1
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Abstract
Shape changes of epithelia during animal development, such as convergent extension, are achieved through concerted mechanical activity of individual cells. While much is known about the corresponding large scale tissue flow and its genetic drivers, fundamental questions regarding local control of contractile activity on cellular scale and its embryo-scale coordination remain open. To address these questions, we develop a quantitative, model-based analysis framework to relate cell geometry to local tension in recently obtained timelapse imaging data of gastrulating Drosophila embryos. This analysis provides a systematic decomposition of cell shape changes and T1-rearrangements into internally driven, active, and externally driven, passive, contributions. Our analysis provides evidence that germ band extension is driven by active T1 processes that self-organize through positive feedback acting on tensions. More generally, our findings suggest that epithelial convergent extension results from controlled transformation of internal force balance geometry which combines the effects of bottom-up local self-organization with the top-down, embryo-scale regulation by gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fridtjof Brauns
- Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Nikolas H. Claussen
- Department of Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Matthew F. Lefebvre
- Department of Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Eric F. Wieschaus
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA; The Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Boris I. Shraiman
- Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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2
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Guerrero P, Perez-Carrasco R. Choice of friction coefficient deeply affects tissue behaviour in stochastic epithelial vertex models. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230051. [PMID: 38432320 PMCID: PMC10909505 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
To understand the mechanisms that coordinate the formation of biological tissues, the use of numerical implementations is necessary. The complexity of such models involves many assumptions and parameter choices that result in unpredictable consequences, obstructing the comparison with experimental data. Here, we focus on vertex models, a family of spatial models used extensively to simulate the dynamics of epithelial tissues. Usually, in the literature, the choice of the friction coefficient is not addressed using quasi-static deformation arguments that generally do not apply to realistic scenarios. In this manuscript, we discuss the role that the choice of friction coefficient has on the relaxation times and consequently in the conditions of cell cycle progression and division. We explore the effects that these changes have on the morphology, growth rate and topological transitions of the tissue dynamics. These results provide a deeper understanding of the role that an accurate mechanical description plays in the use of vertex models as inference tools. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Causes and consequences of stochastic processes in development and disease'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Guerrero
- Grupo Interdisciplinar de Sistemas Complejos, Departamento de Matemáticas, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruben Perez-Carrasco
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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3
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Kumar N, Rangel Ambriz J, Tsai K, Mim MS, Flores-Flores M, Chen W, Zartman JJ, Alber M. Balancing competing effects of tissue growth and cytoskeletal regulation during Drosophila wing disc development. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2477. [PMID: 38509115 PMCID: PMC10954670 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46698-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
How a developing organ robustly coordinates the cellular mechanics and growth to reach a final size and shape remains poorly understood. Through iterations between experiments and model simulations that include a mechanistic description of interkinetic nuclear migration, we show that the local curvature, height, and nuclear positioning of cells in the Drosophila wing imaginal disc are defined by the concurrent patterning of actomyosin contractility, cell-ECM adhesion, ECM stiffness, and interfacial membrane tension. We show that increasing cell proliferation via different growth-promoting pathways results in two distinct phenotypes. Triggering proliferation through insulin signaling increases basal curvature, but an increase in growth through Dpp signaling and Myc causes tissue flattening. These distinct phenotypic outcomes arise from differences in how each growth pathway regulates the cellular cytoskeleton, including contractility and cell-ECM adhesion. The coupled regulation of proliferation and cytoskeletal regulators is a general strategy to meet the multiple context-dependent criteria defining tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilay Kumar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Jennifer Rangel Ambriz
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantitative Modeling in Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Kevin Tsai
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantitative Modeling in Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Mayesha Sahir Mim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Marycruz Flores-Flores
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Weitao Chen
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantitative Modeling in Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Jeremiah J Zartman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA.
| | - Mark Alber
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantitative Modeling in Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
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4
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Mehaffey TM, Hecht CA, White JS, Hutson MS, Page-McCaw A. Live imaging basement membrane assembly under the pupal notum epithelium. MicroPubl Biol 2024; 2024:10.17912/micropub.biology.001105. [PMID: 38525127 PMCID: PMC10958205 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.001105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Basement membranes are sheet-like extracellular matrices containing Collagen IV, and they are conserved across the animal kingdom. Basement membranes usually line the basal surfaces of epithelia, where they contribute to structure, maintenance, and signaling. Although adult epithelia contact basement membranes, in early embryos the epithelia contact basement membranes only after basement membranes are assembled in embryogenesis. In Drosophila , the pupal notum epithelium is a useful model for live imaging epithelial cell behaviors, yet it is unclear when the basement membrane assembles in the pupa, as pupae are undergoing metamorphosis, similar to embryogenesis. To characterize the basement membrane in the pupal notum, we used spinning disk fluorescent microscopy to visualize Collagen IV subunit Vkg-GFP and adherens junction protein p120ctnRFP. Bright punctae of Vkg-GFP were observed in the X-Y plane, possibly representing Vkg-containing cells. We found that a thin continuous Vkg-containing basement membrane was evident at 14 h APF, which became more enriched with Vkg-GFP over the next 6 h, indicating the basement membrane is still assembling during that time. Live imaging of the pupal notum during this time could provide insight into formation, assembly, and repair of the basement membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Mehaffey
- Dept. Cell and Developmental Biology , Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Chloe A. Hecht
- Dept. Cell and Developmental Biology , Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - James S. White
- Dept. Cell and Developmental Biology , Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Program in Developmental Biology , Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - M. Shane Hutson
- Dept. Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Dept. Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Andrea Page-McCaw
- Dept. Cell and Developmental Biology , Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Program in Developmental Biology , Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
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5
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White J, Hutson MS, Page-McCaw A. Wounding increases nuclear ploidy in wound-proximal epidermal cells of the Drosophila pupal notum. MicroPubl Biol 2024; 2024:10.17912/micropub.biology.001067. [PMID: 38495588 PMCID: PMC10943363 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.001067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
After injury, tissues must replace cell mass and genome copy number. The mitotic cycle is one mechanism for replacement, but non-mitotic strategies have been observed in quiescent tissues to restore tissue ploidy after wounding. Here we report that nuclei of the mitotically capable Drosophila pupal notum enlarged following nearby laser ablation. Measuring DNA content, we determined that nuclei within 100 µm of a laser-wound increased their ploidy to ~8C, consistent with one extra S-phase. These data indicate non-mitotic repair strategies are not exclusively utilized by quiescent tissues and may be an underexplored wound repair strategy in mitotic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- James White
- Dept. Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - M. Shane Hutson
- Dept. Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Dept. Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Andrea Page-McCaw
- Dept. Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
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6
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Matamoro-Vidal A, Cumming T, Davidović A, Levillayer F, Levayer R. Patterned apoptosis has an instructive role for local growth and tissue shape regulation in a fast-growing epithelium. Curr Biol 2024; 34:376-388.e7. [PMID: 38215743 PMCID: PMC10808510 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
What regulates organ size and shape remains one fundamental mystery of modern biology. Research in this area has primarily focused on deciphering the regulation in time and space of growth and cell division, while the contribution of cell death has been overall neglected. This includes studies of the Drosophila wing, one of the best-characterized systems for the study of growth and patterning, undergoing massive growth during larval stage and important morphogenetic remodeling during pupal stage. So far, it has been assumed that cell death was relatively neglectable in this tissue both during larval stage and pupal stage, and as a result, the pattern of growth was usually attributed to the distribution of cell division. Here, using systematic mapping and registration combined with quantitative assessment of clone size and disappearance as well as live imaging, we outline a persistent pattern of cell death and clone elimination emerging in the larval wing disc and persisting during pupal wing morphogenesis. Local variation of cell death is associated with local variation of clone size, pointing to an impact of cell death on local growth that is not fully compensated by proliferation. Using morphometric analyses of adult wing shape and genetic perturbations, we provide evidence that patterned death locally and globally affects adult wing shape and size. This study describes a roadmap for precise assessment of the contribution of cell death to tissue shape and outlines an important instructive role of cell death in modulating quantitatively local growth and morphogenesis of a fast-growing tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Matamoro-Vidal
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3738, Université Paris Cité, Cell Death and Epithelial Homeostasis Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Tom Cumming
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3738, Université Paris Cité, Cell Death and Epithelial Homeostasis Unit, 75015 Paris, France; PPU program Institut Pasteur, Sorbonne Université, Collège Doctoral, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Anđela Davidović
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Florence Levillayer
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3738, Université Paris Cité, Cell Death and Epithelial Homeostasis Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Romain Levayer
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3738, Université Paris Cité, Cell Death and Epithelial Homeostasis Unit, 75015 Paris, France.
