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Admasu HN, Bedassa A, Tessema TS, Kovac J, Vipham JL, Woldegiorgis AZ. Seasonal variation of Salmonella enterica prevalence in milk and cottage cheese along the dairy value chain in three regions of Ethiopia. FOOD SAFETY AND RISK 2024; 11:2. [PMID: 38737868 PMCID: PMC11087248 DOI: 10.1186/s40550-024-00108-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Seasonal fluctuations influence foodborne illness transmission and affect patterns of microbial contamination of food. Previous investigations on the seasonality of Salmonella enterica prevalence in dairy products in Ethiopia have been minimal. However, such data are needed to inform strategic development of effective interventions to improve food safety, as seasonal differences may affect intervention strategies. This study was conducted to identify differences in the prevalence of Salmonella in milk and cheese samples between wet and dry seasons. A longitudinal study design was utilized with a random sampling occurring during both dry and wet seasons. A total of 448 milk and cottage cheese samples were collected from Oromia, Sidama, and Amhara regions. Samples were tested for Salmonella using the ISO 6579-1: 2008 method, followed by PCR confirmation. A chi-square test was conducted to assess the significance of differences in the prevalence of Salmonella in the samples between the two seasons. Results from this study showed a higher prevalence of Salmonella in all sample types during the dry season (P < 0.05). Moreover, when comparing raw milk, pasteurized milk, and cottage cheese samples, a significant difference was observed in Salmonella prevalence from raw milk samples (27.08%) collected in the Oromia region. Additionally, data showed a significantly higher prevalence of Salmonella in samples collected from raw milk producers (29.17%) during the wet season (P < 0.05). This study indicates that in order to enhance the safety of dairy products in Ethiopia, comprehensive, long-term awareness building on hygienic milk production and handling that consider seasonal influence is warranted. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40550-024-00108-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henok Nahusenay Admasu
- Head quarter Food science and Nutrition research directorate, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, PO Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abdi Bedassa
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, National Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, PO Box 249, Holeta, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfaye Sisay Tessema
- Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, New Graduate Building, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Jasna Kovac
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, 437 Erickson Food Science Building, University Park, Pennsylvania, PA 16802 USA
| | - Jessie L. Vipham
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, 247 Weber Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - Ashagrie Zewdu Woldegiorgis
- Center for Food Science and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Addis Ababa University, New Graduate Building, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Salaheen S, Kim SW, Karns JS, Van Kessel JAS, Haley BJ. Microdiversity of Salmonella Kentucky During Long-Term Colonization of a Dairy Herd. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2024; 21:306-315. [PMID: 38285435 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2023.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Kentucky was repeatedly isolated from a commercial dairy herd that was enrolled in a longitudinal study where feces of asymptomatic dairy cattle were sampled intensively over an 8-year period. The genomes of 5 Salmonella Kentucky isolates recovered from the farm 2 years before the onset of the long-term colonization event and 13 isolates collected during the period of endemicity were sequenced. A phylogenetic analysis inferred that the Salmonella Kentucky strains from the farm were distinct from poultry strains collected from the same region, and three subclades (K, A1, and A2) were identified among the farm isolates, each appearing at different times during the study. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, three separate lineages of highly similar Salmonella Kentucky were present in succession on the farm. Genomic heterogeneity between the clades helped identify regions, most notably transcriptional regulators, of the Salmonella Kentucky genome that may be involved in competition among highly similar strains. Notably, a region annotated as a hemolysin expression modulating protein (Hha) was identified in a putative plasmid region of strains that colonized a large portion of cows in the herd, suggesting that it may play a role in asymptomatic persistence within the bovine intestine. A cell culture assay of isolates from the three clades with bovine epithelial cells demonstrated a trend of decreased invasiveness of Salmonella Kentucky isolates over time, suggesting that clade-specific interactions with the animals on the farm may have played a role in the dynamics of strain succession. Results of this analysis further demonstrate an underappreciated level of genomic diversity within strains of the same Salmonella serovar, particularly those isolated during a long-term period of asymptomatic colonization within a single dairy herd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serajus Salaheen
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Seon Woo Kim
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Karns
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Jo Ann S Van Kessel
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Bradd J Haley
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
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Diab MS, Thabet AS, Elsalam MA, Ewida RM, Sotohy SA. Detection of Virulence and β-lactamase resistance genes of non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates from human and animal origin in Egypt "one health concern". Gut Pathog 2023; 15:16. [PMID: 36998086 PMCID: PMC10061834 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-023-00542-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) is a major foodborne zoonotic pathogen worldwide. In the current study, Various NTS strains were isolated from (cows, milk and dairy products in addition to humans) in New Valley and Assiut Governorate, Egypt. NTS were firstly serotyped and tested by antibiotic sensitivity test. Secondly, some virulence genes and Antibiotic resistance genes have been identified by using PCR. Finally, Phylogenesis was performed depending on the invA gene, for two S. typhimurium isolates (one of animal origin and the other of human origin for evaluating zoonotic potential). RESULTS Out of 800 examined samples, the total number of isolates was 87 (10.88%), which were classified into 13 serotypes, with the most prevalent being S. Typhimurium and S. enteritidis. Both bovine and human isolates showed the highest resistance to clindamycin and streptomycin, with 90.80% of the tested isolates exhibiting MDR. The occurrence of the invA gene was 100%, while 72.22%, 30.56%, and 94.44% of the examined strains were positive for stn, spvC, and hilA genes, respectively. Additionally, blaOXA-2 was detected in 16.67% (6/ 36) of the tested isolates, while blaCMY-1 was detected in 30.56% (11of 36) of the tested isolates. Phylogenesis revealed a high degree of similarity between the two isolates. CONCLUSIONS The high occurrence of MDR strains of NTS in both human and animal samples with high degree of genetic similarity, shows that cows, milk and milk product may be a valuable source of human infection with NTS and interfere with treatment procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S. Diab
- grid.252487.e0000 0000 8632 679XDepartment of Animal Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, New Valley University, El-Kharga, Egypt
| | - Asmaa S. Thabet
- Assiut Lab., Animal Health Research Institute, ARC, Asyut, Egypt
| | | | - Rania M. Ewida
- grid.252487.e0000 0000 8632 679XDepartment of Food Hygiene (Milk Hygiene), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, New Valley University, El-Kharga, Egypt
| | - Sotohy A. Sotohy
- grid.252487.e0000 0000 8632 679XDepartment of Animal, Poultry and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt
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Goni JI, Hendrix K, Kritchevsky J. Recovery of Salmonella bacterial isolates from pooled fecal samples from horses. Vet Med (Auckl) 2022; 37:323-327. [PMID: 36433697 PMCID: PMC9889685 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is important to determine if a horse is shedding Salmonella spp., but a complete culture series can be cost prohibitive. OBJECTIVES Determine the optimal pooling technique to maintain high sensitivity of Salmonella spp. culture using spiked samples, and then demonstrate the efficacy of this protocol on clinical submissions. HYPOTHESIS Pooled fecal samples are as sensitive as 5 individual cultures for the detection of Salmonella shedding. ANIMALS A single Salmonella-negative horse from the university herd, and 19 hospitalized horses. METHODS Salmonella-free fecal samples were spiked with different amounts of Salmonella spp. (102 , 103 , 104 , and 105 colony forming units [cfu]) and homogenized to evaluate pooled samples. Five individual fecal samples were collected from 19 hospitalized horses. Ten-gram aliquots of each individual sample were combined to make a pooled sample. Both individual and pooled samples were cultured for Salmonella spp. The identity of bacterial isolates was confirmed by matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time of flight mass spectrometry. RESULTS A 102 cfu concentration of Salmonella spp. could be recovered from a spiked Salmonella-free fecal sample. Homogenization protocols indicated that the addition of 20 mL of broth to the pooled sample improved recovery, whereas homogenization time did not. Of the 19 horses tested, 5 were positive for Salmonella. In all instances, Salmonella spp. were recovered from the fecal pool as well as individual samples. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Pooling of 5 fecal samples for Salmonella culture is a sensitive and cost-effective diagnostic approach to detect horses that are shedding the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose I. Goni
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Kenitra Hendrix
- State of Indiana Animal Disease Diagnostic LaboratoryWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Janice Kritchevsky
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
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Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Álvarez‐Ordóñez A, Bolton D, Bover‐Cid S, Chemaly M, Davies R, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Argüello‐Rodríguez H, Dohmen W, Magistrali CF, Padalino B, Tenhagen B, Threlfall J, García‐Fierro R, Guerra B, Liébana E, Stella P, Peixe L. Transmission of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) during animal transport. EFSA J 2022; 20:e07586. [PMID: 36304831 PMCID: PMC9593722 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmission of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) between food-producing animals (poultry, cattle and pigs) during short journeys (< 8 h) and long journeys (> 8 h) directed to other farms or to the slaughterhouse lairage (directly or with intermediate stops at assembly centres or control posts, mainly transported by road) was assessed. Among the identified risk factors contributing to the probability of transmission of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs), the ones considered more important are the resistance status (presence of ARB/ARGs) of the animals pre-transport, increased faecal shedding, hygiene of the areas and vehicles, exposure to other animals carrying and/or shedding ARB/ARGs (especially between animals of different AMR loads and/or ARB/ARG types), exposure to contaminated lairage areas and duration of transport. There are nevertheless no data whereby differences between journeys shorter or longer than 8 h can be assessed. Strategies that would reduce the probability of AMR transmission, for all animal categories include minimising the duration of transport, proper cleaning and disinfection, appropriate transport planning, organising the transport in relation to AMR criteria (transport logistics), improving animal health and welfare and/or biosecurity immediately prior to and during transport, ensuring the thermal comfort of the animals and animal segregation. Most of the aforementioned measures have similar validity if applied at lairage, assembly centres and control posts. Data gaps relating to the risk factors and the effectiveness of mitigation measures have been identified, with consequent research needs in both the short and longer term listed. Quantification of the impact of animal transportation compared to the contribution of other stages of the food-production chain, and the interplay of duration with all risk factors on the transmission of ARB/ARGs during transport and journey breaks, were identified as urgent research needs.
