1
|
Mele C, Caputo M, Samà MT, Bullara V, Mauri MG, Prodam F, Aimaretti G, Pagano L, Marzullo P. The role of metabolic setting in predicting the risk of early tumour relapse of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). Eur J Clin Nutr 2020; 74:1038-1046. [PMID: 32518296 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-020-0671-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of insulin resistance and adipocytokines in determining the phenotype and recurrence of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is still unknown. In a previous study, we observed an association between metabolic setting, circulating adipocytokines and thyroid cancer phenotype. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical follow-up of patients with DTC and the predictive role of metabolic setting on the risk of tumour relapse. METHODS Between September 2016 and January 2017, 57 patients were admitted to our institution to undergo total thyroidectomy because of suspected DTC. Thirty patients with post-surgical histological diagnosis of DTC were included in the study. Each subject underwent pre-surgical analysis of anthropometric parameters, thyroid function and autoimmunity, glucose metabolism, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and levels of unacylated and acylated ghrelin, obestatin, leptin and adiponectin. Tumour recurrence at 1 and 3 years from diagnosis was assessed. RESULTS Most patients were females (21F, 9M) with a median age at diagnosis of 50.0 (41.0-58.8). At baseline, overweight was found in 7 patients and obesity in 6 cases. Insulin resistance was detected in 14 patients. Overall, 17 patients (56.7%) underwent radioiodine treatment after surgery. During the follow-up, we observed a persistent biochemical disease in one patient whereas tumour relapse was found in six patients at 1 year from diagnosis (lymph node metastases) and in one patient at 3 years from diagnosis (lung metastases). Independently from age, sex, stage of disease and the presence of lymph node metastasis at diagnosis, higher BMI, leptin and insulin levels as well as HOMA-IR were associated with a higher risk of tumour relapse (p < 0.05 for all). CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight a possible role for BMI, leptin and insulin resistance as predictors of early DTC relapse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Mele
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy. .,Division of General Medicine, S. Giuseppe Hospital, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Verbania, Italy.
| | - Marina Caputo
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,Division of Endocrinology, University Hospital "Maggiore della Carità", Novara, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Samà
- Division of Endocrinology, University Hospital "Maggiore della Carità", Novara, Italy
| | - Valentina Bullara
- Division of Endocrinology, University Hospital "Maggiore della Carità", Novara, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Mauri
- Division of Endocrinology, University Hospital "Maggiore della Carità", Novara, Italy
| | - Flavia Prodam
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,Division of Endocrinology, University Hospital "Maggiore della Carità", Novara, Italy
| | - Gianluca Aimaretti
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,Division of Endocrinology, University Hospital "Maggiore della Carità", Novara, Italy
| | - Loredana Pagano
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo Marzullo
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,Division of General Medicine, S. Giuseppe Hospital, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Verbania, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Woliński J, Szczurek P, Pierzynowska K, Wychowański P, Seklecka B, Boryczka M, Kuwahara A, Kato I, Drahanchuk O, Zaworski K, Pierzynowski SG, Słupecka-Ziemilska M. Influence of obestatin on the histological development of the small intestine in piglets during the first week of postnatal life. Animal 2020; 14:2129-37. [PMID: 32398171 DOI: 10.1017/S1751731120000919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Obestatin is a gastrointestinal peptide having wide-ranging effects on cell proliferation; however, its mechanism of action remains poorly understood. Thus, the aim of the study was to elucidate the effect of exogenous obestatin on the postnatal structural development of the small intestine. Seven-day-old piglets with an average BW of 1.56 ± 0.23 kg were divided into four groups (n = 10) that received intragastrically obestatin (2, 10 or 15 μg/kg BW) or vehicle. After a 6-day experimental period, morphological analysis of gastrointestinal tract and small intestine wall (mitosis and apoptosis indexes, histomorphometry of mucosa and muscularis layers) was performed. The study revealed a seemingly incoherent pattern of the histological structure of the small intestine among the experimental groups, suggesting that the effect of obestatin is both intestinal segment specific and dose dependent. Histomorphometric analysis of the small intestine showed that higher doses of obestatin seem to promote the structural development of the duodenum while simultaneously hindering the maturation of more distal parts of the intestine. Intragastric administration of obestatin increased the crypt mitotic index in all segments of the small intestine with the strongest pro-mitotic activity following the administration of obestatin at a dose of 10 and 15 μg/kg BW. The significant differences in the number of apoptotic cells in the intestinal villi among the groups were observed only in proximal jejunum and ileum. In conclusion, it seems that obestatin shows a broad-spectrum of activity in the gastrointestinal tract of newborn piglets, being able to accelerate its structural development. However, the varied effect depending on the intestinal segment or the concentration of exogenous obestatin causes that further research is needed to clarify the exact mechanism of this phenomenon.
