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Tucker Andrews J, Zhang Z, Krishna Prasad GVR, Huey F, Nazarova EV, Wang J, Ranaraja A, Weinkopff T, Li LX, Mu S, Birrer MJ, Ching-Cheng Huang S, Zhang N, Argüello RJ, Philips JA, Mattila JT, Huang L. Metabolically active neutrophils represent a permissive niche for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mucosal Immunol 2024:S1933-0219(24)00048-5. [PMID: 38844208 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2024.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis- (Mtb) infected neutrophils are often found in the airways of patients with active tuberculosis (TB), and excessive recruitment of neutrophils to the lung is linked to increased bacterial burden and aggravated pathology in TB. The basis for the permissiveness of neutrophils for Mtb and the ability to be pathogenic in TB has been elusive. Here, we identified metabolic and functional features of neutrophils that contribute to their permissiveness in Mtb infection. Using single-cell metabolic and transcriptional analyses, we found that neutrophils in the Mtb-infected lung displayed elevated mitochondrial metabolism, which was largely attributed to the induction of activated neutrophils with enhanced metabolic activities. The activated neutrophil subpopulation was also identified in the lung granulomas from Mtb-infected non-human primates. Functionally, activated neutrophils harbored more viable bacteria and displayed enhanced lipid uptake and accumulation. Surprisingly, we found that IFNγ promoted the activation of lung neutrophils during Mtb infection. Lastly, perturbation of lipid uptake pathways selectively compromised Mtb survival in activated neutrophils. These findings suggest that neutrophil heterogeneity and metabolic diversity are key to their permissiveness for Mtb, and that metabolic pathways in neutrophils represent potential host-directed therapeutics in TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tucker Andrews
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Zijing Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR; Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - G V R Krishna Prasad
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Fischer Huey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Evgenia V Nazarova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Jocelyn Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Ananya Ranaraja
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Tiffany Weinkopff
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Lin-Xi Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Shengyu Mu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Michael J Birrer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR; Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Stanley Ching-Cheng Huang
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH; Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - Nan Zhang
- Immunology, Metastasis & Microenvironment Program, Ellen and Ronald Caplan Cancer Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Rafael J Argüello
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Jennifer A Philips
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Joshua T Mattila
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA
| | - Lu Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR.
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Bohórquez JA, Adduri S, Ansari D, John S, Florence J, Adejare O, Singh G, Konduru NV, Jagannath C, Yi G. A novel humanized mouse model for HIV and tuberculosis co-infection studies. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1395018. [PMID: 38799434 PMCID: PMC11116656 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1395018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), continues to be a major public health problem worldwide. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is another equally important life-threatening pathogen. HIV infection decreases CD4+ T cell levels markedly increasing Mtb co-infections. An appropriate animal model for HIV/Mtb co-infection that can recapitulate the diversity of the immune response in humans during co-infection would facilitate basic and translational research in HIV/Mtb infections. Herein, we describe a novel humanized mouse model. Methods The irradiated NSG-SGM3 mice were transplanted with human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells, and the humanization was monitored by staining various immune cell markers for flow cytometry. They were challenged with HIV and/or Mtb, and the CD4+ T cell depletion and HIV viral load were monitored over time. Before necropsy, the live mice were subjected to pulmonary function test and CT scan, and after sacrifice, the lung and spleen homogenates were used to determine Mtb load (CFU) and cytokine/chemokine levels by multiplex assay, and lung sections were analyzed for histopathology. The mouse sera were subjected to metabolomics analysis. Results Our humanized NSG-SGM3 mice were able to engraft human CD34+ stem cells, which then differentiated into a full-lineage of human immune cell subsets. After co-infection with HIV and Mtb, these mice showed decrease in CD4+ T cell counts overtime and elevated HIV load in the sera, similar to the infection pattern of humans. Additionally, Mtb caused infections in both lungs and spleen, and induced granulomatous lesions in the lungs. Distinct metabolomic profiles were also observed in the tissues from different mouse groups after co-infections. Conclusion The humanized NSG-SGM3 mice are able to recapitulate the pathogenic effects of HIV and Mtb infections and co-infection at the pathological, immunological and metabolism levels and are therefore a reproducible small animal model for studying HIV/Mtb co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Alejandro Bohórquez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, United States
- Center for Biomedical Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, United States
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas at Tyler School of Medicine, Tyler, TX, United States
| | - Sitaramaraju Adduri
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, United States
- Center for Biomedical Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, United States
| | - Danish Ansari
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, United States
- Center for Biomedical Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, United States
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas at Tyler School of Medicine, Tyler, TX, United States
| | - Sahana John
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, United States
- Center for Biomedical Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, United States
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas at Tyler School of Medicine, Tyler, TX, United States
| | - Jon Florence
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, United States
- Center for Biomedical Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, United States
| | - Omoyeni Adejare
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, United States
- Center for Biomedical Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, United States
| | - Gaurav Singh
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas at Tyler School of Medicine, Tyler, TX, United States
| | - Nagarjun V. Konduru
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, United States
- Center for Biomedical Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, United States
| | - Chinnaswamy Jagannath
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Center for Infectious Diseases and Translational Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Guohua Yi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, United States
- Center for Biomedical Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, United States
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas at Tyler School of Medicine, Tyler, TX, United States
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3
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Simwela NV, Johnston L, Pavinski Bitar P, Jaecklein E, Altier C, Sassetti CM, Russell DG. Genome-wide screen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis- infected macrophages identified the GID/CTLH complex as a determinant of intracellular bacterial growth. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.06.592714. [PMID: 38766174 PMCID: PMC11100626 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.06.592714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The eukaryotic GID/CTLH complex is a highly conserved E3 ubiquitin ligase involved in a broad range of biological processes. However, a role of this complex in host antimicrobial defenses has not been described. We exploited Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) induced cytotoxicity in macrophages in a FACS based CRISPR genetic screen to identify host determinants of intracellular Mtb growth restriction. Our screen identified 5 ( GID8 , YPEL5 , WDR26 , UBE2H , MAEA ) of the 10 predicted members of the GID/CTLH complex as determinants of intracellular growth of both Mtb and Salmonella serovar Typhimurium. We show that the antimicrobial properties of the GID/CTLH complex knockdown macrophages are mediated by enhanced GABAergic signaling, activated AMPK, increased autophagic flux and resistance to cell death. Meanwhile, Mtb isolated from GID/CTLH knockdown macrophages are nutritionally starved and oxidatively stressed. Our study identifies the GID/CTLH complex activity as broadly suppressive of host antimicrobial responses against intracellular bacterial infections. Graphical abstract
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Vankayalapati A, Durojaye O, Mukherjee T, Paidipally P, Owusu-Afriyie B, Vankayalapati R, Radhakrishnan RK. Metabolic changes enhance necroptosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012148. [PMID: 38728367 PMCID: PMC11086854 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Previously, we found that Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) mice enhances inflammatory cytokine production which drives pathological immune responses and mortality. In the current study, using a T2DM Mtb infection mice model, we determined the mechanisms that make T2DM mice alveolar macrophages (AMs) more inflammatory upon Mtb infection. Among various cell death pathways, necroptosis is a major pathway involved in inflammatory cytokine production by T2DM mice AMs. Anti-TNFR1 antibody treatment of Mtb-infected AMs from T2DM mice significantly reduced expression of receptor interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) and mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) (necroptosis markers) and IL-6 production. Metabolic profile comparison of Mtb-infected AMs from T2DM mice and Mtb-infected AMs of nondiabetic control mice indicated that 2-ketohexanoic acid and deoxyadenosine monophosphate were significantly abundant, and acetylcholine and pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) were significantly less abundant in T2DM mice AMs infected with Mtb. 2-Ketohexanoic acid enhanced expression of TNFR1, RIPK3, MLKL and inflammatory cytokine production in the lungs of Mtb-infected nondiabetic mice. In contrast, pyridoxine inhibited RIPK3, MLKL and enhanced expression of Caspase 3 (apoptosis marker) in the lungs of Mtb-infected T2DM mice. Our findings demonstrate that metabolic changes in Mtb-infected T2DM mice enhance TNFR1-mediated necroptosis of AMs, which leads to excess inflammation and lung pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Vankayalapati
- Center for Biomedical Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
| | - Olamipejo Durojaye
- Center for Biomedical Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tanmoy Mukherjee
- Center for Biomedical Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
| | - Padmaja Paidipally
- Center for Biomedical Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bismark Owusu-Afriyie
- Center for Biomedical Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ramakrishna Vankayalapati
- Center for Biomedical Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rajesh Kumar Radhakrishnan
- Center for Biomedical Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
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5
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Adolph C, Cheung CY, McNeil MB, Jowsey WJ, Williams ZC, Hards K, Harold LK, Aboelela A, Bujaroski RS, Buckley BJ, Tyndall JDA, Li Z, Langer JD, Preiss L, Meier T, Steyn AJC, Rhee KY, Berney M, Kelso MJ, Cook GM. A dual-targeting succinate dehydrogenase and F 1F o-ATP synthase inhibitor rapidly sterilizes replicating and non-replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cell Chem Biol 2024; 31:683-698.e7. [PMID: 38151019 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterial bioenergetics is a validated target space for antitubercular drug development. Here, we identify BB2-50F, a 6-substituted 5-(N,N-hexamethylene)amiloride derivative as a potent, multi-targeting bioenergetic inhibitor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We show that BB2-50F rapidly sterilizes both replicating and non-replicating cultures of M. tuberculosis and synergizes with several tuberculosis drugs. Target identification experiments, supported by docking studies, showed that BB2-50F targets the membrane-embedded c-ring of the F1Fo-ATP synthase and the catalytic subunit (substrate-binding site) of succinate dehydrogenase. Biochemical assays and metabolomic profiling showed that BB2-50F inhibits succinate oxidation, decreases the activity of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and results in succinate secretion from M. tuberculosis. Moreover, we show that the lethality of BB2-50F under aerobic conditions involves the accumulation of reactive oxygen species. Overall, this study identifies BB2-50F as an effective inhibitor of M. tuberculosis and highlights that targeting multiple components of the mycobacterial respiratory chain can produce fast-acting antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara Adolph
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1042, New Zealand
| | - Chen-Yi Cheung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Matthew B McNeil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1042, New Zealand
| | - William J Jowsey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1042, New Zealand
| | - Zoe C Williams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Kiel Hards
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Liam K Harold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Ashraf Aboelela
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Richard S Bujaroski
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Buckley
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Joel D A Tyndall
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Zhengqiu Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Julian D Langer
- Proteomics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Laura Preiss
- Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Meier
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Private University in the Principality of Liechtenstein, Triesen, Liechtenstein
| | - Adrie J C Steyn
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, KwaZulu, Natal, South Africa; Department of Microbiology, Centers for AIDs Research and Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kyu Y Rhee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Michael Berney
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael J Kelso
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Gregory M Cook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1042, New Zealand.