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Ren Z, Peng L, Chen S, Pu Y, Lv H, Wei H, Wan C. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 1201 Inhibits Intestinal Infection of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Typhimurium Strain ATCC 13311 in Mice with High-Fat Diet. Foods 2021; 11:85. [PMID: 35010211 PMCID: PMC8750823 DOI: 10.3390/foods11010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium is widely distributed in food. It can colonise the gastrointestinal tract after ingestion, causing lamina propria edema, inflammatory cell infiltration, and mucosal epithelial decomposition. A high-fat diet (HFD) can induce an inflammatory response, but whether HFD can increase the infection level of S. Typhimurium is unknown. We established a model of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium strain ATCC 13311 ATCC 13311 infection in healthy adult mice with a maintenance diet (MD) or HFD to explore the effect of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 1201 intervention on S. Typhimurium ATCC 13311 colonization and its protective effects on mice. HFD exacerbated the infection of S. Typhimurium ATCC 13311, while the intervention of L. plantarum 1201 effectively mitigated this process. L. plantarum 1201 can reduce the colonies of S. ATCC 13311 in the intestines and tissues; and reduce intestinal inflammation by down-regulating the level of TLR4/NF-κB pathway related proteins in serum and the expression of related inflammatory factors in the colon and jejunum. Since L. plantarum 1201 can inhibit the colonization of S. Typhimurium ATCC 13311 and relieve inflammation in HFD, current research may support the use of L. plantarum 1201 to prevent S. Typhimurium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyue Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; (Z.R.); (L.P.); (S.C.); (Y.P.); (H.L.); (H.W.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Lingling Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; (Z.R.); (L.P.); (S.C.); (Y.P.); (H.L.); (H.W.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Shufang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; (Z.R.); (L.P.); (S.C.); (Y.P.); (H.L.); (H.W.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Yi Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; (Z.R.); (L.P.); (S.C.); (Y.P.); (H.L.); (H.W.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Huihui Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; (Z.R.); (L.P.); (S.C.); (Y.P.); (H.L.); (H.W.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Hua Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; (Z.R.); (L.P.); (S.C.); (Y.P.); (H.L.); (H.W.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Cuixiang Wan
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
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Aleri JW, Sahibzada S, Harb A, Fisher AD, Waichigo FK, Lee T, Robertson ID, Abraham S. Molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Salmonella isolates from dairy heifer calves and adult lactating cows in a Mediterranean pasture-based system of Australia. J Dairy Sci 2021; 105:1493-1503. [PMID: 34955273 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dairy cows can be reservoirs of foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella that pose serious public health risks to humans. The study was designed to examine the molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Salmonella isolates from dairy heifer calves and adult lactating cows in the pasture-based system of Australia. A total of 838 animals (328 heifer calves and 510 lactating cows) from 22 farms were sampled. Overall, 54 Salmonella isolates were recovered (calves 28/328 and cows 26/510). A herd-level Salmonella prevalence of 50% (95% confidence interval: 31%-69%) was recorded. Within-herd prevalence for Salmonella ranged between 4%-29% and 4%-45% among the heifer calves and adult lactating cows, respectively. Three different serovars were identified with Salmonella Infantis being the most common serovar (n = 33, 61%) followed by Salmonella Kiambu (n = 20, 37.0%) and one isolate of Salmonella Cerro (2%). The highest antimicrobial resistance prevalence of Salmonella isolates was found against streptomycin (n = 31, 57%), followed by cefoxitin (n = 12, 22%), ceftriaxone (n = 2, 4%), and chloramphenicol (n = 1, 2%). Multiple class resistance was observed on 4 isolates against cefoxitin, chloramphenicol, and streptomycin. Multilocus sequence types ST32 (61%), ST309 (37%), and ST367 (2%) were strongly linked to the serovars Salmonella Infantis, Salmonella Kiambu, and Salmonella Cerro, respectively. Whole genome sequencing of Salmonella isolates detected only 2 resistance genes: aac(6') gene that confers resistance against aminoglycosides among 40.7% of the isolates, and a single isolate positive for the blaDHA-16 gene. Two distinct clusters among the serovars were observed suggesting 2 independent sources of spread. Despite the low prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among Salmonella from the dairy farms, our findings contribute to the regional and national understanding of antimicrobial resistance in dairy herds in Australia. There is need for continued antimicrobial resistance stewardship and surveillance programs to ensure the production of high-quality food products and the long-term protection of both animal and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Aleri
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, 6150 WA, Australia; Centre for Animal Production and Health, Future Foods Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, 6150 WA, Australia; Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, 6150 WA, Australia.
| | - S Sahibzada
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, 6150 WA, Australia; Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, 6150 WA, Australia
| | - A Harb
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, 6150 WA, Australia; Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, 6150 WA, Australia
| | - A D Fisher
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, 3030 VIC, Australia; Animal Welfare Science Centre, University of Melbourne, 3010 VIC, Australia
| | - F K Waichigo
- Brunswick Veterinary Services, 27 Ommaney Road, Brunswick Junction, 6224 WA, Australia
| | - T Lee
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, 6150 WA, Australia; Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, 6150 WA, Australia
| | - I D Robertson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, 6150 WA, Australia; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University. Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - S Abraham
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, 6150 WA, Australia; Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, 6150 WA, Australia
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Agga GE, Silva PJ, Martin RS. Prevalence, Serotypes, and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella from Mink Feces and Feed in the United States. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2021; 19:45-55. [PMID: 34520249 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2021.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nontyphoidal Salmonella is a leading cause of foodborne illnesses, and concentrated animal production such as commercial mink farming can be a reservoir. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence, serotypes, antimicrobial resistance, virulence genes and mobile genetic elements, and phylogenetic characterization of Salmonella from mink fecal (n = 42) and feed (n = 8) samples at a commercial mink farm in the United States. Salmonella was detected from 11 (26.2%) fecal and 1 (12.5%) feed samples. Twelve fecal isolates obtained from the positive samples were identified into four serotypes: Salmonella Uganda (eight isolates; two isolates were obtained from one sample), Salmonella Reading (two isolates), Salmonella Heidelberg (one isolate), and Salmonella Orion (one isolate). Two isolates from the positive feed sample were identified as Salmonella Cerro. Twelve isolates, one isolate per positive sample, were whole genome sequenced for further characterization. The two Salmonella Reading isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR) with the classical ASSuT (ampicillin, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, and tetracycline) phenotype. Genotypically, the isolates were correspondingly positive, both by polymerase chain reaction and by whole-genome sequencing (WGS), for blaTEM-1, aph(3″)-Ib and aph(6)-Id, sul2, and tet(A). WGS additionally identified trimethoprim resistance gene dfrA8 in Salmonella Reading, and fosfomycin resistance gene fosA7 in Salmonella Heidelberg. All isolates carried Salmonella-specific multidrug resistance (mdsA/B), gold resistance, and intimin-like virulence genes. In addition, Salmonella Orion carried copper and silver resistance gene clusters. The two Salmonella Reading isolates also carried a cytolethal distension toxin (cdtB) gene. Salmonella Reading isolates belonged to ST412, a predominant sequence type among turkey and human isolates obtained in relation to recent salmonellosis outbreaks in North America. Phylogenetically, Salmonella Uganda, Salmonella Heidelberg, and Salmonella Reading were mostly associated with historic human/clinical, and poultry and swine source isolates. This study indicates that mink production can be a reservoir for foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella with MDR serovars commonly associated with human illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getahun E Agga
- Food Animal Environmental Systems Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service, Bowling Green, Kentucky, USA
| | - Philip J Silva
- Food Animal Environmental Systems Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service, Bowling Green, Kentucky, USA
| | - Randal S Martin
- Utah Water Research Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
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Ndahetuye JB, Artursson K, Båge R, Ingabire A, Karege C, Djangwani J, Nyman AK, Ongol MP, Tukei M, Persson Y. MILK Symposium review: Microbiological quality and safety of milk from farm to milk collection centers in Rwanda. J Dairy Sci 2021; 103:9730-9739. [PMID: 33076184 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to generate knowledge on the most important milk quality and safety attributes, including somatic cell count (SCC), total bacterial count (TBC), Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Brucella spp. antibodies and antibiotic residues in milk in the chain from farm to milk collection center (MCC) in Rwanda. In addition, we investigated farm and management factors associated with high TBC, SCC, and Salmonella counts. Raw milk was sampled at the farm and MCC levels. Milk samples were taken from dairy farms linked to 2 selected MCC in each of the 4 provinces in Rwanda. In total, 406 bulk milk samples from 406 farms and 32 bulk milk samples from 8 MCC were collected and analyzed. Farm milk average SCC varied between 180 × 103 and 920 × 103 cells/mL, whereas average SCC in milk samples at MCC varied between 170 × 103 and 1,700 × 103 cells/mL. The mean milk TBC of different farms per MCC varied between 1.1 × 106 and 1.6 × 107 cfu/mL, whereas in milk samples from different MCC, the mean TBC ranged between 5.3 × 105 and 2.4 × 108 cfu/mL. The high TBC in milk from MCC suggests proliferation or recontamination of milk by bacteria during transportation. Escherichia coli was detected in 35 of 385 farm milk samples and ranged between 5 cfu/mL and 1.1 × 104 cfu/mL, whereas in milk samples from the MCC, it was detected in 20 out 32 samples varying between 5 cfu/mL and 2.9 × 103 cfu/mL. Overall farm prevalence of Salmonella in milk samples was 14%, but no milk samples from MCC were positive for Salmonella. Five out of 22 bulk milk samples from different MCC were positive for Brucella spp. antibodies, but no Brucella antibodies were detected in milk samples from farms. The prevalence of antibiotic residues as detected by the Delvotest SP NT (DSM, Delft, the Netherlands) was low: 1.3% in farm milk samples and undetected in MCC milk samples. Lack of a separate milking area was associated with high TBC, whereas offering of supplemental feeds, keeping data of past diseases, and an unhygienic milking area were associated with high SCC. Lack of teat washing before milking was the only factor associated with Salmonella contamination of milk at the farm level. This study indicated high TBC and SCC of milk samples at the farm and MCC levels, which indicates both microbial contamination of milk and poor udder health in dairy cows. Presence of E. coli, Salmonella, and Brucella antibodies in milk was common, but finding antibiotic residues in milk was uncommon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Baptiste Ndahetuye
- Reproduction, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) Uppsala Sweden, PO Box 7054, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; College of Agriculture, Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, Musanze, Rwanda, PO Box 210, Musanze, Rwanda.