Collapse
|
3
|
Mele C, Samà MT, Bisoffi AA, Caputo M, Bullara V, Mai S, Walker GE, Prodam F, Marzullo P, Aimaretti G, Pagano L. Circulating adipokines and metabolic setting in differentiated thyroid cancer. Endocr Connect 2019; 8:997-1006. [PMID: 31252407 PMCID: PMC6652238 DOI: 10.1530/ec-19-0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The associative link relating insulin resistance (IR) and adipokines to the occurrence and phenotype of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between IR and adipokines in DTC patients, as compared with carriers of benign thyroid diseases (BTD) and healthy controls. This observational study enrolled 77 subjects phenotyped as DTC (N = 30), BTD (N = 27) and healthy subjects (N = 20). Each subject underwent preoperative analysis of anthropometric parameters, thyroid function and autoimmunity, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and levels of unacylated (UAG) and acylated ghrelin (AG), obestatin, leptin and adiponectin. Multivariate regression models were used to test the predictive role of metabolic correlates on thyroid phenotypes and DTC extension. The three groups showed similar age, gender distribution, smoking habit, BMI and thyroid parameters. Obestatin was significantly higher in DTC group compared to BTD (P < 0.05) and control subjects (P < 0.0001). DTC and BTD groups showed higher levels of UAG (P < 0.01) and AG (P < 0.05). Leptin levels were comparable between groups, whereas adiponectin levels were lower in DTC compared to BTD group (P < 0.0001) and controls (P < 0.01). In parallel, HOMA-IR was higher in DTC than BTD (P < 0.05) and control group (P < 0.01). Stepwise multivariable regression analysis showed that obestatin and UAG were independent predictors of DTC (P = 0.01 for both). In an analysis restricted to the DTC group, obestatin levels were associated with the absence of lymph node metastases (P < 0.05). Our results highlight a potential association between metabolic setting, circulating adipokines and thyroid cancer phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Mele
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- Division of General Medicine, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, S. Giuseppe Hospital, Piancavallo di Oggebbio (VB), Italy
- Correspondence should be addressed to C Mele:
| | - Maria Teresa Samà
- Division of Endocrinology, University Hospital ‘Maggiore della Carità’, Novara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Angelo Bisoffi
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Marina Caputo
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Valentina Bullara
- Division of Endocrinology, University Hospital ‘Maggiore della Carità’, Novara, Italy
| | - Stefania Mai
- Laboratory of Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, S. Giuseppe Hospital, Piancavallo di Oggebbio (VB), Italy
| | | | - Flavia Prodam
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Paolo Marzullo
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- Division of General Medicine, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, S. Giuseppe Hospital, Piancavallo di Oggebbio (VB), Italy
| | - Gianluca Aimaretti
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Loredana Pagano
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Stempniewicz A, Ceranowicz P, Warzecha Z. Potential Therapeutic Effects of Gut Hormones, Ghrelin and Obestatin in Oral Mucositis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071534. [PMID: 30934722 PMCID: PMC6479885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy and/or head and neck radiotherapy are frequently associated with oral mucositis. Oral pain, odynophagia and dysphagia, opioid use, weight loss, dehydration, systemic infection, hospitalization and introduction of a feeding tube should be mentioned as the main determinated effect of oral mucositis. Oral mucositis leads to a decreased quality of life and an increase in treatment costs. Moreover, oral mucositis is a life-threatening disease. In addition to its own direct life-threatening consequences, it can also lead to a reduced survival due to the discontinuation or dose reduction of anti-neoplasm therapy. There are numerous strategies for the prevention or treatment of oral mucositis; however, their effectiveness is limited and does not correspond to expectations. This review is focused on the ghrelin and obestatin as potentially useful candidates for the prevention and treatment of chemo- or/and radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Stempniewicz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegórzecka 16 St., 31-531 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Piotr Ceranowicz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegórzecka 16 St., 31-531 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Zygmunt Warzecha
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegórzecka 16 St., 31-531 Krakow, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Konarska K, Cieszkowski J, Warzecha Z, Ceranowicz P, Chmura A, Kuśnierz-Cabala B, Gałązka K, Kowalczyk P, Miskiewicz A, Konturek TJ, Pędziwiatr M, Dembiński A. Treatment with Obestatin-A Ghrelin Gene-Encoded Peptide-Reduces the Severity of Experimental Colitis Evoked by Trinitrobenzene Sulfonic Acid. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061643. [PMID: 29865176 PMCID: PMC6032262 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obestatin is a 23-amino acid peptide derived from proghrelin, a common prohormone for ghrelin and obestatin. Previous studies showed that obestatin exhibited some protective and therapeutic effects in the gut. The aim of our presented study was to examine the effect of treatment with obestatin on trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis. In rats anesthetized with ketamine, colitis was induced through intrarectal administration of 25 mg of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). Obestatin was administered intraperitoneally at doses of 4, 8, or 16 nmol/kg, twice per day for four consecutive days. The first dose of obestatin was given one day before the induction of colitis, and the last one was given two days after administration of TNBS. Fourteen days after the induction of colitis, rats were anesthetized again with ketamine, and the severity of colitis was determined. The administration of obestatin had no effect on the parameters tested in rats without the induction of colitis. In rats with colitis, administration of obestatin at doses of 8 or 16 nmol/kg reduced the area of colonic damage, and improved mucosal blood flow in the colon. These effects were accompanied by a reduction in the colitis-evoked increase in the level of blood leukocytes, and mucosal concentration of pro-inflammatory interleukin-1β. Moreover, obestatin administered at doses of 8 or 16 nmol/kg reduced histological signs of colonic damage. The administration of obestatin at a dose of 4 nmol/kg failed to significantly affect the parameters tested. Overall, treatment with obestatin reduced the severity of TNBS-induced colitis in rats. This effect was associated with an improvement in mucosal blood flow in the colon, and a decrease in local and systemic inflammatory processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Konarska
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Jakub Cieszkowski
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Zygmunt Warzecha
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Piotr Ceranowicz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Anna Chmura
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Beata Kuśnierz-Cabala
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-501 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Krystyna Gałązka
- Department of Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Paweł Kowalczyk
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-110 Jablonna, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Miskiewicz
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-246 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Thomas Jan Konturek
- Department of Medicine, St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02135, USA.