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6
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He L, Zhong Z, Wen S, Li P, Jiang Q, Liu F. Gut microbiota-derived butyrate restores impaired regulatory T cells in patients with AChR myasthenia gravis via mTOR-mediated autophagy. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:215. [PMID: 38570836 PMCID: PMC10988943 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01588-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
More than 80% of patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) are positive for anti-acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibodies. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) suppress overproduction of these antibodies, and patients with AChR antibody-positive MG (AChR MG) exhibit impaired Treg function and reduced Treg numbers. The gut microbiota and their metabolites play a crucial role in maintaining Treg differentiation and function. However, whether impaired Tregs correlate with gut microbiota activity in patients with AChR MG remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that butyric acid-producing gut bacteria and serum butyric acid level are reduced in patients with AChR MG. Butyrate supplementation effectively enhanced Treg differentiation and their suppressive function of AChR MG. Mechanistically, butyrate activates autophagy of Treg cells by inhibiting the mammalian target of rapamycin. Activation of autophagy increased oxidative phosphorylation and surface expression of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 on Treg cells, thereby promoting Treg differentiation and their suppressive function in AChR MG. This observed effect of butyrate was blocked using chloroquine, an autophagy inhibitor, suggesting the vital role of butyrate-activated autophagy in Tregs of patients with AChR MG. We propose that gut bacteria derived butyrate has potential therapeutic efficacy against AChR MG by restoring impaired Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long He
- Department of Digestive Endoscopy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Clinical Research Academy of Chinese Medicine, Postdoctoral Research Station of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 16 Airport Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510405, China
| | - Zhuotai Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 6, Wangjing Zhonghuan South Road, Futong East Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing City, China
| | - Shuting Wen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 55, Inner Ring West Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 511400, China
| | - Peiwu Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 16 Airport Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510405, China.
| | - Qilong Jiang
- Department of Myopathies, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 16 Airport Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510405, China.
| | - Fengbin Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 16 Airport Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510405, China.
- Baiyun Hospital of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 2 He Longqi Road, Renhe, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
- Institute of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 12 Airport Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510405, China.
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7
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Bohórquez JA, Adduri S, Ansari D, John S, Florence J, Adejare O, Singh G, Konduru N, Jagannath C, Yi G. A Novel Humanized Mouse Model for HIV and Tuberculosis Co-infection Studies. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.05.583545. [PMID: 38496484 PMCID: PMC10942347 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.05.583545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), continues to be a major public health problem worldwide. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is another equally important life-threatening pathogen. Further, co-infections with HIV and Mtb have severe effects in the host, with people infected with HIV being fifteen to twenty-one times more likely to develop active TB. The use of an appropriate animal model for HIV/Mtb co-infection that can recapitulate the diversity of the immune response in humans would be a useful tool for conducting basic and translational research in HIV/Mtb infections. The present study was focused on developing a humanized mouse model for investigations on HIV-Mtb co-infection. Using NSG-SGM3 mice that can engraft human stem cells, our studies showed that they were able to engraft human CD34+ stem cells which then differentiate into a full-lineage of human immune cell subsets. After co-infection with HIV and Mtb, these mice showed decrease in CD4+ T cell counts overtime and elevated HIV load in the sera, similar to the infection pattern of humans. Additionally, Mtb caused infections in both lungs and spleen, and induced the development of granulomatous lesions in the lungs, detected by CT scan and histopathology. Distinct metabolomic profiles were also observed in the tissues from different mouse groups after co-infections. Our results suggest that the humanized NSG-SGM3 mice are able to recapitulate the effects of HIV and Mtb infections and co-infection in the human host at pathological, immunological and metabolism levels, providing a dependable small animal model for studying HIV/Mtb co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Alejandro Bohórquez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708, USA
- Center for Biomedical Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708, USA
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas at Tyler School of Medicine, Tyler, TX 75708, USA
| | - Sitaramaraju Adduri
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708, USA
- Center for Biomedical Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708, USA
| | - Danish Ansari
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708, USA
- Center for Biomedical Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708, USA
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas at Tyler School of Medicine, Tyler, TX 75708, USA
| | - Sahana John
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708, USA
- Center for Biomedical Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708, USA
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas at Tyler School of Medicine, Tyler, TX 75708, USA
| | - Jon Florence
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708, USA
- Center for Biomedical Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708, USA
| | - Omoyeni Adejare
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708, USA
- Center for Biomedical Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708, USA
| | - Gaurav Singh
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas at Tyler School of Medicine, Tyler, TX 75708, USA
| | - Nagarjun Konduru
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708, USA
- Center for Biomedical Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708, USA
| | - Chinnaswamy Jagannath
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Center for Infectious Diseases and Translational Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Guohua Yi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708, USA
- Center for Biomedical Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708, USA
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas at Tyler School of Medicine, Tyler, TX 75708, USA
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8
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Hong H, Dill-McFarland KA, Simmons JD, Peterson GJ, Benchek P, Mayanja-Kizza H, Boom WH, Stein CM, Hawn TR. Mycobacterium tuberculosis-dependent monocyte expression quantitative trait loci, cytokine production, and TB pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1359178. [PMID: 38515745 PMCID: PMC10954790 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1359178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The heterogeneity of outcomes after Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) exposure is a conundrum associated with millennia of host-pathogen co-evolution. We hypothesized that human myeloid cells contain genetically encoded, Mtb-specific responses that regulate critical steps in tuberculosis (TB) pathogenesis. Methods We mapped genome-wide expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) in Mtb-infected monocytes with RNAseq from 80 Ugandan household contacts of pulmonary TB cases to identify monocyte-specific, Mtb-dependent eQTLs and their association with cytokine expression and clinical resistance to tuberculin skin test (TST) and interferon-γ release assay (IGRA) conversion. Results cis-eQTLs (n=1,567) were identified in Mtb-infected monocytes (FDR<0.01), including 29 eQTLs in 16 genes which were Mtb-dependent (significant for Mtb:genotype interaction [FDR<0.1], but not classified as eQTL in uninfected condition [FDR≥0.01]). A subset of eQTLs were associated with Mtb-induced cytokine expression (n=8) and/or clinical resistance to TST/IGRA conversion (n=1). Expression of BMP6, an Mtb-dependent eQTL gene, was associated with IFNB1 induction in Mtb-infected and DNA ligand-induced cells. Network and enrichment analyses identified fatty acid metabolism as a pathway associated with eQTL genes. Discussion These findings suggest that monocyte genes contain Mtb-dependent eQTLs, including a subset associated with cytokine expression and/or clinical resistance to TST/IGRA conversion, providing insight into immunogenetic pathways regulating susceptibility to Mtb infection and TB pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejeong Hong
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Jason D. Simmons
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Glenna J. Peterson
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Penelope Benchek
- Department of Population & Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | | | - W. Henry Boom
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Catherine M. Stein
- Department of Population & Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Thomas R. Hawn
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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9
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Zhang L, Cai M, Su B, Ma Y, Zhang Y. Mitochondrial Metabolism in Alveolar Macrophages of Patients Infected with HIV, Tuberculosis, and HIV/Tuberculosis. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2024; 40:148-157. [PMID: 37885217 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2023.0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most common opportunistic infections and is a leading cause of mortality in patients with HIV and AIDS. HIV infection causes serious defects in the host immune system and increases the risk of active TB. TB infection promotes HIV replication and aggravates host damage in patients with HIV/AIDS. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are essential immune cells during TB and HIV infections. AMs undergo a shift in mitochondrial metabolism during TB or HIV infection, that is, metabolic reprogramming, allowing them to act in the form of classical activated macrophages (M1) and alternative activated macrophages (M2) at different stages of infection. We reviewed the alterations in the mitochondrial energy metabolism of AMs in patients with HIV, TB, and HIV/TB to provide ideas for further research on the role of metabolic reprogramming by AMs in the pathogeneses of HIV, TB, and HIV/TB coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Miaotian Cai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Su
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingmin Ma
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yulin Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Research Center for Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
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10
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Almeida L, Dhillon-LaBrooy A, Sparwasser T. The evolutionary tug-of-war of macrophage metabolism during bacterial infection. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2024; 35:235-248. [PMID: 38040578 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2023.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
The function and phenotype of macrophages are intimately linked with pathogen detection. On sensing pathogen-derived signals and molecules, macrophages undergo a carefully orchestrated process of polarization to acquire pathogen-clearing properties. This phenotypic change must be adequately supported by metabolic reprogramming that is now known to support the acquisition of effector function, but also generates secondary metabolites with direct microbicidal activity. At the same time, bacteria themselves have adapted to both manipulate and take advantage of macrophage-specific metabolic adaptations. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on macrophage metabolism during infection, with a particular focus on understanding the 'arms race' between host immune cells and bacteria during immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Almeida
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55131, Germany.
| | - Ayesha Dhillon-LaBrooy
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Tim Sparwasser
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55131, Germany.
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11
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Lee JW, Kim HW, Yu AR, Yoon HS, Kang M, Park HW, Lee SK, Whang J, Kim JS. Differential Immune Responses and Underlying Mechanisms of Metabolic Reprogramming in Smooth and Rough Variants of Mycobacterium peregrinum Infections. Pathogens 2023; 12:1446. [PMID: 38133329 PMCID: PMC10747217 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12121446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium peregrinum (Mpgm) is a rapidly growing mycobacteria that is classified as a nontuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) and is commonly found in environmental sources such as soil, water, and animals. Mpgm is considered an opportunistic pathogen that causes infection in immunocompromised individuals or those with underlying medical conditions. Although there have been clinical reports on Mpgm, reports of the immune response and metabolic reprogramming have not been published. Thus, we studied standard Mpgm-ATCC and two clinical strains (Mpgm-S and Mpgm-R) using macrophages and mouse bone marrow-derived cells. Mpgm has two types of colony morphologies: smooth and rough. We grew all strains on the 7H10 agar medium to visually validate the morphology. Cytokine levels were measured via ELISA and real-time PCR. The changes in mitochondrial function and glycolysis in Mpgm-infected macrophages were measured using an extracellular flux analyzer. Mpgm-S-infected macrophages showed elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12p40, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, compared to Mpgm-ATCC- and Mpgm-R-infected macrophages. Additionally, our findings revealed metabolic changes in Mpgm-ATCC and two clinical strains (Mpgm-S and Mpgm-R) during infection; significant changes were observed in the mitochondrial respiration, extracellular acidification, and the oxygen consumption of BMDMs upon Mpgm-S infection. In summary, within the strains examined, Mpgm-S displayed greater virulence, triggered a heightened immune response, and induced more profound shifts in bioenergetic metabolism than Mpgm-ATCC and Mpgm-R. This study is the first to document distinct immune responses and metabolic reorganization following Mpgm infection. These findings lay a crucial foundation for further investigations into the pathogenesis of Mpgm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Won Lee
- Myunggok Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea; (J.W.L.); (H.W.K.); (A.-R.Y.); (H.S.Y.)
| | - Ho Won Kim
- Myunggok Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea; (J.W.L.); (H.W.K.); (A.-R.Y.); (H.S.Y.)
| | - A-Reum Yu
- Myunggok Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea; (J.W.L.); (H.W.K.); (A.-R.Y.); (H.S.Y.)
| | - Hoe Sun Yoon
- Myunggok Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea; (J.W.L.); (H.W.K.); (A.-R.Y.); (H.S.Y.)
| | - Minji Kang
- Korea Mycobacterium Resource Center (KMRC), Department of Research and Development, The Korean Institute of Tuberculosis, Osong 28158, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hwan-Woo Park
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sung Ki Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Konyang University Hospital, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jake Whang
- Korea Mycobacterium Resource Center (KMRC), Department of Research and Development, The Korean Institute of Tuberculosis, Osong 28158, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jong-Seok Kim
- Myunggok Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea; (J.W.L.); (H.W.K.); (A.-R.Y.); (H.S.Y.)
