Effect of Ananas comosus nanoemulgel on traumatic ulcers in the inflammatory phase

The initial stage of the wound healing process is the inflammatory phase involving cellular and molecular mechanisms. Traumatic ulcers can develop due to injuries to the oral mucosa. Natural ingredients could potentially be used as medicines to treat wounds in the oral cavity, including pineapple extract containing bromelain enzymes.

Objectives

This study evaluated the effects of applying pineapple extract (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr) nanoemulgel on the inflammatory phase in the traumatic ulcer healing process.

Methods

Twenty-four male Wistar rats aged 2-3 months were injured with a punch biopsy (Ø 3 mm) in the buccal mucosa. Subjects were randomly assigned to a positive control group (Aloclair Plus Gel®) and treatment group (pineapple extract nanoemulgel), where each group contained 12 rats. Gel was applied to the surface of the wound in the buccal mucosa each day for 4 days. Four rats were sacrificed on days 0, 1, 2, and 3, and specimens were prepared for histological assessment. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to assess the number of neutrophils and immunohistochemical staining to determine COX-2 expression. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and using the least significant difference test (LSD).

Results

The results showed that compared with the control, the wound diameter was significantly smaller in the treatment group and the number of neutrophils and COX-2 expression level were significantly higher (p < 0.05). The number of neutrophils peaked on day 1 and the COX-2 expression level on day 3. These findings indicate that pineapple stem extract could accelerate wound healing.

Conclusion

Following induction of a traumatic ulcer with a small diameter, a greater number of neutrophils and higher COX-2 expression level were found in the group treated using pineapple extract nanoemulgel compared with the control.

Effects of black mulberry, chokeberry, and elderberry extracts on the healing of burn wounds

BACKGROUND

In the burn affected area of the skin, the progression or deepening of wounds is related to oxidative stress. Especially in the highly susceptible stasis zone, tissues survive to the extent that they can cope with oxidative stress.

OBJECTIVE

This study investigated the potential of extracts (E) derived from the fruits (F) and leaves (L) of elderberry (E), chokeberry (C), and black mulberry (M), which are rich in antioxidant properties, to enhance the recovery of the stasis zone in burn wounds.

METHODS

The study employed a sample size of 56 healthy rats. The comb burn model was used. The rats were administered the extracts via gastric gavage for a period of 21 days. Histological examination and biochemical analyses were conducted on biopsies taken from the stasis zone on the 3rd, 7th, and 21st days of the study. Photography was performed for macroscopic evaluations. The histological assays included the evaluation of inflammatory cell infiltration, reepithelialization, and collagenization, as well as immunohistochemical analysis of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Bioassays pertaining to the enzymatic activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were performed.

RESULTS

In macroscopic evaluation, a significant difference was found between the groups in terms of stasis area (F=3.58, p2< 0.001). Post-hoc analyses showed that there was a significant difference between CFE-ELE, EFE-Burn, ELE-Burn and MLE-Burn groups in terms of stasis zones (p < 0.05). However, the difference between the groups according to time was not significant (F=1.36, p = 0.16). At the end of the 21-day experiment, inflammatory cell infiltration was higher in the burn group compared to the other groups, but similar to the CFE group. Re-epithelialization was similar in the burn group compared to the fruit extract groups and significantly lower compared to the leaf extract groups. Furthermore, a significant increase in collagenization and VEGF immunoreactivity was observed in all treatment groups compared to the burn group (p < 0.05). However, no significant difference was detected between the treatment groups. The treatment groups presented a notable reduction in MDA levels in comparison to the burn group (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrated the efficacy of fruit and leaf extracts in burn healing. Histological examination revealed that leaf extracts exhibited superior healing effects compared to fruit extracts. These results suggest that bioactive components in fruits and leaves may have different biological effects.

In Vitro Evaluation of Wound Healing, Stemness Potentiation, Antioxidant Activity, and Phytochemical Profile of Cucurbita moschata Duchesne Fruit Pulp Ethanolic Extract

Wound healing comprises an intricate process to repair damaged tissue. Research on plant extracts with properties to expedite wound healing has been of interest, particularly their ability to enhance the stemness of keratinocyte stem cells. Hence, the present study aims to determine the wound healing and stemness potentiation properties of an ethanolic extract derived from Cucurbita moschata fruit pulp (PKE). Human keratinocytes (HaCaT) and primary skin fibroblast cells were used in this study. The migration of the cells was examined by using a scratch wound healing assay, and spheroid behavior was determined by using a spheroid formation assay. The proteins related to migration and stemness were further measured by using Western blotting to explore the mechanism of action of PKE. The methods used to evaluate PKE's antioxidant properties were 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging, ABTS radical scavenging activity, and superoxide anion radical scavenging (SOSA) assays. The phytochemistry of the PKE was investigated using phytochemical screening and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The results of this study indicate that nontoxic concentrations of PKE increase the rate of migration and spheroid formation. Mechanistically, PKE increased the expression of the migratory-related protein active FAK (phosphorylated FAK), and the subsequence increased the level of p-AKT. The expression of stem cell marker CD133, upstream protein signaling β-catenin, and self-renewal transcription factor Nanog was increased. The PKE also possessed scavenging properties against DPPH, ABTS, and SOSA. The phytochemistry analyses exhibited the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, xanthones, triterpenes, and steroids. Additionally, bioactive compounds such as ɑ-tocopherol, riboflavin, protocatechuic acid, β-carotene, and luteolin were detected. The presence of these chemicals in PKE may contribute to its antioxidant, stem cell potentiation, and wound-healing effects. The findings could be beneficial in the identification of valuable natural resources that possess the capacity to be used in the process of wound healing through the potentiation of stemness via a readily detectable molecular mechanism.

Development of pectin/chitosan-based electrospun biomimetic nanofiber membranes loaded with dihydromyricetin inclusion complexes for wound healing application

Accidents and surgical procedures inevitably lead to wounds, presenting clinical challenges such as inflammation and microbial infections that impede the wound-healing process. This study aimed to address these challenges by developing a series of novel wound dressings known as electrospun biomimetic nanofiber membranes. These membranes were prepared using electrostatic spinning technique, incorporating hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin/dihydromyricetin inclusion complexes. The prepared electrospun biomimetic nanofiber membranes exhibited randomly arranged fiber morphology with average fiber diameters ranging from 200 to 400 nm, resembling the collagen fibers in the native skin. These membranes demonstrated excellent biocompatibility, hemocompatibility, surface hydrophilicity, and wettability, while also releasing dihydromyricetin in a sustained manner. In vitro testing revealed that these membranes, loaded with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin/dihydromyricetin inclusion complexes, displayed higher antioxidant potential and inhibitory effects against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Furthermore, these membranes significantly reduced the M1 phenotypic transition in RAW264.7 cells, even when stimulated by lipopolysaccharides, effectively restoring M2 polarization, thereby shortening the inflammatory period. Additionally, the in vivo wound healing effects of these membranes were validated. In conclusion, this study introduces a promising nanofiber membrane with diverse biological properties that holds promise for addressing various crucial aspects of the wound-healing process.

