. An in-depth exploration of miR-132 holds the promise of enhancing our understanding of the mechanisms underlying CNS diseases, thereby offering novel insights and strategies for disease diagnosis and treatment. It is anticipated that this review will assist researchers in recognizing the potential value of miR-132 and in generating innovative ideas for clinical trials related to CNS degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Mu
- Basic Medical College, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, Heilongjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Microecology-Immune Regulatory Network and Related Diseases, Jiamusi 154007, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Meng Gao
- Basic Medical College, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, Heilongjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Microecology-Immune Regulatory Network and Related Diseases, Jiamusi 154007, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Weijing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Microecology-Immune Regulatory Network and Related Diseases, Jiamusi 154007, Heilongjiang, China; School of Public Health, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xun Sun
- Basic Medical College, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, Heilongjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Microecology-Immune Regulatory Network and Related Diseases, Jiamusi 154007, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Tianhao Chen
- Basic Medical College, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, Heilongjiang, China; Key Laboratory of Microecology-Immune Regulatory Network and Related Diseases, Jiamusi 154007, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Microecology-Immune Regulatory Network and Related Diseases, Jiamusi 154007, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Hongbin Qiu
- School of Public Health, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, Heilongjiang, China.
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Kim J, Kaang BK. Cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) transcription factor in astrocytic synaptic communication. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2023; 14:1059918. [PMID: 36685081 PMCID: PMC9845270 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2022.1059918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are known to actively participate in synaptic communication by forming structures called tripartite synapses. These synapses consist of presynaptic axon terminals, postsynaptic dendritic spines, and astrocytic processes where astrocytes release and receive transmitters. Although the transcription factor cyclic AMP response element (CRE)-binding protein (CREB) has been actively studied as an important factor for mediating synaptic activity-induced responses in neurons, its role in astrocytes is relatively unknown. Synaptic signals are known to activate various downstream pathways in astrocytes, which can activate the CREB transcription factor. Therefore, there is a need to summarize studies on astrocytic intracellular pathways that are induced by synaptic communication resulting in activation of the CREB pathway. In this review, we discuss the various neurotransmitter receptors and intracellular pathways that can induce CREB activation and CREB-induced gene regulation in astrocytes.
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Klymenko A, Lutz D. Melatonin signalling in Schwann cells during neuroregeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:999322. [PMID: 36299487 PMCID: PMC9589221 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.999322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has widely been thought that in the process of nerve regeneration Schwann cells populate the injury site with myelinating, non–myelinating, phagocytic, repair, and mesenchyme–like phenotypes. It is now clear that the Schwann cells modify their shape and basal lamina as to accommodate re–growing axons, at the same time clear myelin debris generated upon injury, and regulate expression of extracellular matrix proteins at and around the lesion site. Such a remarkable plasticity may follow an intrinsic functional rhythm or a systemic circadian clock matching the demands of accurate timing and precision of signalling cascades in the regenerating nervous system. Schwann cells react to changes in the external circadian clock clues and to the Zeitgeber hormone melatonin by altering their plasticity. This raises the question of whether melatonin regulates Schwann cell activity during neurorepair and if circadian control and rhythmicity of Schwann cell functions are vital aspects of neuroregeneration. Here, we have focused on different schools of thought and emerging concepts of melatonin–mediated signalling in Schwann cells underlying peripheral nerve regeneration and discuss circadian rhythmicity as a possible component of neurorepair.
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Bae S, Yoon YG, Kim JY, Park IC, An S, Lee JH, Bae S. Melatonin increases growth properties in human dermal papilla spheroids by activating AKT/GSK3β/β-Catenin signaling pathway. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13461. [PMID: 35607451 PMCID: PMC9123888 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Melatonin, a neurohormone, maybe involved in physiological processes, such as antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and hair growth. In the present study, we investigated the effects of melatonin on proliferation and intracellular signaling in DP cells using a three-dimensional (3D) spheroid culture system that mimics the in vivo hair follicle system. Methods DP cells were incubated in monolayer (2D) and 3D spheroid culture systems. The expression levels of melatonin receptors in DP cells were analyzed using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blotting. The effect of melatonin on the hair-inductive property of DP cells was analyzed using a WST-1-based proliferation assay, determination of DP spheroid size, expression analysis of DP signature genes, and determination of β-catenin stabilization in DP cells. The AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling pathway associated with melatonin-induced β-catenin stabilization in DP cells was investigated by analyzing changes in upstream regulator proteins, including AKT, GSK3β, and their phosphorylated forms. Results The expression levels of the melatonin receptors were higher in human DP cells than in human epidermal keratinocytes and human dermal fibroblast cells. Comparing the expression level according to the human DP cell culture condition, melatonin receptor expression was upregulated in the 3D culture system compared to the traditional two-dimensional monolayer culture system. Cell viability analysis showed that melatonin concentrations up to 1 mM did not affect cell viability. Moreover, melatonin increased the diameter of DP cell 3D spheroids in a dose-dependent manner. Immunoblotting and qRT-PCR analysis revealed that melatonin upregulated the expression of hair growth-related genes, including alkaline phosphatase, bone morphogenetic protein 2, versican, and wingless-int 5A, in a melatonin receptor-dependent manner. Cell fractionation analysis showed that melatonin increased the nuclear localization of β-catenin. This result correlated with the increased transcriptional activation of T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor-responsive luciferase induced by melatonin treatment. Interestingly, melatonin induced the phosphorylation of protein kinase B/AKT at serine 473 residue and GSK-3β at serine 9 residue. To determine whether AKT phosphorylation at serine 473 induced β-catenin nuclear translocation through GSK3β phosphorylation at serine 9, the PI3K/AKT inhibitor LY294002 was cotreated with melatonin. Immunoblotting showed that LY294002 inhibited melatonin-induced phosphorylation of GSK3β at serine 9 residue and β-catenin activation. Conclusion Collectively, this report suggests that melatonin promotes growth properties by activating the AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling pathway through melatonin receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sowon Bae
- Research Institute for Molecular-Targeted Drugs, Department of Cosmetics Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Gyeong Yoon
- Research Institute for Molecular-Targeted Drugs, Department of Cosmetics Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,R&D Planning Dept., Dermalab Co., Ltd, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yea Kim
- Division of Fusion Radiology Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Chul Park
- Division of Fusion Radiology Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungkwan An
- Research Institute for Molecular-Targeted Drugs, Department of Cosmetics Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ho Lee
- Research Institute for Molecular-Targeted Drugs, Department of Cosmetics Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghee Bae
- Research Institute for Molecular-Targeted Drugs, Department of Cosmetics Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Akhzari M, Barazesh M, Jalili S. Melatonin as an antioxidant agent in disease prevention: A biochemical focus. LETT ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1570178619666220325124451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
In the recent years, free radicals and oxidative stress have been found to be associated with aging, cancer, atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, and inflammatory diseases. Confirming the role of oxidants in numerous pathological situations including cancer, developing antioxidants as therapeutic platforms is needed. It has been well established that melatonin and its derived metabolites function as endogenous free-radical scavengers and broad spectrum antioxidants. To achieve this function, melatonin can directly detoxify reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species and indirectly overexpress antioxidant enzymes while suppressing the activity of pro-oxidant enzymes. Many investigations have also confirmed the role of melatonin and its derivatives in different physiological processes and therapeutic functions such as controlling the circadian rhythm and immune functions. This review aimed to focus on melatonin as a beneficial agent for the stimulation of antioxidant enzymes and inhibition of lipid peroxidation and to evaluate its contribution to protection against oxidative damages. In addition, the clinical application of melatonin in several diseases is discussed. Finally, the safety and efficacy of melatonin in clinical backgrounds is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Akhzari
- School of Paramedical, Gerash University of Medical Sciences, Gerash, Iran
| | - Mahdi Barazesh
- School of Paramedical, Gerash University of Medical Sciences, Gerash, Iran
| | - Sajad Jalili
- Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz, Jundishapour University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Delayed Therapeutic Administration of Melatonin Enhances Neuronal Survival Through AKT and MAPK Signaling Pathways Following Focal Brain Ischemia in Mice. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:994-1007. [PMID: 35307786 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-022-01995-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin has a role in the cell survival signaling pathways as a candidate for secondary stroke prevention. Therefore, in the present study, the coordination of ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres to evaluate delayed post-acute effect of melatonin was examined on recovery of the cell survival and apoptosis after stroke. Melatonin was administered (4 mg/kg/day) intraperitoneally for 45 days, starting 3 days after 30 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion. The genes and proteins related to the cell survival and apoptosis were investigated by immunofluorescence, western blotting, and RT-PCR techniques after behavioral experiments. Melatonin produced delayed neurological recovery by improving motor coordination on grip strength and rotarod tests. This neurological recovery was also reflected by high level of NeuN positive cells and low level of TUNEL-positive cells suggesting enhanced neuronal survival and reduced apoptosis at the fifty-fifth day of stroke. The increase of NGF, Nrp1, c-jun; activation of AKT; and dephosphorylation of ERK and JNK at the fifty-fifth day showed that cell survival and apoptosis signaling molecules compete to contribute to the remodeling of brain. Furthermore, an increase in the CREB and Atf-1 expressions suggested the melatonin's strong reformative effect on neuronal regeneration. The contralateral hemisphere was more active at the latter stages of the molecular and functional regeneration which provides a further proof of principle about melatonin's action on the promotion of brain plasticity and recovery after stroke.