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12
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Jovanovic J, Rajkovic A. Bacillus cereus Sensu Lato Accelerate Cellular Bioenergetic Metabolism of Human Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Caco-2 Cell Line. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2023; 20:514-520. [PMID: 37831922 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2023.0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
How foodborne enterotoxigenic Bacillus cereus rewires energy metabolism during intestinal tract infection is still not understood. In this study, we used the Seahorse XFe technology to simultaneously analyze oxygen consumption and acidification rates to estimate bioenergetic changes in the intestinal Caco-2 cell line after exposure to the B. cereus sensu lato (s.l.) enterotoxin-producing pathotypes, American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 14579 (836), NVH0391-98 (828), and NVH0075/95 (825). Infection of Caco-2 led to a more energetic phenotype due to increased flux through oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis. Strain 836 caused the most pronounced effects toward the specific energy phenotype, followed by strains 828 and 825. However, the metabolic potential of Caco-2 cells was most strongly induced by the 828 strain. Furthermore, infected cells manifested an increased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production rate. Strain 828 caused the highest glycolytic and mitochondrial ATP production rates, followed by the 836 and 825 B. cereus s.l. strains. The glycolytic stress assay showed that strains 828 and 826 slightly increased compensatory glycolysis, providing a better understanding of the pathogenicity of this versatile pathogen. The results of this study underline that extracellular flux measurement can be used to accurately estimate bioenergetic perturbations of Caco-2 cells as a consequence of infection. Our findings enhance our understanding of how intestinal cells adjust their metabolism during infection with B. cereus s.l.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Jovanovic
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andreja Rajkovic
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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13
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Acosta IC, Alonzo F. The Intersection between Bacterial Metabolism and Innate Immunity. J Innate Immun 2023; 15:782-803. [PMID: 37899025 PMCID: PMC10663042 DOI: 10.1159/000534872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The innate immune system is the first line of defense against microbial pathogens and is essential for maintaining good health. If pathogens breach innate barriers, the likelihood of infection is significantly increased. Many bacterial pathogens pose a threat to human health on account of their ability to evade innate immunity and survive in growth-restricted environments. These pathogens have evolved sophisticated strategies to obtain nutrients as well as manipulate innate immune responses, resulting in disease or chronic infection. SUMMARY The relationship between bacterial metabolism and innate immunity is complex. Although aspects of bacterial metabolism can be beneficial to the host, particularly those related to the microbiota and barrier integrity, others can be harmful. Several bacterial pathogens harness metabolism to evade immune responses and persist during infection. The study of these adaptive traits provides insight into the roles of microbial metabolism in pathogenesis that extend beyond energy balance. This review considers recent studies on bacterial metabolic pathways that promote infection by circumventing several facets of the innate immune system. We also discuss relationships between innate immunity and antibiotics and highlight future directions for research in this field. KEY MESSAGES Pathogenic bacteria have a remarkable capacity to harness metabolism to manipulate immune responses and promote pathogenesis. While we are beginning to understand the multifaceted and complex metabolic adaptations that occur during infection, there is still much to uncover with future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan C Acosta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago - College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Francis Alonzo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago - College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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14
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Ellzey LM, Patrick KL, Watson RO. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species: double agents in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 84:102366. [PMID: 37453340 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
In addition to housing the major energy-producing pathways in cells, mitochondria are active players in innate immune responses. One critical way mitochondria fulfill this role is by releasing damage-associated molecular patterns (mtDAMPs) that are recognized by innate sensors to activate pathways including, but not limited to, cytokine expression, selective autophagy, and cell death. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) is a multifunctional mtDAMP linked to pro- and antimicrobial immune outcomes. Formed as a by-product of energy generation, mtROS links mitochondrial metabolism with downstream innate immune responses. As a result, altered cellular metabolism can change mtROS levels and impact downstream antimicrobial responses in a variety of ways. MtROS has emerged as a particularly important mediator of pathogenesis during infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), an intracellular bacterial pathogen that continues to pose a significant threat to global public health. Here, we will summarize how Mtb modulates mtROS levels in infected macrophages and how mtROS dictates Mtb infection outcomes by controlling inflammation, lipid peroxidation, and cell death. We propose that mtROS may serve as a biomarker to predict tuberculosis patient outcomes and/or a target for host-directed therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily M Ellzey
- Interdiscplinary Graduate Program in Genetics and Genomics, Texas A&M University, United States; Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Kristin L Patrick
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Robert O Watson
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, United States.
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15
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Pacl HT, Chinta KC, Reddy VP, Nadeem S, Sevalkar RR, Nargan K, Lumamba K, Naidoo T, Glasgow JN, Agarwal A, Steyn AJC. NAD(H) homeostasis underlies host protection mediated by glycolytic myeloid cells in tuberculosis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5472. [PMID: 37673914 PMCID: PMC10482943 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40545-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) disrupts glycolytic flux in infected myeloid cells through an unclear mechanism. Flux through the glycolytic pathway in myeloid cells is inextricably linked to the availability of NAD+, which is maintained by NAD+ salvage and lactate metabolism. Using lung tissue from tuberculosis (TB) patients and myeloid deficient LDHA (LdhaLysM-/-) mice, we demonstrate that glycolysis in myeloid cells is essential for protective immunity in TB. Glycolytic myeloid cells are essential for the early recruitment of multiple classes of immune cells and IFNγ-mediated protection. We identify NAD+ depletion as central to the glycolytic inhibition caused by Mtb. Lastly, we show that the NAD+ precursor nicotinamide exerts a host-dependent, antimycobacterial effect, and that nicotinamide prophylaxis and treatment reduce Mtb lung burden in mice. These findings provide insight into how Mtb alters host metabolism through perturbation of NAD(H) homeostasis and reprogramming of glycolysis, highlighting this pathway as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden T Pacl
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Krishna C Chinta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Vineel P Reddy
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sajid Nadeem
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ritesh R Sevalkar
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kievershen Nargan
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Kapongo Lumamba
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Threnesan Naidoo
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Walter Sisulu University, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| | - Joel N Glasgow
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Anupam Agarwal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Nephrology Research and Training Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Adrie J C Steyn
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa.
- Centers for AIDS Research and Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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16
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Rajabalee N, Siushansian H, Weerapura M, Berton S, Berbatovci F, Hooks B, Geoffrion M, Yang D, Harper ME, Rayner K, Blais A, Sun J. ATF2 orchestrates macrophage differentiation and activation to promote antibacterial responses. J Leukoc Biol 2023; 114:280-298. [PMID: 37403209 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The differentiation and activation of macrophages are critical regulatory programs that are central to host inflammation and pathogen defense. However, the transcriptional regulatory pathways involved in these programs are not well understood. Herein, we demonstrate that the activity and expression of the transcription factor ATF2 is precisely regulated during primary human monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation and that its activation is linked to M1 polarization and antibacterial responses. Genetic perturbation experiments demonstrated that deletion of ATF2 (THP-ΔATF2) resulted in irregular and abnormal macrophage morphology, whereas macrophages overexpressing ATF2 (THP-ATF2) developed round and pancake-like morphology, resembling classically activated (M1) macrophages. Mechanistically, we show that ATF2 binds to the core promoter of PPM1A, a phosphatase that regulates monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation, to regulate its expression. Functionally, overexpression of ATF2 sensitized macrophages to M1 polarization, resulting in increased production of major histocompatibility complex class II, IL-1β, and IP-10; improved phagocytic capacity; and enhanced control of the intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Gene expression profiling revealed that overexpression of ATF2 reprogramed macrophages to promote antibacterial pathways enriched in chemokine signaling, metabolism, and antigen presentation. Consistent with pathways analysis, metabolic profiling revealed that genetic overexpression or stimuli-induced activation of ATF2 alters the metabolic capacity of macrophages and primes these cells for glycolytic metabolism during M1 polarization or bacterial infection. Our findings reveal that ATF2 plays a central role during macrophage differentiation and M1 polarization to enhance the functional capacities of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusrah Rajabalee
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Hannah Siushansian
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Milani Weerapura
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Stefania Berton
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Fjolla Berbatovci
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Breana Hooks
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Michele Geoffrion
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Dabo Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Mary-Ellen Harper
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Katey Rayner
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Alexandre Blais
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
- Éric Poulin Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Jim Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
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17
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Hong H, Dill-McFarland KA, Simmons JD, Peterson GJ, Benchek P, Mayanja-Kizza H, Boom WH, Stein CM, Hawn TR. Mycobacterium tuberculosis-dependent Monocyte Expression Quantitative Trait Loci and Tuberculosis Pathogenesis. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.08.28.23294698. [PMID: 37693490 PMCID: PMC10491362 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.28.23294698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The heterogeneity of outcomes after Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) exposure is a conundrum associated with millennia of host-pathogen co-evolution. We hypothesized that human myeloid cells contain genetically encoded, Mtb-specific responses that regulate critical steps in tuberculosis (TB) pathogenesis. We mapped genome-wide expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) in Mtb-infected monocytes with RNAseq from 80 Ugandan household contacts of pulmonary TB cases to identify monocyte-specific, Mtb-dependent eQTLs and their association with cytokine expression and clinical resistance to tuberculin skin test (TST) and interferon-γ release assay (IGRA) conversion. cis-eQTLs (n=1,567) were identified in Mtb-infected monocytes (FDR<0.01), including 29 eQTLs in 16 genes which were Mtb-dependent (significant for Mtb:genotype interaction [FDR<0.1], but not classified as eQTL in media condition [FDR≥0.01]). A subset of eQTLs were associated with Mtb-induced cytokine expression (n=8) and/or clinical resistance to TST/IGRA conversion (n=1). Expression of BMP6, an Mtb-dependent eQTL gene, was associated with IFNB1 induction in Mtb-infected and DNA ligand-induced cells. Network and enrichment analyses identified fatty acid metabolism as a pathway associated with eQTL genes. These findings suggest that monocyte genes contain Mtb-dependent eQTLs, including a subset associated with cytokine expression and/or clinical resistance to TST/IGRA conversion, providing insight into immunogenetic pathways regulating susceptibility to Mtb infection and TB pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejeong Hong
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Jason D. Simmons
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Penelope Benchek
- Department of Population & Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - W. Henry Boom
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Catherine M. Stein
- Department of Population & Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Thomas R. Hawn
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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18
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Wang Y, He X, Zheng D, He Q, Sun L, Jin J. Integration of Metabolomics and Transcriptomics Reveals Major Metabolic Pathways and Potential Biomarkers Involved in Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Pulmonary Tuberculosis-Complicated Diabetes. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0057723. [PMID: 37522815 PMCID: PMC10434036 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00577-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and diabetes mellitus (DM) are common chronic diseases that threaten human health. Patients with DM are susceptible to PTB, an important factor that aggravates the complications of diabetes. However, the molecular regulatory mechanism underlying the susceptibility of patients with DM to PTB infection remains unknown. In this study, healthy subjects, patients with primary PTB, and patients with primary PTB complicated by DM were recruited according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Peripheral whole blood was collected, and alteration profiles and potential molecular mechanisms were further analyzed using integrated bioinformatics analysis of metabolomics and transcriptomics. Transcriptional data revealed that lipocalin 2 (LCN2), defensin alpha 1 (DEFA1), peptidoglycan recognition protein 1 (PGLYRP1), and integrin subunit alpha 2b (ITGA2B) were significantly upregulated, while chloride intracellular channel 3 (CLIC3) was significantly downregulated in the group with PTB and DM (PTB_DM) in contrast to the healthy control (HC) group. Additionally, the interleukin 17 (IL-17), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathways are important for PTB infection and regulation of PTB-complicated diabetes. Metabolomic data showed that glycerophospholipid metabolism, carbon metabolism, and fat digestion and absorption processes were enriched in the differential metabolic analysis. Finally, integrated analysis of both metabolomic and transcriptomic data indicated that the NOTCH1/JAK/STAT signaling pathway is important in PTB complicated by DM. In conclusion, PTB infection altered the transcriptional and metabolic profiles of patients with DM. Metabolomic and transcriptomic changes were highly correlated in PTB patients with DM. Peripheral metabolite levels may be used as biomarkers for PTB management in patients with DM. IMPORTANCE The comorbidity of diabetes mellitus (DM) significantly increases the risk of tuberculosis infection and adverse tuberculosis treatment outcomes. Most previous studies have focused on the relationship between the effect of blood glucose control and the outcome of antituberculosis treatment in pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) with DM (PTB_DM); however, early prediction and the underlying molecular mechanism of susceptibility to PTB infection in patients with DM remain unclear. In this study, transcriptome sequencing and untargeted metabolomics were performed to elucidate the key molecules and signaling pathways involved in PTB infection and the susceptibility of patients with diabetes to PTB. Our findings contribute to the development of vital diagnostic biomarkers for PTB or PTB_DM and provide a comprehensive understanding of molecular regulation during disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunguang Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinxin He
