PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation

Financial inclusion for people with disability: a scoping review

BACKGROUND

Financial exclusion is a human rights issue affecting health equity. Evidence demonstrates that financial exclusion is exacerbated for people with disability and those in low- to middle-income countries (LMIC). Barriers to financial access include limited demand for services, banking inadequacies in catering to people with disability, and insufficiently accessible information technologies (ICT) and infrastructure.

OBJECTIVES

This scoping review sought to identify barriers to and facilitators of financial inclusion for people with disability in LMIC. As a secondary objective, the study explored the potential of financial education and ICT utilisation as viable strategies for enhancing financial inclusion.

METHODS

This review utilised the Arksey and O'Malley framework and PRISMA Checklist for systematic literature examination and data extraction. The WHO's Environmental Factors guided the analysis to propose potential interventions and to generate recommendations.

RESULTS

The review analysed 26 publications from various global regions and fields including finance, business, technology, health and disability policy. It identified consistent financial inclusion barriers for people with disability, resulting in a set of global recommendations across attitudes, environment, technology, services, and policy.

CONCLUSIONS

Recommendations include using ICT, digital innovation and multi-stakeholder collaboration to address the financial barriers experienced by people with disability. These efforts, rooted in social justice, aim to include people with disability in LMIC as valued financial sector participants, promoting health and equity.

A scoping review of active, participant centred, digital adverse events following immunization (AEFI) surveillance of WHO approved COVID-19 vaccines: A Canadian immunization Research Network study

This scoping review examines the role of digital solutions in active, participant-centered surveillance of adverse events following initial release of COVID-19 vaccines. The goals of this paper were to examine the existing literature surrounding digital solutions and technology used for active, participant centered, AEFI surveillance of novel COVID-19 vaccines approved by WHO. This paper also aimed to identify gaps in literature surrounding digital, active, participant centered AEFI surveillance systems and to identify and describe the core components of active, participant centered, digital surveillance systems being used for post-market AEFI surveillance of WHO approved COVID-19 vaccines, with a focus on the digital solutions and technology being used, the type of AEFI detected, and the populations under surveillance. The findings highlight the need for customized surveillance systems based on local contexts and the lessons learned to improve future vaccine monitoring and pandemic preparedness.

Games to support teaching clinical reasoning in health professions education: a scoping review

INTRODUCTION

Given the complexity of teaching clinical reasoning to (future) healthcare professionals, the utilization of serious games has become popular for supporting clinical reasoning education. This scoping review outlines games designed to support teaching clinical reasoning in health professions education, with a specific emphasis on their alignment with the 8-step clinical reasoning cycle and the reflective practice framework, fundamental for effective learning.

METHODS

A scoping review using systematic searches across seven databases (PubMed, CINAHL, ERIC, PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase) was conducted. Game characteristics, technical requirements, and incorporation of clinical reasoning cycle steps were analyzed. Additional game information was obtained from the authors.

RESULTS

Nineteen unique games emerged, primarily simulation and escape room genres. Most games incorporated the following clinical reasoning steps: patient consideration (step 1), cue collection (step 2), intervention (step 6), and outcome evaluation (step 7). Processing information (step 3) and understanding the patient's problem (step 4) were less prevalent, while goal setting (step 5) and reflection (step 8) were least integrated.

CONCLUSION

All serious games reviewed show potential for improving clinical reasoning skills, but thoughtful alignment with learning objectives and contextual factors is vital. While this study aids health professions educators in understanding how games may support teaching of clinical reasoning, further research is needed to optimize their effective use in education. Notably, most games lack explicit incorporation of all clinical reasoning cycle steps, especially reflection, limiting its role in reflective practice. Hence, we recommend prioritizing a systematic clinical reasoning model with explicit reflective steps when using serious games for teaching clinical reasoning.

Facilitators and barriers to online group work in higher education within health sciences - a scoping review

INTRODUCTION

In health education, group work is essential to prepare students for working in health care and medical teams. Following the widespread adoption of online teaching, group work increasingly takes place in online environments. Although successful group work can provide good learning outcomes, it is unclear what facilitates or hinders online group work in health science education, and to what extent this topic has been addressed. Thus, this scoping review aimed to identify the facilitators and barriers to online group work in higher health education, provide an overview of the scientific literature related to the topic, and identify knowledge gaps in the research.

METHODS

This scoping review was guided by the methodological framework described by Arksey and O'Malley, and reporting is in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Extension for Scoping Review (PRISMA-ScR). Eight online databases were searched for scientific articles published between 2012 and 2022. At least two researchers independently screened records and full-text articles and charted data including article characteristics and key information related to the research question. Findings were categorized and summarized based on the Community of Inquiry Framework.

RESULTS

After screening 3671 records and 466 full-text articles, 39 articles met the inclusion criteria. The review revealed smaller group size, consistency in group composition and joint responsibility to be facilitators. Challenges with group communication, scheduling synchronous meetings and technical issues were identified as barriers. Our findings supported the importance of all three elements of the Community of Inquiry Framework: social, cognitive, and teaching presence.

CONCLUSION

This review provides an overview of facilitators and barriers to online group work in health science education. However, there is a need for further investigation of these factors and studies addressing this topic from the teachers' perspective.

Impact of first-trimester anomaly scan on health-related quality of life and healthcare costs: a scoping review

IMPORTANCE

The first-trimester anomaly scan (FTAS) has the potential to detect major congenital anomalies in an early stage of pregnancy. Due to this potential early detection, there is a trend to introduce FTAS in regular care. Data regarding the impact of FTAS on the patient's perspective are limited.

OBJECTIVE

To provide an overview of the literature assessing the impact of the FTAS on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and healthcare costs.

EVIDENCE ACQUISITION

Literature search was performed in Embase, PubMed, Medline Ovid, Cochrane Library database, Web-of-Science, and Google Scholar were searched. All studies that reported the performance of a nuchal translucency measurement with a basic fetal assessment HRQoL or healthcare costs of FTAS were included. Studies solely describing screening of chromosomal anomalies were excluded. Three authors independently screened the studies and extracted the data. Results were combined using descriptive analysis. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42016045190.

RESULTS

The search yielded 3242 articles and 16 were included. Thirteen articles (7045 pregnancies) examined the relationship between FTAS and HRQoL. Anxiety scores were raised temporarily before FTAS and returned to early pregnancy baseline following the absence of anomalies. Depression scores did not change significantly as a result of FTAS. Three articles studied healthcare costs. These studies, published before 2005, found a combination of FTAS and second-trimester anomaly scan (STAS) resulted in an increased amount of detected anomalies when compared to a STAS-only regimen. However, the combination would also be more costly.

CONCLUSIONS

Women experience anxiety in anticipation of the FTAS result and following a reassuring FTAS result, anxiety returns to the baseline level. FTAS seems to be a reassuring experience. The included studies on costs showed the addition of FTAS is likely to increase the number of detected anomalies against an increase in healthcare costs per pregnancy.Review registration: PROSPERO CRD42016045190.

Use of telehealth for paediatric rehabilitation needs of Indigenous children - a scoping review

Telerehabilitation is proposed as a promising avenue to enhance service accessibility for Indigenous communities, yet its application for Indigenous children remains relatively unexplored. This scoping review followed the PRISMA-ScR framework to explore current knowledge on the use of telerehabilitation for Indigenous children. Ten scholarly databases, seven grey literature databases, reference searches, and expert consultations were utilised to identify relevant studies. Included articles discussed the use of telerehabilitation provided by rehabilitation professionals (e.g. occupational therapist (OT), physical therapist (PT), speech and language pathologist (SLP) to Indigenous children and/or caregivers. Seven studies were included. Telerehabilitation was explored in different ways, the most common being real-time videoconferencing by SLPs. While some studies explicitly acknowledged cultural responsiveness within both the research process and the intervention, most were not designed for Indigenous children and their caregivers; rather, these participants were included with non-Indigenous participants. Successful implementation and sustainability of telerehabilitation services requires addressing technological limitations, understanding, and respecting diverse worldviews, and co-developing services to meet the unique needs of Indigenous families. Telerehabilitation has been rarely used with Indigenous children and when it was, little attention was given to cultural considerations. These findings emphasise that future telerehabilitation interventions should be truly community-led to ensure cultural relevance.