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Sasaki H, Zhang Y, Emala CW, Mizuta K. Melatonin MT 2 receptor is expressed and potentiates contraction in human airway smooth muscle. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 321:L991-L1005. [PMID: 34612067 PMCID: PMC8715028 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00273.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nocturnal asthma is characterized by heightened bronchial reactivity at night, and plasma melatonin concentrations are higher in patients with nocturnal asthma symptoms. Numerous physiological effects of melatonin are mediated via its specific G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) named the MT1 receptor, which couples to both Gq and Gi proteins, and the MT2 receptor, which couples to Gi. We investigated whether melatonin receptors are expressed on airway smooth muscle; whether they regulate intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) and calcium concentrations ([Ca2+]i), which modulate airway smooth muscle tone; and whether they promote airway smooth muscle cell proliferation. We detected the mRNA and protein expression of the melatonin MT2 but not the MT1 receptor in native human and guinea pig airway smooth muscle and cultured human airway smooth muscle (HASM) cells by RT-PCR, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemistry. Activation of melatonin MT2 receptors with either pharmacological concentrations of melatonin (10-100 µM) or the nonselective MT1/MT2 agonist ramelteon (10 µM) significantly inhibited forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation in HASM cells, which was reversed by the Gαi protein inhibitor pertussis toxin or knockdown of the MT2 receptor by its specific siRNA. Although melatonin by itself did not induce an initial [Ca2+]i increase and airway contraction, melatonin significantly potentiated acetylcholine-stimulated [Ca2+]i increases, stress fiber formation through the MT2 receptor in HASM cells, and attenuated the relaxant effect of isoproterenol in guinea pig trachea. These findings suggest that the melatonin MT2 receptor is expressed in ASM, and modulates airway smooth muscle tone via reduced cAMP production and increased [Ca2+]i.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Sasaki
- Division of Dento-oral Anesthesiology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Charles W Emala
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Kentaro Mizuta
- Division of Dento-oral Anesthesiology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
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Loh D, Reiter RJ. Melatonin: Regulation of Biomolecular Condensates in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1483. [PMID: 34573116 PMCID: PMC8465482 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomolecular condensates are membraneless organelles (MLOs) that form dynamic, chemically distinct subcellular compartments organizing macromolecules such as proteins, RNA, and DNA in unicellular prokaryotic bacteria and complex eukaryotic cells. Separated from surrounding environments, MLOs in the nucleoplasm, cytoplasm, and mitochondria assemble by liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) into transient, non-static, liquid-like droplets that regulate essential molecular functions. LLPS is primarily controlled by post-translational modifications (PTMs) that fine-tune the balance between attractive and repulsive charge states and/or binding motifs of proteins. Aberrant phase separation due to dysregulated membrane lipid rafts and/or PTMs, as well as the absence of adequate hydrotropic small molecules such as ATP, or the presence of specific RNA proteins can cause pathological protein aggregation in neurodegenerative disorders. Melatonin may exert a dominant influence over phase separation in biomolecular condensates by optimizing membrane and MLO interdependent reactions through stabilizing lipid raft domains, reducing line tension, and maintaining negative membrane curvature and fluidity. As a potent antioxidant, melatonin protects cardiolipin and other membrane lipids from peroxidation cascades, supporting protein trafficking, signaling, ion channel activities, and ATPase functionality during condensate coacervation or dissolution. Melatonin may even control condensate LLPS through PTM and balance mRNA- and RNA-binding protein composition by regulating N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modifications. There is currently a lack of pharmaceuticals targeting neurodegenerative disorders via the regulation of phase separation. The potential of melatonin in the modulation of biomolecular condensate in the attenuation of aberrant condensate aggregation in neurodegenerative disorders is discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Loh
- Independent Researcher, Marble Falls, TX 78654, USA
| | - Russel J. Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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Jadid MFS, Aghaei E, Taheri E, Seyyedsani N, Chavoshi R, Abbasi S, Khorrami A, Goleij P, Hajazimian S, Taefehshokr S, Isazadeh A, Shanehbandi D. Melatonin increases the anticancer potential of doxorubicin in Caco-2 colorectal cancer cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2021; 36:1061-1069. [PMID: 33507000 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CC) is an important human malignancy with high cancer related death worldwide. The chemotherapy using doxorubicin hydrochloride is one of the most common cancer therapeutic methods. However, drug resistance lowers the treatment efficacy in CC patients. The combination therapies seem to be more promising by taking the advantage of synergistic effects. The present study aimed to evaluate a new strategy to enhance the anticancer activity of doxorubicin in Caco-2 CC cell line by co-administration of melatonin. The effects of doxorubicin, melatonin, and their combinations (Dox-Mel) were investigated on the proliferation and viability, morphological alterations, and tumor spheroid formation. Flow cytometry was employed to compare the apoptotic situation of the cells in study groups. Changes in metastatic potential of the cells were assessed by wound healing assay and trans-well migration assays. Moreover, expression of BAX, SMAC, BCL-2, SURVIVIN, MMP-2, and MMP-9 genes were evaluated by quantitative real time PCR and western blotting. Our study showed that doxorubicin, melatonin, and Dox-Mel significantly decreased the proliferation and viability, tumor spheroid formation, invasion, and migration. Furthermore, the changes were in a concentration and time dependent manner. There was an increase in apoptosis rate in the treatment groups. Expression of genes involved in apoptosis and cell motility were altered significantly. It was observed that anticancer activity of Dox-Mel combination was significantly more than doxorubicin and melatonin treatments alone. We showed an enhanced apoptotic and anticancer activity of doxorubicin and melatonin combination chemotherapy on CC cell line than doxorubicin or melatonin treatments alone. This combination could promote the treatment efficiency and alleviate the un-intended side effects by lowering the dose of doxorubicin prescription.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elnaz Aghaei
- Department of Genetics, Bonab Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bonab, Iran
| | - Elham Taheri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nasrin Seyyedsani
- Department of Genetics, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Chavoshi
- Department of Genetics, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Samane Abbasi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Afshin Khorrami
- Department of Biology, School of Science, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
| | - Pouya Goleij
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Sana Institute of Higher Education, Sari, Iran
| | - Saba Hajazimian
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sina Taefehshokr
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Isazadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Dariush Shanehbandi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Iqubal A, Iqubal MK, Fazal SA, Pottoo FH, Haque SE. Nutraceuticals and their Derived Nano-formulations for the Prevention and Treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2021; 15:23-50. [PMID: 33687906 DOI: 10.2174/1874467214666210309115605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is one of the common chronic neurological disorders and associated with cognitive dysfunction, depression and progressive dementia. Presence of β-amyloid or senile plaques, hyper-phosphorylated tau proteins, neurofibrillary tangle, oxidative-nitrative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, neuroinflammation and derailed neurotransmitter status are the hallmark of AD. Currently, donepezil, memantine, rivastigmine and galantamine are approved by the FDA for symptomatic management. It is well-known that these approved drugs only exert symptomatic relief and possess poor patient-compliance. Additionally, various published evidence shows the neuroprotective potential of various nutraceuticals via their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects in the preclinical and clinical studies. These nutraceuticals possess a significant neuroprotective potential and hence, can be a future pharmacotherapeutic for the management and treatment of AD. However, nutraceutical suffers from certain major limitations such as poor solubility, low bioavailability, low stability, fast hepatic-metabolism and larger particle size. These pharmacokinetic attributes restrict their entry into the brain via the blood-brain barrier. Therefore, to over such issues, various nanoformulation of nutraceuticals was developed, that allows their effective delivery into brain owning to reduced particle size, increased lipophilicity increased bioavailability and avoidance of fast hepatic metabolism. Thus, in this review, we have discussed the etiology of AD, focused on the pharmacotherapeutics of nutraceuticals with preclinical and clinical evidence, discussed pharmaceutical limitation and regulatory aspects of nutraceuticals to ensure safety and efficacy. We further explored the latitude of various nanoformulation of nutraceuticals as a novel approach to overcome the existing pharmaceutical limitation and for effective delivery into the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashif Iqubal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062. India
| | - Mohammad Kashif Iqubal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062. India
| | - Syed Abul Fazal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062. India
| | - Faheem Hyder Pottoo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal, University, P.O.BOX 1982, Damman, 31441. Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Ehtaishamul Haque
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062. India
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Targeting autophagy to modulate hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury: A comparative study between octreotide and melatonin as autophagy modulators through AMPK/PI3K/AKT/mTOR/ULK1 and Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathways in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 897:173920. [PMID: 33571535 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.173920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (HIR) injury is a common pathophysiological process in many clinical settings. This study was designed to compare the protective role of octreotide (somatostatin analogue, OCT) and melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine, MLT) through the modulation of autophagy against HIR injury in rats. Male albino rats were divided into sham, HIR, OCT at three doses (50, 75, and 100 μg/kg), MLT, MLT + OCT75, compound C (AMPK inhibitor, CC), and CC + OCT75 groups. Ischemia was induced for 30 min followed by 24 h reperfusion. Biochemical, histopathological, immunohistochemical, lipid peroxidation, ELISA, qPCR, and western blot techniques were performed in our study. Liver autophagy was restored by OCT at doses (50 or 75 μg/kg) as indicated by elevating the expressions of Beclin-1, ATG7, and LC3 accompanied by the reduction of p62 expression through induction of AMPK/S317-ULK1 and inhibition of PI3K/AKT/mTOR/S757-ULK1 signaling pathways. As well, OCT maintained the integrity of the Keap1-Nrf2 system for the normal hepatic functions via controlling the Keap1 turnover through autophagy in a p62-dependent manner, resulting in upholding a series of anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory cascades. These effects were abolished by compound C. On the other hand, MLT showed a decrease in the autophagy markers via inhibiting AMPK/pS317-ULK1 and activating PI3K/AKT/mTOR/pS757-ULK1 pathways. Autophagy inhibition with MLT markedly reversed the hepatoprotective effects of OCT75 after HIR injury. Finally, our results proved for the first time that OCT75 was more effective than MLT as it was sufficient to induce protective autophagy in our HIR model, which led to the induction of Nrf2-dependent AMPK/autophagy pathways.