| | - Michał Pędziwiatr
- Second Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-501 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Artur Dembiński
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vázquez-Borrego MC, Gahete MD, Martínez-Fuentes AJ, Fuentes-Fayos AC, Castaño JP, Kineman RD, Luque RM. Multiple signaling pathways convey central and peripheral signals to regulate pituitary function: Lessons from human and non-human primate models. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 463:4-22. [PMID: 29253530 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The anterior pituitary gland is a key organ involved in the control of multiple physiological functions including growth, reproduction, metabolism and stress. These functions are controlled by five distinct hormone-producing pituitary cell types that produce growth hormone (somatotropes), prolactin (lactotropes), adrenocorticotropin (corticotropes), thyrotropin (thyrotropes) and follicle stimulating hormone/luteinizing hormone (gonadotropes). Classically, the synthesis and release of pituitary hormones was thought to be primarily regulated by central (neuroendocrine) signals. However, it is now becoming apparent that factors produced by pituitary hormone targets (endocrine and non-endocrine organs) can feedback directly to the pituitary to adjust pituitary hormone synthesis and release. Therefore, pituitary cells serve as sensors to integrate central and peripheral signals in order to fine-tune whole-body homeostasis, although it is clear that pituitary cell regulation is species-, age- and sex-dependent. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive, general overview of our current knowledge of both central and peripheral regulators of pituitary cell function and associated intracellular mechanisms, focusing on human and non-human primates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M C Vázquez-Borrego
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - M D Gahete
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - A J Martínez-Fuentes
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - A C Fuentes-Fayos
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - J P Castaño
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - R D Kineman
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research and Development Division, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - R M Luque
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pradhan G, Wu CS, Han Lee J, Kanikarla P, Guo S, Yechoor VK, Samson SL, Sun Y. Obestatin stimulates glucose-induced insulin secretion through ghrelin receptor GHS-R. Sci Rep 2017; 7:979. [PMID: 28428639 PMCID: PMC5430520 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00888-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Orexigenic hormone ghrelin and anorexic hormone obestatin are encoded by the same preproghrelin gene. While it is known that ghrelin inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), the effect of obestatin on GSIS is unclear. Ghrelin’s effect is mediated by its receptor Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor (GHS-R), but the physiologically relevant receptor of obestatin remains debatable. Here we have investigated the effect of obestatin on GSIS in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo, and tested whether obestatin regulates insulin secretion through GHS-R. We found that under hyperglycemic condition, obestatin augments GSIS in rat insulinoma cells (INS-1) and in pancreatic islets from ghrelin−/− mice. Surprisingly, obestatin-induced GSIS was absent in β-cells in which GHS-R was suppressed. Obestatin-induced insulin secretion was abolished in the circulation of Ghsr−/− mice, and in pancreatic islets isolated from Ghsr−/− mice. We also found that obestatin-induced GSIS was attenuated in islets isolated from β-cell-specific Ghsr knockout MIP-Cre/ERT;Ghsrf/f mice. Our data collectively demonstrate that obestatin is a potent insulin secretagogue under hyperglycemic condition, and obestatin’s effect on insulin secretion is mediated by GHS-R in pancreatic β-cells. Our findings reveal an intriguing insight that obestatin and ghrelin have opposing effects on insulin secretion, and both are mediated through ghrelin receptor GHS-R.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geetali Pradhan
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chia-Shan Wu
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jong Han Lee
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, 21936, Korea
| | - Preeti Kanikarla
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shaodong Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Vijay K Yechoor
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Susan L Samson
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yuxiang Sun
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. .,Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Alén BO, Leal-López S, Alén MO, Viaño P, García-Castro V, Mosteiro CS, Beiras A, Casanueva FF, Gallego R, García-Caballero T, Camiña JP, Pazos Y. The role of the obestatin/GPR39 system in human gastric adenocarcinomas. Oncotarget 2017; 7:5957-71. [PMID: 26716511 PMCID: PMC4868733 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Obestatin, a 23-amino acid peptide encoded by the ghrelin gene, and the GPR39 receptor were reported to be involved in the control of mitogenesis of gastric cancer cell lines; however, the relationship between the obestatin/GPR39 system and gastric cancer progression remains unknown. In the present study, we determined the expression levels of the obestatin/GPR39 system in human gastric adenocarcinomas and explored their potential functional roles. Twenty-eight patients with gastric adenocarcinomas were retrospectively studied, and clinical data were obtained. The role of obestatin/GPR39 in gastric cancer progression was studied in vitro using the human gastric adenocarcinoma AGS cell line. Obestatin exogenous administration in these GPR39-bearing cells deregulated the expression of several hallmarks of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and angiogenesis. Moreover, obestatin signaling promoted phenotypic changes via GPR39, increasingly impacting on the cell morphology, proliferation, migration and invasion of these cells. In healthy human stomachs, obestatin expression was observed in the neuroendocrine cells and GPR39 expression was localized mainly in the chief cells of the oxyntic glands. In human gastric adenocarcinomas, no obestatin expression was found; however, an aberrant pattern of GPR39 expression was discovered, correlating to the dedifferentiation of the tumor. Altogether, our data strongly suggest the involvement of the obestatin/GPR39 system in the pathogenesis and/or clinical outcome of human gastric adenocarcinomas and highlight the potential usefulness of GPR39 as a prognostic marker in gastric cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Begoña O Alén