Publicly available datasets of breast histopathology H&E whole-slide images: A scoping review

Advancements in digital pathology and computing resources have made a significant impact in the field of computational pathology for breast cancer diagnosis and treatment. However, access to high-quality labeled histopathological images of breast cancer is a big challenge that limits the development of accurate and robust deep learning models. In this scoping review, we identified the publicly available datasets of breast H&E-stained whole-slide images (WSIs) that can be used to develop deep learning algorithms. We systematically searched 9 scientific literature databases and 9 research data repositories and found 17 publicly available datasets containing 10 385 H&E WSIs of breast cancer. Moreover, we reported image metadata and characteristics for each dataset to assist researchers in selecting proper datasets for specific tasks in breast cancer computational pathology. In addition, we compiled 2 lists of breast H&E patches and private datasets as supplementary resources for researchers. Notably, only 28% of the included articles utilized multiple datasets, and only 14% used an external validation set, suggesting that the performance of other developed models may be susceptible to overestimation. The TCGA-BRCA was used in 52% of the selected studies. This dataset has a considerable selection bias that can impact the robustness and generalizability of the trained algorithms. There is also a lack of consistent metadata reporting of breast WSI datasets that can be an issue in developing accurate deep learning models, indicating the necessity of establishing explicit guidelines for documenting breast WSI dataset characteristics and metadata.

Programs supporting incarcerated and previously incarcerated indigenous peoples: a scoping review protocol

The overincarceration of Indigenous peoples and its impacts on individual and community health is a growing concern across Canada and the United States. Federally run Healing Lodges in Canada are an example of support services for incarcerated and previously incarcerated Indigenous peoples to reintegrate into community and support their healing journey. However, there is a need to synthesise research which investigates these programmes. We report a protocol for a scoping review that is guided by the following research question: What is known about culturally informed programmes and services available to incarcerated and previously incarcerated Indigenous peoples in Canada and the US? This scoping review will follow guidelines published by the Joanna Briggs Institute and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping reviews. This review will only identify programmes that are guided by Indigenous ways of being and knowing in order to best serve Indigenous communities and our community partners. The results of this review will support the development of programmes that are necessary for understanding and addressing the diverse needs of incarcerated and previously incarcerated Indigenous peoples.

A scoping review of factors associated with self-management in young adults with stroke

PURPOSE

To synthesize the available evidence on factors associated with self-management behavior in young stroke patients.

METHODS

The methodological guidelines for scoping reviews developed by the Joanna Briggs Institute and the PRISMA-scR-checklist for scoping reviews were used. A total of 5586 studies were identified through bibliographic searches of the scientific databases Medline (OVID), Embase (OVID), CINAHL (EBSCO), and PsycINFO, limited to the period 2000-2023. Studies were independently assessed for inclusion and exclusion criteria by two reviewers. Quantitative observational data and qualitative studies were extracted, mapped, and summarized to provide a descriptive summary of trends and considerations for future research.

RESULTS

Nine papers were finally selected to answer the research question. Young patients' self-management was mainly influenced by demographic factors (age, gender, income, education, and stroke knowledge), disease-related factors (functionality and independence, duration of stroke diagnosis, cognitive function, and poststroke fatigue), and psychosocial factors (hardiness, spiritual self-care, self-efficacy, and social support).

CONCLUSION

Further research is needed to determine the trajectory of poststroke self-management over time and its potential predictors, which should lead to the development of specific stroke rehabilitation and stroke self-management support programs for young people (considering factors that influence return to work in young stroke patients' self-management).

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS

Healthcare providers can design more efficient interventions to improve the quality of life of young stroke patients after discharge. Gaining an in-depth understanding of the factors that influence self-management can help achieve this.

Health literacy friendly organizations - A scoping review about promoting health literacy in a surgical setting

OBJECTIVE

This review aims to describe interventions that promote health literacy in a surgical setting and identify knowledge gaps for future research.

METHODS

A scoping review with a systematic search was performed in Medline, CINAHL, Scopus, and Web of Science between January 1, 2012, and January 23, 2024. All screening was conducted using the Covidence software. In total, the search yielded 6 281 articles.

RESULTS

Eighteen articles were included in the results. Studies were heterogeneous regarding the type of health literacy measured, type of surgery, and type of intervention. Most interventions were educational to improve knowledge, decision making or health literacy through digital media, group sessions or consent forms. Most interventions had a positive impact on health literacy.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with limited health literacy may benefit from a variety of interventions. However, research in this area is sparse. Further research is needed into interventions that may be beneficial for patients.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS

Measure, evaluate and implement health literacy-friendly options to ensure people can make safe and sound decisions for their care. Researchers need to consider the type of health literacy investigated and the type of instrument used in the research.

The role of time in involving patients with cancer in treatment decision making: A scoping review

BACKGROUND

Time is often perceived as a barrier to shared decision making in cancer care. It remains unclear how time functions as a barrier and how it could be most effectively utilized.

OBJECTIVE

This scoping review aimed to describe the role of time in patient involvement, and identify strategies to overcome time-related barriers.

METHODS

Seven databases were searched for any publications on patient involvement in cancer treatment decisions, focusing on how time is used to involve patients, the association between time and patient involvement, and/or strategies to overcome time-related barriers. Reviewers worked independently and in duplicate to select publications and extract data. One coder thematically analyzed data, a second coder checked these analyses.

RESULTS

The analysis of 26 eligible publications revealed four themes. Time was a resource 1) to process the diagnosis, 2) to obtain/process/consider information, 3) for patients and clinicians to spend together, and 4) for patient involvement in making decisions.

DISCUSSION

Time is a resource throughout the treatment decision-making process, and generic strategies have been proposed to overcome time constraints.

PRACTICE VALUE

Clinicians could co-create decision-making timelines with patients, spread decisions across several consultations, share written information with patients, and support healthcare redesigns that allocate the necessary time.

Permanent and decidua dentition as chronological biomarkers of heavy metal contamination: A review of the forensic literature

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Contamination with heavy metals (HM) has great environmental consequences in the environment due to lack of biodegradation, in addition, accumulation in living beings causes defects in tissues and organs, deteriorating their function and inducing a wide spectrum of diseases. Human biomonitoring consists of the periodic measurement of a certain chemical substance or metabolite in a particular population, using matrices that can be acute or chronic. Teeth are chronic matrices that have great characteristics of resistance and chronological storage of information. This review aims to identify the mechanisms, spatial location, and affinity of HM within teeth, along with understanding its applicability as a chronological record matrix in the face of HM contamination.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A systematic search review was performed using the PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, and Scopus metasearch engines, and the terms "teeth" OR "dental" OR "tooth" AND "heavy metals" were intersected. Complete articles are included in Spanish, English and Portuguese without time restrictions, involving studies in humans or in vitro; Letters to the editor, editorials and those that did not refer to information on the incorporation and relationship of HM with the teeth were excluded.

RESULTS

837 published articles were detected, 91 were adjusted to the search objective, and 6 were manually included. Teeth are structures with a great capacity for information retention in the face of HM contamination due to low physiological turnover and their long processes of marked formations by developmental biorhythm milestones such as the neonatal line (temporal reference indicator). The contamination mechanisms inside the tooth are linked to the affinity of hydroxyapatite for HM; this incorporation can be in the soft matrix during the apposition phase or as part of the chemical exchanges between hydroxyapatite and the elements of the environment.

CONCLUSION

The teeth present unique characteristics of great resistance and affinity for HM, as well as a chronological biomarker for human biomonitoring, so they can be used as means of expertise or evidence to confirm or rule out a fact of environmental characteristics in the legal field.

A Social Work Analysis of Facilitators of and Barriers to Adopting Technology in Older Adults: A Systematic Literature Review

Increasing concern within social work about delivering comprehensive and high-quality care to older adults necessitates exploring their interest in information and communication technologies. The aim is to determine, via a systematic review using the PRISMA method, how the scientific literature on older adults' technology experiences through the lens of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). The review differentiates between enabling factors and barriers that influence older adults' use and acceptance of technology from their own perspective. It provides social workers with a comprehensive overview of use of technologies and identify general guidelines to enhance older adults' personal and communal autonomy.

What value structure underlies shared decision making? A qualitative synthesis of models of shared decision making

OBJECTIVE

To construct the underlying value structure of shared decision making (SDM) models.

METHOD

We included previously identified SDM models (n = 40) and 15 additional ones. Using a thematic analysis, we coded the data using Schwartz's value theory to define values in SDM and to investigate value relations.

RESULTS

We identified and defined eight values and developed three themes based on their relations: shared control, a safe and supportive environment, and decisions tailored to patients. We constructed a value structure based on the value relations and themes: the interplay of healthcare professionals' (HCPs) and patients' skills [Achievement], support for a patient [Benevolence], and a good relationship between HCP and patient [Security] all facilitate patients' autonomy [Self-Direction]. These values enable a more balanced relationship between HCP and patient and tailored decision making [Universalism].