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7
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Malaguti M, Lebek T, Blin G, Lowell S. Enabling neighbour labelling: using synthetic biology to explore how cells influence their neighbours. Development 2024; 151:dev201955. [PMID: 38165174 PMCID: PMC10820747 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Cell-cell interactions are central to development, but exploring how a change in any given cell relates to changes in the neighbour of that cell can be technically challenging. Here, we review recent developments in synthetic biology and image analysis that are helping overcome this problem. We highlight the opportunities presented by these advances and discuss opportunities and limitations in applying them to developmental model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Malaguti
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Tamina Lebek
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Guillaume Blin
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Sally Lowell
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
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8
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Piscitello-Gómez R, Gruber FS, Krishna A, Duclut C, Modes CD, Popović M, Jülicher F, Dye NA, Eaton S. Core PCP mutations affect short-time mechanical properties but not tissue morphogenesis in the Drosophila pupal wing. eLife 2023; 12:e85581. [PMID: 38117039 PMCID: PMC10843330 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
How morphogenetic movements are robustly coordinated in space and time is a fundamental open question in biology. We study this question using the wing of Drosophila melanogaster, an epithelial tissue that undergoes large-scale tissue flows during pupal stages. Previously, we showed that pupal wing morphogenesis involves both cellular behaviors that allow relaxation of mechanical tissue stress, as well as cellular behaviors that appear to be actively patterned (Etournay et al., 2015). Here, we show that these active cellular behaviors are not guided by the core planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway, a conserved signaling system that guides tissue development in many other contexts. We find no significant phenotype on the cellular dynamics underlying pupal morphogenesis in mutants of core PCP. Furthermore, using laser ablation experiments, coupled with a rheological model to describe the dynamics of the response to laser ablation, we conclude that while core PCP mutations affect the fast timescale response to laser ablation they do not significantly affect overall tissue mechanics. In conclusion, our work shows that cellular dynamics and tissue shape changes during Drosophila pupal wing morphogenesis do not require core PCP as an orientational guiding cue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Piscitello-Gómez
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- DFG Excellence Cluster Physics of Life, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Franz S Gruber
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- National Phenotypic Screening Centre, University of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - Abhijeet Krishna
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- DFG Excellence Cluster Physics of Life, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
- Center for Systems Biology DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Charlie Duclut
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, CNRS UMR 168, Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
- Max Planck Institute for Physics of Complex SystemsDresdenGermany
- Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes ComplexesParisFrance
| | - Carl D Modes
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- DFG Excellence Cluster Physics of Life, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
- Center for Systems Biology DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Marko Popović
- DFG Excellence Cluster Physics of Life, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
- Center for Systems Biology DresdenDresdenGermany
- Max Planck Institute for Physics of Complex SystemsDresdenGermany
| | - Frank Jülicher
- DFG Excellence Cluster Physics of Life, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
- Center for Systems Biology DresdenDresdenGermany
- Max Planck Institute for Physics of Complex SystemsDresdenGermany
| | - Natalie A Dye
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- DFG Excellence Cluster Physics of Life, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
- Mildred Scheel Nachwuchszentrum P2, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Suzanne Eaton
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- DFG Excellence Cluster Physics of Life, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
- Center for Systems Biology DresdenDresdenGermany
- Biotechnologisches Zentrum, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
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9
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Morishita Y, Lee SW, Suzuki T, Yokoyama H, Kamei Y, Tamura K, Kawasumi-Kita A. An archetype and scaling of developmental tissue dynamics across species. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8199. [PMID: 38081837 PMCID: PMC10713982 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43902-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Morphometric studies have revealed the existence of simple geometric relationships among various animal shapes. However, we have little knowledge of the mathematical principles behind the morphogenetic dynamics that form the organ/body shapes of different species. Here, we address this issue by focusing on limb morphogenesis in Gallus gallus domesticus (chicken) and Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog). To compare the deformation dynamics between tissues with different sizes/shapes as well as their developmental rates, we introduce a species-specific rescaled spatial coordinate and a common clock necessary for cross-species synchronization of developmental times. We find that tissue dynamics are well conserved across species under this spacetime coordinate system, at least from the early stages of development through the phase when basic digit patterning is established. For this developmental period, we also reveal that the tissue dynamics of both species are mapped with each other through a time-variant linear transformation in real physical space, from which hypotheses on a species-independent archetype of tissue dynamics and morphogenetic scaling are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Morishita
- Laboratory for Developmental Morphogeometry, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO) Program, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.
| | - Sang-Woo Lee
- Laboratory for Developmental Morphogeometry, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Takayuki Suzuki
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Yokoyama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Aomori, 036-8561, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kamei
- Optics and Bioimaging Facility, Trans-Scale Biology Center, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Koji Tamura
- Department of Ecological Developmental Adaptability Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Aiko Kawasumi-Kita
- Laboratory for Developmental Morphogeometry, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
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10
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Graner F. Movies tell us how tissues develop a 3D shape. Nat Methods 2023; 20:1877-1878. [PMID: 38057528 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-023-02102-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- François Graner
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Complex Matter and Systems, Paris, France.
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11
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Teng X, Toyama Y. Epithelial homeostasis: Cell size shapes cell fate. Curr Biol 2023; 33:R1205-R1207. [PMID: 37989102 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
A new study shows that cell size, in conjunction with specific signaling pathways, controls apoptosis within developing tissues. Cells with smaller sizes and relatively smaller sizes compared to their neighbors exhibit an increased likelihood of undergoing apoptosis. These processes are regulated by the Hippo/YAP and Notch pathways, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Teng
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yusuke Toyama
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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12
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Cachoux VML, Balakireva M, Gracia M, Bosveld F, López-Gay JM, Maugarny A, Gaugué I, di Pietro F, Rigaud SU, Noiret L, Guirao B, Bellaïche Y. Epithelial apoptotic pattern emerges from global and local regulation by cell apical area. Curr Biol 2023; 33:4807-4826.e6. [PMID: 37827152 PMCID: PMC10681125 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Geometry is a fundamental attribute of biological systems, and it underlies cell and tissue dynamics. Cell geometry controls cell-cycle progression and mitosis and thus modulates tissue development and homeostasis. In sharp contrast and despite the extensive characterization of the genetic mechanisms of caspase activation, we know little about whether and how cell geometry controls apoptosis commitment in developing tissues. Here, we combined multiscale time-lapse microscopy of developing Drosophila epithelium, quantitative characterization of cell behaviors, and genetic and mechanical perturbations to determine how apoptosis is controlled during epithelial tissue development. We found that early in cell lives and well before extrusion, apoptosis commitment is linked to two distinct geometric features: a small apical area compared with other cells within the tissue and a small relative apical area with respect to the immediate neighboring cells. We showed that these global and local geometric characteristics are sufficient to recapitulate the tissue-scale apoptotic pattern. Furthermore, we established that the coupling between these two geometric features and apoptotic cells is dependent on the Hippo/YAP and Notch pathways. Overall, by exploring the links between cell geometry and apoptosis commitment, our work provides important insights into the spatial regulation of cell death in tissues and improves our understanding of the mechanisms that control cell number and tissue size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoire M L Cachoux
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Maria Balakireva
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Gracia
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Floris Bosveld
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jesús M López-Gay
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Aude Maugarny
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Gaugué
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Florencia di Pietro
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Stéphane U Rigaud
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Lorette Noiret
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Boris Guirao
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Yohanns Bellaïche
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France.
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13
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White JS, Su JJ, Ruark EM, Hua J, Hutson MS, Page-McCaw A. Wound-Induced Syncytia Outpace Mononucleate Neighbors during Drosophila Wound Repair. bioRxiv 2023:2023.06.25.546442. [PMID: 37425719 PMCID: PMC10327115 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.25.546442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
All organisms have evolved to respond to injury. Cell behaviors like proliferation, migration, and invasion replace missing cells and close wounds. However, the role of other wound-induced cell behaviors is not understood, including the formation of syncytia (multinucleated cells). Wound-induced epithelial syncytia were first reported around puncture wounds in post-mitotic Drosophila epidermal tissues, but have more recently been reported in mitotically competent tissues such as the Drosophila pupal epidermis and zebrafish epicardium. The presence of wound-induced syncytia in mitotically active tissues suggests that syncytia offer adaptive benefits, but it is unknown what those benefits are. Here, we use in vivo live imaging to analyze wound-induced syncytia in mitotically competent Drosophila pupae. We find that almost half the epithelial cells near a wound fuse to form large syncytia. These syncytia use several routes to speed wound repair: they outpace diploid cells to complete wound closure; they reduce cell intercalation during wound closure; and they pool the resources of their component cells to concentrate them toward the wound. In addition to wound healing, these properties of syncytia are likely to contribute to their roles in development and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S. White
- Dept. Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
- Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Nashville, TN
| | - Jasmine J. Su
- Dept. Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
- Dept. Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Elizabeth M. Ruark
- Dept. Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Junmin Hua
- Dept. Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - M. Shane Hutson
- Dept. Physics and Astronomy Vanderbilt University Nashville, TN
- Dept. Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Andrea Page-McCaw
- Dept. Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
- Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Nashville, TN
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Lead Contact
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14
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Merle T, Theis S, Kamgoué A, Martin E, Sarron F, Gay G, Farge E, Suzanne M. DISSECT is a tool to segment and explore cell and tissue mechanics in highly deformed 3D epithelia. Dev Cell 2023; 58:2181-2193.e4. [PMID: 37586367 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Understanding morphogenesis strongly relies on the characterization of tissue topology and mechanical properties deduced from imaging data. The development of new imaging techniques offers the possibility to go beyond the analysis of mostly flat surfaces and image and analyze complex tissue organization in depth. An important bottleneck in this field is the need to analyze imaging datasets and extract quantifications not only of cell and tissue morphology but also of the cytoskeletal network's organization in an automatized way. Here, we describe a method, called DISSECT, for DisPerSE (Discrete Persistent Structure Extractor)-based Segmentation and Exploration of Cells and Tissues, that offers the opportunity to extract automatically, in strongly deformed epithelia, a precise characterization of the spatial organization of a given cytoskeletal network combined with morphological quantifications in highly remodeled three-dimensional (3D) epithelial tissues. We believe that this method, applied here to Drosophila tissues, will be of general interest in the expanding field of morphogenesis and tissue biomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Merle
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology unit (MCD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.