Isolation, structural elucidation of bioactive compounds and their wound-healing ability, antibacterial and In silico molecular docking applications

Andrographis echioides has been extensively utilized in traditional Indian folk medicines for several skin disorders and other biological actions such as diuretic, antimicrobial, anthelmintic, anti-ulcer, and hepatoprotective properties. Different crude extracts were extracted from A. echioides leaves using various solvents such as methanol and water. The prepared crude extracts were utilized to formulate different herbal ointments. Further, the prepared ointments were examined against wounds and bacterial pathogens. The wound healing ability of the prepared formulations was observed for F1, F2, and F3, to be (89.84%, 95.11%, and 95.75%) respectively. Moreover, wound healing capabilities were compared with standard Betadine which exhibits 98.12%, those results indicating that the prepared herbal ointment also has a promising wound healing ability. The F2 formulations outperform the other two formulations (F1 and F2) in terms of their antibacterial ability to combat Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae Bacillus subtilis, and Escherichia coli. Moreover, there are two compounds were successfully isolated and identified from methanolic extract, which are 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromene-3,5,7-triol and 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid. Meanwhile, the molecular docking investigation exposed high binding energy Staphylococcus aureus TyrRS (-8.9 kcal/mol), Isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase (-7.5 kcal/mol), Penicillin-binding protein 2a (-8.0 kcal/mol), S. aureus DNA Gyrase (-7.2 kcal/mol), GSK-3beta (Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta) (-8.3 kcal/mol) and TGF - Beta Receptor Type 1 Kinase Domain (-8.7 kcal/mol) indicating high degree of interaction between Compound-1 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromene-3,5,7-triol (DHPDHC) and 7 clinically important skin infective pathogen Staphylococcus aureus proteins at the active sites. Additionally, the standard drug Povidone iodine, Sulphothiazole, and Nitrofurazone (<-8 kcal/mol), displayed low binding affinity on targeted proteins. A molecular dynamics simulation research with high free energy showed stable interaction between the ligand and protein. Which endorses the capabilities of A. echioides derived compounds as a potential wound healer and antibacterial therapeutic candidate for drug development in the future.

Novel garden cress-fish gelatin based ointment: Improvement of skin wound healing in rats through modulation of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant states

This study aimed to investigate the ability of aqueous extract of Lepidium sativum seeds (LSE) to improve the wound healing process in rat models. The gelatin, extracted from the skin of smooth-hound shark using citric acid, was used as a support material for ointment. Animals were divided into four groups of six rats each: an untreated control group, a control group treated with Moist Exposed Burn Ointment (MEBO), a treated group with gelatin gel, and a treated group with gelatin gel fortified with 20 mg/mL LSE. Phenolics profile analysis showed that the major compounds in LSE were catechin (125 μg/g) and quinic acid (105 μg/g). In vitro antioxidant tests showed that LSE has interesting activities to scavenge ABTS•+ radicals (IC50 = 0.22 mg/mL) and inhibit the oxidation of linoleic acid. A significant decline in the antioxidant enzymes activities and an increase in the level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and inflammatory markers was observed within the injured tissues of the untreated rats compared to rats treated with MEBO. Interestingly, when the wounded tissue was treated with gelatin gel a remarkable reversal of this trend occurred. Further, by enrichment of gelatin gel with LSE, the levels of CAT, GPx and SOD activities significantly increased by 35, 126, and 212 %, respectively, whereas the TBARS level was reduced by 31 %. These results were consistent with the wound contraction percentage and histological analysis, which suggest the potential effect of LSE-enriched gelatin gels to regenerate damaged tissues.

Chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and wound healing effects of Trachyspermum roxburghianum (DC.) H. Wolff essential oil: An in vivo and in silico approach

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Trachyspermum roxburghianum (DC.) H. Wolff, commonly known as 'Ajamoda,' is a neglected Indian spice highly used in Ayurveda and folklore remedies as an antimicrobial for chronic wounds and discharges, along with many other disease conditions.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The objective of the study was to explore chemical composition and to investigate the antioxidant, antimicrobial, analgesic, and wound healing activities of T. roxburghianum fruit essential oil from India.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The phytochemical characterization of the oil was determined through standard qualitative procedures and the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. The in vitro antioxidant aptitude was assessed by scavenging DPPH and ABTS radicals. The antimicrobial potential of the oil was investigated using the disc diffusion method, followed by the determination of minimum inhibitory concentration against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial and fungal strains. The analgesic potential was evaluated using thermal and chemically induced pain models in Swiss albino mice. Wound healing was assessed in vivo, including determining wound contraction rates, histopathology, and hydroxyproline estimation, using the excision wound model in Swiss albino mice.

RESULTS

GC-MS analysis identified 55 compounds with major terpenoids, including thymol (13.8%), limonene (11.5%), and others. Substantial radical-scavenging activity was exhibited by T. roxburghianum fruit essential oil (TREO) (IC50 94.41 ± 2.00 μg/mL in DPPH assay and 91.28 ± 1.94 μg/mL in ABTS assay). Microorganisms were inhibited with low MIC (2 μL/mL for the inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis; 4 μL/mL against Salmonella typhi and 16 μL/mL against Candida albicans). In the cytotoxicity study, no cytotoxicity was observed on the Monkey Normal Kidney Cell line (Vero). Significant antinociceptive effects were observed (25.47 ± 1.10 % of inhibition at 100 mg/kg and 44.31 ± 1.69 % at 200 mg/kg). A remarkable rate of wound closure and epithelization, along with a marked increase in hydroxyproline content, were observed for the oil during wound healing in mice.

CONCLUSIONS

The results suggested that oil could be utilized as a potential source of wound healing therapeutics.

Effects of montmorillonite on the loading and release of Piper betle L. extract applied for wound dressing based on chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol

In this study, we investigate the influence of montmorillonite (MMT) on the loading and release of Piper betle L. extract (PLE)-a medicinal herb containing active secondary metabolites with antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. MMT (1 %, 3 %, 5 %) was blended into the chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol (CS/PVA) biocomposite film by the solution evaporation method, and then PLE was loaded onto this biocomposite using the immersion method. The tensile strength and the ability to absorb exudates of the CS/PVA film improved with the increase in MMT content. The MMT 3 % film was considered to have the best properties: good mechanical properties with a tensile strength of 27.44 ± 0.27 MPa and elongation at break of 14.57 ± 0.30 %, potential for wound dressing due to its ability to absorb wound exudate (swelling degree 61.70 ± 0.30 %) and a suitable water vapor transmission rate (1999 ± 47 g/m2·d). The presence of MMT (1 %, 3 %, 5 %) in the CS/PVA film led to an increase in the PLE loading efficiency of the films compared to the film without MMT, up to 1.65, 1.73, and 1.87 times, respectively. The MMT 3 % and 5 % films also exhibited a sustained PLE release effect for up to 24 h. MMT increased PLE bioavailability through bioactivity tests: antibacterial activity against both E. coli and S. aureus, antioxidant activity, effective healing of 2nd-degree burn wounds, and biocompatibility with the L929 fibroblasts cell line. The combination of physicochemical properties and biological activities proved that the MMT/PLE drug delivery system based on the CS/PVA biocomposite is promising for wound dressing.

An antioxidant hydrogel dressing with wound pH indication function prepared based on silanized bacterial nanocellulose crosslinked with beet red pigment extract

Maintaining wound moisture and monitoring of infection are crucial aspects of chronic wound treatment. The development of a pH-sensitive functional hydrogel dressing is an effective approach to monitor, protect, and facilitate wound healing. In this study, beet red pigment extract (BRPE) served as a native and efficient pH indicator by being grafted into silane-modified bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) to prepare a pH-sensitive wound hydrogel dressing (S-g-BNC/BRPE). FTIR confirmed the successful grafting of BRPE into the BNC matrix. The S-g-BNC/BRPE showed superior mechanical properties (0.25 MPa), swelling rate (1251 % on average), and hydrophilic properties (contact angle 21.83°). The composite exhibited a notable color change as the pH changed between 4.0 and 9.0. It appeared purple-red when the pH ranged from 4.0 to 6.0, and appeared light pink at pH 7.0 and 7.4, and appeared ginger-yellow at pH 8.0 and 9.0. Subsequently, the antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity of the composite was evaluated, its DPPH·, ABTS+, ·OH scavenging rates were 32.33 %, 19.31 %, and 30.06 %, respectively, and the cytotoxicity test clearly demonstrated the safety of the dressing. The antioxidant hydrogel dressing, fabricated with a cost-effective and easy method, not only showed excellent biocompatibility and dressing performance but could also indicated the wound state based on pH changes.