- School of Clinical Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Danna Zheng
- Urology & Nephrology Center, Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang He
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lifang Sun
- Department of Tuberculosis, Affiliated Hangzhou Chest Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Tuberculosis, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Juan Jin
- School of Clinical Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
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19
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Medha, Priyanka, Sharma S, Sharma M. PE_PGRS45 (Rv2615c) protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis perturbs mitochondria of macrophages. Immunol Cell Biol 2023. [PMID: 37565603 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
The PE_PGRS proteins have coevolved with the antigenic ESX-V secretory system and are abundant in pathogenic Mycobacterium. Only a few PE_PGRS proteins have been characterized, and research suggests their role in organelle targeting, cell death pathways, calcium (Ca2+ ) homeostasis and disease pathogenesis. The PE_PGRS45 (Rv2615c) protein was predicted to contain mitochondria targeting sequences by in silico evaluation. Therefore, we investigated the targeting of the Rv2615c protein to host mitochondria and its effect on mitochondrial functions. In vitro experiments showed the Rv2615c protein colocalized with the mitochondria and led to morphological mitochondrial perturbations. Recombinant Rv2615c was observed to cause increased levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species and the adenosine diphosphate-to-adenosine triphosphate ratio. The Rv2615c protein also induced mitochondrial membrane depolarization and the generation of mitochondrial superoxide. We observed the release of cytochrome C into the cytoplasm and increased expression of proapoptotic genes Bax and Bim with no significant change in anti-apoptotic Bcl2 in Rv2615c-stimulated THP1 macrophages. Ca2+ is a key signaling molecule in tuberculosis pathogenesis, modulating host cell responses. As reported for other PE_PGRS proteins, Rv2615c also has Ca2+ -binding motifs and thus can modulate calcium homeostasis in the host. We also observed a high level of Ca2+ influx in THP1 macrophages stimulated with Rv2615c. Based on these findings, we suggest that Rv2615c may be an effector protein that could contribute to disease pathogenesis by targeting host mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medha
- DSKC BioDiscovery Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Miranda House, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Priyanka
- DSKC BioDiscovery Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Miranda House, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Sadhna Sharma
- DSKC BioDiscovery Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Miranda House, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Monika Sharma
- DSKC BioDiscovery Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Miranda House, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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20
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Margenat M, Betancour G, Irving V, Costábile A, García-Cedrés T, Portela MM, Carrión F, Herrera FE, Villarino A. Characteristics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis PtpA interaction and activity on the alpha subunit of human mitochondrial trifunctional protein, a key enzyme of lipid metabolism. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1095060. [PMID: 37424790 PMCID: PMC10325834 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1095060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
During Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, the virulence factor PtpA belonging to the protein tyrosine phosphatase family is delivered into the cytosol of the macrophage. PtpA interacts with numerous eukaryotic proteins modulating phagosome maturation, innate immune response, apoptosis, and potentially host-lipid metabolism, as previously reported by our group. In vitro, the human trifunctional protein enzyme (hTFP) is a bona fide PtpA substrate, a key enzyme of mitochondrial β-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids, containing two alpha and two beta subunits arranged in a tetramer structure. Interestingly, it has been described that the alpha subunit of hTFP (ECHA, hTFPα) is no longer detected in mitochondria during macrophage infection with the virulent Mtb H37Rv. To better understand if PtpA could be the bacterial factor responsible for this effect, in the present work, we studied in-depth the PtpA activity and interaction with hTFPα. With this aim, we performed docking and in vitro dephosphorylation assays defining the P-Tyr-271 as the potential target of mycobacterial PtpA, a residue located in the helix-10 of hTFPα, previously described as relevant for its mitochondrial membrane localization and activity. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Tyr-271 is absent in TFPα of bacteria and is present in more complex eukaryotic organisms. These results suggest that this residue is a specific PtpA target, and its phosphorylation state is a way of regulating its subcellular localization. We also showed that phosphorylation of Tyr-271 can be catalyzed by Jak kinase. In addition, we found by molecular dynamics that PtpA and hTFPα form a stable protein complex through the PtpA active site, and we determined the dissociation equilibrium constant. Finally, a detailed study of PtpA interaction with ubiquitin, a reported PtpA activator, showed that additional factors are required to explain a ubiquitin-mediated activation of PtpA. Altogether, our results provide further evidence supporting that PtpA could be the bacterial factor that dephosphorylates hTFPα during infection, potentially affecting its mitochondrial localization or β-oxidation activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Margenat
- Instituto de Biología, Sección Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias-Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gabriela Betancour
- Instituto de Biología, Sección Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias-Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Vivian Irving
- Instituto de Biología, Sección Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias-Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Alicia Costábile
- Instituto de Biología, Sección Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias-Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Tania García-Cedrés
- Instituto de Biología, Sección Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias-Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María Magdalena Portela
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias-Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Proteómica Analíticas, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo and Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Federico Carrión
- Laboratorio de Inmunovirología, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Fernando E. Herrera
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas-Universidad Nacional del Litoral – CONICET, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Andrea Villarino
- Instituto de Biología, Sección Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias-Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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21
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Martin M, deVisch A, Boudehen YM, Barthe P, Gutierrez C, Turapov O, Aydogan T, Heriaud L, Gracy J, Neyrolles O, Mukamolova GV, Letourneur F, Cohen-Gonsaud M. A Mycobacterium tuberculosis Effector Targets Mitochondrion, Controls Energy Metabolism, and Limits Cytochrome c Exit. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0106623. [PMID: 37036353 PMCID: PMC10269737 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01066-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Host metabolism reprogramming is a key feature of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection that enables the survival of this pathogen within phagocytic cells and modulates the immune response facilitating the spread of the tuberculosis disease. Here, we demonstrate that a previously uncharacterized secreted protein from Mtb, Rv1813c, manipulates the host metabolism by targeting mitochondria. When expressed in eukaryotic cells, the protein is delivered to the mitochondrial intermembrane space and promotes the enhancement of host ATP production by boosting the oxidative phosphorylation metabolic pathway. Furthermore, the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, an early apoptotic event in response to short-term oxidative stress, is delayed in Rv1813c-expressing cells. This study reveals a novel class of mitochondria targeting effectors from Mtb that might participate in host cell metabolic reprogramming and apoptosis control during Mtb infections. IMPORTANCE In this article, using a combination of techniques (bioinformatics, structural biology, and cell biology), we identified and characterized a new class of effectors present only in intracellular mycobacteria. These proteins specifically target host cell mitochondria when ectopically expressed in cells. We showed that one member of this family (Rv1813c) affects mitochondria metabolism in a way that might twist the immune response. This effector also inhibits the cytochrome c exit from mitochondria, suggesting that it might alter normal host cell apoptotic capacities, one of the first defenses of immune cells against Mtb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Martin
- Laboratory of Pathogen Host Interactions, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Angelique deVisch
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Yves-Marie Boudehen
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Barthe
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Claude Gutierrez
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Obolbek Turapov
- Leicester Tuberculosis Research Group, Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Talip Aydogan
- Laboratory of Pathogen Host Interactions, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurène Heriaud
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jerome Gracy
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Olivier Neyrolles
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Galina V. Mukamolova
- Leicester Tuberculosis Research Group, Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - François Letourneur
- Laboratory of Pathogen Host Interactions, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Martin Cohen-Gonsaud
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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22
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Simmons JD, Segnitz RM, Dill-McFarland KA, Stein CM, Peterson GJ, Mayanja-Kizza H, Boom WH, Hawn TR. Differentially expressed transcript isoforms associate with resistance to tuberculin skin test and interferon gamma release assay conversion. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284498. [PMID: 37058459 PMCID: PMC10104279 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A mechanistic understanding of uncommon immune outcomes such as resistance to infection has led to the development of novel therapies. Using gene level analytic methods, we previously found distinct monocyte transcriptional responses associated with resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection defined as persistently negative tuberculin skin test (TST) and interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) reactivity among highly exposed contacts (RSTR phenotype). OBJECTIVE Using transcript isoform analyses, we aimed to identify novel RSTR-associated genes hypothesizing that previous gene-level differential expression analysis obscures isoform-specific differences that contribute to phenotype. MATERIALS AND METHODS Monocytes from 49 RSTR versus 52 subjects with latent Mtb infection (LTBI) were infected with M. tuberculosis (H37Rv) or left unstimulated (media) prior to RNA isolation and sequencing. RSTR-associated gene expression was then identified using differential transcript isoform analysis. RESULTS We identified 81 differentially expressed transcripts (DETs) in 70 genes (FDR <0.05) comparing RSTR and LTBI phenotypes with the majority (n = 79 DETs) identified under Mtb-stimulated conditions. Seventeen of these genes were previously identified with gene-level bulk RNAseq analyses including genes in the IFNγ response that had increased expression among LTBI subjects, findings consistent with a clinical phenotype based on IGRA reactivity. Among the subset of 23 genes with positive differential expression among Mtb-infected RSTR monocytes, 13 were not previously identified. These novel DET genes included PDE4A and ZEB2, which each had multiple DETs with higher expression among RSTR subjects, and ACSL4 and GAPDH that each had a single transcript isoform associated with RSTR. CONCLUSION AND LIMITATIONS Transcript isoform-specific analyses identify transcriptional associations, such as those associated with resistance to TST/IGRA conversion, that are obscured when using gene-level approaches. These findings should be validated with additional RSTR cohorts and whether the newly identified candidate resistance genes directly influence the monocyte Mtb response requires functional study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D. Simmons
- TB Research & Training Center, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - R. Max Segnitz
- TB Research & Training Center, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kimberly A. Dill-McFarland
- TB Research & Training Center, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Catherine M. Stein
- Department of Population & Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Glenna J. Peterson
- TB Research & Training Center, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | | | - W. Henry Boom
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Thomas R. Hawn
- TB Research & Training Center, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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23
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Zhang K, Sowers ML, Cherryhomes EI, Singh VK, Mishra A, Restrepo BI, Khan A, Jagannath C. Sirtuin-dependent metabolic and epigenetic regulation of macrophages during tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1121495. [PMID: 36993975 PMCID: PMC10040548 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1121495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are the preeminent phagocytic cells which control multiple infections. Tuberculosis a leading cause of death in mankind and the causative organism Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infects and persists in macrophages. Macrophages use reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) and autophagy to kill and degrade microbes including MTB. Glucose metabolism regulates the macrophage-mediated antimicrobial mechanisms. Whereas glucose is essential for the growth of cells in immune cells, glucose metabolism and its downsteam metabolic pathways generate key mediators which are essential co-substrates for post-translational modifications of histone proteins, which in turn, epigenetically regulate gene expression. Herein, we describe the role of sirtuins which are NAD+-dependent histone histone/protein deacetylases during the epigenetic regulation of autophagy, the production of ROS/RNS, acetyl-CoA, NAD+, and S-adenosine methionine (SAM), and illustrate the cross-talk between immunometabolism and epigenetics on macrophage activation. We highlight sirtuins as emerging therapeutic targets for modifying immunometabolism to alter macrophage phenotype and antimicrobial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangling Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Mark L. Sowers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Ellie I. Cherryhomes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Vipul K. Singh
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill-Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Abhishek Mishra
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill-Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Blanca I. Restrepo
- University of Texas Health Houston, School of Public Health, Brownsville, TX, United States
| | - Arshad Khan