| | - Karin Artursson
- National Veterinary Institute, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), PO Box 7036, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Renée Båge
- Reproduction, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) Uppsala Sweden, PO Box 7054, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alice Ingabire
- College of Agriculture, Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, Musanze, Rwanda, PO Box 210, Musanze, Rwanda
| | - Callixte Karege
- College of Agriculture, Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, Musanze, Rwanda, PO Box 210, Musanze, Rwanda
| | - Juvenal Djangwani
- College of Agriculture, Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, Musanze, Rwanda, PO Box 210, Musanze, Rwanda
| | | | - Martin Patrick Ongol
- College of Agriculture, Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, Musanze, Rwanda, PO Box 210, Musanze, Rwanda
| | - Michael Tukei
- College of Agriculture, Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, Musanze, Rwanda, PO Box 210, Musanze, Rwanda
| | - Ylva Persson
- National Veterinary Institute, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
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Mukherjee N, Nolan VG, Dunn JR, Banerjee P. Exposures Associated with Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Infections Caused by Newport, Javiana, and Mississippi Serotypes in Tennessee, 2013-2015: A Case-Case Analysis. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9020078. [PMID: 31991616 PMCID: PMC7168582 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9020078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) infection (salmonellosis) is one of the most prevalent gastrointestinal diseases throughout the world. Human infections caused by Salmonella Newport, Javiana, and Mississippi serotypes have been observed to occur at higher rates on an annual basis in western Tennessee. The reason for the increased rate of NTS infection by these three serotypes in this region is not known. We conducted a case-case analysis to identify potential risk factors associated with the three Salmonella serotypes using FoodNet data, obtained from the Tennessee Department of Health, consisting of 1578 culture-confirmed salmonellosis cases in Tennessee from 2013 through 2015. Among all the exposure variables tested (254 in total), we found contact with pet treats or chews in the seven days prior to illness was the factor that was significantly associated with these serotypes compared to other serotypes (odds ratio adjusted = 3.0 (95% confidence intervals 1.6, 5.5), P < 0.0005). This study highlights the need for further investigation of potential exposures (other than pet treats or chews), including several possible environmental sources of NTS infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabanita Mukherjee
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA; (N.M.); (V.G.N.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Vikki G. Nolan
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA; (N.M.); (V.G.N.)
| | - John R. Dunn
- Communicable and Environmental Diseases and Emergency Preparedness, Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville, TN 37243, USA;
| | - Pratik Banerjee
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA; (N.M.); (V.G.N.)
- Correspondence:
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11
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Adaska JM, Ekong PS, Clothier KA, Williams DR, Rossitto PV, Lehenbauer TW, Atwill ER, Li X, Aly SS. Bayesian estimation of diagnostic accuracy of fecal culture and PCR-based tests for the detection of Salmonella enterica in California cull dairy cattle. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8310. [PMID: 31988800 PMCID: PMC6969550 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies of low prevalence disease problems are often hindered by the high cost of diagnostic testing. The objective of this study was to evaluate PCR screening of both individual and pooled fecal samples from culled dairy cows for the invA gene of Salmonella followed by culture to determine if the sensitivity and specificity were comparable to the results from traditional culture methods applied to individual samples. Cows from six different dairies were sampled in all four seasons. A total of 240 individual cow fecal samples, 24 fecal pools and 24 pools of 24-hour tetrathionate enrichment broth were tested. Diagnostic sensitivity of PCR screening followed by culture of PCR positive or indeterminate samples (i.e PCR-CUL method) was lower than that of culture (CUL) when applied to individual fecal samples (94.8%, 99.5%), however the specificity was comparable (99.6% and 97.7% respectively). For pools of five fecal samples and pools of five, 24 h tetrathionate broth samples, the specificity of both tests were comparable (∼98%); however, their sensitivity was only comparable in pooled fecal samples (∼93%) but greater for culture compared to PCR-CUL in pooled broth samples (∼99% versus ∼93%). Compared to culture results from testing of individual fecal samples, testing pooled fecal samples by culture had a relative sensitivity of 74% and relative specificity of 96%, testing pooled fecal samples by PCR-CUL resulted in relative sensitivity of 90% and relative specificity of 96%. Testing of pooled 24-hour enrichment broth by PCR-CUL increased the relative sensitivity and specificity to 100%. PCR testing followed by culture of positive or indeterminate samples is a time saving alternative to traditional methods. In addition, pooling of samples may be a useful method for decreasing cost if study aims can accommodate a moderate loss of relative sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Adaska
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Tulare, CA, United States of America
| | - Pius S Ekong
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, Tulare, CA, United States of America
| | - Kristin A Clothier
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Tulare, CA, United States of America
| | - Deniece R Williams
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, Tulare, CA, United States of America
| | - Paul V Rossitto
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, Tulare, CA, United States of America
| | - Terry W Lehenbauer
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, Tulare, CA, United States of America.,Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Edward R Atwill
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Western Institute for Food Safety and Security, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Xunde Li
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Western Institute for Food Safety and Security, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Sharif S Aly
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, Tulare, CA, United States of America.,Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
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12
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Olimpi EM, Baur P, Echeverri A, Gonthier D, Karp DS, Kremen C, Sciligo A, De Master KT. Evolving Food Safety Pressures in California's Central Coast Region. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2019.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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13
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Fuenmayor Y, Rodas-González A, Carruyo G, Hoet AE, Wittum T, Narváez-Bravo C. Salmonella Prevalence and Antimicrobial Drug Resistance in Dual-Purpose Cattle Operations in the Eastern Region of Zulia State, Venezuela. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2018; 16:205-213. [PMID: 30481054 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2018.2515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the Salmonella prevalence and its antimicrobial susceptibility in dual-purpose cattle farms, fecal (n = 3964; from cows and calves) and environmental samples (n = 334; personnel, feed, and water sources) were collected over a 1-year period at six farms in the eastern region of Zulia State, Venezuela. Salmonella detection was carried out using standard microbiological culture methods. From 453 isolated Salmonella, antimicrobial susceptibility was tested using a panel of 10 antibiotics by the disk diffusion test method. Overall, the prevalence of Salmonella at the farm was 10.4% (n = 410/3964), being positive for Salmonella in at least in one sample. Salmonella was found in 11% (222/2009) of cows and 9.7% (188/1937) of calves. The prevalence of environmental samples was 10.78% (36/334), where water sources and milkers' hands showed higher occurrence (p < 0.01). Among the Salmonella isolates recovered, 10.2% displayed resistance to tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, penicillins, sulfonamides, quinolones and fluoroquinolones. Overall, multidrug resistance was 9.1%, and the most common combination was cephalothin-gentamicin-tetracycline, followed by gentamicin-norfloxacin-tetracycline. Over the course of this study, it was found that 100% of the evaluated farms had cattle shedding Salmonella and that the surrounding farm environments were contaminated, which contributed to the cycling of the pathogen at the farms and further contamination of the milk. However, only a low percentage of isolates exhibited significant antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yrimar Fuenmayor
- 1 Infectious Transmission Diseases Department, School of Veterinary Science , Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Argenis Rodas-González
- 2 Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Gabriela Carruyo
- 1 Infectious Transmission Diseases Department, School of Veterinary Science , Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Armando E Hoet
- 3 Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Thomas Wittum
- 3 Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Claudia Narváez-Bravo
- 2 Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Canada
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14
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Awosile B, McClure J, Sanchez J, Rodriguez-Lecompte JC, Keefe G, Heider LC. Salmonella enterica and extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli recovered from Holstein dairy calves from 8 farms in New Brunswick, Canada. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:3271-3284. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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15
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Sonnier JL, Karns JS, Lombard JE, Kopral CA, Haley BJ, Kim SW, Van Kessel JAS. Prevalence of Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes, and pathogenic Escherichia coli in bulk tank milk and milk filters from US dairy operations in the National Animal Health Monitoring System Dairy 2014 study. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:1943-1956. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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16
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Webb HE, Brichta-Harhay DM, Brashears MM, Nightingale KK, Arthur TM, Bosilevac JM, Kalchayanand N, Schmidt JW, Wang R, Granier SA, Brown TR, Edrington TS, Shackelford SD, Wheeler TL, Loneragan GH. Salmonella in Peripheral Lymph Nodes of Healthy Cattle at Slaughter. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2214. [PMID: 29170662 PMCID: PMC5684184 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To more fully characterize the burden of Salmonella enterica in bovine peripheral lymph nodes (PLN), PLN (n = 5,450) were collected from healthy cattle at slaughter in 12 commercial abattoirs that slaughtered feedlot-fattened (FF) cattle exclusively (n = 7), cattle removed (or culled) from breeding herds (n = 3), or both FF and cull cattle (n = 2). Qualitative and quantitative methods were used to estimate prevalence and concentration of Salmonella in PLN. Isolates were subjected to a variety of phenotypic, serological, and molecular assays. Overall, Salmonella prevalence in PLN from FF and cull cattle was 7.1 and 1.8%. However, burden varied by season in that observed prevalence in PLN collected in cooler or warmer seasons was 2.4 and 8.2%, respectively. Prevalence in PLN from cull cattle in the southwest region of the US was 2.1 and 1.1% for cool and warm seasons, respectively; however, prevalence in FF PLN was far greater in that it was 6.5 and 31.1%, respectively. Salmonella was recovered from 289 (5.6%) PLN and 2.9% (n = 160) of all PLN tested had quantifiable concentrations that varied from 1.6 to 4.9 log10 colony forming units/PLN. The most common serotypes isolated from PLN were Montevideo (26.9%), Lille (14.9%), Cerro (13.0%), Anatum (12.8%), and Dublin (6.9%). In all, 376 unique isolates were collected from the 289 Salmonella-positive PLN. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed the majority (80.6%) of these isolates were pansusceptible; however, 10.7% of isolates were found to be resistant to two or more antimicrobial classes. We were able to document an observed increased in prevalence of Salmonella in PLN during the warmer season, particularly in FF cattle from the southwest region of the US. The mechanisms underlying the observed association between season, region, and production source have yet to be elucidated. Nevertheless, these findings increase our understanding of the sources of contamination of beef products and shed light on transmission dynamics that may be useful in targeting these sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hattie E Webb
- International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Dayna M Brichta-Harhay
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, United States
| | - Mindy M Brashears
- International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Kendra K Nightingale
- International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Terrance M Arthur
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, United States
| | - Joseph M Bosilevac
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, United States
| | - Norasak Kalchayanand
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, United States
| | - John W Schmidt
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, United States
| | - Rong Wang
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, United States
| | - Sophie A Granier
- Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | | | - Steven D Shackelford
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, United States
| | - Tommy L Wheeler
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, United States
| | - Guy H Loneragan
- International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
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17
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Genome Sequences of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Kentucky Sequence Type 152 Isolated from Dairy Cows in the United States. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2017; 5:5/42/e01119-17. [PMID: 29051251 PMCID: PMC5646404 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01119-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Kentucky (S. Kentucky) is frequently isolated from dairy cows in the United States, but is an infrequent cause of human salmonellosis. To investigate the genomic features of S Kentucky strains isolated from a single dairy farm, the genomes of eight isolates were sequenced and added to the public domain.