Leprosy: Comprehensive insights into pathology, immunology, and cutting-edge treatment strategies, integrating nanoparticles and ethnomedicinal plants

Mycobacterium leprae is the causative agent responsible for the chronic disease known as leprosy. This condition is characterized by dermal involvement, often leading to peripheral nerve damage, sensory-motor loss, and related abnormalities. Both innate and acquired immunological responses play a role in the disease, and even in individuals with lepromatous leprosy, there can be a transient increase in T cell immunity during lepromatous reactions. Diagnosing of early-stage leprosy poses significant challenges. In this context, nanoparticles have emerged as a promising avenue for addressing various crucial issues related to leprosy. These include combatting drug resistance, mitigating adverse effects of conventional medications, and enhancing targeted drug delivery. This review serves as a comprehensive compilation, encompassing aspects of pathology, immunology, and adverse effects of multidrug delivery systems in the context of leprosy treatment. Furthermore, the review underscores the significance of ethnomedicinal plants, bioactive secondary metabolites, and nanotherapeutics in the management of leprosy. It emphasizes the potential to bridge the gap between existing literature and ongoing research efforts, with a profound scope for validating traditional claims, developing herbal medicines, and formulating nanoscale drug delivery systems that are safe, effective, and widely accepted.

In vitro Evaluation of Skin Related Enzyme Inhibitory Effect and Emulgel Formulation Development Studies of Onobrychis Argyrea subsp. Argyrea with Phytochemical Analysis

Species of Onobrychis have been used to treat skin disorders such as wounds and cuts in folk medicine and Onobrychis argyrea subsp. argyrea (OA) commonly known as 'silvery sainfoin', is a member of this genus. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the skin-related biological activities and phytochemical characterization of OA. Moreover, an emulgel formulation was developed from the main methanolic extract of the plant (OAM). Initially, to identifiy of the active fractions, aerial parts of the plant material was extracted with methanol and fractionated by n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol, respectively. Antioxidant activity was determined by CUPRAC, TOAC, FRAP and DPPH assays. Thereafter, the inhibition potential of OAM, novel formulation and all fractions was measured against elastase, collagenase, tyrosinase and hyaluronidase enzymes. OAM was analyzed and characterized by LC/MS-MS. The major bioactive flavonoids which are rutin and isoquercetin were measured and compared as qualitative and quantitative via high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis in OAM and fractions. The results showed that extracts of OA can be a potential cosmeceutical agent for skin related problems.

A review of the traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and clinical evidence for the use of the genus Alchemilla (Rosaceae)

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The genus Alchemilla L. (lady's mantle) comprises 1000 species, of which more than 300 have been characterized from Europe. Notably, as folk medicines, Alchemilla species have long been prescribed for the treatment of dysmenorrhea, pruritus vulvae, menopausal complaints, and related diseases in women. This review summarizes the traditional uses, highlights promising plant species, and focuses on phytochemical and biological studies to highlight future areas of research.

AIM OF THE REVIEW

This literature review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of Alchemilla species, covering their botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, and biological and pharmacological activities, and to summarize the current research status to better understand the application value of Alchemilla plants in modern phytotherapy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The search strategy utilized the major thematic platforms Reaxys, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed, the USDA Plant Database and Kew Science (Royal Botanic Gardens) and was performed with the term Alchemilla. These platforms were systematically searched for articles published from 1960 to 2023.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Alchemilla species, as members of the Rosaceae family, produce tannins, phenolic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, coumarins, triterpenes and violet compounds. Effort has been made with this comprehensive review of Alchemilla plants to highlight the recent developments and milestones achieved in modern phytochemistry and phytotherapy, underlaying a broad spectrum of the activities of these plants, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, antimicrobial, antiobesity, cardiovascular, anticancer, and wound healing effects.

CONCLUSIONS

An increasing number of studies on the plants in the Alchemilla genus have provided data about the main constituents and their importance in modern medicine. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have indicated that Alchemilla plants possess an extensive spectrum of biological activities. Regardless of the remarkable medical potential of Alchemilla extracts, clinical studies are limited and need to be performed to produce safer and less expensive plant-based drugs.

How Thymoquinone from Nigella sativa Accelerates Wound Healing through Multiple Mechanisms and Targets

Wound healing is a multifaceted process necessitating the collaboration of numerous elements to mend damaged tissue. Plant and animal-derived natural compounds have been utilized for wound treatment over the centuries, with many scientific investigations examining these compounds. Those with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties are particularly noteworthy, as they target various wound-healing stages to expedite recovery. Thymoquinone, derived from Nigella sativa (N. sativa)-a medicinal herb with a long history of use in traditional medicine systems such as Unani, Ayurveda, Chinese, and Greco-Arabic and Islamic medicine-has demonstrated a range of therapeutic properties. Thymoquinone exhibits antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antineoplastic activities, positioning it as a potential remedy for skin pathologies. This review examines recent research on how thymoquinone accelerates wound healing and the mechanisms behind its effectiveness. We carried out a comprehensive review of literature and electronic databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, and MedlinePlus. Our aim was to gather relevant papers published between 2015 and August 2023. The main criteria for inclusion were that the articles had to be peer reviewed, original, written in English, and discuss the wound-healing parameters of thymoquinone in wound repair. Our review focused on the effects of thymoquinone on the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in wound healing. We also examined the role of cytokines, signal transduction cascades, and clinical trials. We found sufficient evidence to support the effectiveness of thymoquinone in promoting wound healing. However, there is no consensus on the most effective concentrations of these substances. It is therefore essential to determine the optimal treatment doses and the best route of administration. Further research is also needed to investigate potential side effects and the performance of thymoquinone in clinical trials.

Co-electrospun PCL-collagen nanofibers containing saffron-synthesized gold nanoparticles as an antioxidant wound dressing

Oxidant environment and inflammation are the leading cause of chronic wounds such as diabetic ulcers. A dressing containing antioxidants would ensure accelerated wound healing. In this study, electrospun gold nanoparticle (GNP)-embedded nanofibers were developed. GNPs (about 7 nm) were synthesized using saffron extract as a reducing and capping agent (GNP-EXT). For comparison, nanoparticles of the same size were also synthesized using citrate (GNP-CIT). Nanoparticle colloids showed a zeta potential of -27 mV. FTIR confirmed the presence of the extract molecules on the nanoparticles. DPPH assay demonstrated the significant radical scavenging properties of the GNP-EXT. The effect of nanoparticles on the viability of NIH3T3 mouse fibroblast cells was evaluated with an MTT assay that showed no significant toxicity of nanoparticles even in the highest concentration of 250 ppm. Then poly (ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL)- Collagen nanofibers containing GNPs were electrospun. By using SEM, TEM, ATR-FTIR, and contact angle measurement, the nanofibers were characterized. Proper cell adhesion and spreading was observed on nanofibers by SEM and Alamar blue assay illustrated appropriate cyto-compatibility on the obtained nanofibers after 5 days of cell seeding. Wound healing assay also confirmed the cell supporting properties and biocompatibility. The results suggest that saffron-synthesized GNP-loaded nanofibers would be considered as potential wound dressings.

In Vitro Antioxidant and Fibroblast Migration Activities of Fractions Eluded from Dichloromethane Leaf Extract of Marantodes pumilum

(1) The complexity of diabetes and diabetic wound healing remains a therapeutic challenge because proper and systematic wound care and management are essential to prevent chronic microbial infection and mechanical damage to the skin. Marantodes pumilum, locally known as 'Kacip Fatimah', is an herb that has been previously reported to possess anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antinociceptive and antipyretic properties. The current study aims to assess the antioxidant and fibroblast cell migration activities of the fractions eluded from the dichloromethane extract of M. pumilum leaves. (2) The total antioxidant capacity of M. pumilum was assessed using the total proanthocyanidins and phosphomolybdenum assays, while DPPH, nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide and superoxide free radical scavenging assays were tested to determine the antioxidant potential of M. pumilum. An in vitro scratch wound assay was performed to measure the fibroblast cell migration rate using normal and insulin-resistant human dermal fibroblast cells. (3) All M. pumilum fractions exhibited good antioxidant and fibroblast cell migration activity, among which fractions A and E displayed the greatest effect. (4) M. pumilum's fibroblast migration activity could be attributed to its strong antioxidant properties along with its previously reported properties.

