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Charlton PV, O'Reilly D, Philippou Y, Rao SR, Lamb ADG, Mills IG, Higgins GS, Hamdy FC, Verrill C, Buffa FM, Bryant RJ. Molecular analysis of archival diagnostic prostate cancer biopsies identifies genomic similarities in cases with progression post-radiotherapy, and those with de novo metastatic disease. Prostate 2024. [PMID: 38654435 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is important to identify molecular features that improve prostate cancer (PCa) risk stratification before radical treatment with curative intent. Molecular analysis of historical diagnostic formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) prostate biopsies from cohorts with post-radiotherapy (RT) long-term clinical follow-up has been limited. Utilizing parallel sequencing modalities, we performed a proof-of-principle sequencing analysis of historical diagnostic FFPE prostate biopsies. We compared patients with (i) stable PCa (sPCa) postprimary or salvage RT, (ii) progressing PCa (pPCa) post-RT, and (iii) de novo metastatic PCa (mPCa). METHODS A cohort of 19 patients with diagnostic prostate biopsies (n = 6 sPCa, n = 5 pPCa, n = 8 mPCa) and mean 4 years 10 months follow-up (diagnosed 2009-2016) underwent nucleic acid extraction from demarcated malignancy. Samples underwent 3'RNA sequencing (3'RNAseq) (n = 19), nanoString analysis (n = 12), and Illumina 850k methylation (n = 8) sequencing. Bioinformatic analysis was performed to coherently identify differentially expressed genes and methylated genomic regions (MGRs). RESULTS Eighteen of 19 samples provided useable 3'RNAseq data. Principal component analysis (PCA) demonstrated similar expression profiles between pPCa and mPCa cases, versus sPCa. Coherently differentially methylated probes between these groups identified ~600 differentially MGRs. The top 50 genes with increased expression in pPCa patients were associated with reduced progression-free survival post-RT (p < 0.0001) in an external cohort. CONCLUSIONS 3'RNAseq, nanoString and 850k-methylation analyses are each achievable from historical FFPE diagnostic pretreatment prostate biopsies, unlocking the potential to utilize large cohorts of historic clinical samples. Profiling similarities between individuals with pPCa and mPCa suggests biological similarities and historical radiological staging limitations, which warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Vincent Charlton
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Oncology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Dawn O'Reilly
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yiannis Philippou
- Department of Urology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Srinivasa Rao Rao
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alastair David Gordon Lamb
- Department of Urology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ian Geoffrey Mills
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Geoff Stuart Higgins
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Oncology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Freddie Charles Hamdy
- Department of Urology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Clare Verrill
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Pathology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Richard John Bryant
- Department of Urology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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2
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Zhao Q, Li D, Feng J, Jinsihan D. MiR-600 mediates EZH2/RUNX3 signal axis to modulate breast cancer cell viability and sorafenib sensitivity. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2024; 38:e23613. [PMID: 38229326 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) ranks as the most prevalent gynecologic tumor globally. Abnormal expression of miRNAs is concerned with the development of cancers such as BC. However, little is known about the role of miR-600 in BC. This work aimed to explore the role of miR-600 in the malignant progression and sorafenib sensitivity of BC cells. Expression and interaction of miR-600/EZH2/RUNX3 were analyzed by bioinformatics. qRT-PCR was utilized to assay RNA expression of miR-600 and mRNA expression of EZH2/RUNX3. The binding relationship between miR-600 and EZH2 was tested by dual luciferase assay and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP). The effects of miR-600/EZH2/RUNX3 axis on the malignant behavior and sorafenib sensitivity of BC cells were detected by CCK-8 and colony formation assay. Low expression of miR-600 and RUNX3 in BC was found by bioinformatics and molecular assays. High expression of EZH2 in BC was negatively correlated with RUVX3. Dual luciferase assay and RIP demonstrated that MiR-600 could bind to EZH2. Cell assays displayed that miR-600 knockdown could foster the malignant progression of BC cells and reduce the sensitivity of BC cells to sorafenib. EZH2 knockdown or RUNX3 overexpression could offset the effect of miR-600 inhibitor on the malignant behavior and sorafenib sensitivity of BC cells. MiR-600 can hinder the malignant behavior of BC cells and foster sensitivity of BC cells to sorafenib via EZH2/RUNX3 axis, exhibiting the miR-600/EZH2/RUNX3 axis as a feasible therapeutic target for BC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhao