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Bonmati-Carrion MA, Tomas-Loba A. Melatonin and Cancer: A Polyhedral Network Where the Source Matters. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020210. [PMID: 33535472 PMCID: PMC7912767 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is one of the most phylogenetically conserved signals in biology. Although its original function was probably related to its antioxidant capacity, this indoleamine has been “adopted” by multicellular organisms as the “darkness signal” when secreted in a circadian manner and is acutely suppressed by light at night by the pineal gland. However, melatonin is also produced by other tissues, which constitute its extrapineal sources. Apart from its undisputed chronobiotic function, melatonin exerts antioxidant, immunomodulatory, pro-apoptotic, antiproliferative, and anti-angiogenic effects, with all these properties making it a powerful antitumor agent. Indeed, this activity has been demonstrated to be mediated by interfering with various cancer hallmarks, and different epidemiological studies have also linked light at night (melatonin suppression) with a higher incidence of different types of cancer. In 2007, the World Health Organization classified night shift work as a probable carcinogen due to circadian disruption, where melatonin plays a central role. Our aim is to review, from a global perspective, the role of melatonin both from pineal and extrapineal origin, as well as their possible interplay, as an intrinsic factor in the incidence, development, and progression of cancer. Particular emphasis will be placed not only on those mechanisms related to melatonin’s antioxidant nature but also on the recently described novel roles of melatonin in microbiota and epigenetic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Angeles Bonmati-Carrion
- Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Ciber Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable, 28090 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.-A.B.-C.); (A.T.-L.)
| | - Antonia Tomas-Loba
- Circadian Rhythm and Cancer Laboratory, Department of Physiology, IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.-A.B.-C.); (A.T.-L.)
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Melatonin regulates Aβ production/clearance balance and Aβ neurotoxicity: A potential therapeutic molecule for Alzheimer's disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 132:110887. [PMID: 33254429 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease with multiple predisposing factors and complicated pathogenesis. Aβ peptide is one of the most important pathogenic factors in the etiology of AD. Accumulating evidence indicates that the imbalance of Aβ production and Aβ clearance in the brain of AD patients leads to Aβ deposition and neurotoxic Aβ oligomer formation. Melatonin shows a potent neuroprotective effect and can prevent or slow down the progression of AD, supporting the view that melatonin is a potential therapeutic molecule for AD. Melatonin modulates the regulatory network of secretase expression and affects the function of secretase, thereby inhibiting amyloidogenic APP processing and Aβ production. Additionally, melatonin ameliorates Aβ-induced neurotoxicity and probably promotes Aβ clearance through glymphatic-lymphatic drainage, BBB transportation and degradation pathways. In this review, we summarize and discuss the role of melatonin against Aβ-dependent AD pathogenesis. We explore the potential cellular and molecular mechanisms of melatonin on Aβ production and assembly, Aβ clearance, Aβ neurotoxicity and circadian cycle disruption. We summarize multiple clinical trials of melatonin treatment in AD patients, showing that melatonin has a promising effect on improving sleep quality and cognitive function. This review aims to stimulate further research on melatonin as a potential therapeutic agent for AD.
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Tiong YL, Ng KY, Koh RY, Ponnudurai G, Chye SM. Melatonin promotes Schwann cell dedifferentiation and proliferation through the Ras/Raf/ERK and MAPK pathways, and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor expression. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:16. [PMID: 32934681 PMCID: PMC7471953 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon peripheral nerve injury (PNI), continuous proliferation of Schwann cells is critical for axon regeneration and tubular reconstruction for nerve regeneration. Melatonin is a hormone that is able to induce proliferation in various cell types. In the present study, the effects of melatonin on promoting Schwann cell proliferation and the molecular mechanism involved were investigated. The present results showed that melatonin enhanced the melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) expression in Schwann cells. Melatonin induced Schwann cell dedifferentiation into progenitor-like Schwann cells, as observed by immunofluorescence staining, which showed Sox2 marker expression. In addition, melatonin enhanced Schwann cell proliferation, mediated by the upregulation of glial cell-derived neurotropic factor (GNDF) and protein kinase C (PKC). Furthermore, the Ras/Raf/ERK and MAPK signaling pathways were also involved in Schwann cell dedifferentiation and proliferation. In conclusion, melatonin induced Schwann cell dedifferentiation and proliferation via the Ras/Raf/ERK, MAPK and GDNF/PKC pathways. The present results suggested that melatonin could be used to enhance the recovery of PNI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Lian Tiong
- School of Postgraduate, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Khuen Yen Ng
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
| | - Rhun Yian Koh
- School of Health Science, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | | | - Soi Moi Chye
- School of Health Science, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
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Sotolongo K, Ghiso J, Rostagno A. Nrf2 activation through the PI3K/GSK-3 axis protects neuronal cells from Aβ-mediated oxidative and metabolic damage. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2020; 12:13. [PMID: 31931869 PMCID: PMC6958642 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-019-0578-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Mounting evidence points to a crucial role of amyloid-β (Aβ) in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a disorder in which brain glucose hypometabolism, downregulation of central elements of phosphorylation pathways, reduced ATP levels, and enhanced oxidative damage coexist, and sometimes precede, synaptic alterations and clinical manifestations. Since the brain has limited energy storage capacity, mitochondria play essential roles in maintaining the high levels of energy demand, but, as major consumers of oxygen, these organelles are also the most important generators of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Thus, it is not surprising that mitochondrial dysfunction is tightly linked to synaptic loss and AD pathophysiology. In spite of their relevance, the mechanistic links among ROS homeostasis, metabolic alterations, and cell bioenergetics, particularly in relation to Aβ, still remain elusive. Methods We have used classic biochemical and immunocytochemical approaches together with the evaluation of real-time changes in global energy metabolism in a Seahorse Metabolic Analyzer to provide insights into the detrimental role of oligAβ in SH-SY5Y and primary neurons testing their pharmacologic protection by small molecules. Results Our findings indicate that oligomeric Aβ induces a dramatic increase in ROS production and severely affects neuronal metabolism and bioenergetics. Assessment of global energy metabolism in real time demonstrated Aβ-mediated reduction in oxygen consumption affecting basal and maximal respiration and causing decreased ATP production. Pharmacologic targeting of Aβ-challenged neurons with a set of small molecules of known antioxidant and cytoprotective activity prevented the metabolic/bioenergetic changes induced by the peptide, fully restoring mitochondrial function while inducing an antioxidant response that counterbalanced the ROS production. Search for a mechanistic link among the protective small molecules tested identified the transcription factor Nrf2—compromised by age and downregulated in AD and transgenic models—as their main target and the PI3K/GSK-3 axis as the central pathway through which the compounds elicit their Aβ protective action. Conclusions Our study provides insights into the complex molecular mechanisms triggered by oligAβ which profoundly affect mitochondrial performance and argues for the inclusion of small molecules targeting the PI3K/GSK-3 axis and Nrf2-mediated pathways as part of the current or future combinatorial therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal Sotolongo
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Jorge Ghiso
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
| | - Agueda Rostagno
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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Neamati F, Asemi Z. The effects of melatonin on signaling pathways and molecules involved in glioma. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2019; 34:192-199. [PMID: 31808968 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is one of the most common brain tumors with high invasion and malignancy. Despite extensive research in this area and the use of new and advanced therapies, the survival rate in this disease is very low. In addition, resistance to treatment has also been observed in this disease. One of the reasons for rapid progression and failure in treatment for this disease is the presence of a class of cells with high proliferation and high differentiation, a class called glioblastoma stem-like cells shown as being the source of glioblastoma tumors. It has been reported that several oncogenes are expressed in this disease. One important issue in recognizing the pathogenesis of this disease, and which could improve the treatment process, is the identification of involved oncogenes as well as molecules that affect the reduction of the expression of these oncogenes. Melatonin regulates the biological rhythm and inhibits the proliferation of malignant glioma cells due to antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects. Melatonin has been considered in biological processes and in signaling pathways involved in the development of glioma. The aim of this review is to investigate the effects of melatonin on signaling pathways and molecules involved in the progression of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foroogh Neamati
- Department of Microbiology, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, 87159-88141, I.R. Iran
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, 87159-88141, I.R. Iran
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Mortezaee K, Najafi M, Farhood B, Ahmadi A, Potes Y, Shabeeb D, Musa AE. Modulation of apoptosis by melatonin for improving cancer treatment efficiency: An updated review. Life Sci 2019; 228:228-241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Zhao Y, Zhao R, Wu J, Wang Q, Pang K, Shi Q, Gao Q, Hu Y, Dong X, Zhang J, Sun J. Melatonin protects against Aβ-induced neurotoxicity in primary neurons via miR-132/PTEN/AKT/FOXO3a pathway. Biofactors 2018; 44:609-618. [PMID: 29322615 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a kind of neurodegenerative disorder associated with age. Investigations suggest that amyliod-β (Aβ) is implicated in the pathogenesis of AD. The accumulation of Aβ in the brain causes oxidative stress and synaptic toxicity, leads to synaptic dysfunction and neuronal death. Previous investigations suggest that melatonin an endogenous hormone can counteract Aβ-induced neurotoxicity. However, the molecular mechanisms of Aβ-induced toxicity and melatonin treatment remain elusive. Studies indicate that microRNA-132 is crucial for neuronal survival and plays a key role in the pathological process of AD. Moreover, PTEN and FOXO3a two key targets of miR-132 are upregulated in the AD brain. Here, we exposed the primary cultured cortical neurons with Aβ25-35 and treated with melatonin. Our investigations demonstrated that Aβ25-35 exposure significantly decreased the expression of miR-132 and elevated the expression of PTEN and FOXO3a. Whereas, melatonin treatment could rescue the expression of miR-132 and downregulate the level of PTEN and FOXO3a. Moreover, melatonin blocked the nuclear translocation of FOXO3a and thereby suppressed its pro-apoptotic pathways. In addition, our investigations suggested that the over-expression of miR-132 could block Aβ-induced neurotoxicity. We also found that VO-OHpic (PTEN inhibitor) could counteract Aβ-induced neuronal damage, and LY294002 (AKT inhibitor) suppressed the protective effect of melatonin. Together, these results indicate that melatonin exerts its neuroprotective effect in Aβ-induced neurotoxicity via miR-132/PTEN/AKT/FOXO3a pathway. © 2018 BioFactors, 44(6):609-618, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhao
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Ranran Zhao
- Department of Cadre Health Care, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, China
| | - Jintao Wu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Kunkun Pang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Qingqing Shi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Qing Gao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yanlai Hu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xiaoguang Dong
- Department of Orthopedic, Osteological Hospital of Yishengjian, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Jinhao Sun
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
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Sadhukhan P, Saha S, Dutta S, Mahalanobish S, Sil PC. Nutraceuticals: An emerging therapeutic approach against the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. Pharmacol Res 2018; 129:100-114. [PMID: 29183770 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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20