| | - Sophie Theis
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology unit (MCD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Alain Kamgoué
- Image Processing Facility, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Emmanuel Martin
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology unit (MCD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Florian Sarron
- IRAP, Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, CNRS, 14 avenue E. Belin, 31400, Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, CNES, UPS-OMP, 14 avenue E. Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Guillaume Gay
- Aix Marseille Université, Mutli-Engineering Platform, CENTURI, Marseille, France
| | - Emmanuel Farge
- Mechanics and Genetics of Embryonic Development group, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR168, Inserm, Marie Curie UnivParis 06, Institut Curie, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Magali Suzanne
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology unit (MCD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.
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15
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Fielding SM, Cochran JO, Huang J, Bi D, Marchetti MC. Constitutive model for the rheology of biological tissue. Phys Rev E 2023; 108:L042602. [PMID: 37978678 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.108.l042602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The rheology of biological tissue is key to processes such as embryo development, wound healing, and cancer metastasis. Vertex models of confluent tissue monolayers have uncovered a spontaneous liquid-solid transition tuned by cell shape; and a shear-induced solidification transition of an initially liquidlike tissue. Alongside this jamming/unjamming behavior, biological tissue also displays an inherent viscoelasticity, with a slow time and rate-dependent mechanics. With this motivation, we combine simulations and continuum theory to examine the rheology of the vertex model in nonlinear shear across a full range of shear rates from quastistatic to fast, elucidating its nonlinear stress-strain curves after the inception of shear of finite rate, and its steady state flow curves of stress as a function of strain rate. We formulate a rheological constitutive model that couples cell shape to flow and captures both the tissue solid-liquid transition and its rich linear and nonlinear rheology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M Fielding
- Department of Physics, Durham University, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - James O Cochran
- Department of Physics, Durham University, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Junxiang Huang
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Dapeng Bi
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - M Cristina Marchetti
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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16
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Mancini L, Guirao B, Ortica S, Labusch M, Cheysson F, Bonnet V, Phan MS, Herbert S, Mahou P, Menant E, Bedu S, Tinevez JY, Baroud C, Beaurepaire E, Bellaiche Y, Bally-Cuif L, Dray N. Apical size and deltaA expression predict adult neural stem cell decisions along lineage progression. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eadg7519. [PMID: 37656795 PMCID: PMC10854430 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg7519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
The maintenance of neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult brain depends on their activation frequency and division mode. Using long-term intravital imaging of NSCs in the zebrafish adult telencephalon, we reveal that apical surface area and expression of the Notch ligand DeltaA predict these NSC decisions. deltaA-negative NSCs constitute a bona fide self-renewing NSC pool and systematically engage in asymmetric divisions generating a self-renewing deltaAneg daughter, which regains the size and behavior of its mother, and a neurogenic deltaApos daughter, eventually engaged in neuronal production following further quiescence-division phases. Pharmacological and genetic manipulations of Notch, DeltaA, and apical size further show that the prediction of activation frequency by apical size and the asymmetric divisions of deltaAneg NSCs are functionally independent of Notch. These results provide dynamic qualitative and quantitative readouts of NSC lineage progression in vivo and support a hierarchical organization of NSCs in differently fated subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Mancini
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3738, Zebrafish Neurogenetics Unit, Team supported by the Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris 75015, France
- Sorbonne Université, Collège Doctoral, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Boris Guirao
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 3215, Inserm U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Paris 75005, France
| | - Sara Ortica
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3738, Zebrafish Neurogenetics Unit, Team supported by the Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris 75015, France
| | - Miriam Labusch
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3738, Zebrafish Neurogenetics Unit, Team supported by the Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris 75015, France
- Sorbonne Université, Collège Doctoral, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Felix Cheysson
- LPSM, Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS 8001, Paris 75005, France
| | - Valentin Bonnet
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Physical Microfluidics and Bioengineering, Paris F-75015, France
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, IP Paris, Palaiseau 91120, France
| | - Minh Son Phan
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Image Analysis Hub, Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Herbert
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Image Analysis Hub, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Mahou
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, CNRS, INSERM, Ecole Polytechnique, IP Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Emilie Menant
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, CNRS, INSERM, Ecole Polytechnique, IP Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Sébastien Bedu
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3738, Zebrafish Neurogenetics Unit, Team supported by the Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris 75015, France
| | - Jean-Yves Tinevez
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Image Analysis Hub, Paris, France
| | - Charles Baroud
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Physical Microfluidics and Bioengineering, Paris F-75015, France
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, IP Paris, Palaiseau 91120, France
| | - Emmanuel Beaurepaire
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, CNRS, INSERM, Ecole Polytechnique, IP Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Yohanns Bellaiche
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 3215, Inserm U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Paris 75005, France
| | - Laure Bally-Cuif
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3738, Zebrafish Neurogenetics Unit, Team supported by the Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris 75015, France
| | - Nicolas Dray
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3738, Zebrafish Neurogenetics Unit, Team supported by the Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris 75015, France
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17
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Jain HP, Voigt A, Angheluta L. Robust statistical properties of T1 transitions in a multi-phase field model of cell monolayers. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10096. [PMID: 37344548 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37064-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Large-scale tissue deformation which is fundamental to tissue development hinges on local cellular rearrangements, such as T1 transitions. In the realm of the multi-phase field model, we analyse the statistical and dynamical properties of T1 transitions in a confluent monolayer. We identify an energy profile that is robust to changes in several model parameters. It is characterized by an asymmetric profile with a fast increase in energy before the T1 transition and a sudden drop after the T1 transition, followed by a slow relaxation. The latter being a signature of the fluidity of the cell monolayer. We show that T1 transitions are sources of localised large deformation of the cells undergoing the neighbour exchange, and they induce other T1 transitions in the nearby cells leading to a chaining of events that propagate local cell deformation to large scale tissue flows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish P Jain
- Njord Centre, Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0371, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Axel Voigt
- Institute of Scientific Computing, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Center of Systems Biology Dresden, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence - Physics of Life, TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Luiza Angheluta
- Njord Centre, Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0371, Oslo, Norway
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18
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Ashour DJ, Durney CH, Planelles-Herrero VJ, Stevens TJ, Feng JJ, Röper K. Zasp52 strengthens whole embryo tissue integrity through supracellular actomyosin networks. Development 2023; 150:dev201238. [PMID: 36897564 PMCID: PMC10112930 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
During morphogenesis, large-scale changes of tissue primordia are coordinated across an embryo. In Drosophila, several tissue primordia and embryonic regions are bordered or encircled by supracellular actomyosin cables, junctional actomyosin enrichments networked between many neighbouring cells. We show that the single Drosophila Alp/Enigma-family protein Zasp52, which is most prominently found in Z-discs of muscles, is a component of many supracellular actomyosin structures during embryogenesis, including the ventral midline and the boundary of the salivary gland placode. We reveal that Zasp52 contains within its central coiled-coil region a type of actin-binding motif usually found in CapZbeta proteins, and this domain displays actin-binding activity. Using endogenously-tagged lines, we identify that Zasp52 interacts with junctional components, including APC2, Polychaetoid and Sidekick, and actomyosin regulators. Analysis of zasp52 mutant embryos reveals that the severity of the embryonic defects observed scales inversely with the amount of functional protein left. Large tissue deformations occur where actomyosin cables are found during embryogenesis, and in vivo and in silico analyses suggest a model whereby supracellular Zasp52-containing cables aid to insulate morphogenetic changes from one another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina J. Ashour
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Clinton H. Durney
- Department of Mathematics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z2Canada
| | | | - Tim J. Stevens
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - James J. Feng
- Department of Mathematics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z2Canada
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3Canada
| | - Katja Röper
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
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19
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di Pietro F, Osswald M, De Las Heras JM, Cristo I, López-Gay J, Wang Z, Pelletier S, Gaugué I, Leroy A, Martin C, Morais-de-Sá E, Bellaïche Y. Systematic analysis of RhoGEF/GAP localizations uncovers regulators of mechanosensing and junction formation during epithelial cell division. Curr Biol 2023; 33:858-874.e7. [PMID: 36917931 PMCID: PMC10017266 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Cell proliferation is central to epithelial tissue development, repair, and homeostasis. During cell division, small RhoGTPases control both actomyosin dynamics and cell-cell junction remodeling to faithfully segregate the genome while maintaining tissue polarity and integrity. To decipher the mechanisms of RhoGTPase spatiotemporal regulation during epithelial cell division, we generated a transgenic fluorescently tagged library for the 48 Drosophila Rho guanine exchange factors (RhoGEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), and we systematically characterized their endogenous distributions by time-lapse microscopy. Therefore, we unveiled candidate regulators of the interplay between actomyosin and junctional dynamics during epithelial cell division. Building on these findings, we established that the conserved RhoGEF Cysts and RhoGEF4 play sequential and distinct roles to couple cytokinesis with de novo junction formation. During ring contraction, Cysts via Rho1 participates in the neighbor mechanosensing response, promoting daughter-daughter cell membrane juxtaposition in preparation to de novo junction formation. Subsequently and upon midbody formation, RhoGEF4 via Rac acts in the dividing cell to ensure the withdrawal of the neighboring cell membranes, thus controlling de novo junction length and cell-cell arrangements upon cytokinesis. Altogether, our findings delineate how the RhoGTPases Rho and Rac are locally and temporally activated during epithelial cytokinesis, highlighting the RhoGEF/GAP library as a key resource to understand the broad range of biological processes regulated by RhoGTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia di Pietro
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mariana Osswald
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular; i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - José M De Las Heras
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Inês Cristo
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jesús López-Gay
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Zhimin Wang
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Pelletier
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Gaugué
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Adrien Leroy
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Martin
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Eurico Morais-de-Sá
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular; i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Yohanns Bellaïche
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France.