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill-Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Chinnaswamy Jagannath
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill-Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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24
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Borah Slater K, Kim D, Chand P, Xu Y, Shaikh H, Undale V. A Current Perspective on the Potential of Nanomedicine for Anti-Tuberculosis Therapy. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:100. [PMID: 36828516 PMCID: PMC9965948 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8020100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the ten infectious diseases that cause the highest amount of human mortality and morbidity. This infection, which is caused by a single pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, kills over a million people every year. There is an emerging problem of antimicrobial resistance in TB that needs urgent treatment and management. Tuberculosis treatment is complicated by its complex drug regimen, its lengthy duration and the serious side-effects caused by the drugs required. There are a number of critical issues around drug delivery and subsequent intracellular bacterial clearance. Drugs have a short lifespan in systemic circulation, which limits their activity. Nanomedicine in TB is an emerging research area which offers the potential of effective drug delivery using nanoparticles and a reduction in drug doses and side-effects to improve patient compliance with the treatment and enhance their recovery. Here, we provide a minireview of anti-TB treatment, research progress on nanomedicine and the prospects for future applications in developing innovative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushboo Borah Slater
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Microbial Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU27XH, UK
| | - Daniel Kim
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Microbial Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU27XH, UK
| | - Pooja Chand
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Microbial Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU27XH, UK
| | - Ye Xu
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Microbial Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU27XH, UK
| | - Hanif Shaikh
- Department of Pharmacology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Pimpri, Pune 411018, India
- Clinical, Assessment, Regulatory and Evaluation (CARE) Unit, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Vaishali Undale
- Department of Pharmacology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Pimpri, Pune 411018, India
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25
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Mendonca LE, Pernet E, Khan N, Sanz J, Kaufmann E, Downey J, Grant A, Orlova M, Schurr E, Krawczyk C, Jones RG, Barreiro LB, Divangahi M. Human alveolar macrophage metabolism is compromised during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1044592. [PMID: 36776396 PMCID: PMC9910175 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1044592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary macrophages have two distinct ontogenies: long-lived embryonically-seeded alveolar macrophages (AM) and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM). Here, we show that after infection with a virulent strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (H37Rv), primary murine AM exhibit a unique transcriptomic signature characterized by metabolic reprogramming distinct from conventional BMDM. In contrast to BMDM, AM failed to shift from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to glycolysis and consequently were unable to control infection with an avirulent strain (H37Ra). Importantly, healthy human AM infected with H37Ra equally demonstrated diminished energetics, recapitulating our observation in the murine model system. However, the results from seahorse showed that the shift towards glycolysis in both AM and BMDM was inhibited by H37Rv. We further demonstrated that pharmacological (e.g. metformin or the iron chelator desferrioxamine) reprogramming of AM towards glycolysis reduced necrosis and enhanced AM capacity to control H37Rv growth. Together, our results indicate that the unique bioenergetics of AM renders these cells a perfect target for Mtb survival and that metabolic reprogramming may be a viable host targeted therapy against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. Mendonca
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology and,McGill International TB Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Erwan Pernet
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology and,McGill International TB Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nargis Khan
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology and,McGill International TB Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Joaquin Sanz
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI) for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems and Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eva Kaufmann
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology and,McGill International TB Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Downey
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology and,McGill International TB Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alexandre Grant
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology and,McGill International TB Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marianna Orlova
- McGill International TB Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada,Department of Medicine and Human Genetics, McGill University. Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Erwin Schurr
- McGill International TB Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada,Department of Medicine and Human Genetics, McGill University. Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Connie Krawczyk
- Department of Physiology, Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada,VanAndel Institute, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Russell G. Jones
- Department of Physiology, Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada,VanAndel Institute, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Luis B. Barreiro
- McGill International TB Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada,Department of Genetics, Centre hospitalier de l'Université (CHU) Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada,University of Chicago, Department of Medicine, Section of Genetic Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Maziar Divangahi
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology and,McGill International TB Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada,*Correspondence: Maziar Divangahi,
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26
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Guimarães ES, Gomes MTR, Sanches RCO, Matteucci KC, Marinho FV, Oliveira SC. The endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor IRE1α modulates macrophage metabolic function during Brucella abortus infection. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1063221. [PMID: 36660548 PMCID: PMC9842658 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1063221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays a major role in several inflammatory disorders. ER stress induces the unfolded protein response (UPR), a conserved response broadly associated with innate immunity and cell metabolic function in various scenarios. Brucella abortus, an intracellular pathogen, triggers the UPR via Stimulator of interferon genes (STING), an important regulator of macrophage metabolism during B. abortus infection. However, whether ER stress pathways underlie macrophage metabolic function during B. abortus infection remains to be elucidated. Here, we showed that the UPR sensor inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α) is as an important component regulating macrophage immunometabolic function. In B. abortus infection, IRE1α supports the macrophage inflammatory profile, favoring M1-like macrophages. IRE1α drives the macrophage metabolic reprogramming in infected macrophages, contributing to the reduced oxidative phosphorylation and increased glycolysis. This metabolic reprogramming is probably associated with the IRE1α-dependent expression and stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α), an important molecule involved in cell metabolism that sustains the inflammatory profile in B. abortus-infected macrophages. Accordingly, we demonstrated that IRE1α favors the generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) which has been described as an HIF-1α stabilizing factor. Furthermore, in infected macrophages, IRE1α drives the production of nitric oxide and the release of IL-1β. Collectively, these data unravel a key mechanism linking the UPR and the immunometabolic regulation of macrophages in Brucella infection and highlight IRE1α as a central pathway regulating macrophage metabolic function during infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika S. Guimarães
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marco Túlio R. Gomes
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo C. O. Sanches
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Kely Catarine Matteucci
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Plataforma de Medicina Translacional Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Fábio V. Marinho
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sergio C. Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Inflammation-mediated tissue damage in pulmonary tuberculosis and host-directed therapeutic strategies. Semin Immunol 2023; 65:101672. [PMID: 36469987 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2022.101672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of tuberculosis (TB) involves the administration of anti-mycobacterial drugs for several months. The emergence of drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb, the causative agent) together with increased disease severity in people with co-morbidities such as diabetes mellitus and HIV have hampered efforts to reduce case fatality. In severe disease, TB pathology is largely attributable to over-exuberant host immune responses targeted at controlling bacterial replication. Non-resolving inflammation driven by host pro-inflammatory mediators in response to high bacterial load leads to pulmonary pathology including cavitation and fibrosis. The need to improve clinical outcomes and reduce treatment times has led to a two-pronged approach involving the development of novel antimicrobials as well as host-directed therapies (HDT) that favourably modulate immune responses to Mtb. HDT strategies incorporate aspects of immune modulation aimed at downregulating non-productive inflammatory responses and augmenting antimicrobial effector mechanisms to minimise pulmonary pathology and accelerate symptom resolution. HDT in combination with existing antimycobacterial agents offers a potentially promising strategy to improve the long-term outcome for TB patients. In this review, we describe components of the host immune response that contribute to inflammation and tissue damage in pulmonary TB, including cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases, lipid mediators, and neutrophil extracellular traps. We then proceed to review HDT directed at these pathways.
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Janžič L, Repas J, Pavlin M, Zemljić-Jokhadar Š, Ihan A, Kopitar AN. Macrophage polarization during Streptococcus agalactiae infection is isolate specific. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1186087. [PMID: 37213504 PMCID: PMC10192866 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1186087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus, GBS), a Gram-positive commensal in healthy adults, remains a major cause of neonatal infections, usually manifesting as sepsis, meningitis, or pneumonia. Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis has greatly reduced the incidence of early-onset disease. However, given the lack of effective measures to prevent the risk of late-onset disease and invasive infections in immunocompromised individuals, more studies investigating the GBS-associated pathogenesis and the interplay between bacteria and host immune system are needed. Methods Here, we examined the impact of 12 previously genotyped GBS isolates belonging to different serotypes and sequence types on the immune response of THP-1 macrophages. Results Flow cytometry analysis showed isolate-specific differences in phagocytic uptake, ranging from 10% for isolates of serotype Ib, which possess the virulence factor protein β, to over 70% for isolates of serotype III. Different isolates also induced differential expression of co-stimulatory molecules and scavenger receptors with colonizing isolates inducing higher expression levels of CD80 and CD86 compared to invasive isolates. In addition, real-time measurements of metabolism revealed that macrophages enhanced both glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration after GBS infection, with isolates of serotype III being the most potent activators of glycolysis and glycolytic ATP production. Macrophages also showed differential resistance to GBS-mediated cell cytotoxicity as measured by LDH release and real-time microscopy. The differences were evident both between serotypes and between isolates obtained from different specimens (colonizing or invasive isolates) demonstrating the higher cytotoxicity of vaginal compared with blood isolates. Conclusions Thus, the data suggest that GBS isolates differ in their potential to become invasive or remain colonizing. In addition, colonizing isolates appear to be more cytotoxic, whereas invasive isolates appear to exploit macrophages to their advantage, avoiding the immune recognition and antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Janžič
- Department of Cell Immunology, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Repas
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mojca Pavlin
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Group for Nano and Biotechnological Applications, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Špela Zemljić-Jokhadar
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alojz Ihan
- Department of Cell Immunology, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andreja Nataša Kopitar
- Department of Cell Immunology, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- *Correspondence: Andreja Nataša Kopitar,
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Macrophage Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Metabolic Reprogramming Induced by Leishmania donovani Require Lipophosphoglycan and Type I Interferon Signaling. mBio 2022; 13:e0257822. [PMID: 36222510 PMCID: PMC9764995 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02578-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogen-specific rewiring of host cell metabolism creates the metabolically adapted microenvironment required for pathogen replication. Here, we investigated the mechanisms governing the modulation of macrophage mitochondrial properties by the vacuolar pathogen Leishmania. We report that induction of oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial biogenesis by Leishmania donovani requires the virulence glycolipid lipophosphoglycan, which stimulates the expression of key transcriptional regulators and structural genes associated with the electron transport chain. Leishmania-induced mitochondriogenesis also requires a lipophosphoglycan-independent pathway involving type I interferon (IFN) receptor signaling. The observation that pharmacological induction of mitochondrial biogenesis enables an avirulent lipophosphoglycan-defective L. donovani mutant to survive in macrophages supports the notion that mitochondrial biogenesis contributes to the creation of a metabolically adapted environment propitious to the colonization of host cells by the parasite. This study provides novel insight into the complex mechanism by which Leishmania metacyclic promastigotes alter host cell mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolism during the colonization process. IMPORTANCE To colonize host phagocytes, Leishmania metacyclic promastigotes subvert host defense mechanisms and create a specialized intracellular niche adapted to their replication. This is accomplished through the action of virulence factors, including the surface coat glycoconjugate lipophosphoglycan. In addition, Leishmania induces proliferation of host cell mitochondria as well as metabolic reprogramming of macrophages. These metabolic alterations are crucial to the colonization process of macrophages, as they may provide metabolites required for parasite growth. In this study, we describe a new key role for lipophosphoglycan in the stimulation of oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial biogenesis. We also demonstrate that host cell pattern recognition receptors Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and endosomal TLRs mediate these Leishmania-induced alterations of host cell mitochondrial biology, which also require type I IFN signaling. These findings provide new insight into how Leishmania creates a metabolically adapted environment favorable to their replication.