CONCLUSION

SDM can be realized by an interplay of values. The values Benevolence and Security deserve more explicit attention, and may especially increase vulnerable patients' Self-Direction.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS

This value structure enables a comparison of values underlying SDM with those of specific populations, facilitating the incorporation of patients' values into treatment decision making. It may also inform the development of SDM measures, interventions, education programs, and HCPs when practicing.

The effect of scripted debriefing in resuscitation training: A scoping review

Objectives

To evaluate the effectiveness of scripted debriefing relative to no use of script during debriefing in resuscitation training.

Methods

This scoping review was undertaken as part of the continuous evidence evaluation process of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) and based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) extension for scoping review. MEDLINE, EMBASE, and SCOPUS were searched from inception to January 2024. We included all published studies comparing scripted debriefing vs non-scripted debriefing evaluating patient outcomes, behaviour change of learners, learning outcomes for learners and cognitive load and teaching quality for instructors.

Results

Our initial literature search identified 1238 citations. After removing 552 duplicates, reviewing the titles and abstracts of the remaining 686 articles yielded 11 for full-text review. Of these, six articles were selected for inclusion in the final analysis. The six studies described debriefing scripts varying in content, framework, scripted language and the integration of objective data. Scripted debriefing improved CPR performance, team leadership skills and knowledge acquisition, but showed no difference in teamwork performance compared to non-scripted debriefing. Scripted debriefing also improved debriefing quality and decreased cognitive load of the instructor during resuscitation training.

Conclusion

The use of a debriefing script during resuscitation education can improve CPR performance, team leader performance, knowledge acquisition and reduce the debriefer's cognitive load. Future research should explore how debriefing scripts can be designed to optimize learning outcomes.

Experiences of families with children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder in World Health Organization Afro-Regions: A scoping review

A scoping review on Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and its impact on the families of affected children was undertaken due to insufficient information available on the diverse experiences impacting their lives. Using the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology, eligibility criteria were guided by Population (families), Concept (family experiences), and Context (African region). English-language articles were sought from a variety of databases and search engines. The publication date of the identified articles ranged from 2003 to 2021 with most published in 2020 (n = 10), and the majority using qualitative methodologies (n = 51). Most family members involved were parents (n = 51) and their ages ranged from 18 to 75 years. The families experienced various challenges related to their child with regard to education, healthcare, and the broader community including lack of support. Family coping strategies included believing in God, attending counseling sessions, adapting, and accepting the situation. Healthcare professionals should be prepared and positioned to educate families and siblings on various aspects of ASD. There is a need for active, continued research on families within most countries of World Health Organization Afro-region.

Development and evaluation of shared decision-making tools in rheumatology: A scoping review

INTRODUCTION

Shared decision-making (SDM) tools are facilitators of decision-making through a collaborative process between patients/caregivers and clinicians. These tools help clinicians understand patient's perspectives and help patients in making informed decisions based on their preferences. Despite their usefulness for both patients and clinicians, SDM tools are not widely implemented in everyday practice. One barrier is the lack of clarity on the development and evaluation processes of these tools. Such processes have not been previously described in the field of rheumatology.

OBJECTIVE

To describe the development and evaluation processes of shared decision-making (SDM) tools used in rheumatology.

METHODS

Bibliographic databases (e.g., EMBASE and CINAHL) were searched for relevant articles. Guidelines for the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews were followed. Studies included were: addressing SDM among adults in rheumatology, focusing on development and/or evaluation of SDM tool, full texts, empirical research, and in the English language.

RESULTS

Of the 2030 records screened, forty-six reports addressing 36 SDM tools were included. Development basis and evaluation measures varied across the studies. The most commonly reported development basis was the International Patient Decision Aids Standards (IPDAS) criteria (19/36, 53 %). Other developmental foundations reported were: The Ottawa Decision Support Framework (ODSF) (6/36, 16 %), Informed Medical Decision Foundation elements (3/36, 8 %), edutainment principles (2/36, 5.5 %), and others (e.g. DISCERN and MARKOV Model) (9/31,29 %). The most commonly used evaluation measures were the Decisional Conflict Scale (18/46, 39 %), acceptability and knowledge (7/46, 15 %), and the preparation for decision-making scale (5/46,11 %).

CONCLUSION

For better quality and wider implementation of such tools, there is a need for detailed, transparent, systematic, and consistent reporting of development methods and evaluation measures. Using established checklists for reporting development and evaluation is encouraged.

The use of sentiment and emotion analysis and data science to assess the language of nutrition-, food- and cooking-related content on social media: a systematic scoping review

Social media data are rapidly evolving and accessible, which presents opportunities for research. Data science techniques, such as sentiment or emotion analysis which analyse textual emotion, provide an opportunity to gather insight from social media. This paper describes a systematic scoping review of interdisciplinary evidence to explore how sentiment or emotion analysis methods alongside other data science methods have been used to examine nutrition, food and cooking social media content. A PRISMA search strategy was used to search nine electronic databases in November 2020 and January 2022. Of 7325 studies identified, thirty-six studies were selected from seventeen countries, and content was analysed thematically and summarised in an evidence table. Studies were published between 2014 and 2022 and used data from seven different social media platforms (Twitter, YouTube, Instagram, Reddit, Pinterest, Sina Weibo and mixed platforms). Five themes of research were identified: dietary patterns, cooking and recipes, diet and health, public health and nutrition and food in general. Papers developed a sentiment or emotion analysis tool or used available open-source tools. Accuracy to predict sentiment ranged from 33·33% (open-source engine) to 98·53% (engine developed for the study). The average proportion of sentiment was 38·8% positive, 46·6% neutral and 28·0% negative. Additional data science techniques used included topic modelling and network analysis. Future research requires optimising data extraction processes from social media platforms, the use of interdisciplinary teams to develop suitable and accurate methods for the subject and the use of complementary methods to gather deeper insights into these complex data.

Quantifying Hitting Load in Racket Sports: A Scoping Review of Key Technologies

PURPOSE

This scoping review aims to identify the primary racket and arm-mounted technologies based on inertial measurement units that enable the quantification of hitting load in racket sports.

METHODS

A comprehensive search of several databases (PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, and IEEE Xplore) and Google search engines was conducted following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) extension for scoping reviews guidelines. Included records primarily focused on monitoring hitting load in racket sports using commercialized racket or arm-mounted inertial sensors through noncompetitive and competitive racket-sports players.

RESULTS

A total of 484 records were identified, and 19 finally met the inclusion criteria. The largest number of systems found were compatible with tennis (n = 11), followed by badminton (n = 4), table tennis (n = 2), padel (n = 1), and squash (n = 1). Four sensor locations were identified: grip-attached (n = 8), grip-embedded (n = 6), wrist (n = 3), and dampener sensors (n = 2). Among the tennis sensors, only 4 out of the 11 (36.4%) demonstrated excellent reliability (>.85) in monitoring the number of shots hit either during analytic drills or during simulated matches. None of the other racket-sports sensors have undergone successful, reliable validation for hitting-volume quantification.

CONCLUSIONS

Despite recent advancements in this field, the quantification of hitting volume in racket sports remains a challenge, with only a limited number of tennis devices demonstrating reliable results. Thus, further progress in technology and research is essential to develop comprehensive solutions that adequately address these specific requirements.

Small-scale wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) for infectious diseases and antibiotic resistance: A scoping review

Wastewater analysis can serve as a source of public health information. In recent years, wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has emerged and proven useful for the detection of infectious diseases. However, insights from the wastewater treatment plant do not allow for the small-scale differentiation within the sewer system that is needed to analyze the target population under study in more detail. Small-scale WBE offers several advantages, but there has been no systematic overview of its application. The aim of this scoping review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge on small-scale WBE for infectious diseases, including methodological considerations for its application. A systematic database search was conducted, considering only peer-reviewed articles. Data analyses included quantitative summary and qualitative narrative synthesis. Of 2130 articles, we included 278, most of which were published since 2020. The studies analyzed wastewater at the building level (n = 203), especially healthcare (n = 110) and educational facilities (n = 80), and at the neighborhood scale (n = 86). The main analytical parameters were viruses (n = 178), notably SARS-CoV-2 (n = 161), and antibiotic resistance (ABR) biomarkers (n = 99), often analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), with DNA sequencing techniques being less common. In terms of sampling techniques, active sampling dominated. The frequent lack of detailed information on the specification of selection criteria and the characterization of the small-scale sampling sites was identified as a concern. In conclusion, based on the large number of studies, we identified several methodological considerations and overarching strategic aspects for small-scale WBE. An enabling environment for small-scale WBE requires inter- and transdisciplinary knowledge sharing across countries. Promoting the adoption of small-scale WBE will benefit from a common international conceptualization of the approach, including standardized and internationally accepted terminology. In particular, the development of good WBE practices for different aspects of small-scale WBE is warranted. This includes the establishment of guidelines for a comprehensive characterization of the local sewer system and its sub-sewersheds, and transparent reporting to ensure comparability of small-scale WBE results.