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Akbarzadeh M, Movassaghpour AA, Ghanbari H, Kheirandish M, Fathi Maroufi N, Rahbarghazi R, Nouri M, Samadi N. The potential therapeutic effect of melatonin on human ovarian cancer by inhibition of invasion and migration of cancer stem cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17062. [PMID: 29213108 PMCID: PMC5719004 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16940-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need to identify targeting molecules to control invasion and metastasis in cancer patients. We first isolated cancer stem cells (CSCs) from SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells and then investigated the role of melatonin in invasiveness and migration of CSCs compared to SKOV3 cells. The proportion of CSCs in SKOV3 cells was as low as 1.28% with overexpression of both CD133 and CD44. The ability of spheroid formation along with SOX2 overexpression revealed a high self-renewal potential in isolated cells. Melatonin (3.4 mM) inhibited proliferation of CSCs by 23% which was confirmed by a marked decrease in protein expression of Ki67, as a proliferation marker. Applying luzindole, a melatonin receptor 1, 2 inhibitor, partially abolished anti-proliferative effect of melatonin. Melatonin also decreased Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) related gene expressions including ZEB1, ZEB2, snail and vimentin with increase in E-cadherin as a negative EMT regulator. Incubation of CSCs with melatonin showed a marked decrease in matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) expression and activity. Melatonin also inhibited CSCs migration in a partially receptor dependent and PI3k and MAPK independent manner. Melatonin can be considered as an important adjuvant to control invasion and metastasis especially in patients with high melatonin receptor expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Akbarzadeh
- Stem Cell And Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Movassaghpour
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Ghanbari
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Kheirandish
- Department of Immunology Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazila Fathi Maroufi
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nouri
- Stem Cell And Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Nasser Samadi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Najafi A, Adutwum E, Yari A, Salehi E, Mikaeili S, Dashtestani F, Abolhassani F, Rashki L, Shiasi S, Asadi E. Melatonin affects membrane integrity, intracellular reactive oxygen species, caspase3 activity and AKT phosphorylation in frozen thawed human sperm. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 372:149-159. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2743-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Bahna SG, Niles LP. Epigenetic regulation of melatonin receptors in neuropsychiatric disorders. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 175:3209-3219. [PMID: 28967098 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin, the primary indoleamine hormone of the mammalian pineal gland, is known to have a plethora of neuroregulatory, neuroprotective and other properties. Melatonergic signalling is mediated by its two GPCRs, MT1 and MT2 , which are widely expressed in the mammalian CNS. Melatonin levels and receptor expression often show a decrease during normal ageing, and this reduction may be accelerated in some disease states. Depleted melatonergic signalling has been associated with neuropsychiatric dysfunction and impairments in cognition, memory, neurogenesis and neurorestorative processes. The anticonvulsant and mood stabilizer, valproic acid (VPA), up-regulates melatonin MT1 and/or MT2 receptor expression in cultured cells and in the rat brain. VPA is known to affect gene expression through several mechanisms, including the modulation of intracellular kinase pathways and transcription factors, as well as the inhibition of histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity. Interestingly, other HDAC inhibitors, such as trichostatin A, which are structurally distinct from VPA, can also up-regulate melatonin receptor expression, unlike a VPA analogue, valpromide, which lacks HDAC inhibitory activity. Moreover, VPA increases histone H3 acetylation along the length of the MT1 gene promoter in rat C6 cells. These findings indicate that an epigenetic mechanism, linked to histone hyperacetylation/chromatin remodelling and associated changes in gene transcription, is involved in the up-regulation of melatonin receptors by VPA. Epigenetic induction of MT1 and/or MT2 receptor expression, in areas where these receptors are lost because of ageing, injury or disease, may be a promising therapeutic avenue for the management of CNS dysfunction and other disorders. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Recent Developments in Research of Melatonin and its Potential Therapeutic Applications. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.16/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarra G Bahna
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Lennard P Niles
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Galván-Arrieta T, Trueta C, Cercós MG, Valdés-Tovar M, Alarcón S, Oikawa J, Zamudio-Meza H, Benítez-King G. The role of melatonin in the neurodevelopmental etiology of schizophrenia: A study in human olfactory neuronal precursors. J Pineal Res 2017; 63. [PMID: 28500770 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Dim light exposure of the mother during pregnancy has been proposed as one of the environmental factors that affect the fetal brain development in schizophrenia. Melatonin circulating levels are regulated by the environmental light/dark cycle. This hormone stimulates neuronal differentiation in the adult brain. However, little is known about its role in the fetal human brain development. Olfactory neuronal precursors (ONPs) are useful for studying the physiopathology of neuropsychiatric diseases because they mimic all the stages of neurodevelopment in culture. Here, we first characterized whether melatonin stimulates neuronal differentiation in cloned ONPs obtained from a healthy control subject (HCS). Then, melatonin effects were evaluated in primary cultures of ONPs derived from a patient diagnosed with schizophrenia (SZ) and an age- and gender-matched HCS. Axonal formation was evidenced morphologically by tau immunostaining and by GSK3β phosphorylated state. Potassium-evoked secretion was assessed as a functional feature of differentiated neurons. As well, we report the expression of MT1/2 receptors in human ONPs for the first time. Melatonin stimulated axonal formation and ramification in cloned ONPs through a receptor-mediated mechanism and enhanced the amount and velocity of axonal and somatic secretion. SZ ONPs displayed reduced axogenesis associated with lower levels of pGSK3β and less expression of melatonergic receptors regarding the HCS ONPs. Melatonin counteracted this reduction in SZ cells. Altogether, our results show that melatonin signaling is crucial for functional differentiation of human ONPs, strongly suggesting that a deficit of this indoleamine may lead to an impaired neurodevelopment which has been associated with the etiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Galván-Arrieta
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Citlali Trueta
- Departamento de Neurofisiología, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Montserrat G Cercós
- Departamento de Neurofisiología, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Marcela Valdés-Tovar
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Salvador Alarcón
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Julian Oikawa
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Horacio Zamudio-Meza
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Gloria Benítez-King
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México, México
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Onphachanh X, Lee HJ, Lim JR, Jung YH, Kim JS, Chae CW, Lee SJ, Gabr AA, Han HJ. Enhancement of high glucose-induced PINK1 expression by melatonin stimulates neuronal cell survival: Involvement of MT 2 /Akt/NF-κB pathway. J Pineal Res 2017; 63. [PMID: 28580603 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia is a representative hallmark and risk factor for diabetes mellitus (DM) and is closely linked to DM-associated neuronal cell death. Previous investigators reported on a genome-wide association study and showed relationships between DM and melatonin receptor (MT), highlighting the role of MT signaling by assessing melatonin in DM. However, the role of MT signaling in DM pathogenesis is unclear. Therefore, we investigated the role of mitophagy regulators in high glucose-induced neuronal cell death and the effect of melatonin against high glucose-induced mitophagy regulators in neuronal cells. In our results, high glucose significantly increased PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) and LC-3B expressions; as well it decreased cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 expression and Mitotracker™ fluorescence intensity. Silencing of PINK1 induced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and mitochondrial membrane potential impairment, increased expressions of cleaved caspases, and increased the number of annexin V-positive cells. In addition, high glucose-stimulated melatonin receptor 1B (MTNR1B) mRNA and PINK1 expressions were reversed by ROS scavenger N-acetyl cysteine pretreatment. Upregulation of PINK1 expression in neuronal cells is suppressed by pretreatment with MT2 receptor-specific inhibitor 4-P-PDOT. We further showed melatonin stimulated Akt phosphorylation, which was followed by nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) phosphorylation and nuclear translocation. Silencing of PINK1 expression abolished melatonin-regulated mitochondrial ROS production, cleaved caspase-3 and caspase-9 expressions, and the number of annexin V-positive cells. In conclusion, we have demonstrated the melatonin stimulates PINK1 expression via an MT2 /Akt/NF-κB pathway, and such stimulation is important for the prevention of neuronal cell apoptosis under high glucose conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xaykham Onphachanh
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Animal Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture and Forest Resource, Souphanouvong University, Luang Prabang, Lao PDR
| | - Hyun Jik Lee
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Ryong Lim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Hyun Jung
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun Sung Kim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Woo Chae
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sei-Jung Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Amr Ahmed Gabr
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ho Jae Han
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Jenwitheesuk A, Park S, Wongchitrat P, Tocharus J, Mukda S, Shimokawa I, Govitrapong P. Comparing the Effects of Melatonin with Caloric Restriction in the Hippocampus of Aging Mice: Involvement of Sirtuin1 and the FOXOs Pathway. Neurochem Res 2017; 43:153-161. [PMID: 28770437 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2369-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that age-related neurodegeneration might be associated with neuropeptide Y (NPY); sirtuin1 (SIRT1) and forkhead box transcription factors O subfamily (FOXOs) pathways. Melatonin, a hormone mainly secreted by the pineal gland, is another anti-aging agent associated with the SIRT1-FOXOs pathway. This study aimed to compare the effects of melatonin (Mel) and caloric restriction (CR) on the expression of Sirt1, FoxO1, FoxO3a and FOXOs target genes in the aging mouse hippocampus. Neuropeptide Y-knockout (NpyKO) and wild-type (WT) male mice aged 19 months were previously treated either with food ad libitum or CR for 16 months. WT old animals were divided into four groups: control, CR, Mel and CR+Mel treated groups. The Mel and CR+Mel were treated with melatonin 10 mg/kg, daily, subcutaneously for 7 consecutive days. Mel treatment upregulated the mRNA expression of Sirt1, FOXOs (FoxO1 and FoxO3a) target genes that regulated the cell cycle [e.g., cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (p27)], Wingless and INT-1 (Wnt1) and inducible signaling pathway protein 1 (Wisp1) in the aged mouse hippocampus. CR treatment also showed the similar actions. However, the mRNA expression of Sirt1, FoxO1, FoxO3a, p27 or Wisp1 did not alter in the CR+Mel group when compared with CR or Mel group. Melatonin could not produce any additive effect on the CR treatment group, suggesting that both treatments mimicked the effect, possibly via the same pathway. NPY which mediates physiological adaptations to energy deficits is an essential link between CR and longevity in mice. In order to focus on the role of Npy in mediating the effects of melatonin, the gene expression between NpyKO and WT male mice were compared. Our data showed that, in the absence of Npy, melatonin could not mediate effects on those gene expressions, suggesting that Npy was required for melatonin to mediate the effect, possibly, on life extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anorut Jenwitheesuk
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Thailand
| | - Seongjoon Park
- Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University School of Medicine and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Prapimpun Wongchitrat
- Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Jiraporn Tocharus
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Sujira Mukda
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Thailand
| | - Isao Shimokawa
- Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University School of Medicine and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.
