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Gizaw Z, Yalew AW, Bitew BD, Lee J, Bisesi M. Animal Handling Practice Among Rural Households in Northwest Ethiopia Increases the Risk of Childhood Diarrhea and Exposure to Pathogens From Animal Sources. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2024; 18:11786302241245057. [PMID: 38596430 PMCID: PMC11003343 DOI: 10.1177/11786302241245057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Background In Ethiopia, domestic animals and their feces are not properly contained. However, the risk of exposure to zoonotic pathogens is not well documented. This study was conducted to assess animal handling practices and the risk of childhood diarrhea among rural households in northwest Ethiopia. Methods This study was done among 403 randomly selected households. Information on animal handling was collected using a questionnaire and spot-check observation. The occurrence of childhood diarrhea in 14 days prior to the survey was assessed based on the reports of female head of households. Multivariable binary logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the association between animal handling practices and childhood diarrhea. Results All the female head of households had contact with animal feces when preparing fuel disks and plastering the house components with animal dung. Domestic animals shared a corral within the living space of the humans in 20% of the households. Animals entered the human living quarters and accessed foods in 32% of the households. Moreover, 24% of the children aged 24 to 59 months had diarrhea in a 2-week period prior to the survey. Childhood diarrhea was associated with domestic animals sharing the same house as humans (AOR: 3.3, 95% CI: 1.3, 8.6), presence of animal excreta in child playing areas (AOR: 2.4, 95% CI: 1.2, 4.6), contact of domestic animals with stored foods (AOR: 3.5, 95% CI: 2.0, 5.9), trapped dirt under fingernails of female heads (AOR: 3.7, 95% CI: 1.9, 7.5), open defecation (AOR: 3.24, 95% CI: 1.8, 5.9), and unprotected sources (AOR: 4.2, 95% CI: 1.1, 15.3). Conclusion Domestic animals and their excreta are not hygienically contained in the area. Animal handling practices including their excreta and the hygiene behavior of female head of households (eg, handwashing and food handling practices) should be improved to prevent childhood diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zemichael Gizaw
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Global One Health Initiative (GOHi), the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Bikes Destaw Bitew
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Jiyoung Lee
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Food Science and Technology, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Michael Bisesi
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Amato HK, Loayza F, Salinas L, Paredes D, Garcia D, Sarzosa S, Saraiva-Garcia C, Johnson TJ, Pickering AJ, Riley LW, Trueba G, Graham JP. Risk factors for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli carriage among children in a food animal-producing region of Ecuador: A repeated measures observational study. PLoS Med 2023; 20:e1004299. [PMID: 37831716 PMCID: PMC10621961 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria may be driven by human-animal-environment interactions, especially in regions with limited restrictions on antibiotic use, widespread food animal production, and free-roaming domestic animals. In this study, we aimed to identify risk factors related to commercial food animal production, small-scale or "backyard" food animal production, domestic animal ownership, and practices related to animal handling, waste disposal, and antibiotic use in Ecuadorian communities. METHODS AND FINDINGS We conducted a repeated measures study from 2018 to 2021 in 7 semirural parishes of Quito, Ecuador to identify determinants of third-generation cephalosporin-resistant E. coli (3GCR-EC) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase E. coli (ESBL-EC) in children. We collected 1,699 fecal samples from 600 children and 1,871 domestic animal fecal samples from 376 of the same households at up to 5 time points per household over the 3-year study period. We used multivariable log-binomial regression models to estimate relative risks (RR) of 3GCR-EC and ESBL-EC carriage, adjusting for child sex and age, caregiver education, household wealth, and recent child antibiotic use. Risk factors for 3GCR-EC included living within 5 km of more than 5 commercial food animal operations (RR: 1.26; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.10, 1.45; p-value: 0.001), household pig ownership (RR: 1.23; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.48; p-value: 0.030) and child pet contact (RR: 1.23; 95% CI: 1.09, 1.39; p-value: 0.001). Risk factors for ESBL-EC were dog ownership (RR: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.83; p-value: 0.053), child pet contact (RR: 1.54; 95% CI: 1.10, 2.16; p-value: 0.012), and placing animal feces on household land/crops (RR: 1.63; 95% CI: 1.09, 2.46; p-value: 0.019). The primary limitations of this study are the use of proxy and self-reported exposure measures and the use of a single beta-lactamase drug (ceftazidime with clavulanic acid) in combination disk diffusion tests for ESBL confirmation, potentially underestimating phenotypic ESBL production among cephalosporin-resistant E. coli isolates. To improve ESBL determination, it is recommended to use 2 combination disk diffusion tests (ceftazidime with clavulanic acid and cefotaxime with clavulanic acid) for ESBL confirmatory testing. Future studies should also characterize transmission pathways by assessing antibiotic resistance in commercial food animals and environmental reservoirs. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we observed an increase in enteric colonization of antibiotic-resistant bacteria among children with exposures to domestic animals and their waste in the household environment and children living in areas with a higher density of commercial food animal production operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather K. Amato
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Fernanda Loayza
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Liseth Salinas
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Diana Paredes
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Daniela Garcia
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Soledad Sarzosa
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Carlos Saraiva-Garcia
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Timothy J. Johnson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- Mid Central Research & Outreach Center, Willmar, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Amy J. Pickering
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Blum Center for Developing Economies, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Lee W. Riley
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Gabriel Trueba
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Jay P. Graham
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
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Bagale KB, Adhikari R, Acharya D, Kreps GL. Implications from the health belief model concerning zoonoses‐related threat perceptions held by livestock farmers in Nepal. WORLD MEDICAL & HEALTH POLICY 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/wmh3.563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Devaraj Acharya
- Bhairahawa Multiple Campus Tribhuvan University Bhairahawa Rupandehi Nepal
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Palomares Velosa JE, Riaño Sánchez S, Martínez Marín A, Cediel Becerra NM. Prevention of exposure to zoonoses in rural Latin America: Social ecological factors in a diverse regional context. One Health 2022; 15:100444. [PMID: 36277084 PMCID: PMC9582569 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2022.100444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic diseases have serious impacts on human health and well-being, but they are often overlooked in rural Latin America. The design of effective preventive interventions is complex and requires an integrative approach from evidence-based information analyzed through robust theoretical frameworks. We conducted a systematized literature review and qualitative framework-guided thematic analysis to identify social ecological factors affecting the prevention and exposure to zoonotic diseases. Although resources for research are limited in Latin America, we found several studies with relevant results. We extracted and interpreted 8 themes as factors affecting the prevention, transmission, and exposure to zoonosis. These themes included knowledge and misconceptions, low risk perception, gaps in knowledge and communication, psychological effect of diseases, culture and traditions, inequality, disarticulated prevention programs, and organizational responsibility. Alongside this, we compiled and present the recommendations for actions to reduce the impact of zoonoses in these populations. The factors and recommendations here presented can be adapted to inform the design and improvement of preventive programs, focused on One Health and aiming to reduce the impact of zoonotic diseases in rural settings. We identified relevant social and behavioural factors affecting the prevention of Zoonotic diseases in Latin America. Knowledge, risk perceptions, and communication quality were relevant individual factors. Inequity and unarticulated programs were relevant social factors. Characterization of the context-specific social ecology can improve the development of effective interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairo Enrique Palomares Velosa
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Medicas - CIDEIM, Cali, valle del cauca, Colombia,Corresponding author at: Calle. 18 #122-135, Icesi University campus, building O, Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia.