Cerebrovascular dysfunction and depressive symptoms in preclinical models: insights from a scoping review

Although existing literature supports associations between cerebrovascular dysfunction and the emergence of depression and depressive symptoms, relatively little is known about underlying mechanistic pathways that may explain potential relationships. As such, an integrated understanding of these relationships in preclinical models could provide insight into the nature of the relationship, basic mechanistic linkages, and areas in which additional investment should be targeted. This scoping review was conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Scopus to outline the relationship between depressive symptoms and cerebrovascular dysfunction in preclinical animal models with an additional focus on the areas above. From 3,438 articles initially identified, 15 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. All studies reported a positive association between the severity of markers for cerebrovascular dysfunction and that for depressive symptoms in rodent models and this spanned all models for either pathology. Specific mechanistic links between the two such as chronic inflammation, elevated vascular oxidant stress, and altered serotonergic signaling were highlighted. Notably, almost all studies addressed outcomes in male animals, with a near complete lack of data from females, and there was little consistency in terms of how cerebrovascular dysfunction was assessed. Across nearly all studies was a lack of clarity for any "cause and effect" relationship between depressive symptoms and cerebrovascular dysfunction. At this time, it is reasonable to conclude that a correlative relationship clearly exists between the two, and future investigation will be required to parse out more specific aspects of this relationship.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This scoping review presents a structured evaluation of all relevant existing literature linking cerebral vasculopathy to depressive symptom emergence in preclinical models. Results support a definite connection between vascular dysfunction and depressive symptoms, highlighting the importance of chronic elevations in inflammation and oxidant stress, and impaired serotonergic signaling. The review also identified significant knowledge gaps addressing male versus female differences and limited clear mechanistic links between cerebral vasculopathy and depressive symptoms.

Shared decision-making training embedded in undergraduate and postgraduate medical education: A scoping review

OBJECTIVE

This review mapped the published literature on shared decision-making (SDM) training embedded in undergraduate and/or postgraduate medical education.

METHODS

We conducted a scoping review following the framework proposed by Arksey and O'Malley. We searched ten databases and Google Scholar and manual searched reference list in included articles. Two researchers independently screened articles and extracted data. A narrative synthesis was used for data analysis.

RESULTS

This review identified 27 studies describing 25 unique SDM programs. Most programs integrated SDM training in undergraduate education, encompassing an overview of SDM theories and enhancing skills through role-plays. The programs duration ranged from one to 24 h. Overall, they improved students' SDM knowledge, attitude, confidence and skills, but the impact for students on patients is unclear due to lack of long-term follow-up.

CONCLUSION

The current SDM programs appear to be effectiveness in achieving short-term SDM-related outcomes. These programs were heterogeneous in their content, duration and delivery. Future research should concentrate on exploring the long-term impact of SDM programs, particularly students' application of SDM practices and patient outcomes.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS

Embedding SDM training in undergraduate and/or postgraduate medical education may be a practical and effective solution for current barriers to the widespread adoption of SDM.

Missed nursing care among nursing students: A scoping review

BACKGROUND

Nursing students report facing inconsistencies between theoretical knowledge and actualities of clinical practice, and research indicates they witness missed nursing care during clinical practice. Understanding nursing students' experiences can inform improved clinical learning environments and enhance patient care quality. Recently, research has focused on students' views regarding missed care, yet comprehensive understandings of this phenomenon are lacking.

OBJECTIVE

This review explored what is known about missed nursing care from perspectives of nursing students.

DESIGN

A scoping review according to Arksey and O'Malley's framework and Joanna Briggs Institute methodology was undertaken.

DATA SOURCES

Key databases were searched, including Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Scopus, ProQuest, PsycINFO and Web of Science in August 2023.

REVIEW METHODS

The review included qualitative, quantitative, and structured literature reviews published in English between 2006 and 2023. Inclusion and exclusion criteria and keywords guided the search. Data screening and extraction were independently performed by two reviewers. Included studies were analysed using descriptive statistics and narrative synthesis. Findings are reported in accordance with the PRISMA-ScR.

RESULTS

Of the 5873 articles identified, nine were included in the review. Studies were conducted in seven countries. Themes in students' perceptions included negligence of patients' rights and dignity, living in limbo, and pragmatic acceptance. Reasons for missed care included ineffective teamwork, lack of interest in caring, and inefficient leadership. Missed nursing care adversely affected patient health, hindered student learning and professional growth. Strategies for improvement included enhancing teamwork, enforcing ethical issues, increasing supervision, and creating commitment to work.

CONCLUSION

Missed nursing care affects patient safety and education of nursing students. Incorporating practical training modules into curricula, establishing preceptorship programs, and incorporating ethics education into clinical practice are crucial to address missed nursing care. Further research in diverse settings is warranted.

Pharmaceutical public health competencies for Thai pharmacists: A scoping review with expert consultation

Background

Thai pharmacists' roles have increasingly shifted to a system-focused role in providing public health services. A competency framework in this area is essential to workforce development.

Objective

This study aimed to summarize and synthesize the literature on pharmaceutical public health competencies of Thai pharmacists.

Methods

The Scopus, MEDLINE, and Web of Science (Clarivate) databases were searched. The search criteria included "public health", "health promotion", "primary care", "community pharmacy", "pharmacy" and "pharmacist". Documents published in English and Thai between January 2011 and December 2020 were also examined. Unpublished documents were included. A 3-step inductive coding technique was used to develop the competency framework. To validate the findings, a 2-round, modified Delphi method was employed with 20 Thai pharmaceutical specialists between August 2022 and January 2023. The Scale-level Content Validity Index (S-CVI) was used to assess validity.

Results

The database search yielded 1429 articles. Fifty-seven articles were selected. The analysis identified 5 competency domains. The domains, along with their related competency elements and behavioral statements, were provided for expert assessment. The S-CVI scores in the first and second rounds were 0.78 and 0.93, respectively. The terminology and categories of competencies have been improved. This outcome resulted in a pharmaceutical public health competency framework for Thai pharmacists. The framework consists of 5 competency domains: 1) individual and family health promotion (3 competency elements with 10 behavioral statements), 2) community empowerment for well-being communities (6 competency elements with 23 behavioral statements), 3) information management and evidence-based practice (3 competency elements with 10 behavioral statements), 4) communication for health promotion (3 competency elements with 6 behavioral statements), and 5) pharmacoepidemiology and support for public health emergencies and epidemics (2 competency elements with 5 behavioral statements).

Conclusion

Pharmaceutical public health competencies for Thai pharmacists were developed through extensive literature review and expert consultation.

Towards new perspectives: A scoping review and meta-synthesis to redefine brain health for multiple sclerosis

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Research promoting the health of the brain has increased exponentially over the last decade. The importance of 'brain health' for multiple sclerosis (MS), as one example, is a high priority. However, as research into the concept increases, so does varied use of the term.

METHODS

A scoping review, guided by the methodological framework of the Joanna Briggs Institute, was conducted to collate the evidence relating to brain health for MS. A comprehensive literature search incorporated six search strategies to retrieve both scientific and grey literature sources. All evidence sources were qualitatively charted and synthesized (meta-synthesis) according to their definition of brain health used, outcome measures and brain-healthy lifestyle elements.

RESULTS

Seventy evidence sources (34 peer reviewed, 36 grey literature) were eligible for inclusion. Of these, just over half (n = 40, 57%) provided a definition of brain health. The most common definition alluded to the biomedical model of neurological reserve (n = 22, 55%), a self-remodelling theory described to retain optimal brain function. Twenty-nine outcome measures of brain health were identified, the most frequent being magnetic resonance imaging metrics (n = 25, 83%). Physical activity was the most prevalent brain-healthy lifestyle element (n = 44), followed by avoidance of smoking (n = 26) and diet (n = 24).

CONCLUSIONS

Brain health should be considered a primary target for optimal disease and lifestyle management across the MS disease course. A working definition reflecting a shift from a medical lens towards broader biopsychosocial contexts that may influence brain health for people living with MS is proposed.

Self-management eHealth solutions for menopause - a systematic scoping review

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this scoping review was to highlight the current scientific evidence on eHealth-based information tools for menopause in terms of quality, requirements and previous intervention outcomes.

METHODS

We systematically searched electronic databases (Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Global Health Database [Ovid], Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov [NLM], LIVIVO Search Portal [ZB MED] and Google Scholar) from 1974 to March 2022 for relevant records.