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang, Urumqi, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang, Urumqi, China
| | - Jinchun Feng
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang, Urumqi, China
| | - Dilixiati Jinsihan
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang, Urumqi, China
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3
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Silvestri R, Nicolì V, Gangadharannambiar P, Crea F, Bootman MD. Calcium signalling pathways in prostate cancer initiation and progression. Nat Rev Urol 2023; 20:524-543. [PMID: 36964408 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-023-00738-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells proliferate, differentiate and migrate by repurposing physiological signalling mechanisms. In particular, altered calcium signalling is emerging as one of the most widespread adaptations in cancer cells. Remodelling of calcium signalling promotes the development of several malignancies, including prostate cancer. Gene expression data from in vitro, in vivo and bioinformatics studies using patient samples and xenografts have shown considerable changes in the expression of various components of the calcium signalling toolkit during the development of prostate cancer. Moreover, preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that altered calcium signalling is a crucial component of the molecular re-programming that drives prostate cancer progression. Evidence points to calcium signalling re-modelling, commonly involving crosstalk between calcium and other cellular signalling pathways, underpinning the onset and temporal progression of this disease. Discrete alterations in calcium signalling have been implicated in hormone-sensitive, castration-resistant and aggressive variant forms of prostate cancer. Hence, modulation of calcium signals and downstream effector molecules is a plausible therapeutic strategy for both early and late stages of prostate cancer. Based on this premise, clinical trials have been undertaken to establish the feasibility of targeting calcium signalling specifically for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vanessa Nicolì
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Crea
- Cancer Research Group, School of Life Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Martin D Bootman
- Cancer Research Group, School of Life Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.
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4
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Steadman K, You S, Srinivas DV, Mouakkad L, Yan Y, Kim M, Venugopal SV, Tanaka H, Freeman MR. Autonomous action and cooperativity between the ONECUT2 transcription factor and its 3' untranslated region. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1206259. [PMID: 37484909 PMCID: PMC10356556 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1206259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor ONECUT2 (OC2) is a master transcriptional regulator operating in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer that suppresses androgen receptor activity and promotes neural differentiation and tumor cell survival. OC2 mRNA possesses an unusually long (14,575 nt), evolutionarily conserved 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) with many microRNA binding sites, including up to 26 miR-9 sites. This is notable because miR-9 targets many of the same genes regulated by the OC2 protein. Paradoxically, OC2 expression is high in tissues with high miR-9 expression. The length and complex secondary structure of OC2 mRNA suggests that it is a potent master competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) capable of sequestering miRNAs. Here, we describe a novel role for OC2 3' UTR in lethal prostate cancer consistent with a function as a ceRNA. A plausible ceRNA network in OC2-driven tumors was constructed computationally and then confirmed in prostate cancer cell lines. Genes regulated by OC2 3' UTR exhibited high overlap (up to 45%) with genes driven by the overexpression of the OC2 protein in the absence of 3' UTR, indicating a cooperative functional relationship between the OC2 protein and its 3' UTR. These overlapping networks suggest an evolutionarily conserved mechanism to reinforce OC2 transcription by protection of OC2-regulated mRNAs from miRNA suppression. Both the protein and 3' UTR showed increased polycomb-repressive complex activity. The expression of OC2 3' UTR mRNA alone (without protein) dramatically increased the metastatic potential by in vitro assays. Additionally, OC2 3' UTR increased the expression of Aldo-Keto reductase and UDP-glucuronyl transferase family genes responsible for altering the androgen synthesis pathway. ONECUT2 represents the first-described dual-modality transcript that operates as both a key transcription factor driving castration-resistant prostate cancer and a master ceRNA that promotes and protects the same transcriptional network.