- Área de Endocrinología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Servicio Gallego de Salud (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Saúl Leal-López
- Área de Endocrinología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Servicio Gallego de Salud (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Otero Alén
- IDIS, CHUS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, CHUS, SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Patricia Viaño
- IDIS, CHUS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, CHUS, SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Carlos S Mosteiro
- Área de Endocrinología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Servicio Gallego de Salud (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Andrés Beiras
- IDIS, CHUS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, CHUS, SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Departamento de Ciencias Morfológicas, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Felipe F Casanueva
- Área de Endocrinología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Servicio Gallego de Salud (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Departamento de Medicina, USC, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosalía Gallego
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,IDIS, CHUS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Departamento de Ciencias Morfológicas, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Tomás García-Caballero
- IDIS, CHUS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, CHUS, SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Departamento de Ciencias Morfológicas, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jesús P Camiña
- Área de Endocrinología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Servicio Gallego de Salud (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Yolanda Pazos
- Área de Endocrinología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Servicio Gallego de Salud (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Au CC, Furness JB, Brown KA. Ghrelin and Breast Cancer: Emerging Roles in Obesity, Estrogen Regulation, and Cancer. Front Oncol 2017; 6:265. [PMID: 28119851 PMCID: PMC5220482 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Local and systemic factors have been shown to drive the growth of breast cancer cells in postmenopausal obese women, who have increased risk of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Estrogens, produced locally in the breast fat by the enzyme aromatase, have an important role in promoting cancer cell proliferation. Ghrelin, a 28-amino acid peptide hormone, may also influence cancer growth. This peptide is produced in the stomach and acts centrally to regulate appetite and growth hormone release. Circulating levels of ghrelin, and its unacylated form, des-acyl ghrelin, are almost always inversely correlated with obesity, and these peptide hormones have recently been shown to inhibit adipose tissue aromatase expression. Ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin have also been shown to be produced by some tumor cells and influence tumor growth. The ghrelin/des-acyl ghrelin–cancer axis is complex, one reason being that tumor cells have been shown to express splice variants of ghrelin, and ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin might act at receptors other than the cognate ghrelin receptor, growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a, in tumors. Effects of ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin on energy homeostasis may also affect tumor development and growth. This review will summarize our current understanding of the role of ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin in hormone-dependent cancers, breast cancer in particular.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- CheukMan Cherie Au
- Metabolism and Cancer Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - John B Furness
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health , Parkville, VIC , Australia
| | - Kristy A Brown
- Metabolism and Cancer Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ibáñez-Costa A, Gahete MD, Rivero-Cortés E, Rincón-Fernández D, Nelson R, Beltrán M, de la Riva A, Japón MA, Venegas-Moreno E, Gálvez MÁ, García-Arnés JA, Soto-Moreno A, Morgan J, Tsomaia N, Culler MD, Dieguez C, Castaño JP, Luque RM. In1-ghrelin splicing variant is overexpressed in pituitary adenomas and increases their aggressive features. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8714. [PMID: 25737012 PMCID: PMC4649711 DOI: 10.1038/srep08714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenomas comprise a heterogeneous subset of pathologies causing serious comorbidities, which would benefit from identification of novel, common molecular/cellular biomarkers and therapeutic targets. The ghrelin system has been linked to development of certain endocrine-related cancers. Systematic analysis of the presence and functional implications of some components of the ghrelin system, including native ghrelin, receptors and the recently discovered splicing variant In1-ghrelin, in human normal pituitaries (n = 11) and pituitary adenomas (n = 169) revealed that expression pattern of ghrelin system suffers a clear alteration in pituitary adenomasas comparedwith normal pituitary, where In1-ghrelin is markedly overexpressed. Interestingly, in cultured pituitary adenoma cells In1-ghrelin treatment (acylated peptides at 100 nM; 24–72 h) increased GH and ACTH secretion, Ca2+ and ERK1/2 signaling and cell viability, whereas In1-ghrelin silencing (using a specific siRNA; 100 nM) reduced cell viability. These results indicate that an alteration of the ghrelin system, specially its In1-ghrelin variant, could contribute to pathogenesis of different pituitary adenomas types, and suggest that this variant and its related ghrelin system could provide new tools to identify novel, more general diagnostic, prognostic and potential therapeutic targets in pituitary tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Ibáñez-Costa
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición; and Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3), 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Manuel D Gahete
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición; and Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3), 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Esther Rivero-Cortés
