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Oliveira FR, Casalechi M, Carneiro MM, de Ávila I, Dela Cruz C, Del Puerto HL, Camargos AF, Abrão MS, Reis FM. Immunolocalization of stem/progenitor cell biomarkers Oct-4, C-kit and Musashi-1 in endometriotic lesions. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:6863-6870. [PMID: 34468911 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06685-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human endometrium harbors stem/progenitor cells (SPCs) that may contribute to the establishment of endometriosis when seeded outside the uterus. Oct-4, C-kit and Musashi-1 are some of the many proteins used to characterize SPCs, but their association with endometriosis is uncertain. OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN In this study, specimens of normal endometrium (n = 12), eutopic endometrium from women with endometriosis (n = 9), superficial peritoneal endometriosis (SUP, n = 12) and deep endometriosis (DE, n = 13) lesions were evaluated for localization and intensity of immunostaining for Oct-4, C-kit and Musashi-1. RESULTS The three markers were abundantly expressed in normal endometrium, eutopic endometrium from endometriosis patients, SUP and DE specimens. Oct-4 and C-kit expression did not vary across groups as regards intensity or frequency. C-kit staining signal was seldom detected in vascular endothelium of normal or eutopic endometrium from endometriosis patients; however, it was positive in 67% of the SUP lesions and in 25% of the DE lesions (p = 0.042). Musashi-1 was expressed in some endometriotic glands as cell clusters, but its signal was similar between the four types of tissue (p = 0.971) CONCLUSION: The wide distribution of Oct-4, C-kit and Musashi-1 in endometria of patients with and without endometriosis and in SUP and DE endometriotic lesions suggests that these markers are not suitable for the in situ characterization of endometrial SPCs and should not be taken as surrogates for the study of SPCs in the pathogenesis of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia R Oliveira
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Maíra Casalechi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Márcia M Carneiro
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ivete de Ávila
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Cynthia Dela Cruz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Helen L Del Puerto
- Department of Pathology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Aroldo F Camargos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Maurício S Abrão
- Gynecologic Division, BP - A Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando M Reis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
- Division of Human Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital das Clínicas, UFMG, Av. Alfredo Balena, 110, 9˚ andar, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30130-100, Brazil.
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Figueira MI, Cardoso HJ, Correia S, Maia CJ, Socorro S. The stem cell factor (SCF)/c-KIT system in carcinogenesis of reproductive tissues: What does the hormonal regulation tell us? Cancer Lett 2017; 405:10-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Eritja N, Yeramian A, Chen BJ, Llobet-Navas D, Ortega E, Colas E, Abal M, Dolcet X, Reventos J, Matias-Guiu X. Endometrial Carcinoma: Specific Targeted Pathways. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 943:149-207. [PMID: 27910068 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-43139-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endometrial cancer (EC) is the most common gynecologic malignancy in the western world with more than 280,000 cases per year worldwide. Prognosis for EC at early stages, when primary surgical resection is the most common initial treatment, is excellent. Five-year survival rate is around 70 %.Several molecular alterations have been described in the different types of EC. They occur in genes involved in important signaling pathways. In this chapter, we will review the most relevant altered pathways in EC, including PI3K/AKT/mTOR, RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK, Tyrosine kinase, WNT/β-Catenin, cell cycle, and TGF-β signaling pathways. At the end of the chapter, the most significant clinical trials will be briefly discussed.This information is important to identify specific targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Eritja
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics and Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, University of Lleida, IRBLLEIDA, Av Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
- GEICEN Research Group, Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics and Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, University of Lleida, IRBLLEIDA, Av Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Andree Yeramian
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics and Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, University of Lleida, IRBLLEIDA, Av Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
- GEICEN Research Group, Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics and Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, University of Lleida, IRBLLEIDA, Av Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Bo-Juen Chen
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, 10013, USA
| | - David Llobet-Navas
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Eugenia Ortega
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics and Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, University of Lleida, IRBLLEIDA, Av Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Eva Colas
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics and Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, University of Lleida, IRBLLEIDA, Av Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
- GEICEN Research Group, Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics and Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, University of Lleida, IRBLLEIDA, Av Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
- Research Unit in Biomedicine and Translational and Pediatric Oncology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Abal
- GEICEN Research Group, Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics and Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, University of Lleida, IRBLLEIDA, Av Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
- Translational Medical Oncology, Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Xavier Dolcet
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics and Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, University of Lleida, IRBLLEIDA, Av Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
- GEICEN Research Group, Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics and Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, University of Lleida, IRBLLEIDA, Av Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Jaume Reventos
- GEICEN Research Group, Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics and Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, University of Lleida, IRBLLEIDA, Av Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
- Research Unit in Biomedicine and Translational and Pediatric Oncology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Matias-Guiu
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics and Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, University of Lleida, IRBLLEIDA, Av Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain.
- GEICEN Research Group, Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics and Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, University of Lleida, IRBLLEIDA, Av Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain.