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Tripathi D, Devalraju KP, Neela VSK, Mukherjee T, Paidipally P, Radhakrishnan RK, Dozmorov I, Vankayalapati A, Ansari MS, Mallidi V, Bogam AK, Singh KP, Samten B, Valluri VL, Vankayalapati R. Metabolites enhance innate resistance to human Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. JCI Insight 2022; 7:152357. [PMID: 36509283 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.152357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the mechanisms that mediate resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) infection in household contacts (HHCs) of patients with tuberculosis (TB), we followed 452 latent TB infection-negative (LTBI-) HHCs for 2 years. Those who remained LTBI- throughout the study were identified as nonconverters. At baseline, nonconverters had a higher percentage of CD14+ and CD3-CD56+CD27+CCR7+ memory-like natural killer (NK) cells. Using a whole-transcriptome and metabolomic approach, we identified deoxycorticosterone acetate as a metabolite with elevated concentrations in the plasma of nonconverters, and further studies showed that this metabolite enhanced glycolytic ATP flux in macrophages and restricted M. tuberculosis growth by enhancing antimicrobial peptide production through the expression of the surface receptor sialic acid binding Ig-like lectin-14. Another metabolite, 4-hydroxypyridine, from the plasma of nonconverters significantly enhanced the expansion of memory-like NK cells. Our findings demonstrate that increased levels of specific metabolites can regulate innate resistance against M. tuberculosis infection in HHCs of patients with TB who never develop LTBI or active TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Tripathi
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology and Center for Biomedical Research, School of Community and Rural Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, Texas, USA
| | | | | | - Tanmoy Mukherjee
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology and Center for Biomedical Research, School of Community and Rural Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, Texas, USA
| | - Padmaja Paidipally
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology and Center for Biomedical Research, School of Community and Rural Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, Texas, USA
| | - Rajesh Kumar Radhakrishnan
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology and Center for Biomedical Research, School of Community and Rural Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, Texas, USA
| | - Igor Dozmorov
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Abhinav Vankayalapati
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology and Center for Biomedical Research, School of Community and Rural Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, Texas, USA
| | - Mohammad Soheb Ansari
- Immunology and Molecular Biology Department, Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre, Hyderabad, India
| | - Varalakshmi Mallidi
- Immunology and Molecular Biology Department, Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre, Hyderabad, India
| | - Anvesh Kumar Bogam
- Immunology and Molecular Biology Department, Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre, Hyderabad, India
| | - Karan P Singh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Community and Rural Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, Texas, USA
| | - Buka Samten
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology and Center for Biomedical Research, School of Community and Rural Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, Texas, USA
| | - Vijaya Lakshmi Valluri
- Immunology and Molecular Biology Department, Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ramakrishna Vankayalapati
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology and Center for Biomedical Research, School of Community and Rural Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, Texas, USA
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Arumugam P, Chauhan M, Rajeev T, Chakraborty R, Bisht K, Madan M, Shankaran D, Ramalingam S, Gandotra S, Rao V. The mitochondrial gene-CMPK2 functions as a rheostat for macrophage homeostasis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:935710. [DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.935710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to their role in cellular energy production, mitochondria are increasingly recognized as regulators of the innate immune response of phagocytes. Here, we demonstrate that altering expression levels of the mitochondria-associated enzyme, cytidine monophosphate kinase 2 (CMPK2), disrupts mitochondrial physiology and significantly deregulates the resting immune homeostasis of macrophages. Both CMPK2 silenced and constitutively overexpressing macrophage lines portray mitochondrial stress with marked depolarization of their membrane potential, enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS), and disturbed architecture culminating in the enhanced expression of the pro-inflammatory genes IL1β, TNFα, and IL8. Interestingly, the long-term modulation of CMPK2 expression resulted in an increased glycolytic flux of macrophages akin to the altered physiological state of activated M1 macrophages. While infection-induced inflammation for restricting pathogens is regulated, our observation of a total dysregulation of basal inflammation by bidirectional alteration of CMPK2 expression only highlights the critical role of this gene in mitochondria-mediated control of inflammation.
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Mamada SS, Nainu F, Masyita A, Frediansyah A, Utami RN, Salampe M, Emran TB, Lima CMG, Chopra H, Simal-Gandara J. Marine Macrolides to Tackle Antimicrobial Resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:691. [PMID: 36355013 PMCID: PMC9697125 DOI: 10.3390/md20110691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis has become a major health problem globally. This is worsened by the emergence of resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis showing ability to evade the effectiveness of the current antimycobacterial therapies. Therefore, the efforts carried out to explore new entities from many sources, including marine, are critical. This review summarizes several marine-derived macrolides that show promising activity against M. tuberculosis. We also provide information regarding the biosynthetic processes of marine macrolides, including the challenges that are usually experienced in this process. As most of the studies reporting the antimycobacterial activities of the listed marine macrolides are based on in vitro studies, the future direction should consider expanding the trials to in vivo and clinical trials. In addition, in silico studies should also be explored for a quick screening on marine macrolides with potent activities against mycobacterial infection. To sum up, macrolides derived from marine organisms might become therapeutical options for tackling antimycobacterial resistance of M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukamto S. Mamada
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Firzan Nainu
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Ayu Masyita
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
- Research Center for Vaccine and Drugs, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Tangerang Selatan 15318, Indonesia
| | - Andri Frediansyah
- Research Center for Food Technology and Processing, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Yogyakarta 55861, Indonesia
| | - Rifka Nurul Utami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | | | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | | | - Hitesh Chopra
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, E32004 Ourense, Spain
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Lin X, Jia W, Feng G, Su Y, Kang Y, Zhang C, Liu W, Lu Z, Xue D. The role of APTX4870 peptide in reducing cellular inflammatory responses by inhibiting Mycobacterium tuberculosis-derived mycolic acid-induced cytotoxicity. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:993897. [DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.993897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a serious zoonotic disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) and the M.tb complex. Mycolic acid is an extracellular carbohydrate polymer produced, secreted, and accumulated outside the cells of various Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. Mycolic acid produced by Mycobacterium plays an important role in infection. However, there have been few reports on drugs that inhibit mycolic acid-induced cytotoxicity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of the panned peptide in Mycobacterium-derived mycolic acid (M.tb-MA)-induced cell injury. The heptapeptide (APTX4870) was isolated from various phage libraries using phage display (Ph.D-7, Ph.D-12, and Ph.D-C7C). The efficacy of APTX4870 against mycolic acid was demonstrated by evaluating clinical samples and conducting in vitro and Vivo. APTX4870 inhibited apoptosis, increased autophagy to decrease inflammation, and reduced M.tb-MA-induced lung damage. These findings suggest that this heptapeptide, which selectively targets M.tb-MA, might be exploited as a potential novel M.tb therapeutic treatment.
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Pagán AJ, Lee LJ, Edwards-Hicks J, Moens CB, Tobin DM, Busch-Nentwich EM, Pearce EL, Ramakrishnan L. mTOR-regulated mitochondrial metabolism limits mycobacterium-induced cytotoxicity. Cell 2022; 185:3720-3738.e13. [PMID: 36103894 PMCID: PMC9596383 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Necrosis of macrophages in the granuloma, the hallmark immunological structure of tuberculosis, is a major pathogenic event that increases host susceptibility. Through a zebrafish forward genetic screen, we identified the mTOR kinase, a master regulator of metabolism, as an early host resistance factor in tuberculosis. We found that mTOR complex 1 protects macrophages from mycobacterium-induced death by enabling infection-induced increases in mitochondrial energy metabolism fueled by glycolysis. These metabolic adaptations are required to prevent mitochondrial damage and death caused by the secreted mycobacterial virulence determinant ESAT-6. Thus, the host can effectively counter this early critical mycobacterial virulence mechanism simply by regulating energy metabolism, thereby allowing pathogen-specific immune mechanisms time to develop. Our findings may explain why Mycobacterium tuberculosis, albeit humanity's most lethal pathogen, is successful in only a minority of infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J. Pagán
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK,MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK,Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA,Corresponding author
| | - Lauren J. Lee
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK,MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Joy Edwards-Hicks
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Cecilia B. Moens
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - David M. Tobin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Elisabeth M. Busch-Nentwich
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Erika L. Pearce
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Lalita Ramakrishnan
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK,MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK,Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA,Corresponding author
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Glutamine Is Required for M1-like Polarization of Macrophages in Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. mBio 2022; 13:e0127422. [PMID: 35762591 PMCID: PMC9426538 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01274-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, macrophages mount proinflammatory and antimicrobial responses similar to those observed in M1 macrophages activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ). A metabolic reprogramming to hypoxia-inducible-factor 1 (HIF-1)-mediated uptake of glucose and its metabolism by glycolysis is required for M1-like polarization, but little is known about other metabolic programs driving the M1-like polarization during infection. We report that glutamine serves as a carbon and nitrogen source for the metabolic reprogramming to M1-like macrophages. Widely targeted metabolite screening identified an association of glutamine and/or glutamate with highly affected metabolic pathways of M1-like macrophages. Moreover, stable isotope-assisted metabolomics of U13C glutamine and U13C glucose revealed that glutamine, rather than glucose, is catabolized in both the oxidative and reductive tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycles of M1-like macrophages, thereby generating signaling molecules that include succinate, biosynthetic precursors such as aspartate, and itaconate. U15N glutamine-tracing metabolomics further revealed participation of glutamine nitrogen in synthesis of intermediates of purine and pyrimidine metabolism plus amino acids, including aspartate. These findings were corroborated by diminished M1 polarization from chemical inhibition of glutaminase (GLS), the key enzyme in the glutaminolysis pathway, and by genetic deletion of GLS in infected macrophages. Thus, the catabolism of glutamine is an integral component of metabolic reprogramming in activating macrophages and it coordinates with elevated cytosolic glycolysis to satisfy the cellular demand for bioenergetic and biosynthetic precursors of M1-like macrophages. Knowledge of these new immunometabolic features of M1-like macrophages should advance the development of host-directed therapies for tuberculosis.
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Demirdelen S, Mannes PZ, Aral AM, Haddad J, Leers SA, Gomez D, Tavakoli S. Divergence of acetate uptake in proinflammatory and inflammation-resolving macrophages: implications for imaging atherosclerosis. J Nucl Cardiol 2022; 29:1266-1276. [PMID: 33420659 PMCID: PMC8935477 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-020-02479-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic divergence of macrophages polarized into different phenotypes represents a mechanistically relevant target for non-invasive characterization of atherosclerotic plaques using positron emission tomography (PET). Carbon-11 (11C)-labeled acetate is a clinically available tracer which accumulates in atherosclerotic plaques, but its biological and clinical correlates in atherosclerosis are undefined. METHODS AND RESULTS Histological correlates of 14C-acetate uptake were determined in brachiocephalic arteries of western diet-fed apoE-/- mice. The effect of polarizing stimuli on 14C-acetate uptake was determined by proinflammatory (interferon-γ + lipopolysaccharide) vs inflammation-resolving (interleukin-4) stimulation of murine macrophages and human carotid endarterectomy specimens over 2 days. 14C-acetate accumulated in atherosclerotic regions of arteries. CD68-positive monocytes/macrophages vs smooth muscle actin-positive smooth muscle cells were the dominant cells in regions with high vs low 14C-acetate uptake. 14C-acetate uptake progressively decreased in proinflammatory macrophages to 25.9 ± 4.5% of baseline (P < .001). A delayed increase in 14C-acetate uptake was induced in inflammation-resolving macrophages, reaching to 164.1 ± 21.4% (P < .01) of baseline. Consistently, stimulation of endarterectomy specimens with interferon-γ + lipopolysaccharide decreased 14C-acetate uptake to 66.5 ± 14.5%, while interleukin-4 increased 14C-acetate uptake to 151.5 ± 25.8% compared to non-stimulated plaques (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Acetate uptake by macrophages diverges upon proinflammatory and inflammation-resolving stimulation, which may be exploited for immunometabolic characterization of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selim Demirdelen
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Philip Z Mannes
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ali Mubin Aral
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joseph Haddad
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steven A Leers
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Delphine Gomez
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, UPMC Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sina Tavakoli
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, UPMC Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- UPMC Presbyterian Hospital, 200 Lothrop Street, Suite E200, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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Anand P, Akhter Y. A review on enzyme complexes of electron transport chain from Mycobacterium tuberculosis as promising drug targets. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 212:474-494. [PMID: 35613677 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Energy metabolism is a universal process occurring in all life forms. In Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), energy production is carried out in two possible ways, oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) and substrate-level phosphorylation. Mtb is an obligate aerobic bacterium, making it dependent on OxPhos for ATP synthesis and growth. Mtb inhabits varied micro-niches during the infection cycle, outside and within the host cells, which alters its primary metabolic pathways during the pathogenesis. In this review, we discuss cellular respiration in the context of the mechanism and structural importance of the proteins and enzyme complexes involved. These protein-protein complexes have been proven to be essential for Mtb virulence as they aid the bacteria's survival during aerobic and hypoxic conditions. ATP synthase, a crucial component of the electron transport chain, has been in the limelight, as a prominent drug target against tuberculosis. Likewise, in this review, we have explored other protein-protein complexes of the OxPhos pathway, their functional essentiality, and their mechanism in Mtb's diverse lifecycle. The review summarises crucial target proteins and reported inhibitors of the electron transport chain pathway of Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Anand
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226025, India
| | - Yusuf Akhter
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226025, India.