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18
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Chaney WE, Agga GE, Nguyen SV, Arthur TM, Bosilevac JM, Dreyling E, Rishi A, Brichta-Harhay D. Rapid Detection and Classification of Salmonella enterica Shedding in Feedlot Cattle Utilizing the Roka Bioscience Atlas Salmonella Detection Assay for the Analysis of Rectoanal Mucosal Swabs. J Food Prot 2017; 80:1760-1767. [PMID: 28922030 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
With an increasing focus on preharvest food safety, rapid methods are required for the detection and quantification of foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella enterica in beef cattle. We validated the Atlas Salmonella Detection Assay (SEN), a nucleic acid amplification technology that targets Salmonella rRNA, for the qualitative detection of S. enterica with sample enrichment using immunomagnetic separation as a reference test, and we further evaluated its accuracy to predict pathogen load using SEN signal-to-cutoff (SCO) values from unenriched samples to classify animals as high or nonhigh shedders. Rectoanal mucosal swabs (RAMS) were collected from 238 beef cattle from five cohorts located in the Midwest or southern High Plains of the United States between July 2015 and April 2016. Unenriched RAMS samples were used for the enumeration and SEN SCO analyses. Enriched samples were tested using SEN and immunomagnetic separation methods for the detection of Salmonella. The SEN method was 100% sensitive and specific for the detection of Salmonella from the enriched RAMS samples. A SEN SCO value of 8, with a sensitivity of 93.5% and specificity of 94.3%, was found to be an optimum cutoff value for classifying animals as high or nonhigh shedders from the unenriched RAMS samples. The SEN assay is a rapid and reliable method for the qualitative detection and categorization of the shedding load of Salmonella from RAMS in feedlot cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Evan Chaney
- 1 Roka Bioscience, Inc., 10398 Pacific Center Court, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Getahun E Agga
- 2 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food Animal Environmental Systems Research Unit, 2413 Nashville Road, B5, Bowling Green, Kentucky 42101; and
| | - Scott V Nguyen
- 3 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, NE-18D Spur, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA
| | - Terrance M Arthur
- 3 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, NE-18D Spur, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA
| | - Joseph M Bosilevac
- 3 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, NE-18D Spur, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA
| | - Erin Dreyling
- 1 Roka Bioscience, Inc., 10398 Pacific Center Court, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Anantharama Rishi
- 1 Roka Bioscience, Inc., 10398 Pacific Center Court, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Dayna Brichta-Harhay
- 3 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, NE-18D Spur, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA
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19
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Robbins JA, von Keyserlingk MAG, Fraser D, Weary DM. INVITED REVIEW: Farm size and animal welfare. J Anim Sci 2017; 94:5439-5455. [PMID: 28046157 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016-0805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Critics of agricultural intensification have argued that the transition from smaller to larger farms has compromised animal welfare. To critically examine evidence relevant to this claim, we reviewed more than 150 publications that examined the relationship between farm size and at least one animal welfare indicator. Although much of this literature focuses on dairy cattle, we also reference other farmed species where appropriate. We found little evidence of any simple relationship, negative or positive, between farm size and animal welfare. Instead, the evidence suggests that larger farms provide some opportunities to improve animal welfare but may also create welfare risks. For example, larger farms permit more specialized and professional management of animal health but can make it more difficult to accommodate outdoor access that some view as integral to animal welfare. Future research should attempt to specify the underlying casual mechanisms by which statistical associations between farm size and indicators of welfare are believed to occur. We also suggest that policy and advocacy efforts aimed at reversing increases in farm size would be better directed toward improving welfare on farms of all sizes.
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20
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HADİMLİ HH, PINARKARA Y, SAKMANOĞLU A, SAYIN Z, ERGANİŞ O, USLU A, AL-SHATTRAWI HJ. Serotypes of Salmonella isolated from feces of cattle, buffalo,and camel and sensitivities to antibiotics in Turkey. TURKISH JOURNAL OF VETERINARY & ANIMAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.3906/vet-1604-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Haley BJ, Kim SW, Pettengill J, Luo Y, Karns JS, Van Kessel JAS. Genomic and Evolutionary Analysis of Two Salmonella enterica Serovar Kentucky Sequence Types Isolated from Bovine and Poultry Sources in North America. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161225. [PMID: 27695032 PMCID: PMC5047448 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Kentucky is frequently isolated from healthy poultry and dairy cows and is occasionally isolated from people with clinical disease. A genomic analysis of 119 isolates collected in the United States from dairy cows, ground beef, poultry and poultry products, and human clinical cases was conducted. Results of the analysis demonstrated that the majority of poultry and bovine-associated S. Kentucky were sequence type (ST) 152. Several bovine-associated (n = 3) and food product isolates (n = 3) collected from the United States and the majority of human clinical isolates were ST198, a sequence type that is frequently isolated from poultry and occasionally from human clinical cases in Northern Africa, Europe and Southeast Asia. A phylogenetic analysis indicated that both STs are more closely related to other Salmonella serovars than they are to each other. Additionally, there was strong evidence of an evolutionary divergence between the poultry-associated and bovine-associated ST152 isolates that was due to polymorphisms in four core genome genes. The ST198 isolates recovered from dairy farms in the United States were phylogenetically distinct from those collected from human clinical cases with 66 core genome SNPs differentiating the two groups, but more isolates are needed to determine the significance of this distinction. Identification of S. Kentucky ST198 from dairy animals in the United States suggests that the presence of this pathogen should be monitored in food-producing animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradd J. Haley
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Area Research Center, Agricultural Research Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States of America
| | - Seon Woo Kim
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Area Research Center, Agricultural Research Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States of America
| | - James Pettengill
- Office of Analytics and Outreach, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States of America
| | - Yan Luo
- Office of Analytics and Outreach, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey S. Karns
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Area Research Center, Agricultural Research Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States of America
| | - Jo Ann S. Van Kessel
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Area Research Center, Agricultural Research Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Shaw KS, Cruz-Cano R, Jiang C, Malayil L, Blythe D, Ryan P, Sapkota AR. Presence of animal feeding operations and community socioeconomic factors impact salmonellosis incidence rates: An ecological analysis using data from the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet), 2004-2010. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 150:166-172. [PMID: 27290657 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Nontyphoidal Salmonella spp. are a leading cause of foodborne illness. Risk factors for salmonellosis include the consumption of contaminated chicken, eggs, pork and beef. Agricultural, environmental and socioeconomic factors also have been associated with rates of Salmonella infection. However, to our knowledge, these factors have not been modeled together at the community-level to improve our understanding of whether rates of salmonellosis are variable across communities defined by differing factors. To address this knowledge gap, we obtained data on culture-confirmed Salmonella Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis, S. Newport and S. Javiana cases (2004-2010; n=14,297) from the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet), and socioeconomic, environmental and agricultural data from the 2010 Census of Population and Housing, the 2011 American Community Survey, and the 2007 U.S. Census of Agriculture. We linked data by zip code and derived incidence rate ratios using negative binomial regressions. Multiple community-level factors were associated with salmonellosis rates; however, our findings varied by state. For example, in Georgia (Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR)=1.01; 95% Confidence Interval (CI)=1.005-1.015) Maryland (IRR=1.01; 95% CI=1.003-1.015) and Tennessee (IRR=1.01; 95% CI=1.002-1.012), zip codes characterized by greater rurality had higher rates of S. Newport infections. The presence of broiler chicken operations, dairy operations and cattle operations in a zip code also was associated with significantly higher rates of infection with at least one serotype in states that are leading producers of these animal products. For instance, in Georgia and Tennessee, rates of S. Enteritidis infection were 48% (IRR=1.48; 95% CI=1.12-1.95) and 46% (IRR=1.46; 95% CI=1.17-1.81) higher in zip codes with broiler chicken operations compared to those without these operations. In Maryland, New Mexico and Tennessee, higher poverty levels in zip codes were associated with higher rates of infection with one or more Salmonella serotypes. In Georgia and Tennessee, zip codes with higher percentages of the population composed of African Americans had significantly higher rates of infection with one or more Salmonella serotypes. In summary, our findings show that community-level agricultural, environmental and socioeconomic factors may be important with regard to rates of infection with Salmonella Typhimurium, Enteritidis, Newport and Javiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi S Shaw
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Raul Cruz-Cano
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Chengsheng Jiang
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Leena Malayil
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | - David Blythe
- Prevention and Health Promotion Administration, Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Patricia Ryan
- Prevention and Health Promotion Administration, Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amy R Sapkota
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA.