| | - Piyarat Govitrapong
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Thailand. .,Center for Neuroscience and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Salaya, Thailand. .,Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Lak Si, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand.
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Melatonin and Fertoprotective Adjuvants: Prevention against Premature Ovarian Failure during Chemotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061221. [PMID: 28590419 PMCID: PMC5486044 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Premature ovarian failure is one of the side effects of chemotherapy in pre-menopausal cancer patients. Preservation of fertility has become increasingly important in improving the quality of life of completely recovered cancer patients. Among the possible strategies for preserving fertility such as ovarian tissue cryopreservation, co-treatment with a pharmacological adjuvant is highly effective and poses less of a burden on the human body. Melatonin is generally produced in various tissues and acts as a universally acting antioxidant in cells. Melatonin is now more widely used in various biological processes including treating insomnia and an adjuvant during chemotherapy. In this review, we summarize the information indicating that melatonin may be useful for reducing and preventing premature ovarian failure in chemotherapy-treated female patients. We also mention that many adjuvants other than melatonin are developed and used to inhibit chemotherapy-induced infertility. This information will give us novel insights on the clinical use of melatonin and other agents as fertoprotective adjuvants for female cancer patients.
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Kocic G, Tomovic K, Kocic H, Sokolovic D, Djordjevic B, Stojanovic S, Arsic I, Smelcerovic A. Antioxidative, membrane protective and antiapoptotic effects of melatonin, in silico study of physico-chemical profile and efficiency of nanoliposome delivery compared to betaine. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra24741e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatoprotective effects of melatonin mediated by the inhibition of apoptotic and oxidative processes and activation of survival pathways, in comparison with betaine, were studied in mouse hepatocytes undergone Fas-ligand apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Kocic
- Institute of Biochemistry
- Faculty of Medicine
- University of Nis
- 18000 Nis
- Serbia
| | - Katarina Tomovic
- Department of Pharmacy
- Faculty of Medicine
- University of Nis
- 18000 Nis
- Serbia
| | - Hristina Kocic
- Faculty of Medicine
- University of Maribor
- Maribor 2000
- Slovenia
| | - Dusan Sokolovic
- Institute of Biochemistry
- Faculty of Medicine
- University of Nis
- 18000 Nis
- Serbia
| | - Branka Djordjevic
- Institute of Biochemistry
- Faculty of Medicine
- University of Nis
- 18000 Nis
- Serbia
| | - Svetlana Stojanovic
- Institute of Biochemistry
- Faculty of Medicine
- University of Nis
- 18000 Nis
- Serbia
| | - Ivana Arsic
- Department of Pharmacy
- Faculty of Medicine
- University of Nis
- 18000 Nis
- Serbia
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Song IS, Jeong YJ, Nyamaa B, Jeong SH, Kim HK, Kim N, Ko KS, Rhee BD, Han J. KSP inhibitor SB743921 induces death of multiple myeloma cells via inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway. BMB Rep 2016; 48:571-6. [PMID: 25772758 PMCID: PMC4911184 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2015.48.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
SB743921 is a potent inhibitor of the spindle protein kinesin and is being investigated in ongoing clinical trials for the treatment of myeloma. However, little is known about the molecular events underlying the induction of cell death in multiple myeloma (MM) by SB743921, alone or in combination treatment. Here, we report that SB743921 induces mitochondria-mediated cell death via inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway, but does not cause cell cycle arrest in KMS20 MM cells. SB743921-mediated inhibition of the NF-κB pathway results in reduced expression of SOD2 and Mcl-1, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction. We also found that combination treatment with SB743921 and bortezomib induces death in bortezomib-resistant KMS20 cells. Altogether, these data suggest that treatment with SB743921 alone or in combination with bortezomib offers excellent translational potential and promises to be a novel MM therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Sung Song
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - Yu Jeong Jeong
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - Bayalagmaa Nyamaa
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - Seung Hun Jeong
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - Hyoung Kyu Kim
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - Nari Kim
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - Kyung Soo Ko
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - Byoung Doo Rhee
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - Jin Han
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea
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Daniele S, Zappelli E, Martini C. Trazodone regulates neurotrophic/growth factors, mitogen-activated protein kinases and lactate release in human primary astrocytes. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:225. [PMID: 26627476 PMCID: PMC4666178 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0446-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the central nervous system, glial cells provide metabolic and trophic support to neurons and respond to protracted stress and insults by up-regulating inflammatory processes. Reactive astrocytes and microglia are associated with the pathophysiology of neuronal injury, neurodegenerative diseases and major depression, in both animal models and human brains. Several studies have reported clear anti-inflammatory effects of anti-depressant treatment on astrocytes, especially in models of neurological disorders. Trazodone (TDZ) is a triazolopyridine derivative that is structurally unrelated to other major classes of antidepressants. Although the molecular mechanisms of TDZ in neurons have been investigated, it is unclear whether astrocytes are also a TDZ target. METHODS The effects of TDZ on human astrocytes were investigated in physiological conditions and following inflammatory insult with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Astrocytes were assessed for their responses to pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines, and the receptors and signalling pathways involved in TDZ-mediated effects were evaluated. RESULTS TDZ had no effect on cell proliferation, but it decreased pro-inflammatory mediator release and modulated trophic and transcription factor mRNA expression. Following TDZ treatment, the AKT pathway was activated, whereas extracellular signal-regulated kinase and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase were inhibited. Most importantly, a 72-h TDZ pre-treatment before inflammatory insult completely reversed the anti-proliferative effects induced by LPS-TNF-α. The expression or the activity of inflammatory mediators, including interleukin-6, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase and nuclear factor κB, were also reduced. Furthermore, TDZ affected astrocyte metabolic support to neurons by counteracting the inflammation-mediated lactate decrease. Finally, TDZ protected neuronal-like cells against neurotoxicity mediated by activated astrocytes. These effects mainly involved an activation of 5-HT1A and an antagonism at 5-HT2A/C serotonin receptors. Fluoxetine, used in parallel, showed similar final effects nevertheless it activates different receptors/intracellular pathways. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our results demonstrated that TDZ directly acts on astrocytes by regulating intracellular signalling pathways and increasing specific astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor expression and lactate release. TDZ may contribute to neuronal support by normalizing trophic and metabolic support during neuroinflammation, which is associated with neurological diseases, including major depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Daniele
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano, 6, Pisa, 56126, PI, Italy.
| | - Elisa Zappelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano, 6, Pisa, 56126, PI, Italy.
| | - Claudia Martini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano, 6, Pisa, 56126, PI, Italy.
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Chan KA, Bernal AB, Vickers MH, Gohir W, Petrik JJ, Sloboda DM. Early life exposure to undernutrition induces ER stress, apoptosis, and reduced vascularization in ovaries of adult rat offspring. Biol Reprod 2015; 92:110. [PMID: 25810471 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.114.124149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal nutritional restriction has been shown to induce impairments in a number of organ systems including the ovary. We have previously shown that maternal undernutrition induces fetal growth restriction and low birth weight, and results in an offspring ovarian phenotype characteristic of premature ovarian aging with reduced ovarian reserve. In the present study, we set out to investigate the underlying mechanisms that lead offspring of undernourished mothers to premature ovarian aging. Pregnant dams were randomized to 1) a standard diet throughout pregnancy and lactation (control), 2) a calorie-restricted (50% of control) diet during pregnancy, 3) a calorie-restricted (50% of control) diet during pregnancy and lactation, or 4) a calorie-restricted (50% of control) diet during lactation alone. The present study shows that early life undernutrition-induced reduction of adult ovarian follicles may be mediated by increased ovarian endoplasmic reticulum stress in a manner that increased follicular apoptosis but not autophagy. These changes were associated with a loss of ovarian vessel density and are consistent with an accelerated ovarian aging phenotype. Whether these changes are mediated specifically by a reduction in the local antioxidant environment is unclear, although our data suggest the possibility that ovarian melatonin may play a part in early life nutritional undernutrition and impaired offspring folliculogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn A Chan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angelica B Bernal
- Liggins Institute and Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mark H Vickers
- Liggins Institute and Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Wajiha Gohir
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jim J Petrik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Deborah M Sloboda
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Pan Y, Niles LP. Epigenetic mechanisms of melatonin action in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 402:57-63. [PMID: 25578604 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that melatonin induces histone hyperacetylation in vitro and in vivo. To clarify the mechanisms involved, we have now investigated its effects on histone acetylation and signaling pathways in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, which express melatonin MT1 receptors. Melatonin caused significant concentration-dependent increases in both histone H3 and H4 acetylation. Blockade of melatonin receptors with luzindole abolished the histone hyperacetylating effect of melatonin, whereas inhibition of MAPK-ERK by PD98059 attenuated but did not block this effect. Melatonin treatment for 24-h decreased the levels of phospho-ERK1/2, but significantly increased Akt phosphorylation and protein expression of the histone acetyltransferase, p300. These findings suggest that the epigenetic effects of melatonin in SH-SY5Y cells are mediated by G protein-coupled MT1 melatonin receptors. Furthermore, upregulation of the histone acetyltransferase/transcriptional co-activator p300, along with phosphorylation of Akt, which is essential for p300 activation, appear to be key mechanisms underlying the epigenetic effects of melatonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Pan
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Faculty of Health Sciences, HSC-4N77, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Lennard P Niles
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Faculty of Health Sciences, HSC-4N77, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada.