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The Threshold Effect of Swine Epidemics on the Pig Supply in China. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192595. [PMID: 36230336 PMCID: PMC9558980 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The pig industry is the pillar industry of animal husbandry in China, and epidemics can lead to drastic changes in pig supply, affecting the healthy development of the pig industry and residents’ quality of life. This study analyzed the mechanism of the effect of swine epidemics on nonlinear shocks to pig supply, and monthly data on pig supply from January 2012 to June 2020 were applied to study the threshold effect of swine epidemics on pig stock and slaughter in China empirically, using the index of swine epidemics’ width (ISEW) as the threshold variable. The results of this study were as follows: (1) The influence of the ISEW over 7 months on pig stock in China was divided into two ranges, and the pig stock did not change significantly when the ISEW was less than 0.25. Swine epidemics had a significantly negative impact on the pig stock when the ISEW was larger than 0.25. (2) The influence of the ISEW over 8 months on pig slaughter was also divided into two ranges. When the ISEW was less than 0.33, epidemics had a positive and significant effect on pig slaughter, while epidemics had a marked negative impact on pig slaughter when the ISEW was greater than 0.33. Based on these conclusions, this study proposed relevant measures for the prevention and control of swine epidemics.
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Waters WF, Baca M, Graham JP, Butzin-Dozier Z, Vinueza L. Antibiotic use by backyard food animal producers in Ecuador: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:685. [PMID: 35395759 PMCID: PMC8991794 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13073-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antibiotics are increasingly used throughout the world in food animal production for controlling and preventing disease and for promoting growth. But this trend also has the potential for promoting antibiotic resistance, which represents a threat to human, animal, and environmental health. The use of antibiotics and the potential effects of antibiotic dependence has often been associated with large-scale food animal production. But rural households also engage in small-scale production, often operating literally in backyards. While some small-scale producers use veterinary antibiotics, many do not. This paper examines knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and agricultural practices (KAP) that represent an alternative to dependence on antibiotics. Methods Qualitative field research was based on four focus group discussions (FGDs) with non-indigenous backyard food animal producers in four communities near Quito, Ecuador and two FGDs with veterinarians. FGDs were supplemented by structured observations and key informant interviews. They were recorded with digital audio devices and transcriptions were analyzed independently by two researchers using a three-stage coding procedure. Open coding identifies underlying concepts, while axial coding develops categories and properties, and selective coding integrates the information in order to identify the key dimensions of the collective qualitative data. Results Backyard food animal producers in the Ecuadorian highlands generally do not use antibiotics while rearing small batches of animals and poultry for predominantly non-commercial household consumption. Instead, they rely on low cost traditional veterinary remedies. These practices are informed by their Andean history of agriculture and a belief system whereby physical activity is a holistic lifestyle through which people maintain their health by participating in the physical and spiritual environment. Conclusions Backyard food animal producers in the Ecuadorian highlands implement complex strategies based on both economic calculations and sociocultural underpinnings that shape perceptions, attitudes, and practices. They use traditional veterinary remedies in lieu of antibiotics in most cases because limited production of food animals in small spaces contributes to a predictable household food supply, while at the same time conforming to traditional concepts of human and environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- William F Waters
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles S/N y Pampite, Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador.
| | - Martin Baca
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles S/N y Pampite, Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Jay P Graham
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Lenin Vinueza
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles S/N y Pampite, Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador
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Mitman SL, Amato HK, Saraiva-Garcia C, Loayza F, Salinas L, Kurowski K, Marusinec R, Paredes D, Cárdenas P, Trueba G, Graham JP. Risk factors for third-generation cephalosporin-resistant and extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli carriage in domestic animals of semirural parishes east of Quito, Ecuador. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2:e0000206. [PMID: 36962308 PMCID: PMC10021719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing and other antimicrobial resistant (AR) Escherichia coli threaten human and animal health worldwide. This study examined risk factors for domestic animal colonization with ceftriaxone-resistant (CR) and ESBL-producing E. coli in semirural parishes east of Quito, Ecuador, where small-scale food animal production is common. Survey data regarding household characteristics, animal care, and antimicrobial use were collected from 304 households over three sampling cycles, and 1195 environmental animal fecal samples were assessed for E. coli presence and antimicrobial susceptibility. Multivariable regression analyses were used to assess potential risk factors for CR and ESBL-producing E. coli carriage. Overall, CR and ESBL-producing E. coli were detected in 56% and 10% of all fecal samples, respectively. The odds of CR E. coli carriage were greater among dogs at households that lived within a 5 km radius of more than 5 commercial food animal facilities (OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.15-2.58) and lower among dogs living at households that used antimicrobials for their animal(s) based on veterinary/pharmacy recommendation (OR 0.18, 95% CI 0.04-0.96). Increased odds of canine ESBL-producing E. coli carriage were associated with recent antimicrobial use in any household animal (OR 2.69, 95% CI 1.02-7.10) and purchase of antimicrobials from pet food stores (OR 6.83, 95% CI 1.32-35.35). Food animals at households that owned more than 3 species (OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.42-0.97), that used antimicrobials for growth promotion (OR 0.41, 95% CI 0.19-0.89), and that obtained antimicrobials from pet food stores (OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.25-0.89) had decreased odds of CR E. coli carriage, while food animals at households with more than 5 people (OR 2.22, 95% CI 1.23-3.99) and located within 1 km of a commercial food animal facility (OR 2.57, 95% CI 1.08-6.12) had increased odds of ESBL-producing E. coli carriage. Together, these results highlight the complexity of antimicrobial resistance among domestic animals in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siena L. Mitman
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
- Division of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Heather K. Amato
- Division of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Carlos Saraiva-Garcia
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Fernanda Loayza
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Liseth Salinas
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Kathleen Kurowski
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Rachel Marusinec
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Diana Paredes
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Paúl Cárdenas
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Gabriel Trueba
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Jay P. Graham
- Division of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health, Berkeley, California, United States of America
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Adebowale O, Makanjuola M, Bankole N, Olasoju M, Alamu A, Kperegbeyi E, Oladejo O, Fasanmi O, Adeyemo O, Fasina FO. Multi-Drug Resistant Escherichia coli, Biosecurity and Anti-Microbial Use in Live Bird Markets, Abeokuta, Nigeria. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11020253. [PMID: 35203856 PMCID: PMC8868421 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11020253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Live bird markets (LBM) remain a critical link from farm to fork in the poultry value chain, which oftentimes promotes indiscriminate antimicrobial use (AMU) and resistance (AMR). In this study, we assessed biosecurity practices, AMU, and associated these with multidrug resistant (MDR) E. coli in LBMs in Abeokuta, Ogun State. A cross-sectional survey among live bird sellers (LBS) in eight LBMs was conducted using a semi-structured questionnaire. Also, cloacal samples (n = 200) were randomly collected and pooled for bacteriological detection of MDR E. coli in live chickens of consenting LBS. Susceptibility to 14 antimicrobials belonging to 6 different classes was determined using the disk diffusion method. Biosecurity level and AMU were generally low. LBS less than 46 years were 6.8- fold more likely to fall within the poor biosecurity level (Crudes odds ratio = 6.8; 95% CI; 1.20-38.56; p = 0.03) than others. An informal or primary school education increased the odds of having a poor practice of AMU by 15.1 folds (Crudes odds ratio = 15.1; 95% CI; 2.73-84.18; p = 0.002) than those with secondary or tertiary. The prevalence of E. coli and MDR E. coli at the LBM level were 80% and 56.3%, respectively. Extremely high resistance rates were observed for ceftazidime (96.9%) and imipenem (90.6%). The odds of MDR E. coli increased eight-fold in poultry kept by LBS who use AMs as prophylaxis. This current data could be useful for the development of targeted behavioral risk communication and mitigation strategies for AMR to impede the potential horizontal transfer of AMR genes to humans through animal-sourced food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwawemimo Adebowale
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta 110124, Nigeria; (M.M.); (M.O.); (E.K.); (O.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +234-(0)-90-8560-8043
| | - Motunrayo Makanjuola
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta 110124, Nigeria; (M.M.); (M.O.); (E.K.); (O.O.)