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Yang X, Xu L, Yang L. Recent advances in EZH2-based dual inhibitors in the treatment of cancers. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 256:115461. [PMID: 37156182 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) protein is the catalytic subunit of one of the histone methyltransferases. EZH2 catalyzes the trimethylation of lysine 27 of histone H3 (H3K27me3) and further alters downstream target levels. EZH2 is upregulated in cancer tissues, wherein its levels correlate strongly with cancer genesis, progression, metastasis, and invasion. Consequently, it has emerged as a novel anticancer therapeutic target. Nonetheless, developing EZH2 inhibitors (EZH2i) has encountered numerous difficulties, such as pre-clinical drug resistance and poor therapeutic effect. The EZH2i synergistically suppresses cancers when used in combination with additional antitumor drugs, such as PARP inhibitors, HDAC inhibitors, BRD4 inhibitors, EZH1 inhibitors, and EHMT2 inhibitors. Typically, the use of dual inhibitors of two different targets mediated by one individual molecule has been recognized as the preferred approach for overcoming the limitations of EZH2 monotherapy. The present review discusses the theoretical basis for designing EZH2-based dual-target inhibitors, and also describes some in vitro and in vivo analysis results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
| | - Lu Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Li Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
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Hansen AF, Høiem TS, Selnaes KM, Bofin AM, Størkersen Ø, Bertilsson H, Wright AJ, Giskeødegård GF, Bathen TF, Rye MB, Tessem MB. Prediction of recurrence from metabolites and expression of TOP2A and EZH2 in prostate cancer patients treated with radiotherapy. NMR Biomed 2023; 36:e4694. [PMID: 35032074 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dual upregulation of TOP2A and EZH2 gene expression has been proposed as a biomarker for recurrence in prostate cancer patients to be treated with radical prostatectomy. A low tissue level of the metabolite citrate has additionally been connected to aggressive disease and recurrence in this patient group. However, for radiotherapy prostate cancer patients, few prognostic biomarkers have been suggested. The main aim of this study was to use an integrated tissue analysis to evaluate metabolites and expression of TOP2A and EZH2 as predictors for recurrence among radiotherapy patients. METHODS From 90 prostate cancer patients (56 received neoadjuvant hormonal treatment), 172 transrectal ultrasound-guided (TRUS) biopsies were collected prior to radiotherapy. Metabolic profiles were acquired from fresh frozen TRUS biopsies using high resolution-magic angle spinning MRS. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry staining for TOP2A and EZH2 were performed on TRUS biopsies containing cancer cells (n = 65) from 46 patients, where 24 of these patients (n = 31 samples) received hormonal treatment. Eleven radical prostatectomy cohorts of a total of 2059 patients were used for validation in a meta-analysis. RESULTS Among radiotherapy patients with up to 11 years of follow-up, a low level of citrate was found to predict recurrence, p = 0.001 (C-index = 0.74). Citrate had a higher predictive ability compared with individual clinical variables, highlighting its strength as a potential biomarker for recurrence. The dual upregulation of TOP2A and EZH2 was suggested as a biomarker for recurrence, particularly for patients not receiving neoadjuvant hormonal treatment, p = 0.001 (C-index = 0.84). While citrate was a statistically significant biomarker independent of hormonal treatment status, the current study indicated a potential of glutamine, glutamate and choline as biomarkers for recurrence among patients receiving neoadjuvant hormonal treatment, and glucose among patients not receiving neoadjuvant hormonal treatment. CONCLUSION Using an integrated approach, our study shows the potential of citrate and the dual upregulation of TOP2A and EZH2 as biomarkers for recurrence among radiotherapy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailin Falkmo Hansen
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Therese Stork Høiem
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kirsten Margrete Selnaes
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anna Mary Bofin
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Øystein Størkersen
- Department of Pathology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Helena Bertilsson
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Surgery, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Alan J Wright
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Guro Fanneløb Giskeødegård
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tone Frost Bathen
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Morten Beck Rye
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Surgery, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - May-Britt Tessem
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Surgery, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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7