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Brain Endothelial Cells Utilize Glycolysis for the Maintenance of the Transcellular Permeability. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:4315-4333. [PMID: 35508867 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02778-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Among the components of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), endothelial cells (ECs) play an important role in supplying limited materials, especially glucose, to the brain. However, the mechanism by which glucose is metabolized in brain ECs is still elusive. To address this topic, we assessed the metabolic signature of glucose utilization using live-cell metabolic assays and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry metabolomic analysis. We found that brain ECs are highly dependent on aerobic glycolysis, generating lactate as its final product with minimal consumption of glucose. Glucose treatment decreased the oxygen consumption rate in a dose-dependent manner, indicating the Crabtree effect. Moreover, when glycolysis was inhibited, brain ECs showed impaired permeability to molecules utilizing transcellular pathway. In addition, we found that the blockade of glycolysis in mouse brain with 2-deoxyglucose administration resulted in decreased transcellular permeability of the BBB. In conclusion, utilizing glycolysis in brain ECs has critical roles in the maintenance and permeability of the BBB. Overall, we could conclude that brain ECs are highly glycolytic, and their energy can be used to maintain the transcellular permeability of the BBB.
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Rosenberg G, Riquelme S, Prince A, Avraham R. Immunometabolic crosstalk during bacterial infection. Nat Microbiol 2022; 7:497-507. [PMID: 35365784 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-022-01080-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Following detection of bacteria, macrophages switch their metabolism from oxidative respiration through the tricarboxylic acid cycle to high-rate aerobic glycolysis. This immunometabolic shift enables pro-inflammatory and antimicrobial responses and is facilitated by the accumulation of fatty acids, tricarboxylic acid-derived metabolites and catabolism of amino acids. Recent studies have shown that these immunometabolites are co-opted by pathogens as environmental cues for expression of virulence genes. We review mechanisms by which host immunometabolites regulate bacterial pathogenicity and discuss opportunities for the development of therapeutics targeting metabolic host-pathogen crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gili Rosenberg
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Alice Prince
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Roi Avraham
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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40
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Munansangu BSM, Kenyon C, Walzl G, Loxton AG, Kotze LA, du Plessis N. Immunometabolism of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells: Implications for Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Insights from Tumor Biology. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073512. [PMID: 35408873 PMCID: PMC8998693 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of immunometabolism seeks to decipher the complex interplay between the immune system and the associated metabolic pathways. The role of small molecules that can target specific metabolic pathways and subsequently alter the immune landscape provides a desirable platform for new therapeutic interventions. Immunotherapeutic targeting of suppressive cell populations, such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), by small molecules has shown promise in pathologies such as cancer and support testing of similar host-directed therapeutic approaches in MDSC-inducing conditions such as tuberculosis (TB). MDSC exhibit a remarkable ability to suppress T-cell responses in those with TB disease. In tumors, MDSC exhibit considerable plasticity and can undergo metabolic reprogramming from glycolysis to fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to facilitate their immunosuppressive functions. In this review we look at the role of MDSC during M. tb infection and how their metabolic reprogramming aids in the exacerbation of active disease and highlight the possible MDSC-targeted metabolic pathways utilized during M. tb infection, suggesting ways to manipulate these cells in search of novel insights for anti-TB therapies.
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Bosch M, Pol A. Eukaryotic lipid droplets: metabolic hubs, and immune first responders. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2022; 33:218-229. [PMID: 35065875 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
As major eukaryotic lipid storage organelles, lipid droplets (LDs) are metabolic hubs coordinating energy flux and building block distribution. Infectious pathogens often promote accumulation and physically interact with LDs. The most accepted view is that host LDs are hijacked by invaders to draw on nutrients for host colonisation. However, unique traits such as biogenesis plasticity, dynamic proteome, signalling capacity, and ability to interact with other organelles endow LDs with competencies to face complex biological challenges. Here, we focus on published data suggesting that LDs are not usurped organelles but innate immunity first responders. By comparison with analogous mechanisms activated on LDs in nutrient-poor environments, our review supports the hypothesis that host LDs actively participate in immunometabolism, immune signalling, and microbial killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bosch
- Lipid Trafficking and Disease Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Albert Pol
- Lipid Trafficking and Disease Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010, Barcelona
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Gauthier T, Chen W. Modulation of Macrophage Immunometabolism: A New Approach to Fight Infections. Front Immunol 2022; 13:780839. [PMID: 35154105 PMCID: PMC8825490 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.780839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are essential innate immune cells that contribute to host defense during infection. An important feature of macrophages is their ability to respond to extracellular cues and to adopt different phenotypes and functions in response to these stimuli. The evidence accumulated in the last decade has highlighted the crucial role of metabolic reprogramming during macrophage activation in infectious context. Thus, understanding and manipulation of macrophage immunometabolism during infection could be of interest to develop therapeutic strategies. In this review, we focus on 5 major metabolic pathways including glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, fatty acid oxidation and synthesis, tricarboxylic acid cycle and amino acid metabolism and discuss how they sustain and regulate macrophage immune function in response to parasitic, bacterial and viral infections as well as trained immunity. At the end, we assess whether some drugs including those used in clinic and in development can target macrophage immunometabolism for potential therapy during infection with an emphasis on SARS-CoV2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Gauthier
- Mucosal Immunology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Wanjun Chen
- Mucosal Immunology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
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He SF, Liao JX, Huang MY, Zhang YQ, Zou YM, Wu CL, Lin WY, Chen JX, Sun J. Rhenium-guanidine complex as photosensitizer: trigger HeLa cell apoptosis through death receptor-mediated, mitochondria-mediated and cell cycle arrest pathways. Metallomics 2022; 14:6527583. [PMID: 35150263 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfac008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
During the last decades, growing evidence indicates that the photodynamic antitumor activity of transition metal complexes, and Re(I) compounds are potential candidates for photodynamic therapy (PDT). This study reports the synthesis, characterization, and anti-tumor activity of three new Re(I)-guadinium complexes. Cytotoxicity tests reveal that complex Re1 increased cytotoxicity by 145-fold from IC50 > 180 μM in the dark to 1.3 ± 0.7 μM following 10 min of light irradiation (425 nm) in HeLa cells. Further, the mechanism by which Re1 induces apoptosis in the presence or absence of light irradiation was investigated, and results indicate that cell death was caused through different pathways. Upon irradiation, Re1 first accumulates on the cell membrane and interacts with death receptors to activate the extrinsic death receptor-mediated signaling pathway, then is transported into the cell cytoplasm. Most of the intracellular Re1 locates within mitochondria, improving the ROS level, and decreasing MMP and ATP levels, and inducing the activation of caspase-9 and, thus, apoptosis. Subsequently, the residual Re1 can translocate into the cell nucleus, and activates the p53 pathway, causing cell-cycle arrest and eventually cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Fen He
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Dongguan Peaple's Hospital, Dongguan, 523059, China
| | - Jia-Xin Liao
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Min-Ying Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Yu-Qing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Yi-Min Zou
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Ci-Ling Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Wen-Yuan Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Jia-Xi Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Jing Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
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López-Agudelo VA, Baena A, Barrera V, Cabarcas F, Alzate JF, Beste DJV, Ríos-Estepa R, Barrera LF. Dual RNA Sequencing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Infected Human Splenic Macrophages Reveals a Strain-Dependent Host-Pathogen Response to Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031803. [PMID: 35163725 PMCID: PMC8836425 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), leading to pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB, whereby Mtb is disseminated to many other organs and tissues. Dissemination occurs early during the disease, and bacteria can be found first in the lymph nodes adjacent to the lungs and then later in the extrapulmonary organs, including the spleen. The early global gene expression response of human tissue macrophages and intracellular clinical isolates of Mtb has been poorly studied. Using dual RNA-seq, we have explored the mRNA profiles of two closely related clinical strains of the Latin American and Mediterranean (LAM) family of Mtb in infected human splenic macrophages (hSMs). This work shows that these pathogens mediate a distinct host response despite their genetic similarity. Using a genome-scale host–pathogen metabolic reconstruction to analyze the data further, we highlight that the infecting Mtb strain also determines the metabolic response of both the host and pathogen. Thus, macrophage ontogeny and the genetic-derived program of Mtb direct the host–pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor A. López-Agudelo
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética (GICIG), Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia; (V.A.L.-A.); (A.B.)
- Grupo de Bioprocesos, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia;
| | - Andres Baena
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética (GICIG), Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia; (V.A.L.-A.); (A.B.)