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23
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Abu Aboud OA, Adaska JM, Williams DR, Rossitto PV, Champagne JD, Lehenbauer TW, Atwill R, Li X, Aly SS. Epidemiology of Salmonella sp. in California cull dairy cattle: prevalence of fecal shedding and diagnostic accuracy of pooled enriched broth culture of fecal samples. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2386. [PMID: 27635350 PMCID: PMC5012270 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The primary objective of this cross-sectional study was to estimate the crude, seasonal and cull-reason stratified prevalence of Salmonella fecal shedding in cull dairy cattle on seven California dairies. A secondary objective was to estimate and compare the relative sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) for pools of 5 and 10 enriched broth cultures of fecal samples for Salmonella sp. detection. METHODS Seven dairy farms located in the San Joaquin Valley of California were identified and enrolled in the study as a convenience sample. Cull cows were identified for fecal sampling once during each season between 2014 and 2015, specifically during spring, summer, fall, and winter, and 10 cows were randomly selected for fecal sampling at the day of their sale. In addition, study personnel completed a survey based on responses of the herd manager to questions related to the previous four month's herd management. Fecal samples were frozen until testing for Salmonella. After overnight enrichment in liquid broth, pools of enrichment broth (EBP) were created for 5 and 10 samples. All individual and pooled broths were cultured on selective media with putative Salmonella colonies confirmed by biochemical testing before being serogrouped and serotyped. RESULTS A total of 249 cull cows were enrolled into the study and their fecal samples tested for Salmonella. The survey-weighted period prevalence of fecal shedding of all Salmonella sp. in the cull cow samples across all study herds and the entire study period was 3.42% (N = 249; SE 1.07). The within herd prevalence of Salmonella shed in feces did not differ over the four study seasons (P = 0.074). The Se of culture of EBP of five samples was 62.5% (SE = 17.12), which was not statistically different from the Se of culture of EBP of 10 (37.5%, SE = 17.12, P = 0.48). The Sp of culture of EBP of five samples was 95.24% (SE = 3.29) and for pools of 10 samples was 100.00% (SE = 0). There was no statistical difference between the culture relative specificities of EBP of 5 and 10 (P > 0.99). DISCUSSION Our study showed a numerically higher prevalence of Salmonella shedding in the summer, although the results were not significant, most likely due to a lack of power from the small sample size. A higher prevalence in summer months may be related to heat stress. To detect Salmonella, investigators may expect a 62.5% sensitivity for culture of EBP of five, relative to individual fecal sample enrichment and culture. In contrast, culture of EBP of 10 samples resulted in a numerically lower Se. Culture of EBP of size 5 or 10 samples, given similar prevalence and limit of detection, can be expected to yield specificities of 95 and 100%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omran A Abu Aboud
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, University of California, Davis , Tulare, California , United States
| | - John M Adaska
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory , Tulare, California , United States
| | - Deniece R Williams
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, University of California, Davis , Tulare, California , United States
| | - Paul V Rossitto
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, University of California, Davis , Tulare, California , United States
| | - John D Champagne
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, University of California, Davis , Tulare, California , United States
| | - Terry W Lehenbauer
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, University of California, Davis, Tulare, California, United States; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, California, United States
| | - Robert Atwill
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, California, United States; Western Institute for Food Safety and Security, University of California, Davis, California, United States
| | - Xunde Li
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, California, United States; Western Institute for Food Safety and Security, University of California, Davis, California, United States
| | - Sharif S Aly
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, University of California, Davis, Tulare, California, United States; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, California, United States
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Dargatz DA, Kopral CA, Erdman MM, Fedorka-Cray PJ. Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella Isolated from Cattle Feces in United States Feedlots in 2011. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2016; 13:483-9. [PMID: 27464334 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2016.2128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and characteristics of Salmonella spp. isolated from feces of cattle in feedlots in the United States. Fecal samples were collected from up to three pens of cattle in each of 68 feedlots in 12 states. Samples included up to 25 individual fecal pats from the pen floors and up to five composite samples from the floors of the same pens. The prevalence of Salmonella-positive samples was 9.1% (460/5050) and 11.3% (114/1009) for individual and composite samples, respectively. The prevalences of Salmonella at the pen level were 35.6% (72/202) and 22.8% (46/202) for individual and composite samples, respectively. Dietary factors, including inclusion of cottonseed hulls, coccidiostats, and antimicrobial drugs, were associated with differences in prevalence of Salmonella isolation. Overall, 32 serotypes of Salmonella were identified, but six serotypes accounted for 69.1% (495/716) of the isolates. Nearly two-thirds (64.7%, 44/68) of feedlots had at least one positive sample. All isolates were evaluated for susceptibility to a panel of 15 antimicrobial drugs. Most isolates (74.4%, 533/716) were susceptible to all antimicrobial drugs in the panel. When resistance was detected, it was most commonly to tetracycline (21.7%, 155/716 of isolates) or sulfisoxazole (12.4%, 89/716 of isolates). Less than 10% of the isolates were resistant to any other antimicrobials in the panel. The results of this study indicate that the prevalence of Salmonella in individual fecal samples was less than 10%, but that Salmonella is widely distributed among feedlot cattle. Furthermore, when Salmonella is present in feedlot cattle, there is a low occurrence of antimicrobial resistance with the exception of tetracycline and sulfisoxazole. More research is indicated to understand the ecology of Salmonella and antimicrobial resistance, when present, in cattle-feeding operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Dargatz
- 1 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health , Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Christine A Kopral
- 1 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health , Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Matthew M Erdman
- 2 U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Veterinary Services Laboratories , Ames, Iowa
| | - Paula J Fedorka-Cray
- 3 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit , Athens, Georgia
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Flockhart L, Pintar K, Cook A, McEwen S, Friendship R, Kelton D, Pollari F. Distribution of Salmonella in Humans, Production Animal Operations and a Watershed in a FoodNet Canada Sentinel Site. Zoonoses Public Health 2016; 64:41-52. [PMID: 27345363 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella is an important human pathogen, and production animals as well as water are known potential sources. This study helped provide insight into the epidemiology of Salmonella by comparing Salmonella strains found in humans to those detected in production animals and water in the same geographic area and time frame. Salmonella was found in 55% of broiler, 30% of swine, 13% of dairy, and 10% of beef manure samples and 23% of water samples. At the farm level, Salmonella was found on 93% of broiler, 81% of swine, 32% of beef and 30% of dairy farms. Salmonella strains of importance to public health were found in all sources tested; however, they appeared to be more common in the broilers. A number of the farms in this study were mixed farms, in that they had more than one production animal species on the farm. At both the sample and farm levels, beef-only farms had a significantly lower Salmonella prevalence (5% and 7%, respectively) than beef farms with additional production animal species (e.g. poultry) (12% and 42%, respectively) (P ≤ 0.05). Additionally, a number of mixed farms had more than one commodity sampled for this study and similar Salmonella strains by phage type and PFGE were found in the poultry and the other sampled commodity on the farm. This information can help inform the evidence base needed to help target interventions and modify best practices in production agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Flockhart
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - K Pintar
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - A Cook
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - S McEwen
- Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - R Friendship
- Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - D Kelton
- Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - F Pollari
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Haley BJ, Pettengill J, Gorham S, Ottesen A, Karns JS, Van Kessel JAS. Comparison of Microbial Communities Isolated from Feces of Asymptomatic Salmonella-Shedding and Non-Salmonella Shedding Dairy Cows. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:691. [PMID: 27313565 PMCID: PMC4887466 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the United States Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotypes Kentucky and Cerro are frequently isolated from asymptomatic dairy cows. However, factors that contribute to colonization of the bovine gut by these two serotypes have not been identified. To investigate associations between Salmonella status and bacterial diversity, as well as the diversity of the microbial community in the dairy cow hindgut, the bacterial and archaeal communities of fecal samples from cows on a single dairy farm were determined by high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons. Fecal grab samples were collected from two Salmonella-positive cows and two Salmonella-negative cows on five sampling dates (n = 20 cows), and 16S rRNA gene amplicons from these samples were sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq platform. A high level of alpha (within) and beta diversity (between) samples demonstrated that microbial profiles of dairy cow hindguts are quite diverse. To determine whether Salmonella presence, sampling year, or sampling date explained a significant amount of the variation in microbial diversity, we performed constrained ordination analyses (distance based RDA) on the unifrac distance matrix produced with QIIME. Results indicated that there was not a significant difference in the microbial diversity associated with Salmonella presence (P > 0.05), but there were significant differences between sampling dates and years (Pseudo-F = 2.157 to 4.385, P < 0.05). Based on these data, it appears that commensal Salmonella infections with serotypes Cerro and Kentucky in dairy cows have little or no association with changes in the abundance of major bacterial groups in the hindgut. Rather, our results indicated that temporal dynamics and other undescribed parameters associated with them were the most influential drivers of the differences in microbial diversity and community structure in the dairy cow hindgut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradd J Haley
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - James Pettengill
- Division of Public Health Informatics and Analytics, Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, Office of Analytics and Outreach, U.S. Food and Drug Administration College Park, MD, USA
| | - Sasha Gorham
- Division of Microbiology, Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, U.S. Food and Drug Administration College Park, MD, USA
| | - Andrea Ottesen
- Division of Microbiology, Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, U.S. Food and Drug Administration College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Karns
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Jo Ann S Van Kessel
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Beltsville, MD, USA
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Eguale T, Engidawork E, Gebreyes WA, Asrat D, Alemayehu H, Medhin G, Johnson RP, Gunn JS. Fecal prevalence, serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonellae in dairy cattle in central Ethiopia. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:20. [PMID: 26879347 PMCID: PMC4754838 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0638-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Salmonellae are major worldwide zoonotic pathogens infecting a wide range of vertebrate species including humans. Consumption of contaminated dairy products and contact with dairy cattle represent a common source of non-typhoidal Salmonella infection in humans. Despite a large number of small-scale dairy farms in Addis Ababa and its surrounding districts, little is known about the status of Salmonella in these farms. Results Salmonella was recovered from the feces of at least one animal in 7.6 % (10/132) of the dairy farms. Out of 1203 fecal samples examined, 30 were positive for Salmonella resulting in a weighted animal level prevalence of 2.3 %. Detection of diarrhea in an animal and in a farm was significantly associated with animal level (p = 0.012) and herd level (p < 0.001) prevalence of Salmonella. Animal level prevalence of Salmonella was significantly associated with age (p = 0.023) and study location; it was highest among those under 6 months of age and in farms from Adaa district and Addis Ababa (p < 0.001). Nine different serotypes were identified using standard serological agglutination tests. The most frequently recovered serotypes were Salmonella Typhimurium (23.3 %), S. Saintpaul (20 %), S. Kentucky (16.7 %) and S. Virchow (16.7 %). All isolates were resistant or intermediately resistant to at least one of the 18 drugs tested. Twenty-six (86.7 %), 19 (63.3 %), 18 (60 %), 16 (53.3 %) of the isolates were resistant to streptomycin, nitrofurantoin, sulfisoxazole and tetracycline , respectively. Resistance to 2 drugs was detected in 27 (90 %) of the isolates. Resistance to 3 or more drugs was detected in 21 (70 %) of the isolates, while resistance to 7 or more drugs was detected in 11 (36.7 %) of the isolates. The rate of occurrence of multi-drug resistance (MDR) in Salmonella strains isolated from dairy farms in Addis Ababa was significantly higher than those isolated from farms outside of Addis Ababa (p = 0.009). MDR was more common in S. Kentucky, S. Virchow and S. Saintpaul. Conclusion Isolation of Salmonella serotypes commonly known for causing human salmonellosis that are associated with an MDR phenotype in dairy farms in close proximity with human population is a major public health concern. These findings imply the need for a strict pathogen reduction strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadesse Eguale
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Ephrem Engidawork
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Churchill Avenue, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Wondwossen A Gebreyes
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1920 Coffey Rd., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Daniel Asrat
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Churchill Avenue, P.O. Box 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Haile Alemayehu
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Girmay Medhin
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Roger P Johnson
- Laboratory for Foodborne Zoonoses, 110 Stone Road West, Guelph, ON, N1G 3W4, Canada.