Phytochemical Profiling, and Antioxidant Potentials of South African and Nigerian Loranthus micranthus Linn.: The African Mistletoe Exposé

Loranthus micranthus Linn. (Loranthaceae) is a botanically significant hemiparasite that grows on tree branches or trunks and is used in traditional medicine. This study compares the antioxidant activity and qualitative phytochemical screening of Nigerian and South Africa Loranthus micranthus Linn. Standard techniques for phytochemical screening were deployed while thin layer chromatography (TLC) bio-autography was utilized to analyze antioxidants qualitatively. Quantitative antioxidant analysis was performed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH); hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) free-radical scavenging; and ferric chloride reducing power. The results of qualitative phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids; glycosides; saponins; phenolic compounds; phlobatannins; tannins; and terpenoids. As for the antioxidant potentials of the four extracts-i.e., Nigerian dichloromethane (NGDCM); South African dichloromethane (SADCM); Nigerian methanol (NGMeOH); and South African methanol (SAMeOH)-the SADCM extract had more creamy bands compared to the Nigerian, thus indicating potentially more antioxidant compounds. A better complementary antioxidant potential was observed for the Nigerian methanol extracts over their South African counterparts. The DPPH quantitative analyses underpin that the SADCM exhibited greater scavenging activity compared to the NGDCM, but this was less than the gallic acid control, with the highest activity at a concentration of 0.2 mg/mL and 0.4 mg/mL, respectively. However, as the concentration increased from 0.6 to 1.0 mg/mL, the SADCM again dominated in its antioxidant potential over all the analytes. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values obtained were [SADCM = 0.31 mg/mL, NGDCM = 0.51 mg/mL, SAMeOH = 0.51 mg/mL, NGMeO = 0.17, gallic acid = 1.17 mg/mL, and BHT = 1.47 Mg/mL)]. Both the H2O2 scavenging and the Fe3+ to Fe2+ reduction assays mirrored a similar trend in the antioxidant potentials of all the analytes except for the BHT, which performed better in the ferric chloride reduction assay at a concentration of 0.2-06 mg/mL. Based on the facts gathered, it can be inferred that the South African and Nigerian Loranthus micranthus Linn. are chemically equivalent. This is in support of their similar morphology and taxonomical classification, notwithstanding the environmental, biological, and edaphic impacts experienced by each plant.

Electrospun Nanofibers Loaded with Plantago major L. Extract for Potential Use in Cutaneous Wound Healing

Plantago major L. is a plant available worldwide that has been traditionally used for several medical applications due to its wound healing, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. This work aimed to develop and evaluate a nanostructured PCL electrospun dressing with P. major extract encapsulated in nanofibers for applications in wound healing. The extract from leaves was obtained by extraction in a mixture of water:ethanol = 1:1. The freeze-dried extract presented a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for Staphylococcus Aureus susceptible and resistant to methicillin of 5.3 mg/mL, a high antioxidant capacity, but a low content of total flavonoids. Electrospun mats without defects were successfully produced using two P. major extract concentrations based on the MIC value. The extract incorporation in PCL nanofibers was confirmed using FTIR and contact angle measurements. The PCL/P. major extract was evaluated using DSC and TGA demonstrating that the incorporation of the extract decreases the thermal stability of the mats as well as the degree of crystallinity of PCL-based fibers. The P. major extract incorporation on electrospun mats produced a significant swelling degree (more than 400%) and increased the capacity of adsorbing wound exudates and moisture, important characteristics for skin healing. The extract-controlled release evaluated using in vitro study in PBS (pH, 7.4) shows that the P. major extract delivery from the mats occurs in the first 24 h, demonstrating their potential capacity to be used in wound healing.

Preclinical evidence of polyherbal formulations on wound healing: A systematic review on research trends and perspectives

BACKGROUND

The disruptions in skin integrity contribute to its disorientation, and tissue annihilations result in acute or chronic wound formation. Polyherbal formulations are widely used in traditional systems of mecdicine like ayurveda for wound healing. The combination of these traditional therapies with clinical therapies has helped in the development of various wound-healing products.

METHOD

In this systematic review, the therapeutic potency of several polyherbal formulations from different medicinal floras is summed together in response to their impact on wound healing. The literature search was performed on Pubmed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect databases between 2010-2020. PRISMA methodology was applied to extract relevant information about polyherbal formulations.

RESULT

A total of 54 articles were selected under all themes for the data extraction as per the PRISMA guidelines. These 54 articles have high-quality scores ≥3. Forty-three records were used for the narrative analysis, while nine records were used for the critical analysis in the narrative review. Further, theme-wise key data sets were screened from the selected literature and summarized in a tabular form. Bibliometric analysis of the Scopus database has also drawn attention to limited academic literature showcasing randomized clinical trials in the current subject. Most of these polyherbal formulations are tested in laboratory-scale studies, thus portraying further research options.

CONCLUSION

Polyherbal formulations are effective in promoting the wound-healing process. They can stimulate a variety of physiological functions that accelerates the process of healing. These formulations merit further investigation in clinical trials, and production up scaling will aid in the creation of a new horizon of polyherbal wound healing products.

Wound Healing Properties of Natural Products: Mechanisms of Action

A wound is the loss of the normal integrity, structure, and functions of the skin due to a physical, chemical, or mechanical agent. Wound repair consists of an orderly and complex process divided into four phases: coagulation, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. The potential of natural products in the treatment of wounds has been reported in numerous studies, emphasizing those with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, e.g., alkaloids, saponins, terpenes, essential oils, and polyphenols from different plant sources, since these compounds can interact in the various stages of the wound healing process. This review addresses the most current in vitro and in vivo studies on the wound healing potential of natural products, as well as the main mechanisms involved in this activity. We observed sufficient evidence of the activity of these compounds in the treatment of wounds; however, we also found that there is no consensus on the effective concentrations in which the natural products exert this activity. For this reason, it is important to work on establishing optimal treatment doses, as well as an appropriate route of administration. In addition, more research should be carried out to discover the possible side effects and the behavior of natural products in clinical trials.

Wound Healing Potential and In Silico Appraisal of Convolvulus arvensis L. Methanolic Extract

Convolvulus arvensis L. is rich in phenolic compounds and traditionally used to treat wounds, skin ulcer, and inflammation. The current study is aimed at scientifically potentiating its traditional wound healing use. The methanolic extract of C. arvensis stem (CaME) was analyzed for HPLC and GC-MS analyses. The binding modes of active compounds were investigated against protein targets glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), c-myc, and β-catenin by molecular docking followed by molecular dynamic simulations which revealed some conserved mode of binding as reported in crystal structures. The antioxidant potential of CaME was evaluated by in vitro methods such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, and ferric reducing power assays. Ointment formulations of 10 and 20% CaME were applied topically and evaluated for wound healing potency against the excisional wound on the skin of Wistar rats. Gentamycin (0.1%) served as standard therapy. The healing process was observed for 20 days in the form of wound size and epithelialization followed by histopathological evaluation of the wound area. Chemical characterization showed the presence of 7-hexadecenoic acid, 2-hexadecylicosan-1-ol, quercetin, gallic acid, ferulic acid, and other compounds. The plant extract exhibited significant in vitro antioxidant activity. The animals treated with 10% ointment showed moderate healing, whereas the treatment with 20% CaME revealed healing potential comparable to the standard 0.1% gentamycin as coevidenced from histopathological evaluation of skin. The study corroborates promising potential of C. arvensis on the healing of wounds, which possibly will be attributed to its antioxidant activity, fatty acids, quercetin, and gallic and caffeic acids, and binding potential of its phytoconstituents (phenolic acids) with wound healing targets.