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Mutlu L, Hufnagel D, Taylor HS. The endometrium as a source of mesenchymal stem cells for regenerative medicine. Biol Reprod 2015; 92:138. [PMID: 25904012 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.114.126771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapies have opened new frontiers in medicine with the possibility of regenerating lost or damaged cells. Embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, and mesenchymal stem cells have been used to derive mature cell types for tissue regeneration and repair. However, the endometrium has emerged as an attractive, novel source of adult stem cells that are easily accessed and demonstrate remarkable differentiation capacity. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of endometrial stem cells and their therapeutic potential in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levent Mutlu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Demetra Hufnagel
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Hugh S Taylor
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Sehitoglu I, Bedir R, Ural UM, Gucer H, Yurdakul C, Cure MC, Cure E, Yuce S, Sahin FK. Relationships between C-kit expression and mean platelet volume in benign, preneoplastic and neoplastic endometrium. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:1495-9. [PMID: 25743820 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.4.1495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND c-Kit is a proto-oncogene that encodes a tyrosine kinase receptor (CD117). Mean platelet volume (MPV) is a useful marker for demonstrating thrombocyte function. We aimed to investigate whether c-kit is expressed in benign, preneoplastic and neoplastic endometrial tissues and whether MPV has a relation with c-kit expression and its intensity. MATERIALS AND METHODS c-Kit expression was investigated immunohistochemically in 10 samples of normal endometrium (n=10), simple endometrial hyperplasia (5 cases with atypia and 10 cases without atypia), complex endometrial hyperplasia (10 cases with atypia and 10 cases without atypia) and endometrial cancer (EC) (10 cases grade I and 10 cases grade II) and MPV of all cases was checked. RESULTS c-Kit expression was observed at very low rates in cases with normal endometrial tissues (NE) and in hyperplasia without atypia. c-Kit expression and immunostaining were strong in endometrial atypia and EC. MPV levels of complex atypical endometrial hyperplasia (CAEH) (p:0.002), EC grade I (ECG I) (p<0.001) and EC grade II (ECG II) (p<0.001) were significantly elevated when compared with the NE group. Both c-kit expression and intensity of immunostaining had a positive correlation with MPV level. CONCLUSIONS While c-kit expression and intensity of immunostaining were mildly positive in NE and hyperplasia without atypia, they were clearly observed in EC and hyperplasia with atypia. As c-kit expression is related to the mutagenesis a long-term follow- up may be needed in these cases. A high MPV level may be a good test for demonstrating c-kit expression and intensity of immunostaining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Sehitoglu
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey E-mail :
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Hendry WJ, Hariri HY, Alwis ID, Gunewardena SS, Hendry IR. Altered gene expression patterns during the initiation and promotion stages of neonatally diethylstilbestrol-induced hyperplasia/dysplasia/neoplasia in the hamster uterus. Reprod Toxicol 2014; 50:68-86. [PMID: 25242112 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal treatment of hamsters with diethylstilbestrol (DES) induces uterine hyperplasia/dysplasia/neoplasia (endometrial adenocarcinoma) in adult animals. We subsequently determined that the neonatal DES exposure event directly and permanently disrupts the developing hamster uterus (initiation stage) so that it responds abnormally when it is stimulated with estrogen in adulthood (promotion stage). To identify candidate molecular elements involved in progression of the disruption/neoplastic process, we performed: (1) immunoblot analyses and (2) microarray profiling (Affymetrix Gene Chip System) on sets of uterine protein and RNA extracts, respectively, and (3) immunohistochemical analysis on uterine sections; all from both initiation stage and promotion stage groups of animals. Here we report that: (1) progression of the neonatal DES-induced hyperplasia/dysplasia/neoplasia phenomenon in the hamster uterus involves a wide spectrum of specific gene expression alterations and (2) the gene products involved and their manner of altered expression differ dramatically during the initiation vs. promotion stages of the phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Hendry
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260-0026, United States.
| | - Hussam Y Hariri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260-0026, United States
| | - Imala D Alwis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260-0026, United States
| | - Sumedha S Gunewardena
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States; Bioinformatics Core, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States
| | - Isabel R Hendry
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260-0026, United States
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Franco-Murillo Y, Miranda-Rodríguez JA, Rendón-Huerta E, Montaño LF, Cornejo GV, Gómez LP, Valdez-Morales FJ, Gonzalez-Sanchez I, Cerbón M. Unremitting cell proliferation in the secretory phase of eutopic endometriosis: involvement of pAkt and pGSK3β. Reprod Sci 2014; 22:502-10. [PMID: 25194152 DOI: 10.1177/1933719114549843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endometriosis is linked to altered cell proliferation and stem cell markers c-kit/stem cell factor (SCF) in ectopic endometrium. Our aim was to investigate whether c-kit/SCF also plays a role in eutopic endometrium. DESIGN Eutopic endometrium obtained from 35 women with endometriosis and 25 fertile eumenorrheic women was analyzed for in situ expression of SCF/c-kit, Ki67, RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase (Akt), phosphorylated RAC-alpha serine/threonin-protein kinase (pAkt), Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β), and phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (pGSK3β), throughout the menstrual cycle. RESULTS Expression of Ki67 and SCF was higher in endometriosis than in control tissue (P < .05) and greater in secretory rather than proliferative (P < .01) endometrium in endometriosis. Expression of c-kit was also higher in endometriosis although similar in both phases. Expression of Akt and GSK3β was identical in all samples and cycle phases, whereas pAkt and pGSK3β, opposed to control tissue, remained overexpressed in the secretory phase in endometriosis. CONCLUSION Unceasing cell proliferation in the secretory phase of eutopic endometriosis is linked to deregulation of c-kit/SCF-associated signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanira Franco-Murillo
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico, Federal District, Mexico
| | | | - Erika Rendón-Huerta
- Departamento Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico, Federal District, Mexico
| | - Luis F Montaño
- Departamento Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico, Federal District, Mexico
| | | | - Lucila Poblano Gómez