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición; and Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3), 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - David Rincón-Fernández
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición; and Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3), 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Manuel Beltrán
- Department of Pathology, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, Cádiz
| | - Andrés de la Riva
- Service of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Miguel A Japón
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Eva Venegas-Moreno
- Metabolism and Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Ma Ángeles Gálvez
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, and Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Juan A García-Arnés
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Carlos Haya Hospital, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Alfonso Soto-Moreno
- Metabolism and Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), 41013 Seville, Spain
| | | | - Natia Tsomaia
- IPSEN Bioscience, Cambridge, 02142 Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Carlos Dieguez
- Department of Physiology, University of Santiago de Compostela, and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Justo P Castaño
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición; and Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3), 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Raúl M Luque
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición; and Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3), 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Luque RM, Córdoba-Chacón J, Ibáñez-Costa A, Gesmundo I, Grande C, Gracia-Navarro F, Tena-Sempere M, Ghigo E, Gahete MD, Granata R, Kineman RD, Castaño JP. Obestatin plays an opposite role in the regulation of pituitary somatotrope and corticotrope function in female primates and male/female mice. Endocrinology 2014; 155:1407-17. [PMID: 24484169 PMCID: PMC3959609 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Obestatin is a 23-amino-acid amidated peptide that is encoded by the ghrelin gene. Previous studies have shown obestatin can modulate the hypothalamic neuronal circuitry that regulates pituitary function, perhaps by modulating the actions of ghrelin. However, the direct actions of obestatin on pituitary function remain controversial. Here, primary pituitary cell cultures from a nonhuman primate (baboon) and mice were used to test the effects of obestatin on pituitary hormone expression and secretion. In pituitary cultures from both species, obestatin had no effect on prolactin, LH, FSH, or TSH expression/release. Conversely, obestatin stimulated proopiomelanocortin expression and ACTH release and inhibited GH expression/release in vitro, actions that were also observed in vivo in mice treated with obestatin. In vitro, obestatin inhibited the stimulatory actions of ghrelin on GH but not ACTH release. The inhibitory effect of obestatin on somatotrope function was associated with an overall reduction in pituitary transcription factor-1 and GHRH receptor mRNA levels in vitro and in vivo as well as a reduction in hypothalamic GHRH and ghrelin expression in vivo. The stimulatory effect of obestatin on ACTH was associated with an increase in pituitary CRF receptors. Obestatin also reduced the expression of pituitary somatostatin receptors (sst1/sst2), which could serve to modify its impact on hormone secretion. The in vitro actions of obestatin on both GH and ACTH release required the adenylyl cyclase and MAPK routes. Taken together, our results provide evidence that obestatin can act directly at the pituitary to control somatotrope and corticotrope function, and these effects are conserved across species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raúl M Luque
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology (R.M.L., J.C.-C., A.I.-C., F.G.-N., M.T.-S., M.D.G., J.P.C.), University of Cordoba, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, and Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, E-14014 Córdoba, Spain; Department of Medicine (J.C.-C., R.D.K.), University of Illinois at Chicago, and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center (J.C.-C., R.D.K.), Research and Development Division, Chicago, Illinois 60612; and Department of Medical Sciences (I.G., C.G., E.G., R.G.), University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
|
13
|
Seim I, Lubik AA, Lehman ML, Tomlinson N, Whiteside EJ, Herington AC, Nelson CC, Chopin LK. Cloning of a novel insulin-regulated ghrelin transcript in prostate cancer. J Mol Endocrinol 2013; 50:179-91. [PMID: 23267039 DOI: 10.1530/jme-12-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a multifunctional hormone, with roles in stimulating appetite and regulating energy balance, insulin secretion and glucose homoeostasis. The ghrelin gene locus (GHRL) is highly complex and gives rise to a range of novel transcripts derived from alternative first exons and internally spliced exons. The wild-type transcript encodes a 117 amino acid preprohormone that is processed to yield the 28 amino acid peptide ghrelin. Here, we identified insulin-responsive transcription corresponding to cryptic exons in intron 2 of the human ghrelin gene. A transcript, termed in2c-ghrelin (intron 2-cryptic), was cloned from the testis and the LNCaP prostate cancer cell line. This transcript may encode an 83 amino acid preproghrelin isoform that codes for ghrelin, but not obestatin. It is expressed in a limited number of normal tissues and in tumours of the prostate, testis, breast and ovary. Finally, we confirmed that in2c-ghrelin transcript expression, as well as the recently described in1-ghrelin transcript, is significantly upregulated by insulin in cultured prostate cancer cells. Metabolic syndrome and hyperinsulinaemia have been associated with prostate cancer risk and progression. This may be particularly significant after androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer, which induces hyperinsulinaemia, and this could contribute to castrate-resistant prostate cancer growth. We have previously demonstrated that ghrelin stimulates prostate cancer cell line proliferation in vitro. This study is the first description of insulin regulation of a ghrelin transcript in cancer and should provide further impetus for studies into the expression, regulation and function of ghrelin gene products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inge Seim