| | - Noah Bankole
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta 110124, Nigeria;
| | - Mary Olasoju
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta 110124, Nigeria; (M.M.); (M.O.); (E.K.); (O.O.)
| | - Aderonke Alamu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta 110124, Nigeria;
| | - Eniola Kperegbeyi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta 110124, Nigeria; (M.M.); (M.O.); (E.K.); (O.O.)
| | - Oladotun Oladejo
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta 110124, Nigeria; (M.M.); (M.O.); (E.K.); (O.O.)
| | - Olubunmi Fasanmi
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Technology, Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Ibadan 200262, Nigeria;
| | - Olanike Adeyemo
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200284, Nigeria;
| | - Folorunso O. Fasina
- ECTAD, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Dar es Salaam 14111, Tanzania;
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
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Ortega-Paredes D, Larrea-Álvarez CM, Torres-Elizalde L, de Janon S, Vinueza-Burgos C, Hidalgo-Arellano L, Šefcová MA, Molina-Cuasapaz G, Fernandez-Moreira E, Larrea-Álvarez M. Antibiotic Resistance Awareness among Undergraduate Students in Quito, Ecuador. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11020197. [PMID: 35203800 PMCID: PMC8868098 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11020197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The inappropriate use of antibiotics leads to antibiotic resistance, which reduces their efficacy. The education of undergraduates is likely to influence their practices. Assessing awareness is critical in the general effort to confront the spread of antibiotic resistance. This cross-sectional investigation was carried out using the questionnaire “Antibiotic resistance: Multi-country public awareness” developed by the World Health Organization. Students from different backgrounds at the Central University participated in the study (n = 733). The survey comprised five sections: demographics, knowledge, usage, sources of information, and attitudes. The rate of correct answers was 64.88%; differences were detected between programs of study (p < 0.001); effect size analysis showed that these differences cannot be considered large. Individuals from applied sciences scored higher than their counterparts from social studies. Mostly, interviewees were knowledgeable about usage, but mistakenly associated antibiotics with conditions such as cold/flu or viral illnesses; also, they associated antibiotic resistance with the patient and not with bacteria. Despite these misconceptions, positive attitudes were registered overall, and students generally adhered to common practices. They cited doctors/nurses and teachers as sources of information. As a consequence, it is recommended to develop courses that address deficient knowledge regarding antibiotic resistance, especially for individuals affiliated to social disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ortega-Paredes
- Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Alimentos y Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos (UNIETAR), Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170129, Ecuador; (D.O.-P.); (S.d.J.); (C.V.-B.)
- Laboratorio de Referencia de E. coli, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas Enrique Ortega Moreira, Carrera de Medicina, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Guayaquil 0901952, Ecuador
| | | | - Lilibeth Torres-Elizalde
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Yachay-Tech University, Hacienda San José, Urcuquí 100650, Ecuador;
| | - Sofia de Janon
- Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Alimentos y Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos (UNIETAR), Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170129, Ecuador; (D.O.-P.); (S.d.J.); (C.V.-B.)
| | - Christian Vinueza-Burgos
- Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Alimentos y Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos (UNIETAR), Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170129, Ecuador; (D.O.-P.); (S.d.J.); (C.V.-B.)
| | - Luis Hidalgo-Arellano
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170129, Ecuador;
| | - Miroslava Anna Šefcová
- Research Unit, Life Science Initiative (LSI), Quito 170102, Ecuador; (C.M.L.-Á.); (M.A.Š.)
| | - Gabriel Molina-Cuasapaz
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Recursos Naturales, Carrera de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Técnica de Cotopaxi, Latacunga 050101, Ecuador;
| | - Esteban Fernandez-Moreira
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas Enrique Ortega Moreira, Carrera de Medicina, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Guayaquil 0901952, Ecuador
- Correspondence: (E.F.-M.); (M.L.-Á.)
| | - Marco Larrea-Álvarez
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, Yachay-Tech University, Hacienda San José, Urcuquí 100650, Ecuador;
- Correspondence: (E.F.-M.); (M.L.-Á.)
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Biosecurity and Antimicrobial Use Practices in Live Bird Markets within Abeokuta Metropolis, Southwest, Nigeria: A Preliminary Survey. MACEDONIAN VETERINARY REVIEW 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/macvetrev-2021-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The development of an antimicrobial stewardship plan (AMSP) for live bird sellers (LBS) requires an understanding of the current biosecurity status, antimicrobial use (AMU) and the practices involved in live bird selling (e.g., drivers, sellers, etc.) which is a direct source of poultry meat for human consumption. Seven Live Bird Markets (LBMs) within Abeokuta, Ogun State were surveyed using a semi-structured questionnaire. Data on LBMs characteristics, LBS demographics, biosecurity, and AMU practices, awareness on Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), as well as preferred channels of information on antimicrobial stewardship were gathered. A total of 40 consenting LBS with 82.5% female and 17.5% male participants were included in the study. The participants’ mean age was 45.3 years (SD±11.9, range: 23-70 years). Laying hens, broilers, and cockerels were the main poultry types sold by LBS. Antimicrobials (AMs) were used for growth promotion (57.5%), therapeutic (40.0%), and prophylactic (2.5%) purposes. Tetracycline, metronidazole, and chloramphenicol were the most frequently used AMs. The majority of the participants (90.0%) have treated birds based on their empirical experience, with little or no inputs from veterinarians. Biosecurity and AMU practices were generally low (54.0% and 34.0%, respectively). The contact with veterinarians was associated with satisfactory biosecurity practices (p=0.049). No significant factors were found to be linked with AMU. This study has provided recent evidence-based data on practices in poultry management among LBS in Abeokuta, Ogun state. The findings would be useful for policy decisions and the development of AMSP on prudent AMU among LBS.