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20
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Gehrels EW, Chakrabortty B, Perrin ME, Merkel M, Lecuit T. Curvature gradient drives polarized tissue flow in the Drosophila embryo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2214205120. [PMID: 36724258 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2214205120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue flow during morphogenesis is commonly driven by local constriction of cell cortices, which is caused by the activation of actomyosin contractility. This can lead to long-range flows due to tissue viscosity. However, in the absence of cell-intrinsic polarized forces or polarity in forces external to the tissue, these flows must be symmetric and centered around the region of contraction. Polarized tissue flows have been previously demonstrated to arise from the coupling of such contractile flows to points of increased friction or adhesion to external structures. However, we show with experiments and modeling that the onset of polarized tissue flow in early Drosophila morphogenesis occurs independent of adhesion and is instead driven by a geometric coupling of apical actomyosin contractility to tissue curvature. Particularly, the onset of polarized flow is driven by a mismatch between the position of apical myosin activation and the position of peak curvature at the posterior pole of the embryo. Our work demonstrates how genetic and geometric information inherited from the mother interact to create polarized flow during embryo morphogenesis.
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21
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Ikawa K, Ishihara S, Tamori Y, Sugimura K. Attachment and detachment of cortical myosin regulates cell junction exchange during cell rearrangement in the Drosophila wing epithelium. Curr Biol 2023; 33:263-275.e4. [PMID: 36543168 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells remodel cell adhesion and change their neighbors to shape a tissue. This cellular rearrangement proceeds in three steps: the shrinkage of a junction, exchange of junctions, and elongation of the newly generated junction. Herein, by combining live imaging and physical modeling, we showed that the formation of myosin-II (myo-II) cables around the cell vertices underlies the exchange of junctions in the Drosophila wing epithelium. The local and transient detachment of myo-II from the cell cortex is regulated by the LIM domain-containing protein Jub and the tricellular septate junction protein M6. Moreover, we found that M6 shifts to the adherens junction plane on jub RNAi and that Jub is persistently retained at reconnecting junctions in m6 RNAi cells. This interplay between Jub and M6 can depend on the junction length and thereby couples the detachment of cortical myo-II cables and the shrinkage/elongation of the junction during cell rearrangement. Furthermore, we developed a mechanical model based on the wetting theory and clarified how the physical properties of myo-II cables are integrated with the junction geometry to induce the transition between the attached and detached states and support the unidirectionality of cell rearrangement. Collectively, this study elucidates the orchestration of geometry, mechanics, and signaling for exchanging junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Ikawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan; Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Aichi 464-8602, Japan.
| | - Shuji Ishihara
- Department of Integrated Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan; Universal Biology Institute, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Tamori
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kaoru Sugimura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan; Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Universal Biology Institute, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8561, Japan.
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22
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Abstract
Morphogenesis is extremely diverse, but its systematic quantification to determine the physical mechanisms that produce different phenotypes is possible by quantifying the underlying cell behaviours. These are limited and definable: they consist of cell proliferation, orientation of cell division, cell rearrangement, directional matrix production, cell addition/subtraction and cell size/shape change. Although minor variations in these categories are possible, in sum they capture all possible morphogenetic behaviours. This article summarises these processes, discusses their measurement, and highlights some salient examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy B. A. Green
- Centre for Craniofacial Regeneration and Biology, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 9RT, UK
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23
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Osswald M, Barros-Carvalho A, Carmo AM, Loyer N, Gracio PC, Sunkel CE, Homem CCF, Januschke J, Morais-de-Sá E. aPKC regulates apical constriction to prevent tissue rupture in the Drosophila follicular epithelium. Curr Biol 2022; 32:4411-4427.e8. [PMID: 36113470 PMCID: PMC9632327 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Apical-basal polarity is an essential epithelial trait controlled by the evolutionarily conserved PAR-aPKC polarity network. Dysregulation of polarity proteins disrupts tissue organization during development and in disease, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear due to the broad implications of polarity loss. Here, we uncover how Drosophila aPKC maintains epithelial architecture by directly observing tissue disorganization after fast optogenetic inactivation in living adult flies and ovaries cultured ex vivo. We show that fast aPKC perturbation in the proliferative follicular epithelium produces large epithelial gaps that result from increased apical constriction, rather than loss of apical-basal polarity. Accordingly, we can modulate the incidence of epithelial gaps by increasing and decreasing actomyosin-driven contractility. We traced the origin of these large epithelial gaps to tissue rupture next to dividing cells. Live imaging shows that aPKC perturbation induces apical constriction in non-mitotic cells within minutes, producing pulling forces that ultimately detach dividing and neighboring cells. We further demonstrate that epithelial rupture requires a global increase of apical constriction, as it is prevented by the presence of non-constricting cells. Conversely, a global induction of apical tension through light-induced recruitment of RhoGEF2 to the apical side is sufficient to produce tissue rupture. Hence, our work reveals that the roles of aPKC in polarity and actomyosin regulation are separable and provides the first in vivo evidence that excessive tissue stress can break the epithelial barrier during proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Osswald
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - André Barros-Carvalho
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana M Carmo
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nicolas Loyer
- Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD5 1EH, UK
| | - Patricia C Gracio
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-199 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Claudio E Sunkel
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina C F Homem
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-199 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jens Januschke
- Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD5 1EH, UK
| | - Eurico Morais-de-Sá
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
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24
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Ayukawa T, Akiyama M, Hozumi Y, Ishimoto K, Sasaki J, Senoo H, Sasaki T, Yamazaki M. Tissue flow regulates planar cell polarity independently of the Frizzled core pathway. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111388. [PMID: 36130497 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) regulates the orientation of external structures. A core group of proteins that includes Frizzled forms the heart of the PCP regulatory system. Other PCP mechanisms that are independent of the core group likely exist, but their underlying mechanisms are elusive. Here, we show that tissue flow is a mechanism governing core group-independent PCP on the Drosophila notum. Loss of core group function only slightly affects bristle orientation in the adult central notum. This near-normal PCP results from tissue flow-mediated rescue of random bristle orientation during the pupal stage. Manipulation studies suggest that tissue flow can orient bristles in the opposite direction to the flow. This process is independent of the core group and implies that the apical extracellular matrix functions like a "comb" to align bristles. Our results reveal the significance of cooperation between tissue dynamics and extracellular substances in PCP establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Ayukawa
- Department of Cell Biology and Morphology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Masakazu Akiyama
- Meiji Institute for Advanced Study of Mathematical Sciences, Meiji University, Tokyo 164-8525, Japan; Faculty of Science, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Yasukazu Hozumi
- Department of Cell Biology and Morphology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Kenta Ishimoto
- Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Junko Sasaki
- Department of Biochemical Pathophysiology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Haruki Senoo
- Department of Cell Biology and Morphology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Takehiko Sasaki
- Department of Biochemical Pathophysiology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Masakazu Yamazaki
- Department of Cell Biology and Morphology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
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25
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Trébeau C, de Monvel JB, Altay G, Tinevez JY, Etournay R. Extracting multiple surfaces from 3D microscopy images in complex biological tissues with the Zellige software tool. BMC Biol 2022; 20:183. [PMID: 35999534 PMCID: PMC9397159 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01378-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Efficient tools allowing the extraction of 2D surfaces from 3D-microscopy data are essential for studies aiming to decipher the complex cellular choreography through which epithelium morphogenesis takes place during development. Most existing methods allow for the extraction of a single and smooth manifold of sufficiently high signal intensity and contrast, and usually fail when the surface of interest has a rough topography or when its localization is hampered by other surrounding structures of higher contrast. Multiple surface segmentation entails laborious manual annotations of the various surfaces separately. Results As automating this task is critical in studies involving tissue-tissue or tissue-matrix interaction, we developed the Zellige software, which allows the extraction of a non-prescribed number of surfaces of varying inclination, contrast, and texture from a 3D image. The tool requires the adjustment of a small set of control parameters, for which we provide an intuitive interface implemented as a Fiji plugin. Conclusions As a proof of principle of the versatility of Zellige, we demonstrate its performance and robustness on synthetic images and on four different types of biological samples, covering a wide range of biological contexts. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-022-01378-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Trébeau
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Institut de l'Audition, F-75012, Paris, France
| | | | - Gizem Altay
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Institut de l'Audition, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Yves Tinevez
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Image Analysis Hub, F-75015, Paris, France.
| | - Raphaël Etournay
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Institut de l'Audition, F-75012, Paris, France.