- Servicio de Ginecología y Obstetricia, Hospital Español, Mexico, Federal District, Mexico
| | | | - Ignacio Gonzalez-Sanchez
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico, Federal District, Mexico
| | - Marco Cerbón
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico, Federal District, Mexico
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Sorolla A, Yeramian A, Valls J, Dolcet X, Bergadà L, Llombart-Cussac A, Martí RM, Matias-Guiu X. Blockade of NFκB activity by Sunitinib increases cell death in Bortezomib-treated endometrial carcinoma cells. Mol Oncol 2012; 6:530-41. [PMID: 22819259 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometrial carcinoma is one of the most common malignancies in the female genital tract, usually treated by surgery and radiotherapy. Chemotherapy is used when endometrial carcinoma is associated with widespread metastasis or when the tumor recurs after radiation therapy. In the present study, we demonstrate that the tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitor Sunitinib reduces cell viability, proliferation, clonogenicity and induces apoptotic cell death in endometrial carcinoma cell lines, which is not due to its action through the most known targets like VEGFR, nor through EGFR as demonstrated in this work. Interestingly, Sunitinib reduces NFκB transcriptional activity either at basal level or activation by EGF or TNF-α. We observed that Sunitinib was able to inhibit the Bortezomib-induced NFκB transcriptional activity which correlates with a decrease of the phosphorylated levels of IKKα and β, p65 and IκBα. We evaluated the nature of the interaction between Sunitinib and Bortezomib by the dose effect method and identified a synergistic effect (combination index < 1). Analogously, silencing of p65 expression by lentiviral-mediated short-hairpin RNA delivery in Bortezomib treated cells leads to a strongly increased sensitivity to Bortezomib apoptotic cell death. Altogether our results suggest that the combination of Sunitinib and Bortezomib could be considered a promising treatment for endometrial carcinoma after failure of surgery and radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabel Sorolla
- Pathology Group, Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, University of Lleida, IRB-Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain
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9
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Yilmaz E, Celik O, Simsek Y, Turkcuoglu I, Celik E, Gül M, Hascalik S, Aydin NE, Aydin E. c-Kit proto-oncogene expression in endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial cancer. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2012; 286:197-200. [PMID: 22392489 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-012-2276-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the expression of c-kit (CD117) in endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial cancer. METHODS Expression of c-kit in 10 normal endometrium, 18 simple endometrial hyperplasia, 16 complex endometrial hyperplasia (10 cases with atypia and 6 cases without atypia), and 6 endometrial cancer were investigated by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS c-Kit expression decreased as the lesion progressed to endometrial cancer. Immunostaining was mostly focal and weak in the normal endometrium and was mostly diffuse and strong in the simple and complex endometrial hyperplasia. CONCLUSIONS Simple and complex hyperplastic endometrial tissues express diffuse cytoplasmic staining for c-kit and the expression decreases with the progression of the lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ercan Yilmaz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Inonu University School of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey.
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Tanaka C, Kaji H, He J, Hazama R, Yokoyama K, Kinoshita E, Tsujioka T, Tohyama K, Yamamura H, Nishio H, Tohyama Y. Rab27b regulates c-kit expression by controlling the secretion of stem cell factor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 419:368-73. [PMID: 22349512 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Rab27b, a subfamily of Rab27 small GTPases, was originally identified in platelets. However, the role of Rab27b in megakaryocytic lineage cells remains unknown. Here, using a human megakaryoblastic cell line, CMK, we show that Rab27b negatively regulates c-kit-expression. We found that transfection of shRNA-Rab27b into CMK cells led to specific increase in the amount of the receptor-type tyrosine kinase c-kit. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which Rab27b regulates c-kit expression, we analyzed the dynamics of c-kit by the stimulation with its ligand, stem cell factor (SCF). We found that cell surface expression of c-kit was promptly reduced and rapidly degraded in both CMK and Rab27b-knockdown CMK cells. Pretreatment with a lysosome inhibitor bafilomycin suppressed the degradation of c-kit, indicating that c-kit expression is controlled by SCF-induced endolysosomal degradation system. We therefore focused on the potential involvement of SCF in Rab27b-mediated effects on c-kit expression levels. We found that autocrine secretion of SCF was downregulated in Rab27b-knockdown cells as compared with parental CMK cells. These results suggest that Rab27b negatively regulates the cell surface expression of c-kit via secretion of SCF and that ligation of SCF leads to the endolysosomal degradation system of c-kit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisato Tanaka
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Community Medicine and Social Healthcare Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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Lawicki S, Będkowska GE, Gacuta-Szumarska E, Szmitkowski M. Hematopoietic cytokines as tumor markers in gynecological malignancies: a multivariate analysis with ROC curve in endometrial cancer patients. Growth Factors 2012; 30:29-36. [PMID: 22010785 DOI: 10.3109/08977194.2011.627332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic cytokines have been implicated in the pathogenesis of malignant diseases. This study compared the diagnostic utility of hematopoietic growth factors with commonly accepted tumor marker (CA 125) in the early stages (I and II) of endometrial cancer (EC) patients (65) in relation to the control groups: uterine myoma patients (40) and healthy subjects (45). The pretreatment plasma levels of interleukin 3, stem cell factor, granulocyte-macrophage-colony stimulating factor, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, and macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) were determined by the use of immunoenzyme assay, and those of CA 125 were determined by chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay. Our results have demonstrated significant differences in the concentration of cytokines and CA 125 between the groups of EC patients, uterine myoma patients, and the healthy controls. M-CSF has demonstrated equal to CA 125 or higher values of the diagnostic sensitivity, the predictive values of positive and negative test results, and the area under the receiver-operating characteristics curve in the tested groups. These findings suggest the usefulness of M-CSF in the diagnosis of EC and uterine myomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Lawicki
- Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, Medical University, Białystok, Poland.