| | - John S Gunn
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Biomedical Research Tower, 460 West 12th, Columbus, OH, 43210-1214, USA.
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Diazonium-based impedimetric aptasensor for the rapid label-free detection of Salmonella typhimurium in food sample. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 80:566-573. [PMID: 26894987 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fast and accurate detection of microorganisms is of key importance in clinical analysis and in food and water quality monitoring. Salmonella typhimurium is responsible for about a third of all cases of foodborne diseases and consequently, its fast detection is of great importance for ensuring the safety of foodstuffs. We report the development of a label-free impedimetric aptamer-based biosensor for S. typhimurium detection. The aptamer biosensor was fabricated by grafting a diazonium-supporting layer onto screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPEs), via electrochemical or chemical approaches, followed by chemical immobilisation of aminated-aptamer. FTIR-ATR, contact angle and electrochemical measurements were used to monitor the fabrication process. Results showed that electrochemical immobilisation of the diazonium-grafting layer allowed the formation of a denser aptamer layer, which resulted in higher sensitivity. The developed aptamer-biosensor responded linearly, on a logarithm scale, over the concentration range 1 × 10(1) to 1 × 10(8)CFU mL(-1), with a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 1 × 10(1) CFU mL(-1) and a limit of detection (LOD) of 6 CFU mL(-1). Selectivity studies showed that the aptamer biosensor could discriminate S. typhimurium from 6 other model bacteria strains. Finally, recovery studies demonstrated its suitability for the detection of S. typhimurium in spiked (1 × 10(2), 1 × 10(4) and 1 × 10(6) CFU mL(-1)) apple juice samples.
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Complete Genome Sequence and Methylome of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Cerro, a Frequent Dairy Cow Serovar. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2016; 4:4/1/e01350-15. [PMID: 26823571 PMCID: PMC4732324 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01350-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Cerro is an infrequent pathogen of humans and other mammals but is frequently isolated from the hindgut of asymptomatic cattle in the United States. To further understand the genomic determinants of S. Cerro specificity for the bovine hindgut, the genome of isolate CFSAN001588 was fully sequenced and deposited in the GenBank database.
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Molecular detection of the index case of a subclinical Salmonella Kentucky epidemic on a dairy farm. Epidemiol Infect 2015; 143:682-6. [PMID: 25703396 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268814001289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica commonly colonizes the intestinal tract of cattle and is a leading cause of foodborne illness. A previously described investigation into the prevalence of S. enterica on a dairy farm revealed an 8-year-long asymptomatic S. enterica epidemic caused by serotypes Cerro and Kentucky in the lactating herd. To investigate the source of the S. Kentucky strains, the genomes of two S. Kentucky isolates were sequenced; one collected prior to the epidemic (2004) and one collected during the epidemic (2010). Comparative genomic analysis demonstrated significant polymorphisms between the two strains. PCR primers targeting unique and strain-specific regions were developed, and screening of the archived isolates identified the index case of the asymptomatic S. Kentucky epidemic as a heifer that was raised off-site and transported onto the study farm in 2005. Analysis of isolates collected from all heifers brought onto the farm demonstrated frequent re-introduction of clones of the epidemic strain suggesting transmission of pathogens between farms might occur repeatedly.
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Cantas L, Suer K. Review: the important bacterial zoonoses in "one health" concept. Front Public Health 2014; 2:144. [PMID: 25353010 PMCID: PMC4196475 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED An infectious disease that is transmitted from animals to humans, sometimes by a vector, is called zoonosis. The focus of this review article is on the most common emerging and re-emerging bacterial zoonotic diseases. The role of "One Health" approach, public health education, and some measures that can be taken to prevent zoonotic bacterial infections are discussed. KEY POINTS A zoonotic bacterial disease is a disease that can be very commonly transmitted between animals and humans. Global climate changes, overuse of antimicrobials in medicine, more intensified farm settings, and closer interactions with animals facilitate emergence or re-emergence of bacterial zoonotic infections.The global "One Health" approach, which requires interdisciplinary collaborations and communications in all aspects of health care for humans, animals, and the environment, will support public health in general.New strategies for continuous dissemination of multidisciplinary research findings related to zoonotic bacterial diseases are hence needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Cantas
- Norwegian Private Veterinary Services, MicroLab, Hammerfest, Norway
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Kaya Suer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Halimi HA, Seifi HA, Rad M. Bovine salmonellosis in northeast of Iran: frequency, genetic fingerprinting and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella spp. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4:1-7. [PMID: 24144122 DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(14)60199-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate serovar and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella spp isolated from healthy, diseased and necropsied cows and calves in this observational study. METHODS Nineteen isolates recovered from feces and tissues of salmonellosis-affected animals of two commercial farms in north-east of Iran. In second part of the study, the two farms were sampled 4 times with an interval of 2 month. The samples included calves' feces, adult cows' feces, feeds, water, milk filters, and milk fed to calves. Five Salmonella were isolated from 332 fecal samples collected from calves and peri-parturient cows. No Salmonella was recovered from water, feed, milk filers and milk fed to calves. RESULTS Salmonella Typhimurium was the most frequently isolate among all sero-groups. S. Dublin was only accounted for 8% (two out of 24) of isolates. Isolated Salmonella strains were used for the ERIC PCR DNA fingerprinting assay. Our results grouped Salmonella isolates into 3 clusters, suggesting that specific genotypes were responsible for each sero-group of Salmonella. The results also revealed diversity among Salmonella isolates in cluster III (sero-group B). Eighteen out of 19 Salmonella spp. were resistant to oxytetracycline. Five isolates out of 19 showed more than one drug resistance. Multi-drug resistance was seen only among Salmonella Typhimurium isolates. Enrofloxacin was the most susceptible antibiotic against all isolates in this study. CONCLUSION The emergence of multiple antibiotic-resistant strains of Salmonella Typhimurium should be of great concern to the public. No correlation between ERIC fingerprinting and resistance patterns of Salmonella isolates was found, which indicates resistance to antimicrobial agents was not related to specific genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hessam A Halimi
- Center of Excellence in Ruminant Abortion and Neonatal Mortality and Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi Unversity of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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Medhanie GA, Pearl DL, McEwen SA, Guerin MT, Jardine CM, Schrock J, LeJeune JT. A longitudinal study of feed contamination by European starling excreta in Ohio dairy farms (2007-2008). J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:5230-8. [PMID: 24881798 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to understand the temporal pattern of contamination of cattle feed by starling excrement on dairy farms and to evaluate the temporal pattern in recovering Escherichia coli O157:H7 or Salmonella in relation to the absolute mass of excrement recovered. A longitudinal study was conducted on 15 dairy farms in Ohio from July 2007 to October 2008. One open-topped tray filled with bird feed was placed near a cattle feeding site; bird excrement from the tray was weighed monthly for 12 consecutive months. Linear regression models with a random intercept for farm were computed to examine the association between the absolute weight of excrement recovered each month or the farm-specific standard score for weight of excrement, and month or season. Exact logistic regression was used to determine whether an association between recovering E. coli O157:H7 or Salmonella was present and the amount of excrement recovered and season. A spatial scan statistic was used to test for evidence of space-time clustering of excrement, based on the standard score for the weight of the excrement, among our study farms. A total of 5 of 179 excrement samples (2.79%) were positive for E. coli O157:H7 and 2 (1.12%) were positive for Salmonella. A significantly higher level of contamination with excrement was observed during the winter. The odds of recovering a pathogen increased with the amount of excrement recovered and decreased if the excrement was collected in the winter. A spatio-temporal cluster of contamination with excrement was detected. These findings provide basic information for future quantitative microbial risk assessments concerning the role of starlings in spreading enteric pathogens on dairy farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Medhanie
- Department of Population Medicine, university of guelph, guelph, oN, N1g 2W1, Canada.