RESULTS

Our search yielded 1773 records, of which 28 met our inclusion criteria. Thirteen of 28 selected studies were cross-sectional with qualitative content analysis of websites about menopause; 9 studies were cohort studies examining the impact of an eHealth intervention; two studies were randomized controlled trials comparing eHealth tools with conventional ones; and four studies were non-systematic literature reviews.

CONCLUSION

This scoping review highlights the potential of eHealth-based information tools for the management of menopause and shows that most eHealth-based information tools are inadequate in terms of readability and the balanced view on information. Providers of eHealth-based information tools should pay attention to a participatory design, readability, balance of content and the use of multimedia tools for information delivery to improve understanding.

Ethnic Minority Participation in Clinical Trials from Latin America and the Caribbean: A Scoping Review

We summarize the clinical trials (CTs) main characteristics, including members of ethnic minorities from Latin America. We carried out a systematic search in six databases. We made a descriptive synthesis of CTs, summarizing the characteristics, interventions, main findings, results, and conclusions reported. 4411 studies were acquired in search strategy, leaving 24 CTs in the final selection. Of these, ten were randomized, four were non-randomized, and the remainder had other designs. Most of the studies were carried out in the population of infants and children (08), ten of the studies included only women, and two studies included men. Nine studies were conducted in Mexico, with the Mayan ethnic minority being mostly evaluated (05). In only 15 it was mentioned that their research was approved by a research ethics committee. Finally, half of the CTs reported funding from international agencies and third reported funding from government agencies. Our results show that that CTs in ethnic minorities are limited and reduced to a few native peoples of the continent.

Barriers and Facilitators to Participation in Vigorous Lifestyle Physical Activity in Adults Aged 55-75 Years: A Scoping Review

Despite the well-known benefits of physical activity, less than half of adults aged 55-75 years participate in sufficient physical activity. Short bouts of vigorous intermittent lifestyle physical activity (VILPA) accumulated throughout the day can contribute toward the recommended volume of physical activity. A rich characterization of the barriers and facilitators to participation in VILPA is needed to develop targeted interventions. This scoping review aimed to identify barriers and facilitators to participation in different components of VILPA in adults aged 55-75 years, and to map barriers and facilitators to the Theoretical Domains Framework. Within the 18 eligible studies, the most prevalent barriers were related to a person's skills, environmental context, and social influences. Most facilitators were related to a person's goals, social influences, and environmental context. Interventions to promote VILPA should test the effectiveness of behavioral change measures related to the unique barriers and facilitators in this age group.

Quantitative sensory testing for assessment of somatosensory function in children and adolescents: a scoping review

Quantitative sensory testing (QST) refers to a group of noninvasive psychophysical tests that examine responses to a range of calibrated mechanical and thermal stimuli. Quantitative sensory testing has been used extensively in adult pain research and has more recently been applied to pediatric pain research. The aims of this scoping review were to map the current state of the field, to identify gaps in the literature, and to inform directions for future research. Comprehensive searches were run in 5 databases. Titles, abstracts, and full texts were screened by 2 reviewers. Data related to the study aims were extracted and analyzed descriptively. A total of 16,894 unique studies were identified, of which 505 were screened for eligibility. After a full-text review, 301 studies were retained for analysis. Date of publication ranged from 1966 to 2023. However, the majority of studies (61%) were published within the last decade. Studies included participants across the developmental trajectory (ie, early childhood to adolescence) and most often included a combination of school-age children and adolescents (49%). Approximately 23% of studies were conducted in healthy samples. Most studies (71%) used only one QST modality. Only 14% of studies reported using a standardized QST protocol. Quantitative sensory testing in pediatric populations is an emerging and rapidly growing area of pain research. Future work is needed using comprehensive, standardized QST protocols to harness the full potential that this procedure can offer to our understanding of pediatric pain.

Reducing the drug burden of sedative and anticholinergic medications in older adults: a scoping review of explicit decision criteria

OBJECTIVES

To describe the extent, characteristics, and knowledge gaps regarding explicit decision criteria for deprescribing drugs with anticholinergic or sedative properties (Ach/Sed) in older adults.

DESIGN

Scoping review.

SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS

Original studies, clinical trial protocols, grey literature, and Summaries of Product Characteristics.

METHODS

Searches targeting explicit decision criteria for deprescribing Ach/Sed were performed across MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Web of Science, including trial registries (clinicaltrials.gov, ICTRP, EU-CTR, ANZCTR) for pertinent articles, study protocols. Additionally, to encompass non-traditional or 'grey literature' sources, Google searches and relevant agency websites were explored, alongside the summary of product characteristics for Ach/Sed.

RESULTS

The initial literature search identified 8,192 unique data sources. After review, 188 original articles or books, 79 internet sources, and 127 SmPCs were included. Examining these sources for explicit criteria for 154 Ach/Sed, overall, 1,271 explicit criteria guidance for identifying clinical scenarios warranting deprescription of Ach/Sed across 145/154 Ach/Sed were identified. These criteria were identified mainly from qualitative research and Summaries of Product Characteristics. Additionally, 455 criteria-based recommendations suggesting approaches for tapering implementation across 76/154 Ach/Sed were identified, mostly from sources classified as expert opinions. Significant heterogeneity was found across the approaches for tapering Ach/Sed.

CONCLUSIONS

This scoping review provides a comprehensive overview of the literature providing guidance for clinical scenarios where Ach/Sed should be deprescribed and highlights the existing knowledge gaps regarding comprehensive guidance on tapering these drugs which warranties future research and development.

Quality assessment of health science-related short videos on TikTok: A scoping review

OBJECTIVE

The aims of this review are to clarify the current state of research in terms of assessment tools and assessors of the quality of health science-related short videos on TikTok, to identify limitations in existing research; and to provide a reference for future studies.

METHODS

A scoping review was conducted. The Cochrane Library, PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, EBSCO, CNKI, VIP, Wanfang Data, and CBM databases were searched from September 2016 to November 2022. Manual searching was also performed to identify additional eligible studies. A total of 2620 documents were initially retrieved, and 29 were ultimately included. The literature was screened and collected, and data were extracted and summarized by 2 researchers.

RESULTS

(1) The quality evaluation tools used in the 29 papers included the DISCERN, PEMAT(A/V), GQS, JAMA, HONcode, guidelines and self-developed tools. Twenty-four of the included articles used the DISCERN for quality assessment, which was the most frequently used evaluation tool. However, most of these tools were not developed to assess health science-related short videos, lacked credibility tests, and had poor applicability; therefore, the accuracy of the evaluation results might be biased. (2) The assessors of the quality of health science-related short videos on TikTok were mainly experts in related fields and medical students, with doctors (12/14) being the most common evaluators. Fifteen studies did not report the identity of the evaluators, and 12 studies did not report interrater reliability.

CONCLUSION

This scoping review found that there is a lack of specific quality assessment tools for health science-related short videos on TikTok. Second, the current quality assessors of health science-related short videos on TikTok are limited. Future research should focus on the development of reliable, scientific quality assessment tools for health science-related short videos; unifying the evaluation standards; inviting users with different backgrounds and different health literacy levels to conduct quality assessments; exploring the quality assessment of health science-related short videos on TikTok from different perspectives.

Research Guided by the Theory of Care-Seeking Behavior: A Scoping Review

BACKGROUND

A particular Theory of Care-Seeking Behavior was developed to explain care-seeking behavior with psychosocial concepts, external conditions, and clinical and demographic factors. Having a careful review of studies based on this theory could guide future research on care-seeking behaviors.

OBJECTIVES

With a scoping review: describe characteristics of studies guided by a Theory of Care-Seeking Behavior, summarize support for the relationships of proposed, explanatory variables with care-seeking behaviors, and examine support for propositions in the theory.

METHOD

Searching 5 electronic databases, we sought studies that were: full-text, peer-reviewed, in English, data-based, guided by the theory, and published from January 1, 1992, to January 1, 2022.

RESULTS

Across 18 identified articles, the behaviors studied included: symptomatic screening (n = 8), asymptomatic screening (n = 7), and care-seeking behaviors for either screening or symptoms (n = 3). A total of 3328 adults participated in the studies. In 16 studies, all participants were female. In 60% to 83% of studies, researchers had reported findings that supported the relationships of explanatory concepts with care-seeking behavior. Among the 7 studies that tested the 2 propositions of theory, all 7 tests failed to support the proposition that clinical and demographic factors influence care-seeking behavior indirectly through psychosocial variables. Six tests supported the proposition that psychosocial variables influence behavior conditionally, on external conditions.

CONCLUSIONS

Relationships of these explanatory variables with care-seeking behaviors were supported, as was 1 of 2 propositions. The Theory of Care-Seeking Behavior can be applied to new clinical situations to continue to build knowledge of the theory and understanding of care-seeking behaviors.