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Medina-Pizzali ML, Hartinger SM, Salmon-Mulanovich G, Larson A, Riveros M, Mäusezahl D. Antimicrobial Resistance in Rural Settings in Latin America: A Scoping Review with a One Health Lens. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189837. [PMID: 34574760 PMCID: PMC8464982 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in rural Latin America is not fully understood. The transmission pathways are partially known since research predominantly focuses on the urban hospital setting. The contribution to AMR from environmental factors is usually only mentioned in large-scale animal production. To understand the state of the literature on AMR in rural LA, we carried out a scoping review using the One Health (OH) perspective. OH recognises the concomitant contributions and interconnectedness of humans, animal, and the environment, thus, we used the OH perspective to select those articles adopting a holistic view of the problem. We searched original articles in English, Spanish, and Portuguese in four peer-reviewed databases and included 21 publications in the analysis. We charted data on bibliometrics, design, data collection sources, and instruments. We identified the human, animal, and environmental contributions to AMR in rural locations, and information gaps on AMR transmission routes and AMR drivers. Intensive and non-intensive animal production systems and agricultural practices were the most frequently found human contributions to AMR. Poultry, swine, cattle, and fish were the most frequent livestock mentioned as sources of AMR bacteria. Animal carriage and/or transfer of AMR determinants or bacteria was recognised as the primary contribution of livestock to the problem, while water, soil, and farming were predominant environmental contributions. We found that only 1 article out of 21 considered the OH approach as a framework for their sampling scheme, whereas 5 out 21 discussed all the three OH components. There were hardly any descriptions of humans or human waste as reservoirs for AMR in rural locations, and rural health centres or hospitals and wildlife were not represented. No studies identified mining as an anthropogenic activity driving AMR. More OH-oriented studies, with emphasis on molecular approaches—for identification and comparison of AMR genes—are sorely needed to understand better the existence of a network of interconnected transmission routes in rural Latin America and provide efficient strategies to prevent further AMR emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Medina-Pizzali
- School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Av. Honorio Delgado 430, San Martin de Porres, Lima 31, Peru; (M.L.M.-P.); (G.S.-M.); (A.L.)
| | - Stella M. Hartinger
- School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Av. Honorio Delgado 430, San Martin de Porres, Lima 31, Peru; (M.L.M.-P.); (G.S.-M.); (A.L.)
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4057 Basel, Switzerland;
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
| | - Gabriela Salmon-Mulanovich
- School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Av. Honorio Delgado 430, San Martin de Porres, Lima 31, Peru; (M.L.M.-P.); (G.S.-M.); (A.L.)
- Institute for Earth, Nature and Energy at Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru, Av. Universitaria 1801, San Miguel, Lima 32, Peru
| | - Anika Larson
- School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Av. Honorio Delgado 430, San Martin de Porres, Lima 31, Peru; (M.L.M.-P.); (G.S.-M.); (A.L.)
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Maribel Riveros
- School of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Av. Honorio Delgado 430, San Martin de Porres, Lima 31, Peru;
| | - Daniel Mäusezahl
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4057 Basel, Switzerland;
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
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"Chicken dumping": Motivations and perceptions in shifting poultry production practices. One Health 2021; 13:100296. [PMID: 34381865 PMCID: PMC8333137 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) often implement overseas development aid through intensive small-scale animal agriculture to alleviate food insecurity in low- and middle-income countries. Intensive animal farming can pose unclear outcomes to households engaged in the practice because of the reliance on industrial animal breeds that are reared with antibiotics and raised in higher densities compared to traditional scavenging husbandry systems. As a result, intensive small-scale farming operations that lack proper infrastructure, training, and financial resources could facilitate the spread of antimicrobial resistance and infectious diseases. We applied a mixed-methods framework towards analyzing the effectiveness of small-scale broiler chicken farming in northern Ecuador. First, from May 2016 – May 2017, our observational surveys indicated that intensive small-scale poultry farming follows a boom-and-bust cycle that is extremely vulnerable to environmental stressors. Second, in May 2016, we followed a cohort of households enrolled in a poultry development project led by an NGO. We observed a substantial decline in chicken survivorship from Survey period 1 to 2 (mean chicken count decrease from 50 to 35 corresponding to a 70% survivorship) and from Survey period 2 to 3 (mean chicken count decrease from 35 to 20.3 corresponding to a 58% survivorship). Heads of households were self-reporting broiler chicken survivorship substantially higher than our recorded observations during survey period two (46 compared to 35 respectively) and three (44.3 compared to 20.3 respectively). We speculate that if households continue to inaccurately report poultry demographics, then it could perpetuate a negative feedback loop where NGOs continue to conduct the same intervention practices without receiving accurate outcome metrics. Third, we used semi-structured questionnaires to determine that access to financial resources was the major motivation for determining when to farm broiler chickens. Intensive small-scale poultry farming can be unreliable and disease-enhancing, yet also associated with dubious self-reports of success.