| | - D L Pearl
- Department of Population Medicine, university of guelph, guelph, oN, N1g 2W1, Canada
| | - S A McEwen
- Department of Population Medicine, university of guelph, guelph, oN, N1g 2W1, Canada
| | - M T Guerin
- Department of Population Medicine, university of guelph, guelph, oN, N1g 2W1, Canada
| | - C M Jardine
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - J Schrock
- Food Animal and Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster 44691
| | - J T LeJeune
- Food Animal and Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster 44691
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Zimbres FM, Tárnok A, Ulrich H, Wrenger C. Aptamers: novel molecules as diagnostic markers in bacterial and viral infections? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:731516. [PMID: 24083239 PMCID: PMC3780515 DOI: 10.1155/2013/731516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide the entire human population is at risk of infectious diseases of which a high degree is caused by pathogenic protozoans, worms, bacteria, and virus infections. Moreover the current medications against pathogenic agents are losing their efficacy due to increasing and even further spreading drug resistance. Therefore, there is an urgent need to discover novel diagnostic as well as therapeutic tools against infectious agents. In view of that, the Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (SELEX) represents a powerful technology to target selectively pathogenic factors as well as entire bacteria or viruses. SELEX uses a large combinatorial oligonucleic acid library (DNA or RNA) which is processed a by high-flux in vitro screen of iterative cycles. The selected ligands, termed aptamers, are characterized by high specificity and affinity to their target molecule, which are already exploited in diagnostic and therapeutic applications. In this minireview we will discuss the current status of the SELEX technique applied on bacterial and viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia M. Zimbres
- Unit for Drug Discovery, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 1374, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Attila Tárnok
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Heart Centre Leipzig, Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine (TRM), University of Leipzig, Strümpellstraße 39, 04289 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carsten Wrenger
- Unit for Drug Discovery, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 1374, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Boseret G, Losson B, Mainil JG, Thiry E, Saegerman C. Zoonoses in pet birds: review and perspectives. Vet Res 2013; 44:36. [PMID: 23687940 PMCID: PMC3668993 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pet birds are a not-so-well known veterinarian’s clientship fraction. Bought individually or in couples, as families often do (which is a lucrative business for pet shops or local breeders) or traded (sometimes illegally) for their very high genetic or exotic value, these birds, commonly canaries, parakeets or parrots, are regularly sold at high prices. These animals, however, are potential carriers and/or transmitters of zoonotic diseases. Some of them could have an important impact on human health, like chlamydophilosis, salmonellosis or even highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N1. This review paper, although non exhaustive, aims at enlightening, by the description of several cases of bird-human transmission, the risks encountered by bird owners, including children. Public health consequences will be discussed and emphasis will be made on some vector-borne diseases, known to be emergent or which are underestimated, like those transmitted by the red mite Dermanyssus gallinae. Finally, biosecurity and hygiene, as well as prevention guidelines will be developed and perspectives proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine Boseret
- Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULg), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, 4000, Belgium.
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36
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Cummings KJ, Warnick LD, Davis MA, Eckmann K, Gröhn YT, Hoelzer K, MacDonald K, Root TP, Siler JD, McGuire SM, Wiedmann M, Wright EM, Zansky SM, Besser TE. Farm animal contact as risk factor for transmission of bovine-associated Salmonella subtypes. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 18:1929-36. [PMID: 23171627 PMCID: PMC3557873 DOI: 10.3201/eid1812.110831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonellosis prevention should focus on safe animal contact as well as food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Cummings
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4458, USA.
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Antimicrobial Resistance Trends Among Salmonella Isolates Obtained from Dairy Cattle in the Northeastern United States, 2004–2011. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013; 10:353-61. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2012.1285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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38
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LOMBARD JE, BEAM AL, NIFONG EM, FOSSLER CP, KOPRAL CA, DARGATZ DA, WAGNER BA, ERDMAN MM, FEDORKA-CRAY PJ. Comparison of Individual, Pooled, and Composite Fecal Sampling Methods for Detection of Salmonella on U.S. Dairy Operations. J Food Prot 2012; 75:1562-71. [DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-12-012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of Salmonella for individual, pooled, and composite fecal samples and to compare culture results from each sample type for determining herd Salmonella infection status and identifying Salmonella serovar(s). During the U.S. Department of Agriculture National Animal Health Monitoring System Dairy 2007 study, data and samples were collected from dairy operations in 17 major dairy states. As part of the study, composite fecal samples (six per operation) were collected from cow areas, such as holding pens, alleyways, and lagoons, where manure accumulates. Fecal samples also were collected from individual cows (35 per operation), and fecal sample pools were created by combining samples from 5 cows (7 per operation). A total of 1,541 composite fecal samples were collected from 260 operations in 17 states, and 406 (26.3%) of these samples were culture positive for Salmonella. Among the 116 operations for which all three sample types were obtained, 41.4% (48 operations) were Salmonella culture positive based on individual samples, 39.7% (46 operations) were positive based on pooled samples, and 49.1% (57 operations) were positive based on composite fecal samples. Relative to individual samples, the sensitivity of composite fecal samples for determining herd infection status was 85.4% and the sensitivity of pooled fecal samples was 91.7%. On 33.6% of operations (39 of 116), Salmonella was cultured from all three fecal sample types (individual, pooled, and composite), and 20 (51.3%) of these operations had exactly the same serovar in all three sample types. Use of composite fecal samples is less costly and time-consuming than use of individual or pooled samples and provides similar results for detecting the presence and identifying serovars of Salmonella in dairy herds. Therefore, composite sampling may be an appropriate alternative to culture of individual samples when assessing Salmonella status in dairy herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. E. LOMBARD
- 1U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, 2150 Centre Avenue, Building B, Fort Collins, Colorado 80526-8117
| | - A. L. BEAM
- 1U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, 2150 Centre Avenue, Building B, Fort Collins, Colorado 80526-8117
| | - E. M. NIFONG
- 1U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, 2150 Centre Avenue, Building B, Fort Collins, Colorado 80526-8117
| | - C. P. FOSSLER
- 1U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, 2150 Centre Avenue, Building B, Fort Collins, Colorado 80526-8117
| | - C. A. KOPRAL
- 1U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, 2150 Centre Avenue, Building B, Fort Collins, Colorado 80526-8117
| | - D. A. DARGATZ
- 1U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, 2150 Centre Avenue, Building B, Fort Collins, Colorado 80526-8117
| | - B. A. WAGNER
- 1U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, 2150 Centre Avenue, Building B, Fort Collins, Colorado 80526-8117
| | - M. M. ERDMAN
- 2U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, 1800 Dayton Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50010
| | - P. J. FEDORKA-CRAY
- 3U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Russell Research Center, Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, 950 College Station Road, Athens, Georgia 30604, USA
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Habing GG, Lombard JE, Kopral CA, Dargatz DA, Kaneene JB. Farm-Level Associations with the Shedding of Salmonella and Antimicrobial-Resistant Salmonella in U.S. Dairy Cattle. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2012; 9:815-21. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2012.1149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Greg G. Habing
- Center for Comparative Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Jason E. Lombard
- Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Christine A. Kopral
- Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - David A. Dargatz
- Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - John B. Kaneene
- Center for Comparative Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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40
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Cummings KJ, Warnick LD, Gröhn YT, Hoelzer K, Root TP, Siler JD, McGuire SM, Wright EM, Zansky SM, Wiedmann M. Clinical features of human salmonellosis caused by bovine-associated subtypes in New York. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2012; 9:796-802. [PMID: 22870888 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2012.1158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify patient symptoms and case outcomes that were more likely to occur as a result of Salmonella infections caused by bovine-associated subtypes (isolates that matched contemporary bovine isolates from New York by serovar and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis pattern), as compared to salmonellosis caused by non-bovine-associated subtypes. Data were collected in 34 counties of New York that comprise the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) catchment area of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Emerging Infections Program. Patients with specimen collection dates between March 1, 2008 and March 1, 2010 were included. Symptoms and outcomes of 40 cases infected with bovine-associated Salmonella subtypes were compared to those of 379 control-cases infected with Salmonella isolates that were not bovine-associated. Cases were significantly more likely to have invasive salmonellosis (odds ratio, 3.8; p-value=0.02), after adjusting for age group, gender, and race. In addition, there was a marginal association between case status and the presence of blood in the stool (p-value=0.1) while ill. These findings might have implications for patient management, as a history of consuming undercooked foods of bovine origin or having direct contact with cattle in the few days prior to illness could be useful for suggesting a more proactive diagnostic approach as well as close monitoring for the need to implement more aggressive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Cummings
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4458, USA.
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Giacometti F, Serraino A, Finazzi G, Daminelli P, Losio MN, Bonilauri P, Arrigoni N, Garigliani A, Mattioli R, Alonso S, Piva S, Florio D, Riu R, Zanoni RG. Foodborne pathogens in in-line milk filters and associated on-farm risk factors in dairy farms authorized to produce and sell raw milk in northern Italy. J Food Prot 2012; 75:1263-9. [PMID: 22980010 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-12-028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
All dairy farms authorized to produce and sell raw milk in a province of Northern Italy were investigated to determine the presence of Campylobacter spp., verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC), Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella spp. in in-line milk filters and to assess their association with suspected risk factors on farms. A logistic regression model was used to analyze data collected describing the characteristics and management practices of 27 farms and the microbiological status of 378 in-line milk filters by both culture-based and molecular methods. Thermotolerant Campylobacter, VTEC, and L. monocytogenes were detected in 24 (6.45%), 32 (8.4%), and 2 (0.5%) samples, respectively. No Salmonella spp. were detected. For risk analysis, data of L. monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. were not included in the model because of the low prevalence or absence of these organisms. The univariate analysis disclosed that the presence of VTEC and/or Campylobacter spp. in milk filters was associated with lack of cleanliness of bedding, water trough, and feed trough; nonevaluation of water hardness; lack of cleanliness of milk tank; and nonapplication of forestripping. After multivariate analysis, an association was observed with inadequate cleanliness of bedding and milk tank and the nonapplication of forestripping. PCR analysis of milk filters was a rapid and sensitive method for the microbiological evaluation of herd contamination status and should be included among the registration requirements for the authorization to produce and sell raw milk. Specific control actions must be incorporated into the farmer's daily practices to ensure the low-risk production of raw milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Giacometti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
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42
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Marrero-Ortiz R, Han J, Lynne AM, David DE, Stemper ME, Farmer D, Burkhardt W, Nayak R, Foley SL. Genetic characterization of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from dairy cattle in Wisconsin. Food Res Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Maier GU, Hoar BR, Stull CL, Kass PH, Villanueva V, Maas J. Effect of a nutritional reconditioning program for thin dairy cattle on body weight, carcass quality, and fecal pathogen shedding. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2011; 239:1594-602. [PMID: 22129125 DOI: 10.2460/javma.239.12.1594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess changes in body weight, carcass quality, and fecal pathogen shedding in cull dairy cows fed a high-energy ration for 28 or 56 days prior to slaughter. DESIGN Randomized clinical trial. ANIMALS 31 adult Holstein dairy cows. PROCEDURES Cows were randomly assigned to a control (immediate slaughter) group or a 28-day or 56-day feeding group. Cows in the feeding groups received a high-energy feed and were weighed every 7 days. Carcasses were evaluated by USDA employees. Fecal and blood samples were collected at the start and end of the feeding periods. RESULTS Body condition score and adjusted preliminary yield grade were significantly increased in both feeding groups, compared with values for the control group; body weight, hot carcass weight, dressing percentage, and ribeye area were significantly increased after 56 days, but not after 28 days, compared with values for the control group. Average daily gain and marbling score were significantly lower after feeding for 28 days versus after 56 days. Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 shedding in feces decreased from 14% to 5.6%, but this difference was not significant. Cows seropositive for antibodies against bovine leukemia virus that had signs of lymphoma and lame cows had a low average daily gain. Net loss was $71.32/cow and $112.80/cow for the 28-day and 56-day feeding groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Feeding market dairy cows improved body condition and carcass quality. Cows seropositive for antibodies against bovine leukemia virus that have signs of lymphoma and lame cows might be poor candidates for reconditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele U Maier
- Department of Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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44
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Bolton DJ, O'Neill CJ, Fanning S. A Preliminary Study of Salmonella, Verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli/Escherichia coli O157 and Campylobacter on Four Mixed Farms. Zoonoses Public Health 2011; 59:217-28. [PMID: 21951421 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2011.01438.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D J Bolton
- Ashtown Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland.