Best Practices to Support Maternal Mental Health During the Transition from Neonatal Intensive Care Unit to Home: A Scoping Review

Mothers with an infant hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) are at an increased risk of mental health concerns, including depression and anxiety. Successful mental health support during the critical time of transition from hospital to home requires careful consideration of the mothers' mental health beginning during the NICU stay. Major themes from a scoping review to identify best practices to support maternal mental health include (1) comprehensive evaluation of needs and continuity of care, (2) key role of in-person support, and (3) the potential to use technology-based support to increase mental health support.

Findings Favor Haptics Feedback in Virtual Simulation Surgical Education: An Updated Systematic and Scoping Review

BACKGROUND

Virtual simulations (VSs) enhance clinical competencies and skills. However, a previous systematic review of 9 RCT studies highlighted a paucity of literature on the effects of haptic feedback in surgical VSs. An updated systematic and scoping review was conducted to encompass more studies and a broader range of study methodologies.

METHODS

A systematic literature search was conducted on July 31, 2023, in MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane. English language studies comparing haptic vs non-haptic conditions and using VSs were included. Studies were evaluated and reported using PRISMA-ScR guidelines.

RESULTS

Out of 2782 initial studies, 51 were included in the review. Most studies used RCT (21) or crossover (23) methodologies with medical residents, students, and attending physicians. Most used post-intervention metrics, while some used pre- and post-intervention metrics. Overall, 34 performance results from studies favored haptics, 3 favored non-haptics, and the rest showed mixed or equal results.

CONCLUSION

This updated review highlights the diverse application of haptic technology in surgical VSs. Haptics generally enhances performance, complements traditional teaching methods, and offers personalized learning with adequate simulator validation. However, a sparsity of orienting to the simulator, pre-/post-study designs, and small sample sizes poses concerns with the validity of the results. We underscore the urgent need for standardized protocols, large-scale studies, and nuanced understanding of haptic feedback integration. We also accentuate the significance of simulator validation, personalized learning potential, and the need for researcher, educator, and manufacturer collaboration. This review is a guidepost for navigating the complexities and advancements in haptic-enhanced surgical VSs.

Swimming for low back pain: A scoping review

BACKGROUND

Guidelines recommend exercise for treatment of chronic low back pain and prevention, but the amount and quality of evidence for different exercise modes is highly variable. Swimming is commonly recommended by health professionals, but the extent and quality of research supporting its relationship with back pain is not clear.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this scoping review was to map the extent, characteristics and findings of research investigating the relationship between swimming and low back pain.

DESIGN

Scoping review.

METHOD

Four electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and SPORT Discus) were searched from inception to February 2023. We included primary studies and reviews that reported an association between swimming and low back pain. Hydrotherapy studies were excluded.

RESULTS

3093 articles were identified, and 44 studies included. Only one randomised controlled trial and one longitudinal cohort study were included. Most studies were cross-sectional (37/44; 84.1%), included competitive athletes (23/39; 59.0%), and did not primarily focus on the association between swimming and low back pain in the aims (41/44; 93.2%). Instead, most data available were largely incidentally collected or a secondary outcome. The reported associations between swimming and low back pain were highly variable regardless of whether the comparison was to other sports (odds ratio: 0.17 to 17.92) or no sport (odds ratio: 0.54 to 3.01).

CONCLUSION

Most available literature investigating swimming and low back pain is cross-sectional in design. We did not identify any clear pattern of association between swimming and low back pain, based on the available literature.

Inflation and health: a global scoping review

High levels of economic inflation can adversely affect societies and individuals in many ways. Although numerous studies explore the health implications of macroeconomic factors, systematic investigation of the inflation-health nexus has been scarce. We conducted a comprehensive scoping review mapping the literature on inflation and health. From 8923 screened records, 69 empirical studies were analysed. These studies explored a wide range of health-related risk factors (eg, diet, substance use, stress, and violence) and outcomes (eg, life expectancy, mortality, suicidal behaviour, and mental health) linked to inflation, across diverse contexts and timeframes. The findings suggest a predominantly negative effect of inflation on health, with specific socioeconomic groups facing greater risks. Our Review uncovers notable gaps in the literature, particularly in geographical coverage, methodological approaches, and specific health outcomes. Among global socioeconomic and geopolitical shifts, understanding and mitigating the health effects of inflation is of contemporary relevance and merits thorough academic attention.

Exploring the Poststroke Experiences and Needs of South Asian Communities Living in High-Income Countries: Findings from a Scoping Review

Despite the high prevalence of stroke among South Asian communities in high-income countries, a comprehensive understanding of their unique experiences and needs after stroke is lacking. This study aimed to synthesize the literature examining the experiences and needs of South Asian community members impacted by stroke and their family caregivers residing in high-income countries. A scoping review methodology was utilized. Data for this review were identified from seven databases and hand-searching reference lists of included studies. Study characteristics, purpose, methods, participant characteristics, results, limitations, recommendations, and conclusions were extracted. Data were analyzed using descriptive qualitative analysis. In addition, a consultative focus group exercise with six South Asian community members who had experienced a stroke and a program facilitator was conducted to inform the review interpretations. A total of 26 articles met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. Qualitative analysis identified four descriptive categories: (1) rationale for studying the South Asian stroke population (e.g., increasing South Asian population and stroke prevalence), (2) stroke-related experiences (e.g., managing community support versus stigma and caregiving expectations), (3) stroke service challenges (e.g., language barriers), and (4) stroke service recommendations to address stroke service needs (e.g., continuity of care). Several cultural factors impacted participant experiences, including cultural beliefs about illness and caregiving. Focus group participants from our consultation activity agreed with our review findings. The clinical and research recommendations identified in this review support the need for culturally appropriate services for South Asian communities across the stroke care continuum; however, more research is necessary to inform the design and structure of culturally appropriate stroke service delivery models.

Physiological measures of operators' mental state in supervisory process control tasks: a scoping review

Physiological measures are often used to assess the mental state of human operators in supervisory process control tasks. However, the diversity of research approaches creates a heterogeneous landscape of empirical evidence. To map existing evidence and provide guidance to researchers and practitioners, this paper systematically reviews 109 empirical studies that report relationships between peripheral nervous system measures and mental state dimensions (e.g. mental workload, mental fatigue, stress, and vigilance) of interest. Ocular and electrocardiac measures were the most prominent measures across application fields. Most studies sought to validate such measures for reliable assessments of cognitive task demands and time on task, with measures of pupil size receiving the most empirical support. In comparison, less research examined the utility of physiological measures in predicting human task performance. This approach is discussed as an opportunity to focus on operators' individual response to cognitive task demands and to advance the state of research.

Unleashing the potential of Health Promotion in primary care-a scoping literature review

The purpose of this study is to gain a better understanding of the role and extent of health promotion lifestyle interventions targeting adults in primary care, and especially those who are considered overall healthy, i.e. to study the outcomes of research applying salutogenesis. We performed a literature review, with three specific aims. First, to identify studies that have targeted the healthy population in intervention within the primary health care field with health promotion activities. Second, to describe these interventions in terms of which health problems they have targeted and what the interventions have entailed. Third, to assess what these programs have resulted in, in terms of health outcomes. This scoping review of 42 studies, that applied salutogenesis in primary care interventions shows that health promotion targeting healthy individuals is relevant and effective. The PRISMA-ScR guidelines for reporting on scoping review were used. Most interventions were successful in reducing disease-related risks including CVD, CVD mortality, all-cause mortality, but even more importantly success in behavioural change, sustained at follow-up. Additionally, this review shows that health promotion lifestyle interventions can improve mental health, even when having different aims.

Factors that contribute to turnover and retention amongst emergency department nurses: A scoping review

BACKGROUND

Internationally, the emergency nursing workforce shortage is of critical concern.

AIM

To synthesise the evidence and assess the scope of literature regarding factors that contribute to turnover and retention amongst emergency nurses.

METHOD

A scoping review using the Joanna Briggs Institute approach was undertaken. Fivedatabases (Embase, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Business Source Complete) were searched for papers published in English between January 2011 and June 2023 where the population was nurses, context was the emergency department, and the concept was turnover or retention. A quality appraisal was performed on included studies.

RESULTS

A total of 31 articles met the inclusion criteria. Twenty-six studies focussed on turnover and five studies focussed on retention. Factors that contribute to ED nursing turnover included workplace violence, personal aspects (e.g., burnout or depression), organisational characteristics, and environmental/ job characteristics. Factors that contributed to ED nursing retention included mentoring programs, the advancement in nursing skills, and the transition to practice speciality (emergency) programs.