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Grönberg M, Tsolakis AV, Holmbäck U, Stridsberg M, Grimelius L, Janson ET. Ghrelin and obestatin in human neuroendocrine tumors: expression and effect on obestatin levels after food intake. Neuroendocrinology 2013; 97:291-9. [PMID: 23147274 DOI: 10.1159/000345366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ghrelin and obestatin are derived from the same peptide hormone precursor and are mainly produced by the gastric mucosa. Ghrelin is involved in many biological processes, whereas the physiological function of obestatin needs further investigation. The aims of the present study were to establish the incidence of ghrelin- and obestatin-immunoreactive cells in a comprehensive panel of human neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and to investigate if blood obestatin concentrations are influenced during a standardized meal stimulation test in healthy individuals and patients with NETs. MATERIALS AND METHODS The expression of ghrelin and obestatin was investigated in NETs (n = 149) and other endocrine-related disorders (n = 3) using immunohistochemistry with specific polyclonal antibodies. Coexpression of the peptides was evaluated by double immunofluorescence. Concentrations of obestatin in blood were measured during a meal test in 6 healthy individuals and 5 patients with pancreatic NETs. RESULTS Ghrelin and obestatin were expressed in 14/152 and 19/152 tumor tissues, respectively, mainly representing NETs of foregut origin and in pancreatic tissue from a nesidioblastosis patient. Double immunofluorescence staining showed colocalization of the peptides. During the meal test, obestatin levels in blood were unchanged in all patients but decreased significantly in the healthy individuals. CONCLUSION Only a minority of NETs express ghrelin and obestatin. However, analysis of patients with tumors originating from tissues that express the peptides in normal conditions could be of importance. The results from the meal test indicate that the hormone levels are affected by food intake in healthy individuals, whereas obestatin levels remained unchanged in pancreatic NET patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malin Grönberg
- Section of Endocrine Oncology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. malin.gronberg @ medsci.uu.se
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Ghrelin, the endogenous ligand for the GH secretagogue receptor (GHSR), is a peptide hormone with diverse physiological roles. Ghrelin regulates GH release, appetite and feeding, gut motility, and energy balance and also has roles in the cardiovascular, immune, and reproductive systems. Ghrelin and the GHSR are expressed in a wide range of normal and tumor tissues, and a fluorescein-labeled, truncated form of ghrelin is showing promise as a biomarker for prostate cancer. Plasma ghrelin levels are generally inversely related to body mass index and are unlikely to be useful as a biomarker for cancer, but may be useful as a marker for cancer cachexia. Some single nucleotide polymorphisms in the ghrelin and GHSR genes have shown associations with cancer risk; however, larger studies are required. Ghrelin regulates processes associated with cancer, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell migration, cell invasion, inflammation, and angiogenesis; however, the role of ghrelin in cancer is currently unclear. Ghrelin has predominantly antiinflammatory effects and may play a role in protecting against cancer-related inflammation. Ghrelin and its analogs show promise as treatments for cancer-related cachexia. Further studies using in vivo models are required to determine whether ghrelin has a role in cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K Chopin
- Ghrelin Research Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology and Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Granata R, Gallo D, Luque RM, Baragli A, Scarlatti F, Grande C, Gesmundo I, Córdoba-Chacón J, Bergandi L, Settanni F, Togliatto G, Volante M, Garetto S, Annunziata M, Chanclón B, Gargantini E, Rocchietto S, Matera L, Datta G, Morino M, Brizzi MF, Ong H, Camussi G, Castaño JP, Papotti M, Ghigo E. Obestatin regulates adipocyte function and protects against diet-induced insulin resistance and inflammation. FASEB J 2012; 26:3393-411. [PMID: 22601779 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-201343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic actions of the ghrelin gene-derived peptide obestatin are still unclear. We investigated obestatin effects in vitro, on adipocyte function, and in vivo, on insulin resistance and inflammation in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Obestatin effects on apoptosis, differentiation, lipolysis, and glucose uptake were determined in vitro in mouse 3T3-L1 and in human subcutaneous (hSC) and omental (hOM) adipocytes. In vivo, the influence of obestatin on glucose metabolism was assessed in mice fed an HFD for 8 wk. 3T3-L1, hSC, and hOM preadipocytes and adipocytes secreted obestatin and showed specific binding for the hormone. Obestatin prevented apoptosis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes by increasing phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 signaling. In both mice and human adipocytes, obestatin inhibited isoproterenol-induced lipolysis, promoted AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation, induced adiponectin, and reduced leptin secretion. Obestatin also enhanced glucose uptake in either the absence or presence of insulin, promoted GLUT4 translocation, and increased Akt phosphorylation and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) protein expression. Inhibition of SIRT1 by small interfering RNA reduced obestatin-induced glucose uptake. In HFD-fed mice, obestatin reduced insulin resistance, increased insulin secretion from pancreatic islets, and reduced adipocyte apoptosis and inflammation in metabolic tissues. These results provide evidence of a novel role for obestatin in adipocyte function and glucose metabolism and suggest potential therapeutic perspectives in insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunctions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riccarda Granata
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14-10126 Turin, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Cells cultured in three dimensional (3D) scaffolds as opposed to traditional two-dimensional (2D) substrates have been considered more physiologically relevant based on their superior ability to emulate the in vivo environment. Combined with stem cell technology, 3D cell cultures can provide a promising alternative for use in cell-based assays or biosensors in non-clinical drug discovery studies. To advance 3D culture technology, a case has been made for identifying and validating three-dimensionality biomarkers. With this goal in mind, we conducted a transcriptomic expression comparison among neural progenitor cells cultured on 2D substrates, 3D porous polystyrene scaffolds, and as 3D neurospheres (in vivo surrogate). Up-regulation of cytokines as a group in 3D and neurospheres was observed. A group of 13 cytokines were commonly up-regulated in cells cultured in polystyrene scaffolds and neurospheres, suggesting potential for any or a combination from this list to serve as three-dimensionality biomarkers. These results are supportive of further cytokine identification and validation studies with cells from non-neural tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinzhi Lai