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Alebie A, Tewachew T. Household Practice Related to Zoonotic Diseases Transmission in Rural Community of Gondar Zuria District. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2021; 12:109-115. [PMID: 34104631 PMCID: PMC8178743 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s306941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The study was done from October 2019 to April 2020 for the purpose of identifying practices and characterizing the general public knowledge, attitudes and associated risk factors related to animal contact that influence zoonotic disease transmission in the rural household heads of North Gondar area, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia. Patients and Methods During this study, a cross-sectional type of study was designed and a simple random sampling method was used to choose kebeles. Six kebeles were randomly selected using a lottery method. Systematic random sampling method was employed to select and question 65 household heads from each of the kebeles. In total, 390 structured questionnaires were prepared for those household heads and the data were collected using face to face interviews. Finally, the recorded data were examined using STATA version 16 statistical software and the frequency distribution of both variables was observed using descriptive statistics. Linear regression model was used to see the relation between household practices and the explanatory factors. Results The results showed that there was a gender difference in responsibility for managing livestock and the central aim of rearing livestock was for sale. Among 390 members of households, 38.7% understand a probability of disease transmission in their community between livestock, humans and wildlife, regardless of the fact that household practices related to zoonosis transmission were common. Of the households, 52.3% responded that they permit animals to go into kitchen and sleeping areas (95% CI = 1.15–2.73; P = 0.009). The factors which influence the household practices were agro-ecology activities; livestock management; number of individuals in the household; types of livestock reared; and zoonosis awareness. Conclusion In general, the present study showed that the public had a very low awareness about major zoonotic diseases. This indicates the need for awareness creation through education and an inter-disciplinary health approach with close collaboration among veterinarians, public health practitioners and policymakers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atnaf Alebie
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wollo University, Dessie, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia
| | - Tibeyin Tewachew
- Colleague of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Gondar University, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Alvarez-Munoz S, Upegui-Porras N, Gomez AP, Ramirez-Nieto G. Key Factors That Enable the Pandemic Potential of RNA Viruses and Inter-Species Transmission: A Systematic Review. Viruses 2021; 13:537. [PMID: 33804942 PMCID: PMC8063802 DOI: 10.3390/v13040537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses play a primary role as etiological agents of pandemics worldwide. Although there has been progress in identifying the molecular features of both viruses and hosts, the extent of the impact these and other factors have that contribute to interspecies transmission and their relationship with the emergence of diseases are poorly understood. The objective of this review was to analyze the factors related to the characteristics inherent to RNA viruses accountable for pandemics in the last 20 years which facilitate infection, promote interspecies jump, and assist in the generation of zoonotic infections with pandemic potential. The search resulted in 48 research articles that met the inclusion criteria. Changes adopted by RNA viruses are influenced by environmental and host-related factors, which define their ability to adapt. Population density, host distribution, migration patterns, and the loss of natural habitats, among others, have been associated as factors in the virus-host interaction. This review also included a critical analysis of the Latin American context, considering its diverse and unique social, cultural, and biodiversity characteristics. The scarcity of scientific information is striking, thus, a call to local institutions and governments to invest more resources and efforts to the study of these factors in the region is key.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gloria Ramirez-Nieto
- Microbiology and Epidemiology Research Group, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (S.A.-M.); (N.U.-P.); (A.P.G.)
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15
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Parker CT, Cooper KK, Schiaffino F, Miller WG, Huynh S, Gray HK, Olortegui MP, Bardales PG, Trigoso DR, Penataro-Yori P, Kosek MN. Genomic Characterization of Campylobacter jejuni Adapted to the Guinea Pig ( Cavia porcellus) Host. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:607747. [PMID: 33816330 PMCID: PMC8012767 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.607747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is the leading bacterial cause of gastroenteritis worldwide with excessive incidence in low-and middle-income countries (LMIC). During a survey for C. jejuni from putative animal hosts in a town in the Peruvian Amazon, we were able to isolate and whole genome sequence two C. jejuni strains from domesticated guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus). The C. jejuni isolated from guinea pigs had a novel multilocus sequence type that shared some alleles with other C. jejuni collected from guinea pigs. Average nucleotide identity and phylogenetic analysis with a collection of C. jejuni subsp. jejuni and C. jejuni subsp. doylei suggest that the guinea pig isolates are distinct. Genomic comparisons demonstrated gene gain and loss that could be associated with guinea pig host specialization related to guinea pig diet, anatomy, and physiology including the deletion of genes involved with selenium metabolism, including genes encoding the selenocysteine insertion machinery and selenocysteine-containing proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig T Parker
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Kerry K Cooper
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Francesca Schiaffino
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,The Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health and Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - William G Miller
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Steven Huynh
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Hannah K Gray
- Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | | | | | - Pablo Penataro-Yori
- The Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health and Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States.,Biomedical Research, Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Iquitos, Peru
| | - Margaret N Kosek
- The Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health and Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States.,Biomedical Research, Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Iquitos, Peru
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16
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Salinas L, Loayza F, Cárdenas P, Saraiva C, Johnson TJ, Amato H, Graham JP, Trueba G. Environmental Spread of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) Producing Escherichia coli and ESBL Genes among Children and Domestic Animals in Ecuador. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2021; 129:27007. [PMID: 33617318 PMCID: PMC7899495 DOI: 10.1289/ehp7729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a significant gap in our understanding of the sources of multidrug-resistant bacteria and resistance genes in community settings where human-animal interfaces exist. OBJECTIVES This study characterized the relationship of third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli (3GCR-EC) isolated from animal feces in the environment and child feces based on phenotypic antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and whole genome sequencing (WGS). METHODS We examined 3GCR-EC isolated from environmental fecal samples of domestic animals and child fecal samples in Ecuador. We analyzed phenotypic and genotypic AMR, as well as clonal relationships (CRs) based on pairwise single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) analysis of 3GCR-EC core genomes. CRs were defined as isolates with fewer than 100 different SNPs. RESULTS A total of 264 3GCR-EC isolates from children (n=21), dogs (n=20), and chickens (n=18) living in the same region of Quito, Ecuador, were identified. We detected 16 CRs total, which were found between 7 children and 5 domestic animals (5 CRs) and between 19 domestic animals (11 CRs). We observed that several clonally related 3GCR-EC isolates had acquired different plasmids and AMR genes. Most CRs were observed in different homes (n=14) at relatively large distances. Isolates from children and domestic animals shared the same blaCTX-M allelic variants, and the most prevalent were blaCTX-M-55 and blaCTX-M-65, which were found in isolates from children, dogs, and chickens. DISCUSSION This study provides evidence of highly dynamic horizontal transfer of AMR genes and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in the E. coli community and shows that some 3GCR-EC and (extended-spectrum β-lactamase) ESBL genes may have moved relatively large distances among domestic animals and children in semirural communities near Quito, Ecuador. Child-animal contact and the presence of domestic animal feces in the environment potentially serve as important sources of drug-resistant bacteria and ESBL genes. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP7729.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liseth Salinas
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Fernanda Loayza
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Paúl Cárdenas
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Carlos Saraiva
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Timothy J. Johnson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Mid Central Research & Outreach Center, Willmar, Minnesota, USA
| | - Heather Amato
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Jay P. Graham
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Gabriel Trueba
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
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Ma NL, Peng W, Soon CF, Noor Hassim MF, Misbah S, Rahmat Z, Yong WTL, Sonne C. Covid-19 pandemic in the lens of food safety and security. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 193:110405. [PMID: 33130165 PMCID: PMC7598367 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The recently emerged coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which has been characterised as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO), is impacting all parts of human society including agriculture, manufacturing, and tertiary sectors involving all service provision industries. This paper aims to give an overview of potential host reservoirs that could cause pandemic outbreak caused by zoonotic transmission. Amongst all, continues surveillance in slaughterhouse for possible pathogens transmission is needed to prevent next pandemic outbreak. This paper also summarizes the potential threats of pandemic to agriculture and aquaculture sector that control almost the total food supply chain and market. The history lesson from the past, emerging and reemerging infectious disease including the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in 2002, Influenza A H1N1 (swine flu) in 2009, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) in 2012 and the recent COVID-19 should give us some clue to improve especially the governance to be more ready for next coming pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyuk Ling Ma
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China; Biological Security and Sustainability Research Group (BIOSES), Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | - Wanxi Peng
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Chin Fhong Soon
- Biosensor and Bioengineering Laboratory, Microelectronics and Nanotechnology-Shamsuddin Research Centre, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Muhamad Fairus Noor Hassim
- Biological Security and Sustainability Research Group (BIOSES), Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Suzana Misbah
- Biological Security and Sustainability Research Group (BIOSES), Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Zaidah Rahmat
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Institute of Bioproduct Development (IBD), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Wilson Thau Lym Yong
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
| | - Christian Sonne
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China; Aarhus University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Danish Centre for Environment and Energy (DCE), Frederiksborgvej 399, POBox 358, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark.