CONCLUSIONS

A large body of literature exists regarding ED nurses' reasons for leaving their area of practice, yet limited evidence exist on retention. Research exploring factors that promote retention of emergency nurses that leads to subsequent stability and growth in the emergency nursing workforce is needed.

Developing a Program Costs Checklist of Digital Health Interventions: A Scoping Review and Empirical Case Study

INTRODUCTION

The rate of development and complexity of digital health interventions (DHIs) in recent years has to some extent outpaced the methodological development in economic evaluation and costing. Particularly, the choice of cost components included in intervention or program costs of DHIs have received scant attention. The aim of this study was to build a literature-informed checklist of program cost components of DHIs. The checklist was next tested by applying it to an empirical case, Mamma Mia, a DHI developed to prevent perinatal depression.

METHOD

A scoping review with a structured literature search identified peer-reviewed literature from 2010 to 2022 that offers guidance on program costs of DHIs. Relevant guidance was summarized and extracted elements were organized into categories of main cost components and their associated activities following the standard three-step approach, that is, activities, resource use and unit costs.

RESULTS

Of the 3448 records reviewed, 12 studies met the criteria for data extraction. The main cost categories identified were development, research, maintenance, implementation and health personnel involvement (HPI). Costs are largely considered to be context-specific, may decrease as the DHI matures and vary with number of users. The five categories and their associated activities constitute the checklist. This was applied to estimate program costs per user for Mamma Mia Self-Guided and Blended, the latter including additional guidance from public health nurses during standard maternal check-ups. Excluding research, the program cost per mother was more than double for Blended compared with Self-Guided (€140.5 versus €56.6, 2022 Euros) due to increased implementation and HPI costs. Including research increased the program costs to €190.8 and €106.9, respectively. One-way sensitivity analyses showed sensitivity to changes in number of users, lifespan of the app, salaries and license fee.

CONCLUSION

The checklist can help increase transparency of cost calculation and improve future comparison across studies.

HTA criteria adopted in different models of public healthcare systems for orphan drugs: A scoping review

Access to drugs for rare diseases constitutes a challenge to healthcare systems, especially those with public funding. This study aimed to map and summarize the criteria used by HTA agencies in different healthcare systems to evaluate reimbursement recommendations for orphan drugs. A comprehensive literature search was performed on the databases PubMed, LILACS, Scopus, and Embase and the gray literature (Google Scholar and websites of HTA agencies). Publications addressing the criteria used by HTA agencies in countries with public healthcare systems when evaluating reimbursement recommendations for orphan drugs were included. This scoping review included 23 studies published between 2014 and 2023, mostly consisting of reviews of HTA reports, guidance documents, and original articles. The criteria were mapped from 19 countries and ranked within three models of healthcare systems (National Health System, National Health Insurance, and Social Health Insurance). All models shared concerns about unmet needs and disease nature. In addition, NHS countries (e.g., United Kingdom, Sweden, and Italy) prioritized innovation and system-level impact, while SHI countries (e.g., Germany, France, the Netherlands) usually valued budget impact and employed expedited evaluation processes. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of the general tendencies of each healthcare system model in establishing differentiated criteria to address the challenges posed by the limited evidence and investment in the field of rare diseases.

3D bioprinting of liver models: A systematic scoping review of methods, bioinks, and reporting quality

Background

Effective communication is crucial for broad acceptance and applicability of alternative methods in 3R biomedical research and preclinical testing. 3D bioprinting is used to construct intricate biological structures towards functional liver models, specifically engineered for deployment as alternative models in drug screening, toxicological investigations, and tissue engineering. Despite a growing number of reviews in this emerging field, a comprehensive study, systematically assessing practices and reporting quality for bioprinted liver models is missing.

Methods

In this systematic scoping review we systematically searched MEDLINE (Ovid), EMBASE (Ovid) and BioRxiv for studies published prior to June 2nd, 2022. We extracted data on methodological conduct, applied bioinks, the composition of the printed model, performed experiments and model applications. Records were screened for eligibility and data were extracted from included articles by two independent reviewers from a panel of seven domain experts specializing in bioprinting and liver biology. We used RAYYAN for the screening process and SyRF for data extraction. We used R for data analysis, and R and Graphpad PRISM for visualization.

Results

Through our systematic database search we identified 1042 records, from which 63 met the eligibility criteria for inclusion in this systematic scoping review. Our findings revealed that extrusion-based printing, in conjunction with bioinks composed of natural components, emerged as the predominant printing technique in the bioprinting of liver models. Notably, the HepG2 hepatoma cell line was the most frequently employed liver cell type, despite acknowledged limitations. Furthermore, 51% of the printed models featured co-cultures with non-parenchymal cells to enhance their complexity. The included studies offered a variety of techniques for characterizing these liver models, with their primary application predominantly focused on toxicity testing. Among the frequently analyzed liver markers, albumin and urea stood out. Additionally, Cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms, primarily CYP3A and CYP1A, were assessed, and select studies employed nuclear receptor agonists to induce CYP activity.

Conclusion

Our systematic scoping review offers an evidence-based overview and evaluation of the current state of research on bioprinted liver models, representing a promising and innovative technology for creating alternative organ models. We conducted a thorough examination of both the methodological and technical facets of model development and scrutinized the reporting quality within the realm of bioprinted liver models. This systematic scoping review can serve as a valuable template for systematically evaluating the progress of organ model development in various other domains. The transparently derived evidence presented here can provide essential support to the research community, facilitating the adaptation of technological advancements, the establishment of standards, and the enhancement of model robustness. This is particularly crucial as we work toward the long-term objective of establishing new approach methods as reliable alternatives to animal testing, with extensive and versatile applications.

Evidence map on burnout syndrome in higher education teachers and its relationship with ergonomic and biopsychosocial factors: a scoping review

Objectives. This study aimed to map the evidence on burnout syndrome in higher education teachers and its relationship with ergonomic and biopsychosocial factors. Methods. We performed a scoping review of articles published up to 2021, extracting the location, study design, sample characteristics and assessment methods, and investigated ergonomic and biopsychosocial factors. Results. Eighteen studies were found in 12 countries, and most used a cross-sectional design (n = 17/18, 94%). The Maslach burnout inventory was the most used assessment method (n = 9, 50%). There is a consensus that burnout syndrome in higher education teachers requires more attention, as it can be related to physical, mental and social factors. Conclusions. In the professional environment, physical ergonomic characteristics or those related to work organization deserve greater attention, as well as psychosocial factors, as they are strongly associated with burnout syndrome.

A scoping review of vasculitis as an immune-related adverse event from checkpoint inhibitor therapy of cancer: Unraveling the complexities at the intersection of immunology and vascular pathology

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE

Vasculitis as an immune-related adverse event (irAE) from checkpoint inhibitor therapy (ICI) to treat cancer is a rare clinical event, and little is known regarding its nosology, clinical manifestations, or response to treatment and outcomes.

METHODS

To address these gaps, we used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systemic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) framework to further define this complication. Two independent PUBMED searches in September and November of 2022 revealed 127 publications with 37 excluded from title by relevance, 43 excluded by article type, and 23 excluded due to lack of biopsy results, or biopsy negative for vasculitis. Twenty-nine documented cases from 24 publications were included for final analysis. Basic demographics, ICI details, timing of onset of vasculitis symptoms, irAE treatment and outcomes were collected. The vasculitides were classified using 2022 ACR/EULAR Vasculitis Classification Criteria as well as 2012 Revised Chapel-Hill Nomenclature. Adaptations from Naidoo et al. 2023 [1] consensus definitions for irAEs were used and efforts were made to classify steroid-responsive versus unresponsive irAEs.

RESULTS

Of the 29 cases reviewed, the average age of patients was 62.1 ± 11.0, composed of 58.6 % (n = 17) male and 41.3 % (n = 12) female. Prominent cancer types were lung cancer (41.4 %; n = 12), melanoma (41.4 %; n = 12), and renal cancer (10.3 %; n = 3), with majority being stage 4 (75.9 %, n = 22) and stage 3 (10.3 %, n = 3). Only 8 cases met the ACR/EULAR criteria, and by Chapel-Hill Nomenclature, approximately a third were small-vessel vasculitis (31.0 %; n = 9) with n = 4 positive for ANCA. Most biopsies were taken from the skin (37.9 %, n = 11) and kidney (24.1 %, n = 7). Patients were either treated with single (65.5 %, n = 19), dual (17.2 %; n = 5), or sequential (17.2 %; n = 5) ICI regimen which included anti-PD-1 therapy in all but one case, with mean of 8.7 ± 10.5 cycles received. Mean time to onset of symptoms from start of ICI was 7.2 ± 7.8 months, with 55.2 % occurring >3 months since the initial immunotherapy. Vasculitis treatment included glucocorticoids in 96 % of cases and immunotherapy was often discontinued (44.8 %; n = 13). Clinical improvement of irAE was documented in 86.2 % (n = 25). Data were missing in terms of fate of ICI (34.5 %; n = 10) and tumor outcomes (41.4 %; n = 12). Cancer progressed in 20.7 % (n = 6), stable in 34.5 % (n = 10) cases, and 6 patients died of all-causes.