Wound Healing and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of a Newly Developed Ointment Containing Jujube Leaves Extract

Ziziphus jujuba Mill. (jujube) is a well-known medicinal plant with pronounced wound healing properties. The present study aimed to establish the chemical composition of the lyophilized ethanolic extract from Romanian Ziziphus jujuba leaves and to evaluate the healing and anti-inflammatory properties of a newly developed lipophilic ointment containing 10% dried jujube leaves extract. The ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry method was used, and 47 compounds were detected, among them the novel epicatechin and caffeic acid. The extract contains significant amounts of rutin (29.836 mg/g), quercetin (15.180 mg/g) and chlorogenic acid (350.96 µg/g). The lipophilic ointment has a slightly tolerable pH, between 5.41-5.42, and proved to be non-toxic in acute dermal irritation tests on New Zealand albino rabbits and after repeated administration on Wistar rats. The ointment also has a healing activity comparable to Cicatrizin (a pharmaceutical marketed product) on Wistar rats and a moderate anti-inflammatory action compared to the control group, but statistically insignificant compared to indomethacin in the rat-induced inflammation test by intraplantar administration of kaolin. The healing and anti-inflammatory properties of the tested ointment are due to phenolic acids and flavonoids content, less because of minor components as apocynin, scopoletin, and isofraxidin.

Cellular and Molecular Events of Wound Healing and the Potential of Silver Based Nanoformulations as Wound Healing Agents

Chronic wounds are a silent epidemic threatening the lives of many people worldwide. They are associated with social, health care and economic burdens and can lead to death if left untreated. The treatment of chronic wounds is very challenging as it may not be fully effective and may be associated with various adverse effects. New wound healing agents that are potentially more effective are being discovered continuously to combat these chronic wounds. These agents include silver nanoformulations which can contain nanoparticles or nanocomposites. To be effective, the discovered agents need to have good wound healing properties which will enhance their effectiveness in the different stages of wound healing. This review will focus on the process of wound healing and describe the properties of silver nanoformulations that contribute to wound healing.

Investigation on wound healing effect of Mediterranean medicinal plants and some related phenolic compounds: A review

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The human skin constitutes a biological barrier against external stress and wounds can reduce the role of its physiological structure. In medical sciences, wounds are considered a major problem that requires urgent intervention. For centuries, medicinal plants have been used in the Mediterranean countries for many purposes and against wounds.

AIM OF THIS REVIEW

Provides an outlook on the Mediterranean medicinal plants used in wound healing. Furthermore, the wound healing effect of polyphenolic compounds and their chemical structures are also summarized. Moreover, we discussed the wound healing process, the structure of the skin, and the current therapies in wound healing.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The search was performed in several databases such as ScienceDirect, PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science. The following Keywords were used individually and/or in combination: the Mediterranean, wound healing, medicinal plants, phenolic compounds, composition, flavonoid, tannin.

RESULTS

The wound healing process is distinguished by four phases, which are respectively, hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. The Mediterranean medicinal plants are widely used in the treatment of wounds. The finding showed that eighty-nine species belonging to forty families were evaluated for their wound-healing effect in this area. The Asteraceae family was the most reported family with 12 species followed by Lamiaceae (11 species). Tunisia, Egypt, Morocco, and Algeria were the countries where these plants are frequently used in wound healing. In addition to medicinal plants, results showed that nineteen phenolic compounds from different classes are used in wound treatment. Tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol, curcumin, luteolin, chrysin, rutin, kaempferol, quercetin, icariin, morin, epigallocatechin gallate, taxifolin, silymarin, hesperidin, naringin, isoliquiritin, puerarin, genistein, and daidzein were the main compounds that showed wound-healing effect.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, medicinal plants and polyphenolic compounds provide therapeutic evidence in wound healing and for the development of new drugs in this field.

Cinnamaldehyde-Based Self-Nanoemulsion (CA-SNEDDS) Accelerates Wound Healing and Exerts Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Rats’ Skin Burn Model

Cinnamaldehyde, the main phytoconstituent of the cinnamon oil, has been reported for its potential wound healing activity, associated to its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we are reporting on the cinnamaldehyde-based self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (CA-SNEDDS), which was prepared and evaluated for its antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and wound healing potential using the rat third-degree skin injury model. The parameters, i.e., skin healing, proinflammatory, and oxidative/antioxidant markers, were evaluated after 3 weeks of treatment regimens with CA-SNEDDS. Twenty rats were divided randomly into negative control (untreated), SNEDDS control, silver sulfadiazine cream positive control (SS), and CA-SNEDDS groups. An aluminum cylinder (120 °C, 10-s duration) was used to induce 3rd-degree skin burns (1-inch square diameter each) on the rat’s dorsum. At the end of the experiment, skin biopsies were collected for biochemical analysis. The significantly reduced wound size in CA-SNEDDS compared to the negative group was observed. CA-SNEDDS-treated and SS-treated groups demonstrated significantly increased antioxidant biomarkers, i.e., superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and a significant reduction in the inflammatory marker, i.e., NAP-3, compared to the negative group. Compared to SNEDDS, CA-SNEDDS exhibited a substantial antimicrobial activity against all the tested organisms at the given dosage of 20 µL/disc. Among all the tested microorganisms, MRSA and S. typhimurium were the most susceptible bacteria, with an inhibition zone diameter (IZD) of 17.0 ± 0.3 mm and 19.0 ± 0.9 mm, respectively. CA-SNEDDS also exhibited strong antifungal activity against C. albicans and A. niger, with IZD of 35.0 ± 0.5 mm and 34.0 ± 0.5 mm, respectively. MIC and MBC of CA-SNEDDS for the tested bacteria ranged from 3.125 to 6.25 µL/mL and 6.25 to 12.5 µL/mL, respectively, while the MIC and MBC for C. albicans and A. niger were 1.56 µL/mL and 3.125 µL/mL, respectively. The MBIC and MBEC of CA-SNEDDS were also very significant for the tested bacteria and ranged from 6.25 to 12.5 µL/mL and 12.5 to 25.0 µL/mL, respectively, while the MBIC and MBEC for C. albicans and A. niger were 3.125 µL/mL and 6.25 µL/mL, respectively. Thus, the results indicated that CA-SNEDDS exhibited significant wound healing properties, which appeared to be attributed to the formulation’s antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects.

Evaluation of Wound Healing Activity of 80% Hydromethanolic Crude Extract and Solvent Fractions of the Leaves of Urtica simensis in Mice

Background

Leaves of Urtica simensis (U. simensis) have been used traditionally for wound healing in different communities in Ethiopia. In spite of this, there were no scientific data documented regarding the wound healing activity of this plant. There is a need to investigate herbal remedies for the treatment of wounds in order to overcome the limitations of conventional drugs.

Aim of the Study

Aim of the study was to evaluate the wound healing activity of extract and solvent fractions of the leaves of U. simensis in mice.

Methods

Leaves of U. simensis were washed, dried under shade and ground into coarse powder and then extracted by 80% methanol with three consecutive macerations. Part of the extract was fractionated with n-hexane, chloroform and water. In excision and burn wounds, healing progress was measured by wound contraction, epithelialization period and histopathology investigation whereas incision wound healing was assessed by skin breaking strength.

Results

In excision wound model, the 5% and 10% crude extract ointments showed significant (p < 0.001) wound contractions during day 8 to day 16 evaluations. Similarly, in burn wound model, both 5% and 10% crude extract ointments produced significant (p < 0.001) wound contractions starting from day 12 and 10, respectively. In both models, the periods of epithelialization were also significantly reduced and favorable histopathologic changes were produced by the crude extract ointments. The solvent fractions of the crude extract as well produced significant wound contractions as evaluated in excision wound model. The fractions also significantly reduced the period of epithelialization in this model. The aqueous fraction found to be more active than either chloroform or n-hexane fraction in wound healing.

Conclusion

Results of this study indicated that methanol extract and aqueous fractions of the leaves of U. simensis possess dose-dependent wound healing activity, thus supporting traditional claims.