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18
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Puvača N, de Llanos Frutos R. Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Humans and Pet Animals. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:69. [PMID: 33450827 PMCID: PMC7828219 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout scientific literature, we can find evidence that antimicrobial resistance has become a big problem in the recent years on a global scale. Public healthcare systems all over the world are faced with a great challenge in this respect. Obviously, there are many bacteria that can cause infections in humans and animals alike, but somehow it seems that the greatest threat nowadays comes from the Enterobacteriaceae members, especially Escherichia coli. Namely, we are witnesses to the fact that the systems that these bacteria developed to fight off antibiotics are the strongest and most diverse in Enterobacteriaceae. Our great advantage is in understanding the systems that bacteria developed to fight off antibiotics, so these can help us understand the connection between these microorganisms and the occurrence of antibiotic-resistance both in humans and their pets. Furthermore, unfavorable conditions related to the ease of E. coli transmission via the fecal-oral route among humans, environmental sources, and animals only add to the problem. For all the above stated reasons, it is evident that the epidemiology of E. coli strains and resistance mechanisms they have developed over time are extremely significant topics and all scientific findings in this area will be of vital importance in the fight against infections caused by these bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Puvača
- Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Jaume I University, Avinguda de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain;
- Department of Engineering Management in Biotechnology, Faculty of Economics and Engineering Management in Novi Sad, University Business Academy in Novi Sad, Cvećarska 2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Rosa de Llanos Frutos
- Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Jaume I University, Avinguda de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain;
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Butzin-Dozier Z, Waters WF, Baca M, Vinueza RL, Saraiva-Garcia C, Graham J. Assessing Upstream Determinants of Antibiotic Use in Small-Scale Food Animal Production through a Simulated Client Method. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 10:antibiotics10010002. [PMID: 33374513 PMCID: PMC7822171 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Small-scale food animal production has been celebrated as a means of economic mobility and improved food security but the use of veterinary antibiotics among these producers may be contributing to the spread of antibiotic resistance in animals and humans. In order to improve antibiotic stewardship in this sector, it is critical to identify the drivers of producers’ antibiotic use. This study assessed the determinants of antibiotic use in small-scale food animal production through simulated client visits to veterinary supply stores and surveys with households that owned food animals (n = 117) in Ecuador. Eighty percent of households with food animals owned chickens and 78% of those with chickens owned fewer than 10 birds. Among the households with small-scale food animals, 21% reported giving antibiotics to their food animals within the last six months. Simulated client visits indicated that veterinary sales agents frequently recommended inappropriate antibiotic use, as 66% of sales agents recommended growth promoting antibiotics, and 48% of sales agents recommended an antibiotic that was an inappropriate class for disease treatment. In contrast, few sales agents (3%) were willing to sell colistin, an antibiotic banned for veterinary use in Ecuador as of January 2020, which supports the effectiveness of government regulation in antibiotic stewardship. The cumulative evidence provided by this study indicates that veterinary sales agents play an active role in promoting indiscriminate and inappropriate use of antibiotics in small-scale food animal production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William F. Waters
- San Francisco de Quito University, Quito 170157, Ecuador; (W.F.W.); (M.B.); (R.L.V.); (C.S.-G.)
| | - Martin Baca
- San Francisco de Quito University, Quito 170157, Ecuador; (W.F.W.); (M.B.); (R.L.V.); (C.S.-G.)
| | - Rommel Lenin Vinueza
- San Francisco de Quito University, Quito 170157, Ecuador; (W.F.W.); (M.B.); (R.L.V.); (C.S.-G.)
| | - Carlos Saraiva-Garcia
- San Francisco de Quito University, Quito 170157, Ecuador; (W.F.W.); (M.B.); (R.L.V.); (C.S.-G.)
| | - Jay Graham
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(443)-286-8335
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Hedman HD, Vasco KA, Zhang L. A Review of Antimicrobial Resistance in Poultry Farming within Low-Resource Settings. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1264. [PMID: 32722312 PMCID: PMC7460429 DOI: 10.3390/ani10081264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence, spread, and persistence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) remain a pressing global health issue. Animal husbandry, in particular poultry, makes up a substantial portion of the global antimicrobial use. Despite the growing body of research evaluating the AMR within industrial farming systems, there is a gap in understanding the emergence of bacterial resistance originating from poultry within resource-limited environments. As countries continue to transition from low- to middle income countries (LMICs), there will be an increased demand for quality sources of animal protein. Further promotion of intensive poultry farming could address issues of food security, but it may also increase risks of AMR exposure to poultry, other domestic animals, wildlife, and human populations. Given that intensively raised poultry can function as animal reservoirs for AMR, surveillance is needed to evaluate the impacts on humans, other animals, and the environment. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of poultry production within low-resource settings in order to inform future small-scale poultry farming development. Future research is needed in order to understand the full extent of the epidemiology and ecology of AMR in poultry within low-resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden D. Hedman
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Karla A. Vasco
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (K.A.V.); (L.Z.)
| | - Lixin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (K.A.V.); (L.Z.)