- Cellular Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Driftmier Engineering Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Amish Asthana
- Cellular Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Driftmier Engineering Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ke Cheng
- Cellular Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Driftmier Engineering Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - William S. Kisaalita
- Cellular Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Driftmier Engineering Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gahete MD, Córdoba-Chacón J, Hergueta-Redondo M, Martínez-Fuentes AJ, Kineman RD, Moreno-Bueno G, Luque RM, Castaño JP. A novel human ghrelin variant (In1-ghrelin) and ghrelin-O-acyltransferase are overexpressed in breast cancer: potential pathophysiological relevance. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23302. [PMID: 21829727 PMCID: PMC3150424 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The human ghrelin gene, which encodes the ghrelin and obestatin peptides, contains 5 exons (Ex), with Ex1-Ex4 encoding a 117 amino-acid (aa) preproprotein that is known to be processed to yield a 28-aa (ghrelin) and/or a 23-aa (obestatin) mature peptides, which possess biological activities in multiple tissues. However, the ghrelin gene also encodes additional peptides through alternative splicing or post-translational modifications. Indeed, we previously identified a spliced mRNA ghrelin variant in mouse (In2-ghrelin-variant), which is regulated in a tissue-dependent manner by metabolic status and may thus be of biological relevance. Here, we have characterized a new human ghrelin variant that contains Ex0-1, intron (In) 1, and Ex2 and lacks Ex3-4. This human In1-ghrelin variant would encode a new prepropeptide that conserves the first 12aa of native-ghrelin (including the Ser3-potential octanoylation site) but has a different C-terminal tail. Expression of In1-variant was detected in 22 human tissues and its levels were positively correlated with those of ghrelin-O-acyltransferase (GOAT; p = 0.0001) but not with native-ghrelin expression, suggesting that In1-ghrelin could be a primary substrate for GOAT in human tissues. Interestingly, levels of In1-ghrelin variant expression in breast cancer samples were 8-times higher than those of normal mammary tissue, and showed a strong correlation in breast tumors with GOAT (p = 0.0001), ghrelin receptor-type 1b (GHSR1b; p = 0.049) and cyclin-D3 (a cell-cycle inducer/proliferation marker; p = 0.009), but not with native-ghrelin or GHSR1a expression. Interestingly, In1-ghrelin variant overexpression increased basal proliferation of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Taken together, our results provide evidence that In1-ghrelin is a novel element of the ghrelin family with a potential pathophysiological role in breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel D. Gahete
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, and CIBERobn Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain
| | - José Córdoba-Chacón
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, and CIBERobn Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Marta Hergueta-Redondo
- Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, CSIC-UAM, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPAZ) and Fundación MD Anderson Internacional, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio J. Martínez-Fuentes
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, and CIBERobn Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rhonda D. Kineman
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, and Research and Development Division, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Gema Moreno-Bueno
- Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, CSIC-UAM, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPAZ) and Fundación MD Anderson Internacional, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl M. Luque
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, and CIBERobn Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain
- * E-mail: (JPC); (RML)
| | - Justo P. Castaño
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, and CIBERobn Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Córdoba, Spain
- * E-mail: (JPC); (RML)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lacquaniti A, Donato V, Chirico V, Pettinato G, Buemi M. From chronic kidney disease to transplantation: the roles of obestatin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 171:48-52. [PMID: 21784109 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kidney transplantation is the therapy of choice in most cases of end stage renal disease. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate serum obestatin levels in kidney transplant recipients (Tx), compare levels in patients with renal failure (CKD) with those in healthy subjects (HS), and to assess the role of this hormone in energetic metabolism. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 95 subjects were studied: 40 were Tx; 35 had CKD and 20 were HS. Inclusion criteria were age>18years and good allograft function. Patients with an inflammatory disease or a diagnosis of cancer were excluded from the study. RESULTS Obestatin levels in Tx patients were significantly lower than in HS (3.5 [3-4.8] versus 11 [8.56-28.60] ng/mL; p<0.0001) and patients with CKD (3.5 [3-4.8] versus 4.7 [3, 5-6, 1] ng/mL; p=0.008). At univariate analysis, a direct correlation was found between obestatin and calcemia (p: 0.0001; r: 0.51), phosphoremia (p: 0.0005; r: 0, 46), calcium-phosphate product (p<0.0001; r:0.53), and parathormone (p: 0.01; r: 0.32), whereas significant inverse correlations were evidenced for BMI (p<0.0001; r: -0.52). At multivariate analysis, significance was maintained for the correlation between obestatin and phosphoremia (β=0.47; p=0.008), for the calcium-phosphate product (β=0.55; p=0.0005) and for BMI (β=-0.53; p=0.01). CONCLUSION Obestatin, present in lower levels in Tx patients than in CKD patients and HS, plays a role in energy metabolism, affecting BMI and the metabolism of calcium-phosphorus.