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Singh S, Mani KV, Kapoor N. Effect of occupational EMF exposure from radar at two different frequency bands on plasma melatonin and serotonin levels. Int J Radiat Biol 2015; 91:426-34. [PMID: 25565559 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2015.1004466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To delineate the effect of chronic electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure from radar on plasma melatonin and serotonin levels in occupationally exposed military personnel. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A total of 166 male military personnel participated in the study out of which only 155 joined for blood draw. They were divided into three sets: Control group (n = 68), exposure group I (n = 40) exposed to 8-12 GHz and exposure group II (n = 58) working with radar at 12.5-18 GHz frequency. The three groups were further split into two groups according to their years of service (up to 10 years and > 10 years) in order to investigate the effect of years of exposure from radar. Melatonin and serotonin levels were estimated by enzyme immunoassay in fasting blood samples collected from 06:00-07:00 h. EMF measurements were recorded at different locations using Satimo EME Guard 'Personal Exposure Meter' and Narda 'Broad Band Field Meter'. RESULTS The group I exposed population registered a minor though not significant decrease in plasma melatonin concentration while the other group II exposed population registered statistically significant decline in melatonin concentration when compared with controls. Highly significant increase in plasma serotonin levels was found in exposure group II when compared to control whereas marginal non-significant rise was also registered in exposure group I in comparison to control. Exposure in terms of length of service up to 10 years did not produce any significant effect in the indoleamine levels in both the exposure groups when they were compared with their respective control groups. Whereas, length of service greater than 10 years was observed to decrease and increase respectively the melatonin and serotonin concentration significantly in exposure group II but not in exposure group I. However, correlation test did not yield any significant association between years of service and melatonin or serotonin levels respectively in both the exposure sets I and II. No significant association was observed between melatonin and serotonin levels as well. CONCLUSION The study showed the EMF ability to influence plasma melatonin and serotonin concentration in radar workers, significantly in 12.5-18 GHz range with service period greater than 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarika Singh
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Science, Occupational Health , Delhi , India
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Laste G, Ripoll Rozisky J, Caumo W, Lucena da Silva Torres I. Short- but not long-term melatonin administration reduces central levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in rats with inflammatory pain. Neuroimmunomodulation 2015; 22:358-64. [PMID: 25871298 DOI: 10.1159/000380912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of short- and long-term administration of melatonin on central brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in rats with acute and chronic inflammatory pain. METHODS The animals were allocated to one of two experiments: experiment 1 or experiment 2. In experiment 1, all animals were injected with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) to induce inflammation and were randomly allocated to receiving melatonin (60 mg/kg) or vehicle. Injections were administered 1 h after CFA and once daily for 2 more days (for a total of 3 days of melatonin administration). In experiment 2, fifteen days after CFA injection, the animals were treated with melatonin (50 mg/kg) or vehicle for 8 days. The animals were killed by decapitation 24 h after the last melatonin or vehicle administration, and an ELISA assay was performed to detect BDNF expression in the spinal cord, brainstem, and prefrontal cortex of the rats in both groups. Data were analyzed using Student's t test and the results are expressed as means ± SEM. RESULTS In the first experiment, the BDNF levels of the melatonin group were reduced in the prefrontal cortex (Student's t test, p = 0.01) and increased in the spinal cord (Student's t test, p = 0.04). In experiment 2, BDNF levels were similar in both groups for all structures (Student's t test, p > 0.00 for all). A two-way ANOVA reveled a significant effect of structures (p = 0.0001) but not of treatment (p > 0.05). The prefrontal cortex presented higher BDNF levels than other structures (ANOVA/Student-Newman-Keuls test, p = 0.0001). Considering the relationship between BDNF levels in all three structures, we found an effect of central nervous system structures (p = 0.01) and an interaction between treatment and structures (p = 0.04). CONCLUSION The high spinal cord BDNF levels and the low prefrontal cortical BDNF levels observed in rats with acute CFA-induced inflammation following short-term melatonin administration may be related to the pain-modulating and neuroprotective effects of this protein. Long-term melatonin administration did not alter BDNF levels in chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Laste
- Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation, Animal Models Laboratory, Pharmacology Department, Instituto de Cix00EA;ncias Bx00E1;sicas da Sax00FA;de, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Teodoro BG, Baraldi FG, Sampaio IH, Bomfim LHM, Queiroz AL, Passos MA, Carneiro EM, Alberici LC, Gomis R, Amaral FG, Cipolla-Neto J, Araújo MB, Lima T, Akira Uyemura S, Silveira LR, Vieira E. Melatonin prevents mitochondrial dysfunction and insulin resistance in rat skeletal muscle. J Pineal Res 2014; 57:155-67. [PMID: 24981026 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin has a number of beneficial metabolic actions and reduced levels of melatonin may contribute to type 2 diabetes. The present study investigated the metabolic pathways involved in the effects of melatonin on mitochondrial function and insulin resistance in rat skeletal muscle. The effect of melatonin was tested both in vitro in isolated rats skeletal muscle cells and in vivo using pinealectomized rats (PNX). Insulin resistance was induced in vitro by treating primary rat skeletal muscle cells with palmitic acid for 24 hr. Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was reduced by palmitic acid followed by decreased phosphorylation of AKT which was prevented my melatonin. Palmitic acid reduced mitochondrial respiration, genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and the levels of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates whereas melatonin counteracted all these parameters in insulin-resistant cells. Melatonin treatment increases CAMKII and p-CREB but had no effect on p-AMPK. Silencing of CREB protein by siRNA reduced mitochondrial respiration mimicking the effect of palmitic acid and prevented melatonin-induced increase in p-AKT in palmitic acid-treated cells. PNX rats exhibited mild glucose intolerance, decreased energy expenditure and decreased p-AKT, mitochondrial respiration, and p-CREB and PGC-1 alpha levels in skeletal muscle which were restored by melatonin treatment in PNX rats. In summary, we showed that melatonin could prevent mitochondrial dysfunction and insulin resistance via activation of CREB-PGC-1 alpha pathway. Thus, the present work shows that melatonin play an important role in skeletal muscle mitochondrial function which could explain some of the beneficial effects of melatonin in insulin resistance states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno G Teodoro
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Federal Institute of Science Education and Technology of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Joshi N, Biswas J, Nath C, Singh S. Promising Role of Melatonin as Neuroprotectant in Neurodegenerative Pathology. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 52:330-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8865-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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The beneficial effect of melatonin in brain endothelial cells against oxygen-glucose deprivation followed by reperfusion-induced injury. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:639531. [PMID: 25126203 PMCID: PMC4122057 DOI: 10.1155/2014/639531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin has a cellular protective effect in cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Protection of brain endothelial cells against hypoxia and oxidative stress is important for treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases, since brain endothelial cells constitute the blood brain barrier (BBB). In the present study, we investigated the protective effect of melatonin against oxygen-glucose deprivation, followed by reperfusion- (OGD/R-) induced injury, in bEnd.3 cells. The effect of melatonin was examined by western blot analysis, cell viability assays, measurement of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and immunocytochemistry (ICC). Our results showed that treatment with melatonin prevents cell death and degradation of tight junction protein in the setting of OGD/R-induced injury. In response to OGD/R injury of bEnd.3 cells, melatonin activates Akt, which promotes cell survival, and attenuates phosphorylation of JNK, which triggers apoptosis. Thus, melatonin protects bEnd.3 cells against OGD/R-induced injury.