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Vandenput I, Debiec-Rychter M, Capoen A, Verbist G, Vergote I, Moerman P, Amant F. Kit Gene in Endometrial Carcinoma: An Immunohistochemical and Mutational Analysis. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2011; 21:203-5. [DOI: 10.1097/igc.0b013e3182055c94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective:Because the outcome of recurrent disease of endometrial carcinoma is cumbersome, the development of target treatment strategies is critical. We evaluated KIT, a receptor tyrosine kinase, to determine a potential role for imatinib mesylate in the treatment of endometrial carcinoma.Materials and Methods:Immunohistochemical analysis for KIT expression was performed on paraffin sections from 45 patients: 30 primary and 15 recurrent tumors. Fifteen primary cases were available for mutation analysis.Results:Histopathological distribution of paraffin-embedded tissue was as follows: 30 type I and 15 type II endometrial carcinoma. Histopathological distribution of fresh-frozen tissue was as follows: 8 type I and 7 type II. Cases did not show KIT expression or mutations in mutational hotspot exons of KIT gene.Conclusions:On the basis of the absence of KIT expression or mutations, endometrial carcinoma is unlikely to respond to imatinib mesylate.
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Misago N, Kimura T, Narisawa Y. Fibrofolliculoma/trichodiscoma and fibrous papule (perifollicular fibroma/angiofibroma): a revaluation of the histopathological and immunohistochemical features. J Cutan Pathol 2009; 36:943-51. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2009.01198.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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14
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Tang WY, Newbold R, Mardilovich K, Jefferson W, Cheng RYS, Medvedovic M, Ho SM. Persistent hypomethylation in the promoter of nucleosomal binding protein 1 (Nsbp1) correlates with overexpression of Nsbp1 in mouse uteri neonatally exposed to diethylstilbestrol or genistein. Endocrinology 2008; 149:5922-31. [PMID: 18669593 PMCID: PMC2613067 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-0682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal exposure of CD-1 mice to diethylstilbestrol (DES) or genistein (GEN) induces uterine adenocarcinoma in aging animals. Uterine carcinogenesis in this model is ovarian dependent because its evolution is blocked by prepubertal ovariectomy. This study seeks to discover novel uterine genes whose expression is altered by such early endocrine disruption via an epigenetic mechanism. Neonatal mice were treated with 1 or 1000 microg/kg DES, 50 mg/kg GEN, or oil (control) on d 1-5. One group of treated mice was killed before puberty on d 19. Others were ovariectomized or left intact, and killed at 6 and 18 months of age. Methylation-sensitive restriction fingerprinting was performed to identify differentially methylated sequences associated with neonatal exposure to DES/GEN. Among 14 candidates, nucleosomal binding protein 1 (Nsbp1), the gene for a nucleosome-core-particle binding protein, was selected for further study because of its central role in chromatin remodeling. In uteri of immature control mice, Nsbp1 promoter CpG island (CGI) was minimally methylated. Once control mice reached puberty, the Nsbp1 CGI became hypermethylated, and gene expression declined further. In contrast, in neonatal DES/GEN-treated mice, the Nsbp1 CGI stayed anomalously hypomethylated, and the gene exhibited persistent overexpression throughout life. However, if neonatal DES/GEN-treated mice were ovariectomized before puberty, the CGI remained minimally to moderately methylated, and gene expression was subdued except in the group treated with 1000 microg/kg DES. Thus, the life reprogramming of uterine Nsbp1 expression by neonatal DES/GEN exposure appears to be mediated by an epigenetic mechanism that interacts with ovarian hormones in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Yee Tang
- Department of Environmental Health, Kettering Complex, Room 128, 3223 Eden Avenue, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, P.O. Box 670056, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0056, USA
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15
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Hong SM, Hwang I, Song DE, Choi J, Yu E. Clinical and prognostic significances of nuclear and cytoplasmic KIT expressions in extrahepatic bile duct carcinomas. Mod Pathol 2007; 20:562-9. [PMID: 17396144 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3800771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
After receiving FDA approval as a therapeutic regimen in gastrointestinal stromal tumors, the tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib mesylate has been applied to the treatment of other solid malignant neoplasms. To evaluate the usefulness of imatinib mesylate as a possible therapeutic regimen in extrahepatic bile duct carcinomas, an immunohistochemical study for KIT was performed in 289 cases of extrahepatic bile duct carcinomas, and mutational analysis of exon 11 of the c-kit gene was performed in 20 cases that were arbitrarily retrieved from the cases with KIT expression. Cytoplasmic KIT expression was observed in 54 cases (19%) and nuclear KIT in 58 cases (20%) of extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma. Nuclear KIT expression was more frequent in cases with vascular invasion (P<0.001), whereas cytoplasmic KIT expression was more common in tumors of T1-T3 than in those of T4 (P=0.04), and was more frequently observed in cases with a papillary growth pattern (P=0.03). Patients with cytoplasmic KIT-positive tumors had significantly better survival both by univariate (P=0.01) and multivariate analyses (P=0.04). Infrequent cytoplasmic KIT expression without mutation of exon 11 suggests that imatinib mesylate may not be effective for the treatment of extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma. However, immunohistochemical study for KIT may be helpful in routine pathologic examinations for evaluating better prognosis for patients with extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma. In addition, more frequent nuclear expression of KIT in cases with vascular invasion suggests that nuclear KIT expression may contribute to the progression of extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Mo Hong
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
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16
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Erdogan G, Bassorgun CI, Pestereli HE, Simsek T, Karaveli S. C-kit protein expression in uterine and ovarian mesenchymal tumours. APMIS 2007; 115:204-9. [PMID: 17367465 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2007.apm_419.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The protooncogene c-kit encoding transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor protein plays an important role in the signal transduction pathway that regulates cellular growth and repair. Gene product KIT overexpression has been shown in a number of different neoplasms, particularly in mastocytosis and gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST). The morphologic similarity of uterine mesenchymal tumours and GIST, and the presence of KIT protein in normal uterine tissue, suggests that uterine sarcomas may have the same c-kit overexpression. The purpose of this study was to determine the overexpression of c-kit protein in uterine and ovarian sarcomas. Immunohistochemical staining using a polyclonal anti-c-kit antibody was performed on tissue blocks from 12 carsinosarcomas, 14 leiomyosarcomas, 8 endometrial stromal sarcomas, 2 adenosarcomas, 1 atypical leiomyoma, 1 leiomyoma with limited experience, and 10 leiomyomas. The slides were evaluated by a semiquantitative method. C-kit was positive in 10 of 12 (83%) carcinosarcomas, 10 of 14 (71%) leiomyosarcomas, 6 of 8 75(%) endometrial stromal sarcomas, 1 of 2 (50%) adenosarcomas, 1 leiomyoma with limited experience, and 1 of 10 (10%) leiomyomas. The uterine sarcomas express c-kit, like GISTs. It seems that KIT may have a significant role in the oncogenesis of mesenchymal tumours of the uterus and ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülgün Erdogan
- Department of Pathology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey.