Collapse
|
20
|
Seim I, Walpole C, Amorim L, Josh P, Herington A, Chopin L. The expanding roles of the ghrelin-gene derived peptide obestatin in health and disease. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 340:111-7. [PMID: 21459124 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Obestatin is a 23 amino acid, ghrelin gene-derived peptide hormone produced in the stomach and a range of other tissues throughout the body. While it was initially reported that obestatin opposed the actions of ghrelin with regards to appetite and food intake, it is now clear that obestatin is not an endogenous ghrelin antagonist, but it is a multi-functional peptide hormone in its own right. In this review we will discuss the controversies associated with the discovery of obestatin and explore emerging central and peripheral roles of obestatin, which includes adipogenesis, pancreatic homeostasis and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inge Seim
- Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lacquaniti A, Bolignano D, Donato V, Chirico V, Romeo A, Loddo S, Buemi M. Obestatin: a new element for mineral metabolism and inflammation in patients on hemodialysis. Kidney Blood Press Res 2011; 34:104-10. [PMID: 21282963 DOI: 10.1159/000324034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/31/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obestatin plays a key role in the process of energy balance maintenance with an anorectic effect. The main aim of the study was to evaluate obestatin in uremic patients to determine whether it is correlated with nutritional and inflammatory status. METHODS We studied plasma obestatin in uremic patients (n = 50) undergoing hemodialysis therapy and in healthy subjects. Plasma obestatin was measured using an ELISA kit. RESULTS Obestatin levels in uremic patients were lower than in healthy subjects (p < 0.0001). Patients with a body mass index (BMI) >23 had lower obestatin levels than those with a BMI <23 (p = 0.001). After multivariate analysis, direct correlations were maintained between obestatin and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (β = 0.68, p < 0.0001) and total alkaline phosphatases (β = 0.30, p = 0.03), while inverse correlations were found with iron (β = -0.32, p = 0.002) and calcium-phosphorous product (β = -0.40, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Based on the present observational data, obestatin might be implicated in the inflammatory state and the disturbances of calcium/phosphate metabolism of hemodialysis patients. However, further studies are warranted to determine whether this hormone plays a key role in contributing to malnutrition and to the chronic inflammatory process.
Collapse
|
22
|
Lacquaniti A, Donato V, Chirico V, Buemi A, Buemi M. Obestatin: An Interesting but Controversial Gut Hormone. Ann Nutr Metab 2011; 59:193-9. [DOI: 10.1159/000334106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
23
|
Abstract
Oligopeptide derivatives of metenkephalin were found to stimulate growth-hormone (GH) release directly by pituitary somatotrope cells in vitro in 1977. Members of this class of peptides and nonpeptidyl mimetics are referred to as GH secretagogues (GHSs). A specific guanosine triphosphatate-binding protein-associated heptahelical transmembrane receptor for GHS was cloned in 1996. An endogenous ligand for the GHS receptor, acylghrelin, was identified in 1999. Expression of ghrelin and homonymous receptor occurs in the brain, pituitary gland, stomach, endothelium/vascular smooth muscle, pancreas, placenta, intestine, heart, bone, and other tissues. Principal actions of this peptidergic system include stimulation of GH release via combined hypothalamopituitary mechanisms, orexigenesis (appetitive enhancement), insulinostasis (inhibition of insulin secretion), cardiovascular effects (decreased mean arterial pressure and vasodilation), stimulation of gastric motility and acid secretion, adipogenesis with repression of fat oxidation, and antiapoptosis (antagonism of endothelial, neuronal, and cardiomyocyte death). The array of known and proposed interactions of ghrelin with key metabolic signals makes ghrelin and its receptor prime targets for drug development.
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
A breakthrough using "reverse pharmacology" identified and characterized acyl ghrelin from the stomach as the endogenous cognate ligand for the growth hormone (GH) secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) 1a. The unique post-translational modification of O-n-octanoylation at serine 3 is the first in peptide discovery history and is essential for GH-releasing ability. Des-acyl ghrelin, lacking O-n-octanoylation at serine 3, is also produced in the stomach and remains the major molecular form secreted into the circulation. The third ghrelin gene product, obestatin, a novel 23-amino acid peptide identified from rat stomach, was found by comparative genomic analysis. Three ghrelin gene products actively participate in modulating appetite, adipogenesis, gut motility, glucose metabolism, cell proliferation, immune, sleep, memory, anxiety, cognition, and stress. Knockdown or knockout of acyl ghrelin and/or GHS-R1a, and overexpression of des-acyl ghrelin show benefits in the therapy of obesity and metabolic syndrome. By contrast, agonism of acyl ghrelin and/or GHS-R1a could combat human anorexia-cachexia, including anorexia nervosa, chronic heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, liver cirrhosis, chronic kidney disease, burn, and postsurgery recovery, as well as restore gut dysmotility, such as diabetic or neurogenic gastroparesis, and postoperative ileus. The ghrelin acyl-modifying enzyme, ghrelin O-Acyltransferase (GOAT), which attaches octanoate to serine-3 of ghrelin, has been identified and characterized also from the stomach. To date, ghrelin is the only protein to be octanylated, and inhibition of GOAT may have effects only on the stomach and is unlikely to affect the synthesis of other proteins. GOAT may provide a critical molecular target in developing novel therapeutics for obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yen Chen
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|