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26
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Abstract
We present a covariant continuum formulation of a generalized two-dimensional vertexlike model of epithelial tissues which describes tissues with different underlying geometries, and allows for an analytical macroscopic description. Using a geometrical approach and out-of-equilibrium statistical mechanics, we calculate both mechanical and dynamical instabilities of a tissue, and their dependences on various variables, including activity, and cell-shape heterogeneity (disorder). We show how both plastic cellular rearrangements and the tissue elastic response depend on the existence of mechanical residual stresses at the cellular level. Even freely growing tissues may exhibit a growth instability depending on the intrinsic proliferation rate. Our main result is an explicit calculation of the cell pressure in a homeostatic state of a confined growing tissue. We show that the homeostatic pressure can be negative and depends on the existence of mechanical residual stresses. This geometric model allows us to sort out elastic and plastic effects in a growing, flowing, tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doron Grossman
- Collège de France, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Francois Joanny
- Collège de France, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France and Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL University, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
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27
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Ogita G, Kondo T, Ikawa K, Uemura T, Ishihara S, Sugimura K. Image-based parameter inference for epithelial mechanics. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010209. [PMID: 35737656 PMCID: PMC9223404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Measuring mechanical parameters in tissues, such as the elastic modulus of cell-cell junctions, is essential to decipher the mechanical control of morphogenesis. However, their in vivo measurement is technically challenging. Here, we formulated an image-based statistical approach to estimate the mechanical parameters of epithelial cells. Candidate mechanical models are constructed based on force-cell shape correlations obtained from image data. Substitution of the model functions into force-balance equations at the cell vertex leads to an equation with respect to the parameters of the model, by which one can estimate the parameter values using a least-squares method. A test using synthetic data confirmed the accuracy of parameter estimation and model selection. By applying this method to Drosophila epithelial tissues, we found that the magnitude and orientation of feedback between the junction tension and shrinkage, which are determined by the spring constant of the junction, were correlated with the elevation of tension and myosin-II on shrinking junctions during cell rearrangement. Further, this method clarified how alterations in tissue polarity and stretching affect the anisotropy in tension parameters. Thus, our method provides a novel approach to uncovering the mechanisms governing epithelial morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goshi Ogita
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takefumi Kondo
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ikawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tadashi Uemura
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shuji Ishihara
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Universal Biology Institute, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (SI); (KS)
| | - Kaoru Sugimura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Universal Biology Institute, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
- * E-mail: (SI); (KS)
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28
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Lee SW, Morishita Y. Two types of critical cell density for mechanical elimination of abnormal cell clusters from epithelial tissue. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010178. [PMID: 35696420 PMCID: PMC9232172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent technological advances in high-resolution imaging and artificial modulation of genetic functions at different times and regions have enabled direct observations of the formation and elimination of abnormal cell populations. A recent trend in cell competition research is the incorporation of cell mechanics. In different tissues and species, abnormal cells developing in epithelial tissues are mechanically eliminated by cell contraction via actomyosin accumulation at the interface between normal and abnormal cells. This mechanical cell elimination process has attracted attention as a potential universal defense mechanism. Here, we theoretically examined the conditions for mechanical elimination of growing abnormal cell populations. Simulations and mathematical analyses using a vertex dynamics model revealed two types of critical cell density associated with mechanical elimination of abnormal cell clusters. One is a subtype of homeostatic density, in which the frequencies of spontaneous mechanical cell elimination and proliferation are balanced, even if no explicit dependence of proliferation or apoptosis on the cell density is assumed. This density is related to the mechanical stability of a single cell. The other is density related to mechanical stability as a cell population under external pressure. Both density types are determined by tissue mechanical properties. In solid tissues, the former type is reached first as the intensity of interfacial contraction increases, and it functions as a critical density. On the other hand, the latter type becomes critical when tissues are highly fluid. The derived analytical solution explicitly reveals the dependence of critical contractile force and density on different parameters. We also found a negative correlation between the proliferation rate of abnormal cells and the likelihood of the abnormal cell population expanding by escaping elimination. This is counterintuitive because in the context of cell competition, fast-growing cell populations generally win. These findings provide new insight into, and interpretation of, the results from experimental studies. High-resolution imaging techniques have revealed that abnormal cells developing in epithelial tissues are mechanically eliminated via contraction at the interface between the abnormal cells and normal surrounding cells. This phenomenon is seen in various species and tissues and thus is regarded as a primitive defense system against precancerous cells common to all animals. For comprehensive understanding of this potential defense system, we derived mathematical conditions to achieve mechanical elimination of growing abnormal cell populations. We identified two characteristic cell density types associated with successful mechanical elimination of abnormal cell clusters. Both are determined by tissue physical properties, and the smaller of the two functions as a critical density above which abnormal cell populations cannot exist. We also found a counterintuitive phenomenon in which slower proliferation of abnormal cells promotes their growth as a population. Our results will help elucidate the mechanisms of intrinsic tissue defenses against cancer from the perspective of cell mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Woo Lee
- Laboratory for Developmental Morphogeometry, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Morishita
- Laboratory for Developmental Morphogeometry, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
- * E-mail:
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29
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Naganathan SR, Popović M, Oates AC. Left-right symmetry of zebrafish embryos requires somite surface tension. Nature 2022; 605:516-521. [PMID: 35477753 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04646-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The body axis of vertebrate embryos is periodically segmented into bilaterally symmetric pairs of somites1,2. The anteroposterior length of somites, their position and left-right symmetry are thought to be molecularly determined before somite morphogenesis3,4. Here we show that, in zebrafish embryos, initial somite anteroposterior lengths and positions are imprecise and, consequently, many somite pairs form left-right asymmetrically. Notably, these imprecisions are not left unchecked and we find that anteroposterior lengths adjust within an hour after somite formation, thereby increasing morphological symmetry. We find that anteroposterior length adjustments result entirely from changes in somite shape without change in somite volume, with changes in anteroposterior length being compensated by corresponding changes in mediolateral length. The anteroposterior adjustment mechanism is facilitated by somite surface tension, which we show by comparing in vivo experiments and in vitro single-somite explant cultures using a mechanical model. Length adjustment is inhibited by perturbation of molecules involved in surface tension, such as integrin and fibronectin. By contrast, the adjustment mechanism is unaffected by perturbations to the segmentation clock, therefore revealing a distinct process that influences morphological segment lengths. We propose that tissue surface tension provides a general mechanism to adjust shapes and ensure precision and symmetry of tissues in developing embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundar R Naganathan
- Institute of Bioengineering, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Marko Popović
- Institute of Physics, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. .,Max Planck Institute for Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany. .,Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Andrew C Oates
- Institute of Bioengineering, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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30
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Huang J, Cochran JO, Fielding SM, Marchetti MC, Bi D. Shear-Driven Solidification and Nonlinear Elasticity in Epithelial Tissues. Phys Rev Lett 2022; 128:178001. [PMID: 35570431 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.178001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biological processes, from morphogenesis to tumor invasion, spontaneously generate shear stresses inside living tissue. The mechanisms that govern the transmission of mechanical forces in epithelia and the collective response of the tissue to bulk shear deformations remain, however, poorly understood. Using a minimal cell-based computational model, we investigate the constitutive relation of confluent tissues under simple shear deformation. We show that an initially undeformed fluidlike tissue acquires finite rigidity above a critical applied strain. This is akin to the shear-driven rigidity observed in other soft matter systems. Interestingly, shear-driven rigidity can be understood by a critical scaling analysis in the vicinity of the second order critical point that governs the liquid-solid transition of the undeformed system. We further show that a solidlike tissue responds linearly only to small strains and but then switches to a nonlinear response at larger stains, with substantial stiffening. Finally, we propose a mean-field formulation for cells under shear that offers a simple physical explanation of shear-driven rigidity and nonlinear response in a tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiang Huang
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - James O Cochran
- Department of Physics, Durham University, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne M Fielding
- Department of Physics, Durham University, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - M Cristina Marchetti
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Dapeng Bi
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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31
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Davis JR, Ainslie AP, Williamson JJ, Ferreira A, Torres-Sánchez A, Hoppe A, Mangione F, Smith MB, Martin-Blanco E, Salbreux G, Tapon N. ECM degradation in the Drosophila abdominal epidermis initiates tissue growth that ceases with rapid cell-cycle exit. Curr Biol 2022; 32:1285-1300.e4. [PMID: 35167804 PMCID: PMC8967408 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During development, multicellular organisms undergo stereotypical patterns of tissue growth in space and time. How developmental growth is orchestrated remains unclear, largely due to the difficulty of observing and quantitating this process in a living organism. Drosophila histoblast nests are small clusters of progenitor epithelial cells that undergo extensive growth to give rise to the adult abdominal epidermis and are amenable to live imaging. Our quantitative analysis of histoblast proliferation and tissue mechanics reveals that tissue growth is driven by cell divisions initiated through basal extracellular matrix degradation by matrix metalloproteases secreted by the neighboring larval epidermal cells. Laser ablations and computational simulations show that tissue mechanical tension does not decrease as the histoblasts fill the abdominal epidermal surface. During tissue growth, the histoblasts display oscillatory cell division rates until growth termination occurs through the rapid emergence of G0/G1 arrested cells, rather than a gradual increase in cell-cycle time as observed in other systems such as the Drosophila wing and mouse postnatal epidermis. Different developing tissues can therefore achieve their final size using distinct growth termination strategies. Thus, adult abdominal epidermal development is characterized by changes in the tissue microenvironment and a rapid exit from the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Robert Davis
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Anna P Ainslie
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - John J Williamson
- Theoretical Physics of Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Ana Ferreira
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Alejandro Torres-Sánchez
- Theoretical Physics of Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Andreas Hoppe
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Kingston-upon-Thames KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Federica Mangione
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Matthew B Smith
- Theoretical Physics of Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Enrique Martin-Blanco
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Parc Científic de Barcelona, C/Baldiri Reixac, 4-8, Torre R, 3era Planta, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillaume Salbreux
- Theoretical Physics of Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Nicolas Tapon
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.