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17
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Streutker CJ, Huizinga JD, Driman DK, Riddell RH. Interstitial cells of Cajal in health and disease. Part II: ICC and gastrointestinal stromal tumours. Histopathology 2007; 50:190-202. [PMID: 17222247 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2006.02497.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal tumours in the gastrointestinal tract have long been problematic in terms of diagnosis, prognosis and therapy, but recent advances in immunohistochemistry and related therapies have allowed more specific diagnosis. In particular, the recognition that both the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) and many gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) are positive for c-kit and CD34 and have other features similar to those of ICC has led to the use of imatinib, a novel small molecule therapy that blocks the CD117/c-kit tyrosine kinase receptor, which shows remarkable efficacy in treatment of malignant and metastatic GISTs as well as other malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Streutker
- Division of Pathology, St Michael's Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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18
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Sever M, Jones TD, Roth LM, Karim FWA, Zheng W, Michael H, Hattab EM, Emerson RE, Baldridge LA, Cheng L. Expression of CD117 (c-kit) receptor in dysgerminoma of the ovary: diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Mod Pathol 2005; 18:1411-6. [PMID: 16056250 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3800463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The proto-oncogene c-kit encodes a tyrosine kinase receptor, c-kit (CD117), which has been implicated in the development of a number of human malignancies. While the preferential expression of this protein has been well documented in testicular seminomas, there is little data concerning its expression in dysgerminomas of the ovary. We examined the expression of c-kit in 30 cases of ovarian dysgerminomas using immunohistohemical staining with a polyclonal anti-CD117 antibody. Staining was graded in a semiquantitative manner as follows: negative (no staining), 1+(1-10% staining), 2+(10-29% staining), 3+(30-50% staining), or 4+ (>50% staining). Of the 30 cases examined, 26 (87%) demonstrated immunoreactivity for CD117. In total, 10 (33%) demonstrated 4+ staining; 9 (30%) demonstrated 3+staining; 3 (10%) demonstrated 2+staining; 4 (13%) demonstrated 1+staining; and 4 (13%) demonstrated no staining. In conclusion, CD117 immunoreactivity was detected in 87% of ovarian dysgerminomas, a finding that correlates with previously reported frequencies of CD117 expression in seminomas (78-100%). Thus, antibodies to c-kit may be a useful diagnostic marker for ovarian dysgerminoma. Although the prognosis of patients with dysgerminoma is generally good, this receptor could potentially serve as a target for site-specific immunotherapy as an alternative and/or complement to conventional treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sever
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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19
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Ryan GL, Syrop CH, Van Voorhis BJ. Role, epidemiology, and natural history of benign uterine mass lesions. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2005; 48:312-24. [PMID: 15805789 DOI: 10.1097/01.grf.0000159538.27221.8c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ginny L Ryan
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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20
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Uzan C, Cortez A, Dufournet C, Fauvet R, Siffroi JP, Daraï E. Endometrium from women with and without endometriosis, and peritoneal, ovarian and bowel endometriosis, show different c-kit protein expression. J Reprod Immunol 2005; 65:55-63. [PMID: 15694967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2004.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2004] [Revised: 09/10/2004] [Accepted: 09/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometriosis is defined by the presence of endometrium outside the uterus. Changes in the expression of the proto-oncogene c-kit are associated with aggressive behaviour of both benign and malignant tumours, but there are few data on its c-kit expression in endometriosis. Here we examined c-kit expression in endometrium and endometriotic tissue. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was used for qualitative and semi-quantitative (mean+/-S.D. positive cells) analysis of c-kit expression in endometrium from women with (n=9) and without endometriosis (n=18), and in peritoneal (n=20), ovarian (n=20) and colorectal endometriosis (n=20). RESULTS Semi-quantitative c-kit expression was higher in endometrial glandular cells from women with endometriosis than from women without endometriosis (15.0+/-14.6% versus 3.9+/-7.4%, p=0.01). No difference in c-kit expression was found in qualitative analysis and according to the phase of the menstrual cycle. C-kit expression values in peritoneal, ovarian and colorectal endometriosis were 2.0+/-3.8%, 2.0+/-4.1% and 21.7+/-18.4%, respectively. Qualitative and semi-quantitative c-kit expression was higher in colorectal endometriosis than in peritoneal and ovarian endometriosis (p<0.001); no difference was found between ovarian and peritoneal endometriosis. No c-kit expression was detected in stromal cells of either endometrium or endometriotic tissue. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the c-kit/stem cell factor axis is involved in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Strong c-kit protein expression was associated with invasive endometriotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Uzan
- Service d'Anatomie Pathologie, Hôpital Tenon, AP-HP, 4 rue de la Chine, 75020 Paris, France
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21