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Huang R, Wu Y, Zou Z. Combining EZH2 inhibitors with other therapies for solid tumors: more choices for better effects. Epigenomics 2022; 14:1449-1464. [PMID: 36601794 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2022-0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
EZH2 is an epigenetic regulator that methylates lysine 27 on histone H3 (H3K27) and is closely related to the development and metastasis of tumors. It often shows gain-of-function mutations in hematological tumors, while it is often overexpressed in solid tumors. EZH2 inhibitors have shown good efficacy in hematological tumors in clinical trials but poor efficacy in solid tumors. Therefore, current research on EZH2 inhibitors has focused on exploring additional combination strategies in solid tumors. Herein we summarize the combinations and mechanisms of EZH2 inhibitors and other therapies, including immunotherapy, targeted therapy, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, hormone therapy and epigenetic therapy, both in clinical trials and preclinical studies, aiming to provide a reference for better antitumor effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Huang
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yirong Wu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Zhengyun Zou
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
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Xia J, Li J, Tian L, Ren X, Liu C, Liang C. Targeting Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 for the Treatment of Hematological Malignancies and Solid Tumors: Candidate Structure–Activity Relationships Insights and Evolution Prospects. J Med Chem 2022; 65:7016-7043. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Xia
- Laboratory of Hematologic Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, P. R. China
| | - Jingyi Li
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi’an 710021, P. R. China
| | - Lei Tian
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi’an 710021, P. R. China
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi’an 710021, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Ren
- Medical College, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
| | - Chang Liu
- Zhuhai Jinan Selenium Source Nanotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519030, P. R. China
| | - Chengyuan Liang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi’an 710021, P. R. China
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9
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Han F, Huang D, Meng J, Chu J, Wang M, Chen S. miR-126-5p enhances radiosensitivity of lung adenocarcinoma cells by inhibiting EZH2 via the KLF2/BIRC axis. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:2529-2542. [PMID: 35322532 PMCID: PMC9077299 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is a common method for the treatment of lung adenocarcinoma, but it often fails due to the relative non‐susceptibility of lung adenocarcinoma cells to radiation. We aimed to discuss the related mechanisms by which miR‐126‐5p might mediate radiosensitivity of lung adenocarcinoma cells. The binding affinity between miR‐126‐5p and EZH2 and between KLF2 and BIRC5 was identified using multiple assays. A549 and H1650 cells treated with X‐ray were transfected with miR‐126‐5p mimic/inhibitor, oe‐EZH2, or si‐KLF2 to detect cell biological functions and radiosensitivity. Finally, lung adenocarcinoma nude mouse models were established. miR‐126‐5p and KLF2 were poorly expressed, while EZH2 and BIRC5 were upregulated in lung adenocarcinoma tissues and cells. miR‐126‐5p targeted EZH2 to promote the KLF2 expression so as to inhibit BIRC5 activation. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments verified that elevated miR‐126‐5p inhibited cell migration and promoted apoptosis to enhance the sensitivity of lung adenocarcinoma cells to radiotherapy via the EZH2/KLF2/BIRC5 axis. Collectively, miR‐126‐5p downregulated EZH2 to facilitate the sensitivity of lung adenocarcinoma cells to radiotherapy via KLF2/BIRC5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fushi Han
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongdong Huang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinqian Meng
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiapeng Chu
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuzhen Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Dong Y, Lin X, Kapoor A, Gu Y, Xu H, Major P, Tang D. Insights of RKIP-Derived Suppression of Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246388. [PMID: 34945007 PMCID: PMC8699807 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Despite an intensive research effort in the past few decades, prostate cancer (PC) remains a top cause of cancer death in men, particularly in the developed world. The major cause of fatality is the progression of local prostate cancer to metastasis disease. Treatment of patients with metastatic prostate cancer (mPC) is generally ineffective. Based on the discovery of mPC relying on androgen for growth, many patients with mPC show an initial response to the standard of care: androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). However, lethal castration resistant prostate cancers (CRPCs) commonly develop. It is widely accepted that intervention of metastatic progression of PC is a critical point of intervention to reduce PC death. Accumulative evidence reveals a role of RKIP in suppression of PC progression towards mPC. We will review current evidence and discuss the potential utilization of RKIP in preventing mPC progression. Abstract Prostate cancer (PC) is a major cause of cancer death in men. The disease has a great disparity in prognosis. Although low grade PCs with Gleason scores ≤ 6 are indolent, high-risk PCs are likely to relapse and metastasize. The standard of care for metastatic PC (mPC) remains androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Resistance commonly occurs in the form of castration resistant PC (CRPC). Despite decades of research efforts, CRPC remains lethal. Understanding of mechanisms underpinning metastatic progression represents the overarching challenge in PC research. This progression is regulated by complex mechanisms, including those regulating PC cell proliferation, epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), and androgen receptor (AR) signaling. Among this PC metastatic network lies an intriguing suppressor of PC metastasis: the Raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP). Clinically, the RKIP protein is downregulated in PC, and showed further reduction in mPC. In xenograft mouse models for PC, RKIP inhibits metastasis. In vitro, RKIP reduces PC cell invasion and sensitizes PC cells to therapeutic treatments. Mechanistically, RKIP suppresses Raf-MEK-ERK activation and EMT, and modulates extracellular matrix. In return, Snail, NFκB, and the polycomb protein EZH2 contribute to inhibition of RKIP expression. In this review, we will thoroughly analyze RKIP’s tumor suppression actions in PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Dong
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada; (Y.D.); (X.L.); (A.K.); (Y.G.)
- Urological Cancer Center for Research and Innovation (UCCRI), St Joseph’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
- The Research Institute of St Joe’s Hamilton, St Joseph’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Xiaozeng Lin
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada; (Y.D.); (X.L.); (A.K.); (Y.G.)
- Urological Cancer Center for Research and Innovation (UCCRI), St Joseph’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
- The Research Institute of St Joe’s Hamilton, St Joseph’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Anil Kapoor
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada; (Y.D.); (X.L.); (A.K.); (Y.G.)
- Urological Cancer Center for Research and Innovation (UCCRI), St Joseph’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
- The Research Institute of St Joe’s Hamilton, St Joseph’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Yan Gu
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada; (Y.D.); (X.L.); (A.K.); (Y.G.)
- Urological Cancer Center for Research and Innovation (UCCRI), St Joseph’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
- The Research Institute of St Joe’s Hamilton, St Joseph’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Hui Xu
- The Division of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital of the Central South University, Changsha 410008, China;
| | - Pierre Major
- Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada;
| | - Damu Tang
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada; (Y.D.); (X.L.); (A.K.); (Y.G.)
- Urological Cancer Center for Research and Innovation (UCCRI), St Joseph’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
- The Research Institute of St Joe’s Hamilton, St Joseph’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-905-522-1155 (ext. 35168)
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Yamoah K, Asamoah FA, Abrahams AOD, Awasthi S, Mensah JE, Dhillon J, Mahal BA, Gueye SM, Jalloh M, Farahani SJ, Lal P, Rebbeck TR, Yarney J. Prostate tumors of native men from West Africa show biologically distinct pathways-A comparative genomic study. Prostate 2021; 81:1402-1410. [PMID: 34529278 PMCID: PMC8563425 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Native African men (NAM) experience a disproportionate burden of prostate cancer (PCa) and have higher mortality rates compared to European American men (EAM). While socioeconomic status has been implicated as a driver of this disparity, little is known about the genomic mechanisms and distinct biological pathways that are associated with PCa of native men of African origin. METHODS To understand biological factors that contribute to this disparity we utilized a total of 406 multi-institutional localized PCa samples, collected by Men of African Descent and Carcinoma of the Prostate biospecimen network and Moffitt Cancer Center/University of Pennsylvania Health science system. We performed comparative genomics and immunohistochemistry to identify the biomarkers that are highly enriched in NAM from west Africa and compared them with African American Men (AAM) and EAM. Quantified messenger RNA expression and Median H scores based on immune reactivity