Prevention of necrosis in ischemic skin flaps using hydrogel of Rhizophora mangle

INTRODUCTION

Necrosis in ischemic cutaneous flaps (ISF) is a type of surgical failure more feared among surgical complications. Currently, synthetic drugs are applied during the treatment of necrosis in ISF and although several substances show improvement in viability, some require application at high systemic doses, which can produce important side effects. Therefore, the search for natural substances with fewer side effects is constant. The use of medicinal plants that stimulate angiogenesis is commonly mentioned in previous studies and in this case Rhizophora mangle L. (R. mangle) highlights that among its main compounds have tannins and flavonoids that are very chemically reactive in various biological activities. This study aimed to associate a natural hydrogel to the 5% extract of R. mangle and to evaluate its potential in the prevention of tissue necrosis in distal portions of ISF in rats, using the model proposed by Macfarlane, et al. (1965).

METHODS

Ischemic skin flaps were made in the thin dorsal skin area of 28 Wistar rats and divided into 4 groups, group A: received only saline, group B where the aqueous extract of R. mangle was applied, group C received the 1.5% hydrogel of xanthan gum (XG) + placebo and group D was applied the hydrogel associated with 5% R. mangle extract. Morphometric analyses of the areas of tissue necrosis were performed from photographic records using the software Photoshop® and ImageJ®. In addition, 5 photomicrographs were taken from each histological sample of each animal for histomorphometric analysis that obtained the count of fibroblasts and blood vessels.

RESULTS

The mean percentage of necrotic areas was: group (A) - 50,66%, group (B) - 40,49%, group (C) - 37,44% and group (D) - 34,25%. The statistical analysis, using the Kruskal-Wallis test, showed a significant difference (p < 0.001).

Emerging Approach for the Application of Hibiscus sabdariffa Extract Ointment in the Superficial Burn Care

Wound healing comprises organized events involving tissue repair and regeneration. The discovery of toll-like receptors (TLRs) sheds recent light on the mechanisms involved in initiating inflammatory responses throughout the healing cascades. Hibiscus sabdariffa (HS) components may exhibit a wound healing action, owing to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. This study was designed to investigate the early effects of HS loaded in an ointment base on wound healing, antioxidant, antimicrobial effects, burning intensity, and histopathological features on the rat burn model in comparison to the standard treatment, Iruxol® ointment. A burn injury model was used to evaluate the wound healing potency of the preparation. Rats were treated with ointments three times on the day of the induction of the burn. Findings revealed that the strong antioxidant properties of the HS-loaded ointment augmented the skin healing potential by stimulating biomarkers required for skin regeneration. HS repressed the burning-induced inflammation by the effective reduction in the levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and IL-6 through TLR4 protein inhibition. Topical HS downregulates transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) levels. HS extract possesses a potential bactericidal activity against highly resistant clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Overall, this study proclaims that HS-loaded topical preparations could be a valuable product that serves as adjuvants to accelerate burn wound healing through inactivating the TLR4 pathway.

Wound Healing Properties of Jasione montana Extracts and Their Main Secondary Metabolites

The effects of different extracts obtained from Jasione montana L. (JM1-JM6) and their main metabolites on biological processes during wound healing were evaluated. The effect on wound closure in the scratch test was established, and collagen type I synthesis and anti-inflammatory effects were assessed by flow cytometry in a human dermal fibroblast model (PCS-201-012). Additionally, the antioxidant activity (DPPH and FRAP) and degree of inhibition of elastase participating in the proliferation processes of skin fibroblasts were determined in an in vitro model. The extracts and fractions were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection (HPLC-PDA) to quantitatively characterize their main polyphenolic compounds. The high antioxidant activity of the JM4-JM5 fractions correlated with the content of luteolin and its derivative 7-O-glucoside. Luteolin also showed the highest anti-elastase activity with an IC50 value of 39.93 ± 1.06 μg/mL, and its substantial content in the JM4 fraction presumably determines its activity (359.03 ± 1.65 μg/mL). At lower concentrations (<50 μg/mL) of all extracts, cell proliferation and migration were significantly stimulated after 24 h of treatment. The stimulation of cell migration was comparable with that of allantoin, which was used as a positive control. However, most of the tested extracts showed limited capacity to affect collagen type I biosynthesis. Moreover, the tested samples exhibited a complex effect on cytokine secretion, and the strongest anti-inflammatory activity through the moderation of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 was observed for JM4 and luteolin. Based on the obtained results of the quantitative analysis, the anti-inflammatory activity of JM4 may be due to the high content of luteolin. In summary, extracts from J. montana, which is flavonoid-rich, promote the viability and accelerate the migration of fibroblasts as well as moderate oxidant and inflammatory processes and elastase activity. Hence, they may be potentially useful for topical therapeutic applications to stimulate the wound healing process.

Production of alginate films containing Hypericum perforatum extract as an antibacterial and antioxidant wound dressing material

The incorporation of herbal extracts in wound dressing materials is an important concept that has been researched recently. In this study, alginate films incorporated in the various ratio (0.25–1% v/v) of Hypericum perforatum extract (HPE) for potential applications of wound dressing were successfully prepared by solvent-casting method. The obtained films were examined for cytotoxicity, in vitro wound healing potential, swelling behavior, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties. When compared to the alginate film (Al) alone, HPE incorporated alginate films (HPE/Al) exhibit improved antioxidant properties according to the results of CUPRAC assay and antioxidant activity increases with the rate of HPE. Also, HPE/Al films exhibited antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus, and addition with the HPE extract into films significantly increased the antibacterial activity against S. aureus. All film samples had no cytotoxic effects on fibroblast cell line and HPE/Al films showed a proliferative effect with high extract concentrations (1%) compared to extract free-films. Also, scratch assay results show that films containing 0.5% (v/v) HPE may have a positive effect on wound healing. The results have shown that the newly developed HPE incorporated alginate films are a candidate as antibacterial, and antioxidant wound dressing for use on burn or excision wounds.

Bio-Evaluation of the Wound Healing Activity of Artemisia judaica L. as Part of the Plant’s Use in Traditional Medicine; Phytochemical, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antibiofilm Properties of the Plant’s Essential Oils

Artemisia judaica (ArJ) is a Mediterranean aromatic plant used traditionally to treat gastrointestinal ailments, skin diseases, atherosclerosis, and as an immuno-stimulant. This study describes ArJ essential oil constituents and investigates their wound healing activity. The in vitro antioxidant and antibiofilm activities of ArJ essential oil were investigated. The in vivo pro/anti-inflammatory and oxidative/antioxidant markers were compared with standard silver sulfadiazine (SS) in a second-degree skin burn experimental rat model. The gas chromatography-equipped flame ionization detector (GC-FID) analysis of ArJ essential oil revealed the major classes of compounds as oxygenated monoterpenes (>57%) and cinnamic acid derivatives (18.03%). The antimicrobial tests of ArJ essential oil revealed that Bacillus cereus, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus niger were the most susceptible test organisms. Two second-degree burns (each 1 inch square in diameter) were created on the dorsum of rats using an aluminum cylinder heated to 120 °C for 10 s. The wounds were treated either with ArJ or SS ointments for 21 days, while the negative control remained untreated, and biopsies were obtained for histological and biochemical analysis. The ArJ group demonstrated a significant increase in antioxidant superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzymatic activities, while lipid peroxide (LP) levels remained insignificant compared to the negative control group. Additionally, ArJ and SS groups demonstrated a significant decrease in inflammatory levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) compared to the negative group, while interleukin 1 beta (IL-1b) and IL-6 were comparable to the negative group. At the same time, anti-inflammatory IL-10 and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-b1) markers increased significantly in the ArJ group compared to the negative control. The ArJ results demonstrated potent wound healing effects, comparable to SS, attributable to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects as well as a high proportion of oxygenated monoterpenes and cinnamate derivatives.