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Fonseca CP, Gama S, Saavedra A, Baltazar G. H2O2- or l-DOPA-injured dopaminergic neurons trigger the release of soluble mediators that up-regulate striatal GDNF through different signalling pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:927-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hardeland R. Melatonin and the theories of aging: a critical appraisal of melatonin's role in antiaging mechanisms. J Pineal Res 2013; 55:325-56. [PMID: 24112071 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The classic theories of aging such as the free radical theory, including its mitochondria-related versions, have largely focused on a few specific processes of senescence. Meanwhile, numerous interconnections have become apparent between age-dependent changes previously thought to proceed more or less independently. Increased damage by free radicals is not only linked to impairments of mitochondrial function, but also to inflammaging as it occurs during immune remodeling and by release of proinflammatory cytokines from mitotically arrested, DNA-damaged cells that exhibit the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Among other effects, SASP can cause mutations in stem cells that reduce the capacity for tissue regeneration or, in worst case, lead to cancer stem cells. Oxidative stress has also been shown to promote telomere attrition. Moreover, damage by free radicals is connected to impaired circadian rhythmicity. Another nexus exists between cellular oscillators and metabolic sensing, in particular to the aging-suppressor SIRT1, which acts as an accessory clock protein. Melatonin, being a highly pleiotropic regulator molecule, interacts directly or indirectly with all the processes mentioned. These influences are critically reviewed, with emphasis on data from aged organisms and senescence-accelerated animals. The sometimes-controversial findings obtained either in a nongerontological context or in comparisons of tumor with nontumor cells are discussed in light of evidence obtained in senescent organisms. Although, in mammals, lifetime extension by melatonin has been rarely documented in a fully conclusive way, a support of healthy aging has been observed in rodents and is highly likely in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Hardeland
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Phillipson OT. Management of the aging risk factor for Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 35:847-57. [PMID: 24246717 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The aging risk factor for Parkinson's disease is described in terms of specific disease markers including mitochondrial and gene dysfunctions relevant to energy metabolism. This review details evidence for the ability of nutritional agents to manage these aging risk factors. The combination of alpha lipoic acid, acetyl-l-carnitine, coenzyme Q10, and melatonin supports energy metabolism via carbohydrate and fatty acid utilization, assists electron transport and adenosine triphosphate synthesis, counters oxidative and nitrosative stress, and raises defenses against protein misfolding, inflammatory stimuli, iron, and other endogenous or xenobiotic toxins. These effects are supported by gene expression via the antioxidant response element (ARE; Keap/Nrf2 pathway), and by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1 alpha (PGC-1 alpha), a transcription coactivator, which regulates gene expression for energy metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis, and maintains the structural integrity of mitochondria. The effectiveness and synergies of the combination against disease risks are discussed in relation to gene action, dopamine cell loss, and the accumulation and spread of pathology via misfolded alpha-synuclein. In addition there are potential synergies to support a neurorestorative role via glial derived neurotrophic factor expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver T Phillipson
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, UK.
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40
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Bai J, Dong L, Song Z, Ge H, Cai X, Wang G, Liu P. The role of melatonin as an antioxidant in human lens epithelial cells. Free Radic Res 2013; 47:635-42. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2013.808743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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41
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Marsden WN. Synaptic plasticity in depression: molecular, cellular and functional correlates. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 43:168-84. [PMID: 23268191 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity confers environmental adaptability through modification of the connectivity between neurons and neuronal circuits. This is achieved through changes to synapse-associated signaling systems and supported by complementary changes to cellular morphology and metabolism within the tripartite synapse. Mounting evidence suggests region-specific changes to synaptic form and function occur as a result of chronic stress and in depression. Within subregions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus structural and synapse-related findings seem consistent with a deficit in long-term potentiation (LTP) and facilitation of long-term depression (LTD), particularly at excitatory pyramidal synapses. Other brain regions are less well-studied; however the amygdala may feature a somewhat opposite synaptic pathology including reduced inhibitory tone. Changes to synaptic plasticity in stress and depression may correlate those to several signal transduction pathways (e.g. NOS-NO, cAMP-PKA, Ras-ERK, PI3K-Akt, GSK-3, mTOR and CREB) and upstream receptors (e.g. NMDAR, TrkB and p75NTR). Deficits in synaptic plasticity may further correlate disrupted brain redox and bioenergetics. Finally, at a functional level region-specific changes to synaptic plasticity in depression may relate to maladapted neurocircuitry and parallel reduced cognitive control over negative emotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- W N Marsden
- Highclere Court, Woking, Surrey, GU21 2QP, UK.
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42
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Espino J, Rodríguez AB, Pariente JA. The inhibition of TNF-α-induced leucocyte apoptosis by melatonin involves membrane receptor MT1/MT2 interaction. J Pineal Res 2013; 54:442-52. [PMID: 23397952 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The pro-apoptotic signalling cascades induced by tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) have been intensively studied in multiple cellular systems. So far, it is known that TNF-α can simultaneously activate survival and apoptotic cell death responses. The balance between these signals determines the ultimate response of the cell to TNF-α. Moreover, emerging evidence suggests that melatonin may be involved in the protection of different cell types against apoptosis. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of melatonin on TNF-α-induced apoptosis in human leucocytes. Cells were treated with TNF-α alone or in the presence of cycloheximide (CHX), which promotes caspase-8 activation by eliminating the endogenous caspase-8 inhibitor, c-FLIP. Treatment with TNF-α/CHX led to apoptotic cell death, as ascertained by annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) staining. Likewise, in the presence of CHX, TNF-α stimulation produced cFLIP down-regulation and subsequent caspase-8 activation, thus directly triggering caspase-3 activation and causing Bid truncation and subsequent caspase-9 activation. Conversely, pre-incubation of cells with melatonin inhibited TNF-α-/CHX-evoked leucocyte apoptosis. Similarly, pretreatment of leucocytes with melatonin increased cFLIP protein levels, thereby preventing TNF-α-/CHX-mediated caspase processing. Blockade of melatonin membrane receptor MT1/MT2 or extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway with luzindole or PD98059, respectively, abolished the inhibitory effects of melatonin on leucocyte apoptosis evoked by TNF-α/CHX. In conclusion, the model proposed by these findings is that the MT1/MT2 receptors, which are under the positive control of melatonin, trigger an ERK-dependent signalling cascade that interferes with the anti-apoptotic protein cFLIP modulating the cell life/death balance of human leucocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Espino
- Faculty of Science, Department of Physiology, Neuroimmunophysiology and Chrononutrition Research Group, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
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43
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Melatonin and pancreatic islets: interrelationships between melatonin, insulin and glucagon. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:6981-7015. [PMID: 23535335 PMCID: PMC3645673 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14046981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The pineal hormone melatonin exerts its influence in the periphery through activation of two specific trans-membrane receptors: MT1 and MT2. Both isoforms are expressed in the islet of Langerhans and are involved in the modulation of insulin secretion from β-cells and in glucagon secretion from α-cells. De-synchrony of receptor signaling may lead to the development of type 2 diabetes. This notion has recently been supported by genome-wide association studies identifying particularly the MT2 as a risk factor for this rapidly spreading metabolic disturbance. Since melatonin is secreted in a clearly diurnal fashion, it is safe to assume that it also has a diurnal impact on the blood-glucose-regulating function of the islet. This factor has hitherto been underestimated; the disruption of diurnal signaling within the islet may be one of the most important mechanisms leading to metabolic disturbances. The study of melatonin–insulin interactions in diabetic rat models has revealed an inverse relationship: an increase in melatonin levels leads to a down-regulation of insulin secretion and vice versa. Elucidation of the possible inverse interrelationship in man may open new avenues in the therapy of diabetes.
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Shukla A, Mohapatra TM, Agrawal AK, Parmar D, Seth K. Salsolinol induced apoptotic changes in neural stem cells: amelioration by neurotrophin support. Neurotoxicology 2013; 35:50-61. [PMID: 23261589 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Salsolinol (SAL), a catechol isoquinoline has invited considerable attention due to its structural similarity with dopaminergic neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Its high endogenous presence in Parkinsonian brain implicated its possible association with the disease process. SAL is also present in alcohol beverages and certain food materials and can get access to brain especially in conditions of immature or impaired BBB. Besides this, the effect of SAL on neural stem cells (NSCs) which are potential candidates for adult neurogenesis and transplantation mediated rejuvenating attempts for Parkinson's disease (PD) brain has not been known so far. NSCs in both the cases have to overcome suppressive cues of diseased brain for their survival and function. In this study we explored the toxicity of SAL toward NSCs focusing on apoptosis and status of PI3K survival signaling. NSCs cultured from embryonic day 11 rat fetal brain including those differentiated to TH(+ve) colonies, when challenged with SAL (1-100μM), elicited a concentration and time dependent cell death/loss of mitochondrial viability. 10μM SAL on which significant mitochondrial impairment initiated was further used to study mechanism of toxicity. Morphological impairment, enhanced TUNEL positivity, cleaved caspase-3 and decreased Bcl-2:Bax suggested apoptosis. Sal toxicity coincided with reduced pAkt level and its downstream effectors: pCREB, pGSK-3β, Bcl-2 and neurotrophins GDNF, BDNF suggesting repressed PI3K/Akt signaling. Multiple neurotrophic factor support in the form of Olfactory Ensheathing Cell's Conditioned Media (OEC CM) potentially protected NSCs against SAL through activating PI3K/Akt pathway. This was confirmed on adding LY294002 the PI3K inhibitor which abolished the protection. We inferred that SAL exerts substantial toxicity toward NSCs. These findings will lead to better understanding of endogenous threats that might affect the fate of transplanted NSCs and their probable antidotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Shukla
- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR), Developmental Toxicology Division, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Post Box 80, Lucknow 226 001, India; Department of Microbiology, IMS, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India
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45
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Jiang T, Chang Q, Zhao Z, Yan S, Wang L, Cai J, Xu G. Melatonin-mediated cytoprotection against hyperglycemic injury in Müller cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50661. [PMID: 23226532 PMCID: PMC3514187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a contributing factor to the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy, a leading cause of blindness in people at working age worldwide. Recent studies showed that Müller cells play key roles in diabetic retinopathy and produce vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) that regulates retinal vascular leakage and proliferation. Melatonin is a potent antioxidant capable of protecting variety of retinal cells from oxidative damage. In addition to the pineal gland, the retina produces melatonin. In the current study, we investigated whether melatonin protects against hyperglycemia-induced oxidative injury to Müller cells and explored the potential underlying mechanisms. Our results show that both melatonin membrane receptors, MT1 and MT2, are expressed in cultured primary Müller cells and are upregulated by elevated glucose levels. Both basal and high glucose-induced VEGF production was attenuated by melatonin treatment in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, we found that melatonin is a potent activator of Akt in Müller cells. Our findings suggest that in addition to functioning as a direct free radical scavenger, melatonin can elicit cellular signaling pathways that are protective against retinal injury during diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Jiang
- The Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Chang
- The Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Zhenyang Zhao
- The Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- The Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Saimei Yan
- The Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Wang
- The Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiyang Cai
- The Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Gezhi Xu
- The Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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46
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Bähr I, Mühlbauer E, Albrecht E, Peschke E. Evidence of the receptor-mediated influence of melatonin on pancreatic glucagon secretion via the Gαq protein-coupled and PI3K signaling pathways. J Pineal Res 2012; 53:390-8. [PMID: 22672634 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2012.01009.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin has been shown to modulate glucose metabolism by influencing insulin secretion. Recent investigations have also indicated a regulatory function of melatonin on the pancreatic α-cells. The present in vitro and in vivo studies evaluated whether melatonin mediates its effects via melatonin receptors and which signaling cascade is involved. Incubation experiments using the glucagon-producing mouse pancreatic α-cell line αTC1 clone 9 (αTC1.9) as well as isolated pancreatic islets of rats and mice revealed that melatonin increases glucagon secretion. Preincubation of αTC1.9 cells with the melatonin receptor antagonists luzindole and 4P-PDOT abolished the glucagon-stimulatory effect of melatonin. In addition, glucagon secretion was lower in the pancreatic islets of melatonin receptor knockout mice than in the islets of the wild-type (WT) control animals. Investigations of melatonin receptor knockout mice revealed decreased plasma glucagon concentrations and elevated mRNA expression levels of the hepatic glucagon receptor when compared to WT mice. Furthermore, studies using pertussis toxin, as well as measurements of cAMP concentrations, ruled out the involvement of Gαi- and Gαs-coupled signaling cascades in mediating the glucagon increase induced by melatonin. In contrast, inhibition of phospholipase C in αTC1.9 cells prevented the melatonin-induced effect, indicating the physiological relevance of the Gαq-coupled pathway. Our data point to the involvement of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling cascade in mediating melatonin effects in pancreatic α-cells. In conclusion, these findings provide evidence that the glucagon-stimulatory effect of melatonin in pancreatic α-cells is melatonin receptor mediated, thus supporting the concept of melatonin-modulated and diurnal glucagon release.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/enzymology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gq-G11/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Glucagon/blood
- Glucagon/metabolism
- Glucagon-Secreting Cells/drug effects
- Glucagon-Secreting Cells/enzymology
- Glucagon-Secreting Cells/metabolism
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Male
- Melanins/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Pertussis Toxin/pharmacology
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/deficiency
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/drug effects
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/genetics
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/deficiency
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/drug effects
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/genetics
- Receptors, Glucagon/drug effects
- Receptors, Glucagon/genetics
- Receptors, Glucagon/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Tetrahydronaphthalenes/pharmacology
- Tissue Culture Techniques
- Tryptamines/pharmacology
- Type C Phospholipases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Bähr
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.