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32
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Duclut C, Paijmans J, Inamdar MM, Modes CD, Jülicher F. Active T1 transitions in cellular networks. Eur Phys J E Soft Matter 2022; 45:29. [PMID: 35320447 PMCID: PMC8942949 DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-022-00175-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In amorphous solids as in tissues, neighbor exchanges can relax local stresses and allow the material to flow. In this paper, we use an anisotropic vertex model to study T1 rearrangements in polygonal cellular networks. We consider two different physical realizations of the active anisotropic stresses: (i) anisotropic bond tension and (ii) anisotropic cell stress. Interestingly, the two types of active stress lead to patterns of relative orientation of T1 transitions and cell elongation that are different. Our work suggests that these two realizations of anisotropic active stresses can be observed in vivo. We describe and explain these results through the lens of a continuum description of the tissue as an anisotropic active material. We furthermore discuss the energetics of the dynamic tissue and express the energy balance in terms of internal elastic energy, mechanical work, chemical work and heat. This allows us to define active T1 transitions that can perform mechanical work while consuming chemical energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Duclut
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Str. 8, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Joris Paijmans
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Str. 8, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mandar M Inamdar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Carl D Modes
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence, Physics of Life, TU Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Str. 8, 01187, Dresden, Germany.
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence, Physics of Life, TU Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
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33
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Abstract
The Drosophila wing imaginal disc is a tissue of undifferentiated cells that are precursors of the wing and most of the notum of the adult fly. The wing disc first forms during embryogenesis from a cluster of ∼30 cells located in the second thoracic segment, which invaginate to form a sac-like structure. They undergo extensive proliferation during larval stages to form a mature larval wing disc of ∼35,000 cells. During this time, distinct cell fates are assigned to different regions, and the wing disc develops a complex morphology. Finally, during pupal stages the wing disc undergoes morphogenetic processes and then differentiates to form the adult wing and notum. While the bulk of the wing disc comprises epithelial cells, it also includes neurons and glia, and is associated with tracheal cells and muscle precursor cells. The relative simplicity and accessibility of the wing disc, combined with the wealth of genetic tools available in Drosophila, have combined to make it a premier system for identifying genes and deciphering systems that play crucial roles in animal development. Studies in wing imaginal discs have made key contributions to many areas of biology, including tissue patterning, signal transduction, growth control, regeneration, planar cell polarity, morphogenesis, and tissue mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bipin Kumar Tripathi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Kenneth D Irvine
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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34
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Souchaud A, Boutillon A, Charron G, Asnacios A, Noûs C, David NB, Graner F, Gallet F. Live 3D imaging and mapping of shear stresses within tissues using incompressible elastic beads. Development 2022; 149:274481. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.199765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
To investigate the role of mechanical constraints in morphogenesis and development, we have developed a pipeline of techniques based on incompressible elastic sensors. These techniques combine the advantages of incompressible liquid droplets, which have been used as precise in situ shear stress sensors, and of elastic compressible beads, which are easier to tune and to use. Droplets of a polydimethylsiloxane mix, made fluorescent through specific covalent binding to a rhodamin dye, are produced by a microfluidics device. The elastomer rigidity after polymerization is adjusted to the tissue rigidity. Its mechanical properties are carefully calibrated in situ, for a sensor embedded in a cell aggregate submitted to uniaxial compression. The local shear stress tensor is retrieved from the sensor shape, accurately reconstructed through an active contour method. In vitro, within cell aggregates, and in vivo, in the prechordal plate of the zebrafish embryo during gastrulation, our pipeline of techniques demonstrates its efficiency to directly measure the three dimensional shear stress repartition within a tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Souchaud
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 associée au CNRS et à l'Université de Paris, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Arthur Boutillon
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Gaëlle Charron
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 associée au CNRS et à l'Université de Paris, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Atef Asnacios
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 associée au CNRS et à l'Université de Paris, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Camille Noûs
- Laboratory Cogitamus, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas B. David
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - François Graner
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 associée au CNRS et à l'Université de Paris, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75013 Paris, France
| | - François Gallet
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 associée au CNRS et à l'Université de Paris, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75013 Paris, France
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35
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Leroy O, van Leen E, Girard P, Villedieu A, Hubert C, Bosveld F, Bellaïche Y, Renaud O. Multi-view confocal microscopy enables multiple organ and whole organism live-imaging. Development 2022; 149:274464. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.199760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Understanding how development is coordinated in multiple tissues and gives rise to fully functional organs or whole organisms necessitates microscopy tools. Over the last decade numerous advances have been made in live-imaging, enabling high resolution imaging of whole organisms at cellular resolution. Yet, these advances mainly rely on mounting the specimen in agarose or aqueous solutions, precluding imaging of organisms whose oxygen uptake depends on ventilation. Here, we implemented a multi-view multi-scale microscopy strategy based on confocal spinning disk microscopy, called Multi-View confocal microScopy (MuViScopy). MuViScopy enables live-imaging of multiple organs with cellular resolution using sample rotation and confocal imaging without the need of sample embedding. We illustrate the capacity of MuViScopy by live-imaging Drosophila melanogaster pupal development throughout metamorphosis, highlighting how internal organs are formed and multiple organ development is coordinated. We foresee that MuViScopy will open the path to better understand developmental processes at the whole organism scale in living systems that require gas exchange by ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Leroy
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, Inserm U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Eric van Leen
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, Inserm U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Girard
- Université de Paris, CNRS UMR7592, Institut Jacques Monod and Faculty of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Aurélien Villedieu
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, Inserm U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Floris Bosveld
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, Inserm U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Yohanns Bellaïche
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, Inserm U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Renaud
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, Inserm U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
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36
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Hannezo E, Heisenberg C. Rigidity transitions in development and disease. Trends Cell Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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di Pietro F, Herszterg S, Huang A, Bosveld F, Alexandre C, Sancéré L, Pelletier S, Joudat A, Kapoor V, Vincent JP, Bellaïche Y. Rapid and robust optogenetic control of gene expression in Drosophila. Dev Cell 2021; 56:3393-3404.e7. [PMID: 34879263 PMCID: PMC8693864 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Deciphering gene function requires the ability to control gene expression in space and time. Binary systems such as the Gal4/UAS provide a powerful means to modulate gene expression and to induce loss or gain of function. This is best exemplified in Drosophila, where the Gal4/UAS system has been critical to discover conserved mechanisms in development, physiology, neurobiology, and metabolism, to cite a few. Here we describe a transgenic light-inducible Gal4/UAS system (ShineGal4/UAS) based on Magnet photoswitches. We show that it allows efficient, rapid, and robust activation of UAS-driven transgenes in different tissues and at various developmental stages in Drosophila. Furthermore, we illustrate how ShineGal4 enables the generation of gain and loss-of-function phenotypes at animal, organ, and cellular levels. Thanks to the large repertoire of UAS-driven transgenes, ShineGal4 enriches the Drosophila genetic toolkit by allowing in vivo control of gene expression with high temporal and spatial resolutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia di Pietro
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 3215, Inserm U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Anqi Huang
- Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Floris Bosveld
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 3215, Inserm U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Lucas Sancéré
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 3215, Inserm U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Pelletier
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 3215, Inserm U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Amina Joudat
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 3215, Inserm U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Varun Kapoor
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 3215, Inserm U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Yohanns Bellaïche
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 3215, Inserm U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France.