Evaluation of Antioxidant and Wound-Healing Properties of EHO-85, a Novel Multifunctional Amorphous Hydrogel Containing Olea europaea Leaf Extract

The excess of free radicals in the wound environment contributes to its stagnation during the inflammatory phase, favoring hard-to-heal wounds. Oxidative stress negatively affects cells and the extracellular matrix, hindering the healing process. In this study, we evaluated the antioxidant and wound-healing properties of a novel multifunctional amorphous hydrogel-containing Olea europaea leaf extract (OELE). Five assessments were performed: (i) phenolic compounds characterization in OELE; (ii) absolute antioxidant activity determination in OELE and hydrogel (EHO-85); (iii) antioxidant activity measurement of OELE and (iv) its protective effect on cell viability on human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) and keratinocytes (HaCaT); and (v) EHO-85 wound-healing-capacity analysis on diabetic mice (db/db; BKS.Cg-m+/+Leprdb). The antioxidant activity of OELE was prominent: 2220, 1558, and 1969 µmol TE/g by DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays, respectively. Oxidative stress induced with H2O2 in HDFs and HaCaT was normalized, and their viability increased with OELE co-treatment, thus evidencing a protective role. EHO-85 produced an early and sustained wound-healing stimulating effect superior to controls in diabetic mice. This novel amorphous hydrogel presents an important ROS scavenger capacity due to the high phenolic content of OELE, which protects skin cells from oxidative stress and contributes to the physiological process of wound healing.

Exopolysaccharide produced by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum RO30 isolated from Romi cheese: characterization, antioxidant and burn healing activity

Microbial exopolysaccharides (EPSs) extracted from lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are generally recognized as safe. They have earned popularity in recent years because of their exceptional biological features. Therefore, the present study main focus was to study EPS-production from probiotic LAB and to investigate their antioxidant and burn wound healing efficacy. Seventeen LAB were isolated from different food samples. All of them showed EPS-producing abilities ranging from 1.75 ± 0.05 to 4.32 ± 0.12 g/l. RO30 isolate (from Romi cheese) was chosen, due to its ability to produce the highest EPS yield (4.23 ± 0.12 g/l). The 16S rDNA sequencing showed it belonged to the Lactiplantibacillus plantarum group and was further identified as L. plantarum RO30 with accession number OL757866. It displayed well in vitro probiotic properties. REPS was extracted and characterized. The existence of COO⁻, OH and amide groups corresponding to typical EPSs was confirmed via FTIR. It was constituted of glucuronic acid, mannose, glucose, and arabinose in a molar ratio of 2.2:0.1:0.5:0.1, respectively. The average molecular weight was 4.96 × 10⁴ g/mol. In vitro antioxidant assays showed that the REPS possesses a DPPH radical scavenging ability of 43.60% at 5 mg/ml, reducing power of 1.108 at 10 mg/ml, and iron chelation activity of 72.49% and 89.78% at 5 mg/ml and 10 mg/ml, respectively. The healing efficacy of REPS on burn wound models in albino Wistar rats showed that REPS at 0.5% (w/w) concentration stimulated the process of healing in burn areas. The results suggested that REPS might be useful as a burn wound healing agent.

Wound healing by topical application of Momordica charantia L. formulations on mice

Background and Aim

Momordica charantia is mainly characterized by its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. The current study aimed to evaluate the healing activity of gel and cream formulations based on M. charantia on induced wounds in mice.

Materials and Methods

Acetonic extract of M. charantia was prepared and incorporated into gel and cream formulations. Mus musculus Balb/c (n=30) with induced injury were distributed into five groups: Group I (control - day 7), Group II (control - day 14), Group III (1% gel - day 7), and Group IV (1% gel - day 14) to which 1% M. charantia gel was dermally applied daily for 7 and 14 days, respectively, Group V (1% cream - day 7) and Group VI (1% cream - day 14) to which of M. charantia 1% cream were dermally applied daily for 7 and 14 days, respectively. Time of wound closure was determined during the experimentation; rats were euthanized with sodium pentobarbital 60 mg/kg/pc v.ip. for obtaining skin samples for histopathological analysis.

Results

Groups IV and VI showed a higher percentage of wound closure on day 14, and in histopathological analysis, effect was greater in Group VI with the presence of fibroblasts and abundant collagen and elastic fibers.

Conclusion

M. charantia gel and cream showed wound healing activity on induced wounded mice; the most effective treatment was M. charantia 1% cream formulation.

Phytochemical-Based Nano-Pharmacotherapeutics for Management of Burn Wound Healing

Medicinal plants have been used since ancient times for their various therapeutic activities and are safer compared to modern medicines, especially when properly identifying and preparing them and choosing an adequate dose administration. The phytochemical compounds present in plants are progressively yielding evidence in modern drug delivery systems by treating various diseases like cancers, coronary heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, inflammation, microbial, viral and parasitic infections, psychotic diseases, spasmodic conditions, ulcers, etc. The phytochemical requires a rational approach to deliver the compounds to enhance the efficacy and to improve patients’ compatibility. Nanotechnology is emerging as one of the most promising strategies in disease control. Nano-formulations could target certain parts of the body and control drug release. Different studies report that phytochemical-loaded nano-formulations have been tested successfully both in vitro and in vivo for healing of skin wounds. The use of nano systems as drug carriers may reduce the toxicity and enhance the bioavailability of the incorporated drug. In this review, we focus on various nano-phytomedicines that have been used in treating skin burn wounds, and how both nanotechnology and phytochemicals are effective for treating skin burns.

The Unexplored Wound Healing Activity of Urtica dioica L. Extract: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study

Wound healing is a great challenge in many health conditions, especially in non-healing conditions. The search for new wound healing agents continues unabated, as the use of growth factors is accompanied by several limitations. Medicinal plants have been used for a long time in would healing, despite the lack of scientific evidence veryfying their efficacy. Up to now, the number of reports about medicinal plants with wound healing properties is limited. Urtica dioica L. is a well-known plant, widely used in many applications. Reports regarding its wound healing potential are scant and sparse. In this study, the effect of an Urtica dioica L. extract (containing fewer antioxidant compounds compared to methanolic or hydroalcoholic extracts) on cell proliferation, the cell cycle, and migration were examined. Additionally, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties were examined. Finally, in vivo experiments were carried out on full-thickness wounds on Wistar rats. It was found that the extract increases the proliferation rate of HEK-293 and HaCaT cells up to 39% and 30% after 24 h, respectively, compared to control cells. The extract was found to increase the population of cells in the G₂/M phase by almost 10%. Additionally, the extract caused a two-fold increase in the cell migration rate of both cell lines compared to control cells. Moreover, the extract was found to have anti-inflammatory properties and moderate antioxidant properties that augment its overall wound healing potential. Results from the in vivo experiments showed that wounds treated with an ointment of the extract healed in 9 days, while wounds not treated with the extract healed in 13 days. Histopathological examination of the wound tissue revealed, among other findings, that inflammation was significantly reduced compared to the control. Urtica dioica L. extract application results in faster wound healing, making the extract ideal for wound healing applications and a novel drug candidate for wound healing.

Quercus infectoria gall extract aids wound healing in a streptozocin-induced diabetic mouse model

OBJECTIVE

Quercus infectoria galls have commonly been used for different therapeutic purposes. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of topical application of an ointment prepared from Quercus infectoria gall hydroethanolic extract on open wound healing in a streptozocin-induced diabetic BALB/c mouse model.

METHOD

After induction of diabetes, two circular wounds (5mm) were created on the dorsum of the mice which were then divided into three groups. The mice were treated with soft yellow paraffin (control-sham group) and therapeutic doses of 5% and 10% of an ointment prepared from Quercus infectoria, respectively. To evaluate the effects of the therapeutic ointment on the wound healing process, wound area, histological parameters, mRNA levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Bcl-2 and p53, plasma levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and tissue antioxidant capacity were investigated.

RESULTS

The mice (n=54) were divided into three equal groups. Wound area and concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly decreased in both ointment-treated groups compared to the control group (p<0.05). Moreover, angiogenesis, fibroblast distribution per mm² of wound tissue, collagen deposition, rapid re-epithelialisation, and the expression of VEGF, Bcl-2 and p53 mRNA, were significantly increased (p<0.05). The administration of the ointment reduced malondialdehyde concentration and increased total antioxidant capacity compared with the control group (p<0.05).