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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21
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Cao Ba K, Kaewkungwal J, Pacheun O, Nguyen Thi To U, Lawpoolsri S. Health Literacy Toward Zoonotic Diseases Among Livestock Farmers in Vietnam. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2020; 14:1178630220932540. [PMID: 32733124 PMCID: PMC7372606 DOI: 10.1177/1178630220932540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zoonoses are an increasing concern worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. People with close contact with animals are at high risk for contracting and transmitting the zoonotic diseases. OBJECTIVES To determine health literacy of livestock farmers toward biosecurity to prevent zoonotic diseases. METHODS This cross-sectional mixed-methods study was conducted in Thai Nguyen Province, Vietnam, where livestock and farming are the main occupation. The questionnaire survey was submitted to 218 farmers who have close contact with livestock. In addition, 8 farmers were invited to an in-depth interview to further explore the health literacy. RESULTS Half of the participants were men. The average age (standard deviation) of the participants was 49.3(11.5) years. The median years with experience in farming was 15 years. The majority (82.0%) of the participants had moderate health literacy level regarding zoonoses. Improper use of antibiotics was referred by 58.0% of participants, including antibiotic use as feeding supplements (34.0%) and the use of human antibiotics to treat sick animals (24.0%). Many participants were unaware of zoonotic prevention measures and due to this had practices such as not wearing protective equipment (60.0%), an absence of acaricides to prevent vector infestations (52.0%), an absence of disinfection measures (42.0%), low rate of rabies vaccination (54.0%), and do not quarantining sick animals (38.0%). In-depth interviews revealed great concern among farmers about a collective lack of participation from local veterinarians, health workers, and government authorities in zoonoses-prevention efforts. Statistical models showed that farm scale, ethnic groups, and perceived income were associated with the overall health literacy about zoonoses. CONCLUSION Comprehensive health education related to zoonotic diseases is recommended to improve overall knowledge, including routes of transmission, symptoms and consequences of diseases, and antibiotic usage. In addition, guidance should be provided to farmers on how to treat sick animals, the appropriate use of antibiotics, and waste management. Local veterinarians and health workers are important contact points and should work closely with the farmers to prevent zoonotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khuong Cao Ba
- Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty
of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Faculty of Public Health, Thai Nguyen
University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Thai Nguyen, Vietnam
| | - Jaranit Kaewkungwal
- Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty
of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Oranut Pacheun
- Faculty of Public Health, Thammasat
University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Uyen Nguyen Thi To
- Faculty of Public Health, Thai Nguyen
University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Thai Nguyen, Vietnam
| | - Saranath Lawpoolsri
- Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty
of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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22
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Lowenstein C, Vasco K, Sarzosa S, Salinas L, Torres A, Perry MJ, Simmens SJ, Trueba G, Eisenberg JNS, Graham JP. Determinants of Childhood Zoonotic Enteric Infections in a Semirural Community of Quito, Ecuador. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 102:1269-1278. [PMID: 32228797 PMCID: PMC7253092 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Domestic animals in the household environment have the potential to affect a child's carriage of zoonotic enteric pathogens and risk of diarrhea. This study examines the risk factors associated with pediatric diarrhea and carriage of zoonotic enteric pathogens among children living in communities where smallholder livestock production is prevalent. We conducted an observational study of children younger than 5 years that included the analysis of child (n = 306) and animal (n = 480) fecal samples for Campylobacter spp., atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Shiga toxin-producing E. coli, Salmonella spp., Yersinia spp., Cryptosporidium parvum, and Giardia lamblia. Among these seven pathogens, Giardia was the most commonly identified pathogen among children and animals in the same household, most of which was found in child-dog pairs. Campylobacter spp. was also relatively common within households, particularly among child-chicken and child-guinea pig pairs. We used multivariable Poisson regression models to assess risk factors associated with a child being positive for at least one zoonotic enteric pathogen or having diarrhea during the last week. Children who interacted with domestic animals-a behavior reported by nearly three-quarters of households owning animals-were at an increased risk of colonization with at least one zoonotic enteric pathogen (prevalence ratio [PR] = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.00-2.42). The risk of diarrhea in the last seven days was elevated but not statistically significant (PR = 2.27, CI: 0.91, 5.67). Interventions that aim to reduce pediatric exposures to enteric pathogens will likely need to be incorporated with approaches that remove animal fecal contamination from the domestic environment and encourage behavior change aimed at reducing children's contact with animal feces through diverse exposure pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karla Vasco
- Colegio de Ciencias Biologicas y Ambientales, Microbiology Institute, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Soledad Sarzosa
- Colegio de Ciencias Biologicas y Ambientales, Microbiology Institute, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Liseth Salinas
- Colegio de Ciencias Biologicas y Ambientales, Microbiology Institute, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Andrea Torres
- Colegio de Ciencias Biologicas y Ambientales, Microbiology Institute, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Melissa J. Perry
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Samuel J. Simmens
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Gabriel Trueba
- Colegio de Ciencias Biologicas y Ambientales, Microbiology Institute, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Joseph N. S. Eisenberg
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jay P. Graham
- University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health, Berkeley, California
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23
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Si R, Wang M, Lu Q, Zhang S. Assessing impact of risk perception and environmental regulation on household carcass waste recycling behaviour in China. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2020; 38:528-536. [PMID: 31607260 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x19878496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Carcass waste recycling exerts an important influence on preventing epidemic diseases, improving the ecological environment, and promoting sustainable development of the livestock industry although it has rarely aroused widespread attention throughout the world. Based on the data of 470 households engaged in breeding pigs in Hebei, Henan, and Hubei, China, and considering dead pigs as an example, this study employed the Double Hurdle model to assess impact of risk perception on household dead pig recycling behaviour and further tested the moderating effects of environmental regulation on the impact of risk perception on household dead pig recycling behaviour. The results show that: (1) Risk perception has a positive and significant influence on household dead pig recycling behaviour; however, this influence is mainly caused by households' production and public health safety risk perceptions. Food and ecological safety risk perceptions have no significant influence on household dead pig recycling behaviour. (2) Environmental regulation has enhanced moderating effects on the impact of risk perception on household dead pig recycling behaviour, but the moderating effects mainly arose from imperative, guiding, and voluntary regulations. A moderating effect of incentive regulation is not obvious. (3) The moderating effects of environmental regulations present strong heterogeneity when different breeding scales and recycling technical attributes are considered. Finally, some policy implications, such as improving households' risk perception level, enhancing environmental regulation intensity, and classifying to formulate measures, are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruishi Si
- Department of Agriculture and Forestry Economic Management, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Meizhi Wang
- Department of Agriculture and Forestry Economic Management, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qian Lu
- Department of Agriculture and Forestry Economic Management, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Shuxia Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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24