of staining cells, were compared using Mann Whitney test. For gene expression analysis, p values were further adjusted for multiple comparisons using false discovery rates. RESULTS Immunohistochemical analysis on selected biomarkers showed a consistent association between ETS related gene (ERG) status and race with 83% of NAM exhibiting tumors that lacked TMPRSS2-ERG translocation (ERGnegative ) as compared to AAM (71%) and EAM (52%). A higher proportion of NAM (29%) were also found to be double negative (ERGnegative and PTENLoss ) as compared to AAM (6%) and EAM (7%). NAM tumors had significantly higher immunoreactivity (H-score) for PSMA, and EZH2, whereas they have lower H-score for PTEN, MYC, AR, RB and Racemase, (all p < .05). Comparative genomics revealed that NAM had significant transcriptomic variability in AR-activity score. In pathways enrichment analysis NAM tumors exhibited the enrichment of proinflammatory pathways including cytokine, interleukins, inflammatory response, and nuclear factor kappa B signaling. CONCLUSIONS Prostate tumors in NAM are genomically distinct and are characterized by the dysregulation of several biomarkers. Furthermore, these tumors are also highly enriched for the major proinflammatory pathways. These distinct biological features may have implications for diagnosis and response to targeted therapy among Black men, globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosj Yamoah
- Department of Radiation Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Francis A. Asamoah
- National Center for Radiotherapy, Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital Accra, Ghana, West Africa
| | - Afua O. D. Abrahams
- Department of Pathology, University of Ghana Medical School, Korle bu Teaching Hospital, Ghana, West Africa
| | - Shivanshu Awasthi
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - James E. Mensah
- Department of Surgery, University of Ghana Medical School, Korle bu Teaching Hospital, Ghana, West Africa
| | - Jasreman Dhillon
- Department of Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Brandon A. Mahal
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Priti Lal
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Timothy R. Rebbeck
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joel Yarney
- National Center for Radiotherapy, Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital Accra, Ghana, West Africa
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12
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Sameh R, Mostafa N, Ramadan M, AbdelRaouf S, Abdelwahab K. Prognostic significance of EZH2 and ARID1A expression in urothelial carcinoma: an immunohistochemical study. J Histotechnol 2021; 45:21-28. [PMID: 34493171 DOI: 10.1080/01478885.2021.1973309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) and AT-rich interactive domain 1A (ARID1A) expression in urothelial carcinoma (UC) has not been well studied. ARID1A is a novel tumor suppressor gene coding for a chromatin remodeling protein that is mutated in urinary bladder cancer. The enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is a transcriptional repressor involved in gene silencing. Amplification of EZH2 has been reported in several malignancies. This study analyzed the immunohistochemical expression of EZH2 and ARID1A in 56 cases of UC that included (n = 21) cases of radical cystectomy and (n = 35) cases of transurethral resections of bladder tumor (TURBT) with muscle fibers and immunotherapy with adjuvant intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). The predicting role of both markers for tumor recurrence and recurrence-free survival (RFS) was also analyzed. High EZH2 marker expression was observed in 75% of cases while 78.6% of cases had low ARID1A marker expression. There was a significant negative correlation between the two markers where high EZH2 and low ARID1A expression was significantly associated with higher tumor grade, stage, presence of muscle invasion, lymph node metastasis, presence of concomitant carcinoma in situ (CIS) and higher incidence of recurrence with shorter RFS rate. It was concluded that EZH2 and ARID1A play a role in tumor carcinogenesis and differentiation and could be considered as independent prognostic factors in UC and for use as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reham Sameh
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Human Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Naglaa Mostafa
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Human Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Ramadan
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Human Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Samar AbdelRaouf
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Human Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Khaled Abdelwahab
- Urology Department, Faculty of Human Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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13