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Menczer J, Kravtsov V, Levy T, Berger E, Glezerman M, Avinoach I. Expression of c-kit in uterine carcinosarcoma. Gynecol Oncol 2005; 96:210-5. [PMID: 15589603 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2004.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has resulted in successful treatment of KIT-positive neoplasms. Carcinosarcoma is a very aggressive neoplasm. Consequently, c-kit expression may have significant clinical implications for this tumor. The purpose of the present study was to assess c-kit expression in the carcinomatous and sarcomatous element of carcinosarcoma to identify if KIT represents a therapeutic target for treatment of this neoplasm. METHODS Immunohistochemical staining for c-KIT was performed on paraffin-embedded tissue blocks of 20 consecutive uterine specimens with carcinosarcoma, 40 with endometrial carcinoma, and 12 with atrophic endometrium. Two pathologists assessed the scoring index of staining. RESULTS In the stromal element of carcinosarcoma, no immunohistochemically c-KIT stained cells were observed and in the epithelial element, a low scoring index of staining was present. In endometrial endometrioid carcinoma, the scoring index was high in only 15% of the specimens. In the atrophic endometrium, a low scoring index was seen in all specimens. CONCLUSIONS Our results seem to suggest that c-kit probably plays no major role in the pathogenesis of the majority of these tumors while it may be involved in the pathogenesis of some endometrial carcinomas. In view of the multiple molecular targets that are activated by imatinib mesylate, no definitive conclusions can be drawn with regard its effectiveness in carcinosarcomas based on the present study. Further studies of c-kit expression in larger series of carcinosarcomas in order to settle the controversial issues with regard to frequency of expression, prognostic, and clinical value are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Menczer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gynecologic Oncology Unit, Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Holon 58100, Israel.
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22
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Morini M, Bettini G, Preziosi R, Mandrioli L. C-kit gene product (CD117) immunoreactivity in canine and feline paraffin sections. J Histochem Cytochem 2004; 52:705-8. [PMID: 15100248 DOI: 10.1177/002215540405200515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CD117 is a transmembrane tyrosine kinase growth factor receptor expressed by a variety of normal human cell types, including germ cells, immature myeloid cells, and mast cells. To evaluate the pattern of CD117 expression in dogs and cats, we applied a polyclonal antibody on paraffin sections from 44 samples of normal tissues and 104 tumors. In both species, strong immunoreactivity was observed in mast cells, interstitial cells of Cajal, and in mast cell tumors. Among gastrointestinal mesenchymal neoplasms, tissues from five dogs and one cat revealed strong CD117 expression, enabling us to identify them as gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Morini
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Animal Pathology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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23
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Cho NH, Park YK, Kim YT, Yang H, Kim SK. Lifetime expression of stem cell markers in the uterine endometrium. Fertil Steril 2004; 81:403-7. [PMID: 14967381 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2003.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2003] [Revised: 07/03/2003] [Accepted: 07/03/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify stem cells in uteri from the fetal to the postmenopausal period. DESIGN Descriptive, controlled study. SETTING Tertiary academic medical center. PATIENT(S) Forty archived uterine endometrial samples. INTERVENTION(S) Immunohistochemistry with c-kit/CD117, CD34, bcl-2, and Ki67. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Immunostaining. RESULT(S) C-kit/CD117, CD34, bcl-2, and Ki67 were consistently expressed in the stroma of the basalis layer. Bcl-2 was restricted to the fetal uterine endometrium. CONCLUSION(S) By studying the immunolocalization of stem cell markers (i.e., c-kit, CD34, and bcl-2), we found that stem cells are present continuously in the uterine endometrium from the fetal period. The cells seem to be located mainly in the stroma of the basalis and to be independent of hormonal regulation to avoid cyclic shedding. A small number of latent stem cells dormant in the stroma of the basalis were found to have the potential for mesenchymal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Hoon Cho
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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24
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Peters EMJ, Maurer M, Botchkarev VA, Jensen KD, Welker P, Scott GA, Paus R. Kit is expressed by epithelial cells in vivo. J Invest Dermatol 2004; 121:976-84. [PMID: 14708595 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12478.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In mammalian skin, stem cell factor (SCF) regulates the proliferation and maturation of mast cells and melanocytes, which are thought to be the only cutaneous cells that express the Kit-tyrosine kinase receptor (Kit) and respond to epithelial and mesenchymal-derived SCF. We previously had noted, however, the presence of Kit+ cells in murine hair follicles, in an introepithelial tissue compartment devoid of melanocytes and mast cells. Here we have identified the nature of this Kit+ population of cells in hair follicles of C57BL/6 mice. Anagen hair follicles showed strong Kit immunoreactivity not only in the pigmentary unit above the follicular dermal papilla but also in a much more proximally located, homogenous group of nondendritic, nonmelanized cells. By immunohistochemistry (desmoplakin+/Trp-1-) and electron microscopy (presence of tonofilaments, desmosomes, lack of melanosomes), these Kit+ cells were shown to be hair matrix keratinocytes and were also found in melanocyte-deficient hair follicles (Kit(Sl)/Kit(Sl-d) mice, Kit-neutralizing antibody-treated C57BL/6 mice). Expression of Kit and SCF was strongly hair-cycle-dependent, suggesting a functional role of epithelial Kit expression in hair growth control. This was supported by the observation that mice unable to respond to SCF stimulation (Kit(W)/Kit(W-v)) showed a significant retardation of anagen development compared to their wild-type littermates. The expression of Kit in the most rapidly proliferating compartment of the hair follicle epithelium suggests intriguing, as yet unexplored new functions of Kit signaling in epithelial cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M J Peters
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Hamburg Eppendorf, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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25