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38
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Yamashita S, Guirao B, Graner F. From heterogeneous morphogenetic fields to homogeneous regions as a step towards understanding complex tissue dynamics. Development 2021; 148:273621. [PMID: 34861038 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Within developing tissues, cell proliferation, cell motility and other cell behaviors vary spatially, and this variability gives a complexity to the morphogenesis. Recently, novel formalisms have been developed to quantify tissue deformation and underlying cellular processes. A major challenge for the study of morphogenesis now is to objectively define tissue sub-regions exhibiting different dynamics. Here, we propose a method to automatically divide a tissue into regions where the local deformation rate is homogeneous. This was achieved by several steps including image segmentation, clustering and region boundary smoothing. We illustrate the use of the pipeline using a large dataset obtained during the metamorphosis of the Drosophila pupal notum. We also adapt it to determine regions in which the time evolution of the local deformation rate is homogeneous. Finally, we generalize its use to find homogeneous regions for cellular processes such as cell division, cell rearrangement, or cell size and shape changes. We also illustrate it on wing blade morphogenesis. This pipeline will contribute substantially to the analysis of complex tissue shaping, and the biochemical and biomechanical regulations driving tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Yamashita
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes (CNRS UMR7057), Université de Paris-Diderot, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Boris Guirao
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - François Graner
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes (CNRS UMR7057), Université de Paris-Diderot, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
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39
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Yang H, Pegoraro AF, Han Y, Tang W, Abeyaratne R, Bi D, Guo M. Configurational fingerprints of multicellular living systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2109168118. [PMID: 34716269 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2109168118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells cooperate as groups to achieve structure and function at the tissue level, during which specific material characteristics emerge. Analogous to phase transitions in classical physics, transformations in the material characteristics of multicellular assemblies are essential for a variety of vital processes including morphogenesis, wound healing, and cancer. In this work, we develop configurational fingerprints of particulate and multicellular assemblies and extract volumetric and shear order parameters based on this fingerprint to quantify the system disorder. Theoretically, these two parameters form a complete and unique pair of signatures for the structural disorder of a multicellular system. The evolution of these two order parameters offers a robust and experimentally accessible way to map the phase transitions in expanding cell monolayers and during embryogenesis and invasion of epithelial spheroids.
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40
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Chan EHY, Zhou Y, Aerne BL, Holder MV, Weston A, Barry DJ, Collinson L, Tapon N. RASSF8-mediated transport of Echinoid via the exocyst promotes Drosophila wing elongation and epithelial ordering. Development 2021; 148:dev199731. [PMID: 34532737 PMCID: PMC8572004 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cell-cell junctions are dynamic structures that maintain cell cohesion and shape in epithelial tissues. During development, junctions undergo extensive rearrangements to drive the epithelial remodelling required for morphogenesis. This is particularly evident during axis elongation, where neighbour exchanges, cell-cell rearrangements and oriented cell divisions lead to large-scale alterations in tissue shape. Polarised vesicle trafficking of junctional components by the exocyst complex has been proposed to promote junctional rearrangements during epithelial remodelling, but the receptors that allow exocyst docking to the target membranes remain poorly understood. Here, we show that the adherens junction component Ras Association domain family 8 (RASSF8) is required for the epithelial re-ordering that occurs during Drosophila pupal wing proximo-distal elongation. We identify the exocyst component Sec15 as a RASSF8 interactor. Loss of RASSF8 elicits cytoplasmic accumulation of Sec15 and Rab11-containing vesicles. These vesicles also contain the nectin-like homophilic adhesion molecule Echinoid, the depletion of which phenocopies the wing elongation and epithelial packing defects observed in RASSF8 mutants. Thus, our results suggest that RASSF8 promotes exocyst-dependent docking of Echinoid-containing vesicles during morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice H. Y. Chan
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Yanxiang Zhou
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Birgit L. Aerne
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Maxine V. Holder
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Anne Weston
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - David J. Barry
- Advanced Light Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Lucy Collinson
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Nicolas Tapon
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
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41
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Duclut C, Paijmans J, Inamdar MM, Modes CD, Jülicher F. Nonlinear rheology of cellular networks. Cells Dev 2021; 168:203746. [PMID: 34592496 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2021.203746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Morphogenesis depends crucially on the complex rheological properties of cell tissues and on their ability to maintain mechanical integrity while rearranging at long times. In this paper, we study the rheology of polygonal cellular networks described by a vertex model in the presence of fluctuations. We use a triangulation method to decompose shear into cell shape changes and cell rearrangements. Considering the steady-state stress under constant shear, we observe nonlinear shear-thinning behavior at all magnitudes of the fluctuations, and an even stronger nonlinear regime at lower values of the fluctuations. We successfully capture this nonlinear rheology by a mean-field model that describes the tissue in terms of cell elongation and cell rearrangements. We furthermore introduce anisotropic active stresses in the vertex model and analyze their effect on rheology. We include this anisotropy in the mean-field model and show that it recapitulates the behavior observed in the simulations. Our work clarifies how tissue rheology is related to stochastic cell rearrangements and provides a simple biophysical model to describe biological tissues. Further, it highlights the importance of nonlinearities when discussing tissue mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Duclut
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Str. 8, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Joris Paijmans
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Str. 8, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Mandar M Inamdar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Carl D Modes
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Dresden 01307, Germany; Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Cluster of Excellence, Physics of Life, TU Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Str. 8, 01187 Dresden, Germany; Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Cluster of Excellence, Physics of Life, TU Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany.
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42
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Abstract
Cell packing - the spatial arrangement of cells - determines the shapes of organs. Recently, investigations of organ development in a variety of model organisms have uncovered cellular mechanisms that are used by epithelial tissues to change cell packing, and thereby their shapes, to generate functional architectures. Here, we review these cellular mechanisms across a wide variety of developmental processes in vertebrates and invertebrates and identify a set of common motifs in the morphogenesis toolbox that, in combination, appear to allow any change in tissue shape. We focus on tissue elongation, folding and invagination, and branching. We also highlight how these morphogenetic processes are achieved by cell-shape changes, cell rearrangements, and oriented cell division. Finally, we describe approaches that have the potential to engineer three-dimensional tissues for both basic science and translational purposes. This review provides a framework for future analyses of how tissues are shaped by the dynamics of epithelial cell packing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra B Lemke
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Celeste M Nelson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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43
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Ota R, Ide T, Michiue T. A rapid segmentation method of cell boundary for developing embryos using machine learning with a personal computer. Dev Growth Differ 2021; 63:406-416. [PMID: 34453320 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cell segmentation is crucial in the study of morphogenesis in developing embryos, but it had been limited in its accuracy until machine learning methods for image segmentation like U-Net. However, these methods take too much time. In this study, we provide a rapid method for cell segmentation using machine learning with a personal computer, termed Cell Segmentator using Machine Learning (CSML). CSML took four seconds per image with a personal computer for segmentation on average, much less than time to obtain an image. We observed that F-value of segmentation by CSML was around 0.97, showing better performance than state-of-the-art methods like RACE and watershed in assessing the segmentation of Xenopus ectodermal cells. CSML also showed slightly better performance and faster than other machine learning-based methods such as U-Net. CSML required only one whole embryo image for training a Fully Convolutional Network classifier and only two parameters. To validate its accuracy, we compared CSML to other methods in assessing several indicators of cell shape. We also examined the generality of this approach by measuring its performance of segmentation of independent images. Our data demonstrate the superiority of CSML, and we expect this application to improve efficiency in cell shape studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikifumi Ota
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ide
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Michiue
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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44
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Kolb P, Schundner A, Frick M, Gottschalk KE. In Vitro Measurements of Cellular Forces and their Importance in the Lung-From the Sub- to the Multicellular Scale. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:691. [PMID: 34357063 PMCID: PMC8307149 DOI: 10.3390/life11070691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout life, the body is subjected to various mechanical forces on the organ, tissue, and cellular level. Mechanical stimuli are essential for organ development and function. One organ whose function depends on the tightly connected interplay between mechanical cell properties, biochemical signaling, and external forces is the lung. However, altered mechanical properties or excessive mechanical forces can also drive the onset and progression of severe pulmonary diseases. Characterizing the mechanical properties and forces that affect cell and tissue function is therefore necessary for understanding physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms. In recent years, multiple methods have been developed for cellular force measurements at multiple length scales, from subcellular forces to measuring the collective behavior of heterogeneous cellular networks. In this short review, we give a brief overview of the mechanical forces at play on the cellular level in the lung. We then focus on the technological aspects of measuring cellular forces at many length scales. We describe tools with a subcellular resolution and elaborate measurement techniques for collective multicellular units. Many of the technologies described are by no means restricted to lung research and have already been applied successfully to cells from various other tissues. However, integrating the knowledge gained from these multi-scale measurements in a unifying framework is still a major future challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kolb
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Ulm University, 89069 Ulm, Germany;
| | - Annika Schundner
- Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, 89069 Ulm, Germany;
| | - Manfred Frick
- Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, 89069 Ulm, Germany;
| | - Kay-E. Gottschalk
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Ulm University, 89069 Ulm, Germany;
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45
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Al-Izzi SC, Morris RG. Active flows and deformable surfaces in development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 120:44-52. [PMID: 34266757 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We review progress in active hydrodynamic descriptions of flowing media on curved and deformable manifolds: the state-of-the-art in continuum descriptions of single-layers of epithelial and/or other tissues during development. First, after a brief overview of activity, flows and hydrodynamic descriptions, we highlight the generic challenge of identifying the dependence on dynamical variables of so-called active kinetic coefficients- active counterparts to dissipative Onsager coefficients. We go on to describe some of the subtleties concerning how curvature and active flows interact, and the issues that arise when surfaces are deformable. We finish with a broad discussion around the utility of such theories in developmental biology. This includes limitations to analytical techniques, challenges associated with numerical integration, fitting-to-data and inference, and potential tools for the future, such as discrete differential geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami C Al-Izzi
- School of Physics and EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales - Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Richard G Morris
- School of Physics and EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales - Sydney, 2052, Australia.