| | - Vianey Barrera
- Programa de Ingeniería Biológica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellín, Medellín 050010, Colombia;
| | - Felipe Cabarcas
- Grupo Sistemas Embebidos e Inteligencia Computacional (SISTEMIC), Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia;
| | - Juan F. Alzate
- Centro Nacional de Secuenciación Genómica (CNSG), Sede de Investigación Universitaria (SIU), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia;
| | - Dany J. V. Beste
- Department of Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK;
| | - Rigoberto Ríos-Estepa
- Grupo de Bioprocesos, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia;
| | - Luis F. Barrera
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética (GICIG), Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia; (V.A.L.-A.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence:
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Chandra P, Coullon H, Agarwal M, Goss CW, Philips JA. Macrophage global metabolomics identifies cholestenone as host/pathogen cometabolite present in human Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:152509. [PMID: 35104812 PMCID: PMC8803325 DOI: 10.1172/jci152509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) causes an enormous burden of disease worldwide. As a central aspect of its pathogenesis, M. tuberculosis grows in macrophages, and host and microbe influence each other's metabolism. To define the metabolic impact of M. tuberculosis infection, we performed global metabolic profiling of M. tuberculosis-infected macrophages. M. tuberculosis induced metabolic hallmarks of inflammatory macrophages and a prominent signature of cholesterol metabolism. We found that infected macrophages accumulate cholestenone, a mycobacterial-derived, oxidized derivative of cholesterol. We demonstrated that the accumulation of cholestenone in infected macrophages depended on the M. tuberculosis enzyme 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-Hsd) and correlated with pathogen burden. Because cholestenone is not a substantial human metabolite, we hypothesized it might be diagnostic of M. tuberculosis infection in clinical samples. Indeed, in 2 geographically distinct cohorts, sputum cholestenone levels distinguished subjects with tuberculosis (TB) from TB-negative controls who presented with TB-like symptoms. We also found country-specific detection of cholestenone in plasma samples from M. tuberculosis-infected subjects. While cholestenone was previously thought to be an intermediate required for cholesterol degradation by M. tuberculosis, we found that M. tuberculosis can utilize cholesterol for growth without making cholestenone. Thus, the accumulation of cholestenone in clinical samples suggests it has an alternative role in pathogenesis and could be a clinically useful biomarker of TB infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Chandra
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, and
| | - Héloise Coullon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, and
| | - Mansi Agarwal
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Charles W Goss
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jennifer A Philips
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, and
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46
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Rao Y, Gai X, Le Y, Xiong J, Liu Y, Zhang X, Wang J, Cao W, Sun Y. Enhanced Proinflammatory Cytokine Production and Immunometabolic Impairment of NK Cells Exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Cigarette Smoke. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:799276. [PMID: 35071048 PMCID: PMC8766853 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.799276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Smoker COPD patients with chest radiological signs of prior tuberculosis (TB) showed more severe lung damage, but the mechanisms remain unclear. Emerging evidence has implicated NK cells in the pathogenesis of both COPD and TB. The purpose of this study was to delineate the profile and cytokine production of NK-cell subpopulations and their immunometabolic changes after exposure to both cigarette smoke (CS) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis(MTB). Methods We profiled NK-cell subpopulations in terms of percentage and cytokine production by flow cytometry in smoker patients with pulmonary TB (PTB). In an in vitro coexposure model, we investigated proinflammatory cytokine production, glycolytic influx, and oxidative phosphorylation of NK cells under CS extract (CSE) and PPD costimulation. Results Peripheral blood NK cells in smoker patients with active PTB (CS+PTB group) showed altered proportion of subpopulations and excessive proinflammatory cytokine expressions. In vitro, CSE- and PPD-coexposed NK-92 cells displayed enhanced proinflammatory cytokine production, concurrent with decreased glycolytic influx and oxidative phosphorylation. Conclusion Smoker patients with active PTB showed enhanced proinflammatory cytokine expression within altered NK cell subpopulations. CSE and PPD coexposure induced heightened cytokine production concurrent with impaired cell metabolism in NK cells. These novel data suggest a potential role of NK cells in the pathogenesis of lung injury in subjects with coexposure to CS and TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Rao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Gai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanqing Le
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Xiong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yujia Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xueyang Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jundong Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases of Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenli Cao
- Department of Infectious Diseases of Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yongchang Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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Li Y, Sun L, Liu J, Xu G, Hu Y, Qin A. Down-regulation of GAS5 has diagnostic value for tuberculosis and regulates the inflammatory response in mycobacterium tuberculosis infected THP-1 cells. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2022; 132:102141. [PMID: 34808575 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2021.102141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the expression of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) growth arrest-special transcript 5 (GAS5) in the serum of tuberculosis (TB) patients and discuss the mechanism of GAS5 in TB by establishing an in-vitro TB cell model. METHODS Serum expressions of GAS5 and miR-18a-5p were determined by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The effects of GAS5 on macrophage cell viability and the inflammatory response after MTB infection were assessed by CCK-8 and ELISA. Luciferase reporter gene assay was applied to delve into the potential target gene of GAS5. RESULTS The expression of GAS5 in TB patients was down-regulated, while miR-18a-5p was up-regulated, and the serum inflammatory factors were negatively correlated with the expression level of GAS5. MTB infection induced significant upregulation on the cell viability and inflammatory response but the acceleration effect could be rescued by GAS5-overexpression. Meanwhile, miR-18a-5p was recognized as the target gene of GAS5. CONCLUSION This study indicated that the expression level of GAS5 in the serum of TB patients was decreased, while in the cells infected with MTB, the down-regulated GAS5 might develop a role in facilitating the cell vitality and the inflammatory response by adsorbing miR-18a-5p in the form of molecular sponge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusong Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Fourth People's Hospital of Huai'an, Jiangsu, 223001, China
| | - Lihua Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Fourth People's Hospital of Huai'an, Jiangsu, 223001, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Fourth People's Hospital of Huai'an, Jiangsu, 223001, China
| | - Guoying Xu
- School of Medical Technology, Jiangsu College of Nursing, Jiangsu, 223007, China
| | - Yan Hu
- Clinical Laboratory and Pathology Center, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410007, China.
| | - Andong Qin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Fourth People's Hospital of Huai'an, Jiangsu, 223001, China.
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Lundahl MLE, Mitermite M, Ryan DG, Case S, Williams NC, Yang M, Lynch RI, Lagan E, Lebre FM, Gorman AL, Stojkovic B, Bracken AP, Frezza C, Sheedy FJ, Scanlan EM, O'Neill LAJ, Gordon SV, Lavelle EC. Macrophage innate training induced by IL-4 and IL-13 activation enhances OXPHOS driven anti-mycobacterial responses. eLife 2022; 11:74690. [PMID: 36173104 PMCID: PMC9555863 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are a highly adaptive population of innate immune cells. Polarization with IFNγ and LPS into the 'classically activated' M1 macrophage enhances pro-inflammatory and microbicidal responses, important for eradicating bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. By contrast, 'alternatively activated' M2 macrophages, polarized with IL-4, oppose bactericidal mechanisms and allow mycobacterial growth. These activation states are accompanied by distinct metabolic profiles, where M1 macrophages favor near exclusive use of glycolysis, whereas M2 macrophages up-regulate oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Here, we demonstrate that activation with IL-4 and IL-13 counterintuitively induces protective innate memory against mycobacterial challenge. In human and murine models, prior activation with IL-4/13 enhances pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion in response to a secondary stimulation with mycobacterial ligands. In our murine model, enhanced killing capacity is also demonstrated. Despite this switch in phenotype, IL-4/13 trained murine macrophages do not demonstrate M1-typical metabolism, instead retaining heightened use of OXPHOS. Moreover, inhibition of OXPHOS with oligomycin, 2-deoxy glucose or BPTES all impeded heightened pro-inflammatory cytokine responses from IL-4/13 trained macrophages. Lastly, this work identifies that IL-10 attenuates protective IL-4/13 training, impeding pro-inflammatory and bactericidal mechanisms. In summary, this work provides new and unexpected insight into alternative macrophage activation states in the context of mycobacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimmi LE Lundahl
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Adjuvant Research Group, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College DublinDublinIreland,School of Chemistry, Scanlan Research Group, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Morgane Mitermite
- School of Veterinary Medicine, UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Dylan Gerard Ryan
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Inflammation Research Group, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College DublinDublinIreland,Hutchison/MRC Research centre, MRC Cancer Unit, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Sarah Case
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Macrophage Homeostasis Group, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Niamh C Williams
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Inflammation Research Group, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Ming Yang
- Hutchison/MRC Research centre, MRC Cancer Unit, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Roisin I Lynch
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Adjuvant Research Group, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Eimear Lagan
- School of Genetics and Microbiology, Department of Genetics, Trinity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Filipa M Lebre
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Adjuvant Research Group, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Aoife L Gorman
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Adjuvant Research Group, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Bojan Stojkovic
- School of Veterinary Medicine, UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Adrian P Bracken
- School of Genetics and Microbiology, Department of Genetics, Trinity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Christian Frezza
- Hutchison/MRC Research centre, MRC Cancer Unit, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Frederick J Sheedy
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Macrophage Homeostasis Group, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Eoin M Scanlan
- School of Chemistry, Scanlan Research Group, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Luke AJ O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Inflammation Research Group, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Stephen V Gordon
- School of Veterinary Medicine, UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Ed C Lavelle
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Adjuvant Research Group, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College DublinDublinIreland
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Advances on the Role and Applications of Interleukin-1 in Tuberculosis. mBio 2021; 12:e0313421. [PMID: 34809460 PMCID: PMC8609357 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03134-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a key player in the immune response to pathogens due to its role in promoting inflammation and recruiting immune cells to the site of infection. In tuberculosis (TB), tight regulation of IL-1 responses is critical to ensure host resistance to infection while preventing immune pathology. In the mouse model of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, both IL-1 absence and overproduction result in exacerbated disease and mortality. In humans, several polymorphisms in the IL1B gene have been associated with increased susceptibility to TB. Importantly, M. tuberculosis itself has evolved several strategies to manipulate and regulate host IL-1 responses for its own benefit. Given all this, IL-1 appears as a promising target for host-directed therapies in TB. However, for that to succeed, more detailed knowledge on the biology and mechanisms of action of IL-1 in vivo, together with a deep understanding of how host-M. tuberculosis interactions modulate IL-1, is required. Here, we discuss the most recent advances in the biology and therapeutic potential of IL-1 in TB as well as the outstanding questions that remain to be answered.
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Cahill C, Cox DJ, O’Connell F, Basdeo SA, Gogan KM, Ó’Maoldomhnaigh C, O’Sullivan J, Keane J, Phelan JJ. The Effect of Tuberculosis Antimicrobials on the Immunometabolic Profiles of Primary Human Macrophages Stimulated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212189. [PMID: 34830070 PMCID: PMC8624646 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global health challenge. Patients with drug-sensitive and drug-resistant TB undergo long, arduous, and complex treatment regimens, often involving multiple antimicrobials. While these drugs were initially implemented based on their bactericidal effects, some studies show that TB antimicrobials can also directly affect cells of the immune system, altering their immune function. As use of these antimicrobials has been the mainstay of TB therapy for over fifty years now, it is more important than ever to understand how these antimicrobials affect key pathways of the immune system. One such central pathway, which underpins the immune response to a variety of infections, is immunometabolism, namely glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). We hypothesise that in addition to their direct bactericidal effect on Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), current TB antimicrobials can modulate immunometabolic profiles and alter mitochondrial function in primary human macrophages. Human monocyte-derived macrophages (hMDMs) were differentiated from PBMCs isolated from healthy blood donors, and treated with four first-line and six second-line TB antimicrobials three hours post stimulation with either iH37Rv-Mtb or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). 24 h post stimulation, baseline metabolism and mitochondrial function were determined using the Seahorse Extracellular Flux Analyser. The effect of these antimicrobials on cytokine and chemokine production was also assayed using Meso Scale Discovery Multi-Array technology. We show that some of the TB antimicrobials tested can significantly alter OXPHOS and glycolysis in uninfected, iH37Rv-Mtb, and LPS-stimulated hMDMs. We also demonstrate how these antimicrobial-induced immunometabolic effects are linked with alterations in mitochondrial function. Our results show that TB antimicrobials, specifically clofazimine, can modify host immunometabolism and mitochondrial function. Moreover, clofazimine significantly increased the production of IL-6 in human macrophages that were stimulated with iH37Rv-Mtb. This provides further insight into the use of some of these TB antimicrobials as potential host-directed therapies in patients with early and active disease, which could help to inform TB treatment strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Cahill
- TB Immunology Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland; (C.C.); (D.J.C.); (S.A.B.); (K.M.G.); (C.Ó.); (J.K.)
| | - Dónal J. Cox
- TB Immunology Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland; (C.C.); (D.J.C.); (S.A.B.); (K.M.G.); (C.Ó.); (J.K.)
| | - Fiona O’Connell
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St James’s Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland; (F.O.); (J.O.)
| | - Sharee A. Basdeo
- TB Immunology Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland; (C.C.); (D.J.C.); (S.A.B.); (K.M.G.); (C.Ó.); (J.K.)
| | - Karl M. Gogan
- TB Immunology Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland; (C.C.); (D.J.C.); (S.A.B.); (K.M.G.); (C.Ó.); (J.K.)
| | - Cilian Ó’Maoldomhnaigh
- TB Immunology Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland; (C.C.); (D.J.C.); (S.A.B.); (K.M.G.); (C.Ó.); (J.K.)
| | - Jacintha O’Sullivan
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St James’s Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland; (F.O.); (J.O.)
| | - Joseph Keane
- TB Immunology Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland; (C.C.); (D.J.C.); (S.A.B.); (K.M.G.); (C.Ó.); (J.K.)
| | - James J. Phelan
- TB Immunology Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland; (C.C.); (D.J.C.); (S.A.B.); (K.M.G.); (C.Ó.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +35-318-963-265
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