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Bardosh KL, Hussein JW, Sadik EA, Hassen JY, Ketema M, Ibrahim AM, McKune SL, Havelaar AH. Chicken eggs, childhood stunting and environmental hygiene: an ethnographic study from the Campylobacter genomics and environmental enteric dysfunction (CAGED) project in Ethiopia. ONE HEALTH OUTLOOK 2020; 2:5. [PMID: 33829128 PMCID: PMC7993501 DOI: 10.1186/s42522-020-00012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood stunting and malnutrition condemn millions of people globally to a life of disadvantage and cognitive and physical impairment. Though increasing egg consumption is often seen as an important solution for low and middle income countries (including Ethiopia), emerging evidence suggests that greater exposure to poultry feces may also inhibit child growth due to the effects of enteric bacteria, especially Campylobacter, on gut health. METHODS In this rapid ethnographic study, we explored village poultry production, child dietary practices, and environmental hygiene conditions as they relate to Campylobacter risk and intervention in 16 villages in Haramaya Woreda, Eastern Ethiopia. RESULTS In the study area, we found that women assumed primary responsibility to care for both chickens and children: in feeding, housing, and healthcare. Most chickens were free-range local indigenous breeds, and flock sizes were small and unstable due to epidemics, seasonal trends, reproductive patterns, and lack of food. Generally, eggs were seen as "too luxurious" to be eaten, and were predominantly sold at local markets for scarce cash, despite high malnutrition rates. Local narratives of extreme poverty, social dietary norms, parental fatalism, and lack of "dietary consciousness" (as it was called) were invoked to explain this. We found that homesteads were highly contaminated with human and animal feces. Although community members viewed chicken feces and poultry gastrointestinal contents as particularly noxious in comparison to other animals because of their feeding behaviour, they did not relate them to any particular disease. Shared human-animal housing and childcare practices place children at high risk of exposure to enteric bacteria from animal manure, despite daily routines designed to manage the domestic landscape. CONCLUSIONS Addressing childhood stunting and malnutrition through egg production in rural landscapes like Haramaya must navigate three distinct health and care regimes: for children, chickens, and home environments. Interventions should be based on a holistic approach to social and economic empowerment, one that considers both women and men and integrates nutrition, health, and community change as its overarching goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Louis Bardosh
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
- Center for One Health Research, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | | | - Elias Ahmed Sadik
- College of Social Sciences and Humanities, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Jemal Yousuf Hassen
- Department of Rural Development and Agricultural Extension, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Mengistu Ketema
- School of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness Management, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Arie Hendrik Havelaar
- Department of Animal Sciences, Emerging Pathogens Institute, Institute for Sustainable Food Systems, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
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25
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Hedman HD, Eisenberg JNS, Vasco KA, Blair CN, Trueba G, Berrocal VJ, Zhang L. High Prevalence of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase CTX-M-Producing Escherichia coli in Small-Scale Poultry Farming in Rural Ecuador. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2019; 100:374-376. [PMID: 30457098 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Small-scale farming may have large impacts on the selection and spread of antimicrobial resistance to humans. We conducted an observational study to evaluate antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli populations from poultry and humans in rural northwestern Esmeraldas, Ecuador. Our study site is a remote region with historically low resistance levels of third-generation antibiotics such cefotaxime (CTX), a clinically relevant antibiotic, in both poultry and humans. Our study revealed 1) high CTX resistance (66.1%) in farmed broiler chickens, 2) an increase in CTX resistance over time in backyard chicken not fed antibiotics (2.3-17.9%), and 3) identical bla CTX-M sequences from human and chicken bacteria, suggesting a spillover event. These findings provide evidence that small-scale meat production operations have direct impacts on the spread and selection of clinically important antibiotics among underdeveloped settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden D Hedman
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Joseph N S Eisenberg
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Karla A Vasco
- Microbiology Institute, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Christopher N Blair
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Gabriel Trueba
- Microbiology Institute, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Veronica J Berrocal
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lixin Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lancing, Michigan
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26
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Veterinary Drug Shops as Main Sources of Supply and Advice on Antimicrobials for Animal Use in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:antibiotics8040195. [PMID: 31731499 PMCID: PMC6963485 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8040195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the Mekong Delta of Vietnam, small-scale poultry farmers use large amounts of antimicrobials to raise their flocks, and veterinary drug shops owners and their staff are a key source of advice to farmers on antimicrobial use (AMU). We described the network of veterinary drug shops (n = 93) in two districts within Dong Thap province (Mekong Delta). We also interviewed a randomly selected sample of chicken farmers (n = 96) and described their linkages with veterinary drug shops. Antimicrobials represented 15.0% [inter quartile range (IQR) 6.0–25.0] of the shops’ income. Fifty-seven percent shop owners had been/were affiliated to the veterinary authority, 57% provided diagnostic services. The median number of drug shops supplying antimicrobials to each farm during one production cycle was 2 [IQR 1–2]. Visited shops were located within a median distance of 3.96 km [IQR 1.98–5.85] to farms. Drug shops owned by persons affiliated to the veterinary authority that did not provide diagnostic services had a higher fraction of their income consisting of antimicrobial sales (β = 1.913; p < 0.001). These results suggest that interventions targeting veterinary drug shop owners and their staff aiming at improving their knowledge base on livestock/poultry diseases and their diagnosis may contribute to reducing overall levels of AMU in the area.
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27
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Diverse Commensal Escherichia coli Clones and Plasmids Disseminate Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Domestic Animals and Children in a Semirural Community in Ecuador. mSphere 2019; 4:4/3/e00316-19. [PMID: 31118304 PMCID: PMC6531886 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00316-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among Enterobacteriaceae has had major clinical and economic impacts on human medicine. Many of the multidrug-resistant (multiresistant) Enterobacteriaceae found in humans are community acquired, and some of them are possibly linked to food animals (i.e., livestock raised for meat and dairy products). In this study, we examined whether numerically dominant commensal Escherichia coli strains from humans (n = 63 isolates) and domestic animals (n = 174 isolates) in the same community and with matching phenotypic AMR patterns were clonally related or shared the same plasmids. We identified 25 multiresistant isolates (i.e., isolates resistant to more than one antimicrobial) that shared identical phenotypic resistance patterns. We then investigated the diversity of E. coli clones, AMR genes, and plasmids carrying the AMR genes using conjugation, replicon typing, and whole-genome sequencing. All of the multiresistant E. coli isolates (from children and domestic animals) analyzed had at least 90 or more whole-genome SNP differences between one another, suggesting that none of the strains was recently transferred. While the majority of isolates shared the same antimicrobial resistance genes and replicons, DNA sequencing indicated that these genes and replicons were found on different plasmid structures. We did not find evidence of the clonal spread of AMR in this community: instead, AMR genes were carried on diverse clones and plasmids. This presents a significant challenge for understanding the movement of AMR in a community.IMPORTANCE Even though Escherichia coli strains may share nearly identical phenotypic AMR profiles and AMR genes and overlap in space and time, the diversity of clones and plasmids challenges research that aims to identify sources of AMR. Horizontal gene transfer appears to play a more significant role than clonal expansion in the spread of AMR in this community.
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28
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Graham JP, Eisenberg JNS, Trueba G, Zhang L, Johnson TJ. Small-Scale Food Animal Production and Antimicrobial Resistance: Mountain, Molehill, or Something in-between? ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:104501. [PMID: 29038091 PMCID: PMC5933306 DOI: 10.1289/ehp2116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Small-scale food animal production is widely practiced around the globe, yet it is often overlooked in terms of the environmental health risks. Evidence suggests that small-scale food animal producers often employ the use of antimicrobials to improve the survival and growth of their animals, and that this practice leads to the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) that can potentially spread to humans. The nature of human-animal interactions in small-scale food animal production systems, generally practiced in and around the home, likely augments spillover events of AMR into the community on a scale that is currently unrecognized and deserves greater attention. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2116.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay P Graham
- Public Health Institute , Oakland, California, USA
| | | | - Gabriel Trueba
- Instituto de Microbiologia, Colegio de Ciencias Biologicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito , Quito, Ecuador
| | - Lixin Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Timothy J Johnson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota , St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
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