CONCLUSION

Vasculitis as an irAE appears clinically heterogeneous and rare. Among reported cases with adequate documentation, vasculitis is of delayed onset following the initiation of immunotherapy. Outcomes of ICI-vasculitis were generally favorable, responding to glucocorticoids and immunotherapy withdrawal. There is an urgent need for more standardized reporting of rare irAEs such as vasculitis to clarify clinical risks, classification, relationship to immunotherapy and outcomes.

The Traces of Dysregulated lncRNAs-Associated ceRNA Axes in Retinoblastoma: A Systematic Scope Review

PURPOSE

Long non-coding RNAs are an essential component of competing endogenous RNA regulatory axes and play their role by sponging microRNAs and interfering with the regulation of gene expression. Because of the broadness of competing endogenous RNA interaction networks, they may help investigate treatment targets in complicated disorders.

METHODS

This study performed a systematic scoping review to assess verified loops of competing endogenous RNAs in retinoblastoma, emphasizing the competing endogenous RNAs axis related to long non-coding RNAs. We used a six-stage approach framework and the PRISMA guidelines. A systematic search of seven databases was done to locate suitable papers published before February 2022. Two reviewers worked independently to screen articles and collect data.

RESULTS

Out of 363 records, fifty-one articles met the inclusion criteria, and sixty-three axes were identified in desired articles. The majority of the research reported several long non-coding RNAs that were experimentally verified to act as competing endogenous RNAs in retinoblastoma: XIST/NEAT1/MALAT1/SNHG16/KCNQ1OT1, respectively. At the same time, around half of the studies investigated unique long non-coding RNAs.

CONCLUSIONS

Understanding the many features of this regulatory system may aid in elucidating the unknown etiology of Retinoblastoma and providing novel molecular targets for therapeutic and clinical applications.

Mucormycosis of the Mandible and Tongue: A Systematic Scoping Review

AIM

Mucormycosis is a rare human infection associated with Mucorales, a group of filamentous moulds found in different environmental niches. Its oral manifestations may occur in the mandible and tongue despite being rare. We aimed to systematically review the data on clinical manifestations, risk factors, diagnostic approaches, treatment options, and outcomes of mandibular and tongue mucormycosis.

METHODS

An electronic search of articles published between January 1975 and November 2022 in PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE databases was performed. A total of 22 articles met the inclusion criteria and reported 27 cases of oral mucormycosis in total.

RESULTS

Fourteen patients had mandibular mucormycosis signs unrelated to COVID-19 infection, 6 had SARS-CoV-2-related mandibular mucormycosis, and 6 had manifestations in the tongue. All published case reports during the COVID-19 pandemic were from India. Patient ages ranged from 4 months old to 82 years, and most patients had important comorbidities, such as blood dyscrasias related to immune deficiency and uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus. The signs and symptoms of mandibular and tongue mucormycosis varied from dental pain, loose teeth, and nonhealing sockets to dysphagia and paraesthesia of the lip. Some patients also reported trismus, draining sinus tract, and facial pain. The diagnosis of oral mucormycosis was based on a combination of clinical, radiographic, and histopathologic findings by demonstrating fungal hyphae in tissue specimens. In most cases, mucormycosis was managed with systemic amphotericin B, strict glycaemic control, and aggressive surgical debridement of infected tissue, minimising the progression of the fungal infection and thus improving the survival rate. In some cases, combined antifungal therapy, antibiotic therapy, and chlorhexidine mouthwashes were used successfully.

CONCLUSIONS

Recognition of the signs and symptoms by oral care providers is pertinent for the early diagnosis and treatment of tongue and mandibular mucormycosis, and providers should be aware of the possibility of this opportunistic fungal infection in patients with COVID-19. A multidisciplinary approach is recommended for the management of this lethal infection.

Consumer attitudes and preferences toward psychiatric genetic counselling and educational resources: A scoping review

INTRODUCTION

The etiology of psychiatric disorders is multifactorial including genomic and environmental risk factors. Psychiatric genetic counseling is an emerging field that may promote processes of adaptation to, and the management of, psychiatric disorders. Many countries lack dedicated services leading to a gap in care. This scoping review will inform the development of psychiatric genetics-based educational resources.

OBJECTIVES

To explore individuals with a psychiatric disorder and their relatives' attitudes and beliefs toward psychiatric genetics, genetic counseling, and genetics-based education. To evaluate how best to convey education to consumers.

METHOD

Database literature searches occurred on May 2nd, 2023, using PubMed, Medline, and PsycINFO. Reviews, letters to the editor, case reports, and publications before 2003 were excluded.

RESULTS

Twenty-four papers met the inclusion criteria. Results suggest individuals with a psychiatric disorder and their relatives tended to overestimate risk, and express concern about reproductive decision- making. Genetic counseling and educational resources were perceived to be useful and empowering.

CONCLUSION

Affected individuals and relatives are interested in gaining greater insight into their own and/or their relative's psychiatric disorder, management strategies, and understanding familial risks.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS

The evidence from this review may inform the development of genetics-based educational resources or guide future research.

Naloxone distribution programs in the emergency department: A scoping review of the literature

This scoping review summarized the literature regarding naloxone distribution from emergency departments (EDs) without a prescription. Our intention was to examine various naloxone distribution programs, their methodologies, and the level of effectiveness of each. Understanding these key aspects of naloxone distribution could lead to improved standardized protocols, saving countless additional lives from opioid overdose. This review evaluated studies reporting naloxone distribution from EDs in the United States. The included studies were written in English and published between January 1, 2017, and December 31, 2022. Searches were performed using PubMed and Embase. A total of 129 studies were reviewed, with only 12 meeting the necessary criteria for analysis. Heterogeneity was found across naloxone distribution programs, including how patients were identified, how naloxone was dispensed to patients, and the specific naloxone products made available. The protocols included various methods, such as patient screening, where information used for this screening was sometimes obtained from health records or patient interviews. Some programs detailed only the distribution of naloxone, while others included additional interventions such as behavior counseling, peer support, and education. In four studies, patients received buprenorphine with naloxone kits. The various programs differed in their implementation but were generally successful in improving naloxone distribution. However, among the studies reviewed, the percentage of ED patients receiving naloxone varied from ∼30% to 70%, suggesting that certain program elements may be more impactful. Further research is needed to identify key elements of the most impactful programs in order to improve naloxone distribution and improve patient odds of surviving an opioid overdose.

A Scoping Review of the Literature on Entrustable Professional Activities in Surgery Residency Programs

OBJECTIVE

Entrustable professional activities (EPAs) are a crucial component of contemporary postgraduate medical education with many surgery residency programs having implemented EPAs as a competency assessment framework to assess and provide feedback on the performance of their residents. Despite broad implementation of EPAs, there is a paucity of evidence regarding the impact of EPAs on the learners and learning environments. A first step in improving understanding of the use and impact of EPAs is by mapping the rising number of EPA-related publications from the field of surgery. The primary objective of this scoping review is to examine the nature, extent, and range of articles on the development, implementation, and assessment of EPAs. The second objective is to identify the experiences and factors that influence EPA implementation and use in practice in surgical specialties.

DESIGN

Scoping review. Four electronic databases (Medline, Embase, Education Source, and ERIC) were searched on January 20, 2022, and then again on July 19, 2023. A quasi-statistical content analysis was employed to quantify and draw meaning from the information related to the development, implementation, assessment, validity, reliability, and experiences with EPAs in the workplace.

PARTICIPANTS

A total of 42 empirical and nonempirical articles were included.

RESULTS

Four thematic categories describe the topic areas in included articles related to: 1) the development and refinement of EPAs, including the multiple steps taken to develop and refine unique EPAs for surgery residency programs; 2) the methods for implementing EPAs; 3) outcomes of EPA use in practice; 4) barriers, facilitators, and areas for improvement for the implementation and use of EPAs in surgical education.

CONCLUSIONS

This scoping review highlights the key trends and gaps from the rapidly increasing number of publications on EPAs in surgery residency, from development to their use in the workplace. Existing EPA studies lack a theoretical and/or conceptual basis; future development and implementation studies should adopt implementation science frameworks to better structure and operationalize EPAs within surgery residency programs.