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Papanikolaou S, Vourda A, Syggelos S, Gyftopoulos K. Cell Plasticity and Prostate Cancer: The Role of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Tumor Progression, Invasion, Metastasis and Cancer Therapy Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112795. [PMID: 34199763 PMCID: PMC8199975 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Although epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a well-known cellular process involved during normal embryogenesis and wound healing, it also has a dark side; it is a complex process that provides tumor cells with a more aggressive phenotype, facilitating tumor metastasis and even resistance to therapy. This review focuses on the key pathways of EMT in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer and the development of metastases and evasion of currently available treatments. Abstract Prostate cancer, the second most common malignancy in men, is characterized by high heterogeneity that poses several therapeutic challenges. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a dynamic, reversible cellular process which is essential in normal embryonic morphogenesis and wound healing. However, the cellular changes that are induced by EMT suggest that it may also play a central role in tumor progression, invasion, metastasis, and resistance to current therapeutic options. These changes include enhanced motility and loss of cell–cell adhesion that form a more aggressive cellular phenotype. Moreover, the reverse process (MET) is a necessary element of the metastatic tumor process. It is highly probable that this cell plasticity reflects a hybrid state between epithelial and mesenchymal status. In this review, we describe the underlying key mechanisms of the EMT-induced phenotype modulation that contribute to prostate tumor aggressiveness and cancer therapy resistance, in an effort to provide a framework of this complex cellular process.
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14
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Zhong L, Li Y, Xiong L, Wang W, Wu M, Yuan T, Yang W, Tian C, Miao Z, Wang T, Yang S. Small molecules in targeted cancer therapy: advances, challenges, and future perspectives. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:201. [PMID: 34054126 PMCID: PMC8165101 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00572-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 489] [Impact Index Per Article: 163.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the advantages in efficacy and safety compared with traditional chemotherapy drugs, targeted therapeutic drugs have become mainstream cancer treatments. Since the first tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib was approved to enter the market by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2001, an increasing number of small-molecule targeted drugs have been developed for the treatment of malignancies. By December 2020, 89 small-molecule targeted antitumor drugs have been approved by the US FDA and the National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) of China. Despite great progress, small-molecule targeted anti-cancer drugs still face many challenges, such as a low response rate and drug resistance. To better promote the development of targeted anti-cancer drugs, we conducted a comprehensive review of small-molecule targeted anti-cancer drugs according to the target classification. We present all the approved drugs as well as important drug candidates in clinical trials for each target, discuss the current challenges, and provide insights and perspectives for the research and development of anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueshan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Yuan
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenyu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuang Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengyong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Qian D, Li Q, Zhu Y, Li D. Comprehensive Analysis of Key Proteins Involved in Radioresistance of Prostate Cancer by Integrating Protein-protein Interaction Networks. Curr Bioinform 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1574893615999200605143510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Radioresistance remains a significant obstacle in the treatment of prostate
cancer (PCa). The mechanisms underlying the radioresistance in PCa remained to be further
investigated.
Methods:
GSE53902 dataset was used in this study to identify radioresistance-related mRNAs.
Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed based on STRING analysis. DAVID
system was used to predict the potential roles of radioresistance-related mRNAs.
Results:
We screened and re-annotated the GSE53902 dataset to identify radioresistance-related
mRNAs. A total of 445 up-regulated and 1036 down-regulated mRNAs were identified in
radioresistance PCa cells. Three key PPI networks consisting of 81 proteins were further constructed
in PCa. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that these genes were involved in regulating MAP kinase
activity, response to hypoxia, regulation of the apoptotic process, mitotic nuclear division, and
regulation of mRNA stability. Moreover, we observed that radioresistance-related mRNAs, such as
PRC1, RAD54L, PIK3R3, ASB2, FBXO32, LPAR1, RNF14, and UBA7, were dysregulated and
correlated to the survival time in PCa.