CONCLUSION

Our study suggests that an ointment prepared from Quercus infectoria gall hydroethanolic extract accelerated open wound healing in a diabetic animal model by shortening the inflammatory phase, inducing apoptosis, up-regulating the expression of Bcl-2 and p53 mRNA, antioxidant properties and cellular proliferation.

Incorporation of grape seed extract towards wound care product development

Naturally derived ingredients are becoming more prevalent in therapeutic drug formulations due to consumers' concerns about chemical side effects. In the context of wound care, despite the impressive progress in therapeutic product development, drugs dispensed to treat impaired healing challenged by biofilms; excessive inflammation and oxidation are not yet really effective. Thus, the hunts for improved drug formulations preferably using natural ingredients that are cost-effective in accelerating the wound-healing process are of constant demand. The grape seed extract is extensively studied and is reported to be rich in phenolic compounds, unsaturated fatty acids and vitamins which exhibit numerous therapeutic benefits owing to their anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, and anti-oxidative properties that support its potential use in the development of wound-healing products. We conducted a literature study using Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar including the keywords "grape seed extract" and "wound healing". We also scanned all the references cited by the retrieved articles. Accordingly, this review is aimed to (i) explore the various phytochemical constituents found in grape seed extracts along with their mechanism of action that instigate wound healing, (ii) to highlight the latest pre-clinical and clinical assessments of grape seed extract in wound models, and (iii) to encourage innovation scientists in the field to address current limitations and to effectively develop grape seed extract-based wound care product formulations for commercialization.

Beneficial Role of Carica papaya Extracts and Phytochemicals on Oxidative Stress and Related Diseases: A Mini Review

Simple Summary

This review highlights the medicinal benefits of a natural remedy, the Carica papaya extracts and its phytochemicals. In this review, the potential of Carica papaya against various conditions, including cancer, inflammation, aging, healing of the skin, and lifelong diseases has been summarized and discussed. In short, more research and development should focus on this natural remedy that can potentially act as a prophylaxis against chronic diseases.

Abstract

Oxidative stress is a result of disruption in the balance between antioxidants and pro-oxidants in which subsequently impacting on redox signaling, causing cell and tissue damages. It leads to a range of medical conditions including inflammation, skin aging, impaired wound healing, chronic diseases and cancers but these conditions can be managed properly with the aid of antioxidants. This review features various studies to provide an overview on how Carica papaya help counteract oxidative stress via various mechanisms of action closely related to its antioxidant properties and eventually improving the management of various oxidative stress-related health conditions. Carica papaya is a topical plant species discovered to contain high amounts of natural antioxidants that can usually be found in their leaves, fruits and seeds. It contains various chemical compounds demonstrate significant antioxidant properties including caffeic acid, myricetin, rutin, quercetin, α-tocopherol, papain, benzyl isothiocyanate (BiTC), and kaempferol. Therefore, it can counteract pro-oxidants via a number of signaling pathways that either promote the expression of antioxidant enzymes or reduce ROS production. These signaling pathways activate the antioxidant defense mechanisms that protect the body against both intrinsic and extrinsic oxidative stress. To conclude, Carica papaya can be incorporated into medications or supplements to help manage the health conditions driven by oxidative stress and further studies are needed to investigate the potential of its chemical components to manage various chronic diseases.

Bioactive anti-oxidative polycaprolactone/gelatin electrospun nanofibers containing selenium nanoparticles/vitamin E for wound dressing applications

In this study, polycaprolactone/gelatin (PCL/GEL) electrospun nanofibers containing biogenic selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) and Se NPs/vitamin E (VE) with average diameters of 397.8 nm and 279.5 nm, respectively (as determined by SEM inspection) were prepared and their effect on wound healing was evaluated using in-vivo studies. The energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) mapping, TEM micrograph, and FTIR spectra of the prepared nanofibers strongly demonstrated well entrapment of Se NPs and VE into scaffolds. An amount of 57% Se NPs and 43% VE were gradually released from PCL/GEL/Se NPs/VE scaffold after 4 days immersion in PBS solution (pH 7.4). The both PCL/GEL/Se NPs and PCL/GEL/Se NPs/VE scaffolds supported 3T3 cell proliferation and attachment as confirmed by MTT assay and SEM imaging. Complete re-epithelialization, low level of edema and inflammatory cells in coordination with high level of oriented collagens demonstrated the wound healing activity of PCL/GEL/Se NPs/VE. Besides, significant antioxidant efficacy of PCL/GEL/Se NPs and PCL/GEL/Se NPs/VE scaffolds was demonstrated according to GSH and MDA assays. To sum up, the prepared PCL/GEL/Se NPs/VE scaffold in the present study represented suitable healing effect on animal model which candidate it for further studies.

Evaluation of wound healing potential of Bhallatakadi Ghrita - cow ghee based polyherbal formulation: in-vivo excision and incision wound model

OBJECTIVES

Ghee is widely considered as the Indian name for clarified butterfat and processing of ghee with therapeutic herbs i.e., ghrita is renowned for augmenting their medicinal properties. The wound is considered as a challenging clinical problem with early and late complications. To reduce the burden of wounds with the shortest period and minimum scaring, an attempt was made to prepare and evaluate the wound healing potential of ghee based polyherbal formulation.

METHODS

Based on local ethnic tribal claims, Semecarpus anacardium L., Argemone mexicana L., Cocculus hirsutus L., and Woodfordia fruticosa K. were collected from Western Ghats of India. The polyherbal Bhallatakadi Ghrita (BG) formulation was prepared as per Ayurvedic procedure and assessed for its wound healing potential using incision and excision wound animal models.

RESULTS

BG treated group showed a complete contraction of wounds (99.82 ± 0.10%) (p<0.001) with 15.17 ± 0.40 days re-epithelization time and breaking strength (531.50 ± 5.89) (p<0.05). The hydroxyproline content of BG was found to be significantly higher i.e., 4.23 ± 0.21 (p<0.05). Quantitative estimation of BG exhibited 54.7 ± 3.7 mg100 g^-1 of polyphenols and 42.3 ± 5.4 mg.100 g^-1 flavonoids in terms of gallic acid and quercetin respectively. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of gallic acid and quercetin whereas the presence of fatty acids was confirmed by GC-MS analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

It may conclude that the presence of quercetin, gallic acid, and fatty acids could have accelerated the healing rate of the ghrita formulation, as they have already been known for their potential wound healing properties.

Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and in vivo-in vitro wound healing potential of the Phlomis rigida Labill. extract

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The preparations of Phlomis aerial parts are used traditionally in Anatolia for wound healing and in inflammatory disorders.

METHODS

For the identification of the active fraction, the air dried aerial parts of Phlomis rigida Labill. were extracted by methanol and fractionated successively by n-hexane, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate, respectively. The phenolic constituents were characterized by the Folin-Ciocaltheu method; the antioxidant activity was performed by ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging assays. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by LOX enzyme inhibition, spectrophotometrically as well as cell cultures. The wound healing properties of P. rigida extract gels were studied via in vitro cell culture methods and in vivo by excisional wound model using Balb-c mice. The P. rigida extract was analyzed and characterized by GC-FID, GC-MS, and LC-MS.

RESULTS

The P. rigida methanol extract showed moderate LOX inhibitory at IC₅₀ = 19.5 ± 2.8 μg/mL whereas the antioxidant activity was by DPPH^• IC₅₀ = 0.89 mg/mL, and by ABTS^• IC₅₀ = 0.99 mg/mL, respectively. In addition, a remarkable P. rigida extracts anti-inflammatory activity was observed in the cell culture assay, which was then confirmed by the in vitro wound healing activity applied at 0.125-0.5 mg/mL concentrations, resulting in a dose-dependent increase in wound closure at the final stage. The P. rigida gel formulation was prepared to evaluate the extract in vivo, whereas the experimental results of the new gel formulation supported the findings of the in vitro wound healing activity.

CONCLUSION

The findings of this in vitro and in vivo study suggest that the wound healing and anti-inflammatory properties provide a scientific evidence of the ethnopharmacological application of Phlomis species.