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46
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Gorfinkiel N, Martinez Arias A. The cell in the age of the genomic revolution: Cell Regulatory Networks. Cells Dev 2021; 168:203720. [PMID: 34252599 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2021.203720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few years an intense activity in the areas of advanced microscopy and quantitative cell biology has put the focus on the morphogenetic events that shape embryos. The interest in these processes is taking place against the backdrop of genomic studies, particularly of global patterns of gene expression at the level of single cells, which cannot fully account for the way cells build tissues and organs. Here we discuss the need to integrate the activity of genes with that of cells and propose the need to develop a framework, based on cellular processes and cell interactions, that parallels that which has been created for gene activity in the form of Gene Regulatory Networks (GRNs). We begin to do this by suggesting elements for building Cell Regulatory Networks (CRNs). In the same manner that GRNs create schedules of gene expression that result in the emergence of cell fates over time, CRNs create tissues and organs i.e. space. We also suggest how GRNs and CRNs might interact in the building of embryos through feedback loops involving mechanics and tissue tectonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Gorfinkiel
- Departamento de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Facultad de CC Biológicas, Universidad Complutense, José Antonio Nováis 12, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alfonso Martinez Arias
- Systems Bioengineering, DCEXS, Universidad Pompeu Fabra, ICREA (Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats), Doctor Aiguader 88, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain.
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47
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Abstract
Morphogenesis is one of the most remarkable examples of biological pattern formation. Despite substantial progress in the field, we still do not understand the organizational principles responsible for the robust convergence of the morphogenesis process across scales to form viable organisms under variable conditions. Achieving large-scale coordination requires feedback between mechanical and biochemical processes, spanning all levels of organization and relating the emerging patterns with the mechanisms driving their formation. In this review, we highlight the role of mechanics in the patterning process, emphasizing the active and synergistic manner in which mechanical processes participate in developmental patterning rather than merely following a program set by biochemical signals. We discuss the value of applying a coarse-grained approach toward understanding this complex interplay, which considers the large-scale dynamics and feedback as well as complementing the reductionist approach focused on molecular detail. A central challenge in this approach is identifying relevant coarse-grained variables and developing effective theories that can serve as a basis for an integrated framework for understanding this remarkable pattern-formation process. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, Volume 37 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonit Maroudas-Sacks
- Department of Physics, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel;
| | - Kinneret Keren
- Department of Physics, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel; .,Network Biology Research Laboratories and The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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48
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Herbert S, Valon L, Mancini L, Dray N, Caldarelli P, Gros J, Esposito E, Shorte SL, Bally-Cuif L, Aulner N, Levayer R, Tinevez JY. LocalZProjector and DeProj: a toolbox for local 2D projection and accurate morphometrics of large 3D microscopy images. BMC Biol 2021; 19:136. [PMID: 34215263 PMCID: PMC8254216 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01037-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Quantitative imaging of epithelial tissues requires bioimage analysis tools that are widely applicable and accurate. In the case of imaging 3D tissues, a common preprocessing step consists of projecting the acquired 3D volume on a 2D plane mapping the tissue surface. While segmenting the tissue cells is amenable on 2D projections, it is still very difficult and cumbersome in 3D. However, for many specimen and models used in developmental and cell biology, the complex content of the image volume surrounding the epithelium in a tissue often reduces the visibility of the biological object in the projection, compromising its subsequent analysis. In addition, the projection may distort the geometry of the tissue and can lead to strong artifacts in the morphology measurement. Results Here we introduce a user-friendly toolbox built to robustly project epithelia on their 2D surface from 3D volumes and to produce accurate morphology measurement corrected for the projection distortion, even for very curved tissues. Our toolbox is built upon two components. LocalZProjector is a configurable Fiji plugin that generates 2D projections and height-maps from potentially large 3D stacks (larger than 40 GB per time-point) by only incorporating signal of the planes with local highest variance/mean intensity, despite a possibly complex image content. DeProj is a MATLAB tool that generates correct morphology measurements by combining the height-map output (such as the one offered by LocalZProjector) and the results of a cell segmentation on the 2D projection, hence effectively deprojecting the 2D segmentation in 3D. In this paper, we demonstrate their effectiveness over a wide range of different biological samples. We then compare its performance and accuracy against similar existing tools. Conclusions We find that LocalZProjector performs well even in situations where the volume to project also contains unwanted signal in other layers. We show that it can process large images without a pre-processing step. We study the impact of geometrical distortions on morphological measurements induced by the projection. We measured very large distortions which are then corrected by DeProj, providing accurate outputs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at (10.1186/s12915-021-01037-w).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Herbert
- Image Analysis Hub, C2RT / DTPS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Present Address: Imaging Core Facility, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Léo Valon
- Cell death and epithelial homeostasis unit, Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Department, UMR3738 CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Laure Mancini
- Zebrafish Neurogenetics unit (Team supported by the Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer), Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Department, UMR3738 CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Collège doctoral, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Dray
- Zebrafish Neurogenetics unit (Team supported by the Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer), Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Department, UMR3738 CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Paolo Caldarelli
- Dynamic Regulation of Morphogenesis, Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Department, UMR3738 CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Gros
- Dynamic Regulation of Morphogenesis, Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Department, UMR3738 CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Elric Esposito
- UTechS PBI, C2RT / DTPS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Laure Bally-Cuif
- Zebrafish Neurogenetics unit (Team supported by the Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer), Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Department, UMR3738 CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Romain Levayer
- Cell death and epithelial homeostasis unit, Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Department, UMR3738 CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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49
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Abstract
Plant leaves display considerable variation in shape. Here, we introduce key aspects of leaf development, focusing on the morphogenetic basis of leaf shape diversity. We discuss the importance of the genetic control of the amount, duration, and direction of cellular growth for the emergence of leaf form. We highlight how the combined use of live imaging and computational frameworks can help conceptualize how regulated cellular growth is translated into different leaf shapes. In particular, we focus on the morphogenetic differences between simple and complex leaves and how carnivorous plants form three-dimensional insect traps. We discuss how evolution has shaped leaf diversity in the case of complex leaves, by tinkering with organ-wide growth and local growth repression, and in carnivorous plants, by modifying the relative growth of the lower and upper sides of the leaf primordium to create insect-digesting traps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Bhatia
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Adam Runions
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany;
- Current affiliation: Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Miltos Tsiantis
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany;
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Chalin D, Bureau C, Parmeggiani A, Rochal S, Kissa K, Golushko I. Modeling and live imaging of mechanical instabilities in the zebrafish aorta during hematopoiesis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9316. [PMID: 33927284 PMCID: PMC8085226 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88667-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
All blood cells originate from hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs). HSPCs are formed from endothelial cells (ECs) of the dorsal aorta (DA), via endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition (EHT). The zebrafish is a primary model organism to study the process in vivo. While the role of mechanical stress in controlling gene expression promoting cell differentiation is actively investigated, mechanisms driving shape changes of the DA and individual ECs remain poorly understood. We address this problem by developing a new DA micromechanical model and applying it to experimental data on zebrafish morphogenesis. The model considers the DA as an isotropic tubular membrane subjected to hydrostatic blood pressure and axial stress. The DA evolution is described as a movement in the dimensionless controlling parameters space: normalized hydrostatic pressure and axial stress. We argue that HSPC production is accompanied by two mechanical instabilities arising in the system due to the plane stress in the DA walls and show how a complex interplay between mechanical forces in the system drives the emerging morphological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrii Chalin
- Research and Education Center "Materials", Don State Technical University, 1 Gagarin Square, Rostov-on-Don, 344000, Russia
| | - Charlotte Bureau
- LPHI, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Andrea Parmeggiani
- LPHI, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Sergei Rochal
- Faculty of Physics, Southern Federal University, Zorge 5, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russian Federation
| | - Karima Kissa
- LPHI, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France.
| | - Ivan Golushko
- Research and Education Center "Materials", Don State Technical University, 1 Gagarin Square, Rostov-on-Don, 344000, Russia.
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