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47
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Caffeine increases mitochondrial function and blocks melatonin signaling to mitochondria in Alzheimer's mice and cells. Neuropharmacology 2012; 63:1368-79. [PMID: 22959965 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Caffeine and melatonin have been shown to protect the Swedish mutant amyloid precursor protein (APP(sw)) transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease from cognitive dysfunction. But their mechanisms of action remain incompletely understood. These Alzheimer's mice have extensive mitochondrial dysfunction, which likely contributes to their cognitive decline. To further explore the mechanism through which caffeine and melatonin protect cognitive function in these mice, we monitored the function of isolated mitochondria from APP(sw) mice treated with caffeine, melatonin, or both in their drinking water for one month. Melatonin treatment yielded a near complete restoration of mitochondrial function in assays of respiratory rate, membrane potential, reactive oxygen species production, and ATP levels. Caffeine treatment by itself yielded a small increase in mitochondrial function. However, caffeine largely blocked the large enhancement of mitochondrial function provided by melatonin. Studies with N2a neuroblastoma cells stably expressing APP(sw) showed that specific inhibition of cAMP-dependent phosphodiesterase (PDE) 4 or cGMP-dependent PDE5 also blocked melatonin protection of mitochondrial function, but A(2a) and A₁ adenosine receptor antagonists were without effect. Melatonin or caffeine at the concentrations used to modulate mitochondrial function in the cells had no effect on cAMP-dependent PDE activity or cellular cAMP or cGMP levels. Therefore, caffeine and increased cyclic nucleotide levels likely block melatonin signaling to mitochondria by independent mechanisms that do not involve adenosine receptor antagonism. The results of this study indicate that melatonin restores mitochondrial function much more potently than caffeine in APP(sw) transgenic mouse and cell models of Alzheimer's disease.
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48
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Pfeffer M, Rauch A, Korf HW, von Gall C. The endogenous melatonin (MT) signal facilitates reentrainment of the circadian system to light-induced phase advances by acting upon MT2 receptors. Chronobiol Int 2012; 29:415-29. [PMID: 22489607 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2012.667859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The indolamine melatonin is an important rhythmic endocrine signal in the circadian system. Exogenous melatonin can entrain circadian rhythms in physiology and behavior, but the role of endogenous melatonin and the two membrane-bound melatonin receptor types, MT1 and MT2, in reentrainment of daily rhythms to light-induced phase shifts is not understood. The present study analyzed locomotor activity rhythms and clock protein levels in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of melatonin-deficient (C57BL/6J) and melatonin-proficient (C3H/HeN) mice, as well as in melatonin-proficient (C3H/HeN) mice with targeted deletion of the MT1, MT2, or both receptors, to determine effects associated with phase delays or phase advances of the light/dark (LD) cycle. In all mouse strains and genotypes, reentrainment of locomotor activity rhythms was significantly faster after a 6-h phase delay than a 6-h phase advance. Reentrainment after the phase advance was, however, significantly slower than in melatonin-deficient animals and in mice lacking functional MT2 receptors than melatonin-proficient animals with intact MT2 receptors. To investigate whether these behavioral differences coincide with differences in reentrainment of clock protein levels in the SCN, mPER1, mCRY1 immunoreactions were compared between control mice kept under the original LD cycle and killed at zeitgeber time 04 (ZT04) or at ZT10, respectively, and experimental mice subjected to a 6-h phase advance of the LD cycle and sacrificed at ZT10 on the third day after phase advance. This ZT corresponds to ZT04 of the original LD cycle. Under the original LD cycle, the numbers of mPER1- and mCRY1-immunoreactive cell nuclei were low at ZT04 and high at ZT10 in the SCN of all mouse strains and genotypes investigated. Notably, mouse strains with intact melatonin signaling and functional MT2 receptors showed a significant increase in the number of mPER1- and mCRY1-immunoreactive cell nuclei at the new ZT10 as compared to the former ZT04. These data suggest the endogenous melatonin signal facilitates reentrainment of the circadian system to phase advances on the level of the SCN molecular clockwork by acting upon MT2 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Pfeffer
- Dr. Senckenbergische Anatomie, Institut Fachbereich Medizin, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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49
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Min KJ, Jang JH, Kwon TK. Inhibitory effects of melatonin on the lipopolysaccharide-induced CC chemokine expression in BV2 murine microglial cells are mediated by suppression of Akt-induced NF-κB and STAT/GAS activity. J Pineal Res 2012; 52:296-304. [PMID: 22225513 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2011.00943.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin influences sleep and circadian rhythm, and it has anti-inflammatory functions. However, the mechanism of its anti-inflammatory roles is not well understood. In our studies, we show that melatonin blocked lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced CCL2 (monocyte chemotactic protein-1; MCP-1), CCL5 (Regulated upon Activation, Normal T-cell Expressed, and Secreted), and CCL9 (macrophage inflammatory protein-1γ) chemokine mRNA expression in BV2 murine microglial cells. Melatonin markedly inhibited LPS-induced Akt phosphorylation and NF-κB activation. Furthermore, melatonin inhibited LPS-induced STAT1/3 phosphorylation and interferon-gamma activated sequence (GAS)-driven transcriptional activity. Interestingly, these effects were not associated with reactive oxygen species scavenging effects of melatonin or melatonin receptor signal pathways. Taken together, our results suggested that melatonin has anti-inflammatory functions through down-regulation of chemokine expression by inhibition of NF-κB and STAT/GAS activation in LPS-stimulated BV2 murine microglial cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Jin Min
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu, South Korea
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50
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Rosales-Corral SA, Acuña-Castroviejo D, Coto-Montes A, Boga JA, Manchester LC, Fuentes-Broto L, Korkmaz A, Ma S, Tan DX, Reiter RJ. Alzheimer's disease: pathological mechanisms and the beneficial role of melatonin. J Pineal Res 2012; 52:167-202. [PMID: 22107053 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2011.00937.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a highly complex neurodegenerative disorder of the aged that has multiple factors which contribute to its etiology in terms of initiation and progression. This review summarizes these diverse aspects of this form of dementia. Several hypotheses, often with overlapping features, have been formulated to explain this debilitating condition. Perhaps the best-known hypothesis to explain AD is that which involves the role of the accumulation of amyloid-β peptide in the brain. Other theories that have been invoked to explain AD and summarized in this review include the cholinergic hypothesis, the role of neuroinflammation, the calcium hypothesis, the insulin resistance hypothesis, and the association of AD with peroxidation of brain lipids. In addition to summarizing each of the theories that have been used to explain the structural neural changes and the pathophysiology of AD, the potential role of melatonin in influencing each of the theoretical processes involved is discussed. Melatonin is an endogenously produced and multifunctioning molecule that could theoretically intervene at any of a number of sites to abate the changes associated with the development of AD. Production of this indoleamine diminishes with increasing age, coincident with the onset of AD. In addition to its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, melatonin has a multitude of other functions that could assist in explaining each of the hypotheses summarized above. The intent of this review is to stimulate interest in melatonin as a potentially useful agent in attenuating and/or delaying AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio A Rosales-Corral
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.
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