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Yorke R, Chirala M, Younes M. c-kit proto-oncogene product is rarely detected in colorectal adenocarcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21:3885-6; discussion 3886-7. [PMID: 14551311 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2003.99.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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26
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Winter WE, Seidman JD, Krivak TC, Chauhan S, Carlson JW, Rose GS, Birrer MJ. Clinicopathological analysis of c-kit expression in carcinosarcomas and leiomyosarcomas of the uterine corpus. Gynecol Oncol 2003; 91:3-8. [PMID: 14529656 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2003.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of the protooncogene, c-kit, in carcinosarcomas and leiomyosarcomas of the uterine corpus and determine the associations between c-kit expression and clinicopathologic factors, including clinical outcome. METHODS AND MATERIALS Using a polyclonal anti-KIT-antibody, immunohistochemical staining was performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks from 21 carcinosarcomas, 17 leiomyosarcomas, and 1 endometrial stromal sarcoma. KIT-positive tumors were defined as those tumors demonstrating immunopositivity in > or =30% of tumor cells examined. KIT-negative lesions demonstrated immunopositivity in <30% of tumor cells. Two authors independently scored the slides as positive or negative. Staining was repeated on all specimens and independently scored, and in the occasion of a mismatch, a third staining was performed. The carcinosarcomas were catalogued as to whether the sarcomatous and/or carcinomatous elements expressed c-kit. Clinical data were abstracted for those patients with uterine carcinosarcomas. The associations between clinicopathologic characteristics and c-kit expression were compared using univariate and multivariate analyses. Kaplan-Meier curves based on c-kit expression were plotted for progression-free and overall survival and compared using the log-rank test. RESULTS Nine of 21 (43%) carcinosarcomas demonstrated immunopositivity for the KIT receptor, although staining was relatively weak. In contrast, only 1/17 (6%) leiomyosarcomas demonstrated KIT immunopositivity (P = 0.029). The solitary endometrial stromal sarcoma evaluated did not demonstrate significant KIT positivity. The majority of KIT-positive carcinosarcomas (6/9 (67%)) demonstrated KIT presence in the sarcomatous portion as compared to the carcinomatous portion (4/9 (44%)). No clinical factor had a statistically significant association with c-kit expression. The lack of c-kit expression was the only factor that was significantly associated with disease recurrence in univariate and multivariate analyses (P < 0.05), although there appeared to be a trend toward a low stage associated with kit positivity. The median progression-free interval for the KIT-negative cohort was 8 months, while it had not been reached for the KIT-positive cohort after median follow-up of 15 months (P = 0.0462). CONCLUSIONS A significant proportion of carcinosarcomas of the uterine corpus display immunoreactivity for c-kit. Patients with KIT-positive carcinosarcomas may have an improved progression-free survival compared to KIT-negative tumors; however, further data are needed to determine whether this finding is confounded by stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Winter
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC 20307, USA
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27
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Klein WM, Kurman RJ. Lack of expression of c-kit protein (CD117) in mesenchymal tumors of the uterus and ovary. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2003; 22:181-4. [PMID: 12649674 DOI: 10.1097/00004347-200304000-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
c-kit is a proto-oncogene that codes for a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor (CD117). The gene product KIT is constitutively overexpressed in mastocytosis and gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Recently the use of the tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as STI-571, has resulted in the successful treatment of bcr-abl-positive leukemias and gastrointestinal stromal tumors. In gastrointestinal stromal tumors, immunostaining for c-kit is diffusely positive. Because the expression of c-kit in mesenchymal tumors of the uterus and ovary has not been previously studied, we evaluated its expression in 38 of these tumors by immunohistochemistry. The number of positive labeled/total tumors were as follows: 0/8 malignant mullerian mixed tumors, 4/7 ovarian fibrosarcomas, 0/1 clear-cell ovarian sarcoma, 0/4 uterine leiomyosarcomas, 1/10 low-grade endometrial stromal sarcomas, 0/2 high-grade endometrial stromal sarcomas, and 3/6 endometrial stromal nodules. In all positive cases, no more than 5% of the cells were labeled. In conclusion, unlike gastrointestinal stromal tumors, mesenchymal tumors of the uterus and ovary rarely express c-kit. Therefore, it is unlikely that patients with these tumors will benefit from treatment with the currently available tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter M Klein
- Department of Pathology,The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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28
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Scobie JV, Acs G, Bandera CA, Blank SV, Wheeler JE, Pasha TL, Salscheider M, Zhang PJ. C-kit immunoreactivity in endometrial adenocarcinomas and its clinicopathologic significance. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2003; 22:149-55. [PMID: 12649669 DOI: 10.1097/00004347-200304000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The proto-oncogene c-kit is a transmembrane-tyrosine-kinase receptor that is structurally related to the platelet-derived growth-factor receptor (PDGFR) and is involved in cell differentiation. C-kit has been found to be expressed in certain solid tumors and may play a role in their tumorigenesis. Recently, a tyrosine-kinase inhibitor specific for the PDGFR family, bcr-abl, and c-kit (STI571) has been reported to have therapeutic effects in tumors expressing the aberrant forms or high quantities of target proteins. Expression of c-kit has not been well evaluated in endometrial adenocarcinomas. In this study, c-kit immunoreactivity was evaluated on paraffin sections of 72 endometrial adenocarcinomas (57 endometrioid, 10 serous, and 5 clear cell) with a polyclonal antibody. Immunoreactivity of c-kit was analyzed semiquantitatively and correlated with various clinicopathologic factors. Cytoplasmic c-kit immunoreactivity was detected in 42 (58%) tumors. Thirty-four (60%) endometrioid, 8 (80%) serous, and 0 of the 5 clear-cell adenocarcinomas were c-kit positive. There was a significant correlation between c-kit positivity and the depth of myometrial invasion. Patients with c-kit-positive endometrial adenocarcinomas more frequently had metastases and shorter disease-free survival. Expression of c-kit may be a potentially adverse prognostic feature in endometrial adenocarcinoma. Patients with c-kit-positive advanced endometrial adenocarcinoma might benefit from tyrosine-kinase-inhibitor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice V Scobie