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45
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Van Kessel JAS, Karns JS, Lombard JE, Kopral CA. Prevalence of Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli virulence factors in bulk tank milk and in-line filters from U.S. dairies. J Food Prot 2011; 74:759-68. [PMID: 21549046 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The zoonotic bacteria Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli are known to infect dairy cows while not always causing clinical signs of disease. These pathogens are sometimes found in raw milk, and human disease outbreaks due to these organisms have been associated with the consumption of raw milk or raw milk products. Bulk tank milk (BTM) samples (536) and in-line milk filters (519) collected from dairy farms across the United States during the National Animal Health Monitoring System's Dairy 2007 study were analyzed by real-time PCR for the presence of S. enterica and pathogenic forms of E. coli and by culture techniques for the presence of L. monocytogenes. S. enterica was detected in samples from 28.1% of the dairy operations, primarily in milk filters. Salmonella was isolated from 36 of 75 PCR-positive BTM samples and 105 of 174 PCR-positive filter samples, and the isolates were serotyped. Cerro, Kentucky, Muenster, Anatum, and Newport were the most common serotypes. L. monocytogenes was isolated from 7.1% of the dairy operations, and the 1/2a complex was the most common serotype, followed by 1/2b and 4b (lineage 1). Shiga toxin genes were detected in enrichments from 15.2% of the BTM samples and from 51.0% of the filters by real-time PCR. In most cases, the cycle threshold values for the PCR indicated that toxigenic strains were not a major part of the enrichment populations. These data confirm those from earlier studies showing significant contamination of BTM by zoonotic bacterial pathogens and that the consumption of raw milk and raw milk products presents a health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Ann S Van Kessel
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Building 173, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350, USA.
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46
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Edrington TS, Carter BH, Farrow RL, Islas A, Hagevoort GR, Friend TH, Callaway TR, Anderson RC, Nisbet DJ. Influence of Weaning on Fecal Shedding of Pathogenic Bacteria in Dairy Calves. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2011; 8:395-401. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tom S. Edrington
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, College Station, Texas
| | - Boone H. Carter
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico
| | - Russell L. Farrow
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, College Station, Texas
| | - Alfonso Islas
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico
| | - G. Robert Hagevoort
- Agricultural Experiment Station, New Mexico State University, Clovis, New Mexico
| | - Ted H. Friend
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Todd R. Callaway
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, College Station, Texas
| | - Robin C. Anderson
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, College Station, Texas
| | - David J. Nisbet
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, College Station, Texas
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47
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Carlson JC, Engeman RM, Hyatt DR, Gilliland RL, DeLiberto TJ, Clark L, Bodenchuk MJ, Linz GM. Efficacy of European starling control to reduce Salmonella enterica contamination in a concentrated animal feeding operation in the Texas panhandle. BMC Vet Res 2011; 7:9. [PMID: 21324202 PMCID: PMC3050709 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-7-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) are an invasive bird species known to cause damage to plant and animal agriculture. New evidence suggests starlings may also contribute to the maintenance and spread of diseases within livestock facilities. Identifying and mitigating the risk pathways that contribute to disease in livestock is necessary to reduce production losses and contamination of human food products. To better understand the impact starlings have on disease transmission to cattle we assessed the efficacy of starling control as a tool to reduce Salmonella enterica within a concentrated animal feeding operation. We matched a large facility, slated for operational control using DRC-1339 (3-chloro-4-methylaniline hydrochloride, also 3-chloro p-toluidine hydrochloride, 3-chloro-4-methylaniline), with a comparable reference facility that was not controlling birds. In both facilities, we sampled cattle feed, cattle water and cattle feces for S. enterica before and after starling control operations. RESULTS Within the starling-controlled CAFO, detections of S. enterica contamination disappeared from feed bunks and substantially declined within water troughs following starling control operations. Within the reference facility, detections of S. enterica contamination increased substantially within feed bunks and water troughs. Starling control was not observed to reduce prevalence of S. enterica in the cattle herd. Following starling control operations, herd prevalence of S. enterica increased on the reference facility but herd prevalence of S. enterica on the starling-controlled CAFO stayed at pretreatment levels. CONCLUSIONS Within the starling-controlled facility detections of S. enterica disappeared from feed bunks and substantially declined within water troughs following control operations. Since cattle feed and water are obvious routes for the ingestion of S. enterica, starling control shows promise as a tool to help livestock producers manage disease. Yet, we do not believe starling control should be used as a stand alone tool to reduce S. enterica infections. Rather starling control could be used as part of a comprehensive disease management plan for concentrated animal feeding operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Carlson
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Richard M Engeman
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Doreene R Hyatt
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Diagnostic Laboratories, Bacteriology Section, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1644, USA
| | - Rickey L Gilliland
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Texas Wildlife Services, 5730 Northwest Parkway, Suite 700, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Thomas J DeLiberto
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Disease Program, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Larry Clark
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Michael J Bodenchuk
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Texas Wildlife Services, 5730 Northwest Parkway, Suite 700, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - George M Linz
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, 2110 Miriam Circle, Suite B, Bismarck, ND 58501-2502, USA
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48
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Ongeng D, Muyanja C, Geeraerd AH, Springael D, Ryckeboer J. Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in manure and manure-amended soil under tropical climatic conditions in Sub-Saharan Africa. J Appl Microbiol 2011; 110:1007-22. [PMID: 21276146 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.04956.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To establish the fate of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium in manure and manure-amended agricultural soils under tropical conditions in Sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS AND RESULTS Survival of nonvirulent E. coli O157:H7 and Salm. Typhimurium at 4 and 7 log CFU g(-1) in manure and manure-amended soil maintained at ≥80% r.h. or exposed to exclusive field or screen house conditions was determined in the Central Agro-Ecological Zone of Uganda. Maintaining the matrices at high moisture level promoted the persistence of high-density inocula and enhanced the decline of low-density inocula in the screen house, but moisture condition did not affect survival in the field. The large majority of the survival kinetics displayed complex patterns corresponding to the Double Weibull model. The two enteric bacteria survived longer in manure-amended soil than in manure. The 7 log CFU g(-1) E. coli O157:H7 and Salm. Typhimurium survived for 49-84 and 63-98 days, while at 4 log CFU g(-1) , persistence was 21-28 and 35-42 days, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Under tropical conditions, E. coli O157:H7 and Salm. Typhimurium persisted for 4 and 6 weeks at low inoculum density and for 12 and 14 weeks at high inoculum density, respectively. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Persistence in the tropics was (i) mostly shorter than previously observed in temperate regions thus suggesting that biophysical conditions in the tropics might be more detrimental to enteric bacteria than in temperate environments; (ii) inconsistent with published data isothermally determined previously hence indicating the irrelevance of single point isothermal data to estimate survival under dynamic temperature conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ongeng
- Department of Food Science and Post Harvest Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda Division of Soil and Water Management, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Department of Food Science and Technology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS), Department of Biosystems (BIOSYST), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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49
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Diversity of multidrug-resistant salmonella enterica strains associated with cattle at harvest in the United States. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:1783-96. [PMID: 21239549 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01885-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence and diversity of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella enterica strains associated with cattle at harvest in the United States were examined. Hides and carcasses of cattle were sampled at processing plants (n = 6) located in four geographically distant regions from July 2005 to April 2006. The mean prevalences of Salmonella on hides, preevisceration carcasses (immediately after hide removal), and postintervention carcasses (in the chiller and after the full complement of interventions) were 89.6%, 50.2%, and 0.8%, respectively. The values for MDR Salmonella enterica strains (defined as those resistant to two or more antimicrobials) as percentages of Salmonella prevalence were 16.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.3 to 25.1%; median percent prevalence, 6.9%), 11.7% (95% CI, 4.4 to 19.0%; median, 4.8%), and 0.33% (95% CI, -0.3 to 0.70%; median, 0%), respectively. In this study, 16,218 Salmonella hide and carcass isolates were screened for antimicrobial resistance. Of these, 978 (6.0%) unique MDR S. enterica isolates were identified and serotyped and their XbaI pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profiles determined. The predominant MDR S. enterica serotypes observed were Newport (53.1%), Typhimurium (16.6%), and Uganda (10.9%). Differences in MDR S. enterica prevalence were detected, and PFGE analysis revealed both epidemic clusters (profiles found in plants in multiple regions/seasons) and endemic clusters (profiles observed in plants in limited regions/seasons) within several of the MDR serotypes examined. Despite these differences, multiple-hurdle processing interventions employed at all plants were found to be quite effective and decreased Salmonella carcass contamination by 98.4% (95% CI, 97.6 to 99.7%).
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Carlson JC, Franklin AB, Hyatt DR, Pettit SE, Linz GM. The role of starlings in the spread of Salmonella within concentrated animal feeding operations. J Appl Ecol 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01935.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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