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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29
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Oliva E, Young RH, Amin MB, Clement PB. An immunohistochemical analysis of endometrial stromal and smooth muscle tumors of the uterus: a study of 54 cases emphasizing the importance of using a panel because of overlap in immunoreactivity for individual antibodies. Am J Surg Pathol 2002; 26:403-12. [PMID: 11914617 DOI: 10.1097/00000478-200204000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The expression of desmin, h-caldesmon, calponin, CD10, CD34, CD99, inhibin, and keratin (AE1/3-Cam 5.2) was studied in 10 conventional leiomyomas, 9 highly cellular leiomyomas, 9 epithelioid smooth muscle tumors, 9 leiomyosarcomas, 10 endometrial stromal tumors (4 with smooth muscle metaplasia), and 7 uterine tumors resembling ovarian sex cord tumors (UTROSCTs). c-kit expression was tested in 10 endometrial stromal tumors, 7 UTROSCTs, and 9 leiomyosarcomas. Desmin was positive in almost all smooth muscle tumors except those of epithelioid type, which were positive in only about half of the cases. It also stained areas of smooth muscle differentiation in endometrial stromal tumors and five of seven UTROSCTs. h-caldesmon was positive in almost all nonepithelioid smooth muscle tumors and in areas of smooth muscle differentiation in endometrial stromal tumors; it was positive in only about half of the epithelioid smooth muscle tumors and negative in all UTROSCTs. Calponin was positive in most tumor types. CD10 was positive in nine of 10 endometrial stromal tumors and five of seven UTROSCTs, although very focally in the latter group. It was also expressed, however, in almost all leiomyosarcomas, almost 50% of highly cellular leiomyomas, and rarely in the other smooth muscle tumors. CD34 was negative in the tested tumors with rare exceptions. CD99 and inhibin were positive in four of seven and one of seven UTROSCTs. Keratin positivity was found in most (five of seven) UTROSCTs and occasionally in smooth muscle tumors (seven of 37). c-kit was negative in all endometrial stromal tumors, UTROSCTs, and leiomyosarcomas. The major conclusions of this study are as follows: 1) Pure endometrial stromal tumors are usually desmin negative. 2) In contrast to some previous studies, CD10 expression was often seen in smooth muscle tumors, including most leiomyosarcomas and almost half of highly cellular leiomyomas. As a result, a panel of CD10, h-caldesmon, and desmin should be used and will distinguish endometrial stromal tumors from highly cellular leiomyomas in most cases. 3) In contrast to a previous study, no significant differences in immunoreactivity were seen between h-caldesmon and desmin in tumors with smooth muscle differentiation. 4) The absence of h-caldesmon in UTROSCTs helps separate them from epithelioid smooth muscle tumors. 5) UTROSCTs may express epithelial, stromal, and smooth muscle markers, suggesting divergent differentiation. 6) Our study shows less frequent inhibin expression in the sex cord-like elements of the UTROSCTs than in other studies. 7) c-kit may help distinguish metastatic endometrial stromal tumors of the uterus (c-kit negative) from gastrointestinal stromal tumors (c-kit positive). 8) CD34, CD99, and keratin have no or minimal role in this area, but keratin positivity in smooth muscle tumors should not lead to their confusion with epithelial tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Oliva
- James Homer Wright Pathology Laboratories of the Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
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30
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Heinrich MC, Blanke CD, Druker BJ, Corless CL. Inhibition of KIT tyrosine kinase activity: a novel molecular approach to the treatment of KIT-positive malignancies. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20:1692-703. [PMID: 11896121 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2002.20.6.1692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Activation of the KIT tyrosine kinase by somatic mutation has been documented in a number of human malignancies, including gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), seminoma, acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), and mastocytosis. In addition, paracrine or autocrine activation of this kinase has been postulated in numerous other malignancies, including small-cell lung cancer and ovarian cancer. In this review, we discuss the rationale for and development of KIT tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the treatment of human malignancies. MATERIALS AND METHODS Studies were identified through a MEDLINE search, review of bibliographies of relevant articles, and review of abstracts from national meetings. RESULTS Four tyrosine kinase inhibitors that have activity against KIT are currently being used in clinical trials, and one, STI571, has recently been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for treating patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia. The role of KIT inhibitors in treating KIT-positive malignancies is reviewed. CONCLUSION Targeted therapy to inhibit the kinase activity of KIT is a rational approach to the treatment of KIT-positive malignancies. Two key factors are the potency of a given inhibitor and the relative contribution of KIT activation to the growth of the tumor. Given our current understanding of KIT activity in human malignancy, the best candidate diseases for treatment with KIT inhibitors are GIST, mastocytosis, seminoma and possibly some cases of AML. Additionally, KIT inhibitors may play an adjunctive role in diseases such as small-cell lung cancer, in which KIT activation is secondary to ligand binding rather than an acquired mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Heinrich
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University, USA.
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