Conclusion:
We thought this study would be useful to understand the mechanisms underlying
radioresistance of PCa and identify novel prognostic markers for PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duocheng Qian
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, 200081, China
| | - Quan Li
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, 200081, China
| | - Yansong Zhu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, 200081, China
| | - Dujian Li
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, 200081, China
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16
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Miller SA, Damle M, Kim J, Kingston RE. Full methylation of H3K27 by PRC2 is dispensable for initial embryoid body formation but required to maintain differentiated cell identity. Development 2021; 148:dev196329. [PMID: 33688077 PMCID: PMC8077505 DOI: 10.1242/dev.196329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) catalyzes methylation of histone H3 on lysine 27 and is required for normal development of complex eukaryotes. The nature of that requirement is not clear. H3K27me3 is associated with repressed genes, but the modification is not sufficient to induce repression and, in some instances, is not required. We blocked full methylation of H3K27 with both a small molecule inhibitor, GSK343, and by introducing a point mutation into EZH2, the catalytic subunit of PRC2, in the mouse CJ7 cell line. Cells with substantively decreased H3K27 methylation differentiate into embryoid bodies, which contrasts with EZH2 null cells. PRC2 targets had varied requirements for H3K27me3, with a subset that maintained normal levels of repression in the absence of methylation. The primary cellular phenotype of blocked H3K27 methylation was an inability of altered cells to maintain a differentiated state when challenged. This phenotype was determined by H3K27 methylation in embryonic stem cells through the first 4 days of differentiation. Full H3K27 methylation therefore was not necessary for formation of differentiated cell states during embryoid body formation but was required to maintain a stable differentiated state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A. Miller
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Manashree Damle
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jongmin Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Robert E. Kingston
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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17
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Pandareesh MD, Kameshwar VH, Byrappa K. Prostate Carcinogenesis: Insights in Relation to Epigenetics and Inflammation. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2021; 21:253-267. [PMID: 32682386 DOI: 10.2174/1871530320666200719020709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a multifactorial disease that mainly occurs due to the accumulation of somatic, genetic, and epigenetic changes, resulting in the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes and activation of oncogenes. Mutations in genes, specifically those that control cell growth and division or the repair of damaged DNA, make the cells grow and divide uncontrollably to form a tumor. The risk of developing prostate cancer depends upon the gene that has undergone the mutation. Identifying such genetic risk factors for prostate cancer poses a challenge for the researchers. Besides genetic mutations, many epigenetic alterations, including DNA methylation, histone modifications (methylation, acetylation, ubiquitylation, sumoylation, and phosphorylation) nucleosomal remodeling, and chromosomal looping, have significantly contributed to the onset of prostate cancer as well as the prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment of prostate cancer. Chronic inflammation also plays a major role in the onset and progression of human cancer, via modifications in the tumor microenvironment by initiating epithelialmesenchymal transition and remodeling the extracellular matrix. In this article, the authors present a brief history of the mechanisms and potential links between the genetic aberrations, epigenetic changes, inflammation, and inflammasomes that are known to contribute to the prognosis of prostate cancer. Furthermore, the authors examine and discuss the clinical potential of prostate carcinogenesis in relation to epigenetics and inflammation for its diagnosis and treatment..
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirazkar D Pandareesh
- Center for Research and Innovation, BGSIT Campus, Adichunchanagiri University, B.G. Nagara, Mandya District, Karnataka 571448, India
| | - Vivek H Kameshwar
- Center for Research and Innovation, BGSIT Campus, Adichunchanagiri University, B.G. Nagara, Mandya District, Karnataka 571448, India
| | - Kullaiah Byrappa
- Center for Research and Innovation, BGSIT Campus, Adichunchanagiri University, B.G. Nagara, Mandya District, Karnataka 571448, India
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18
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Doultsinos D, Mills IG. Derivation and Application of Molecular Signatures to Prostate Cancer: Opportunities and Challenges. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:495. [PMID: 33525365 PMCID: PMC7865812 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a high-incidence cancer that requires improved patient stratification to ensure accurate predictions of risk and treatment response. Due to the significant contributions of transcription factors and epigenetic regulators to prostate cancer progression, there has been considerable progress made in developing gene signatures that may achieve this. Some of these are aligned to activities of key drivers such as the androgen receptor, whilst others are more agnostic. In this review, we present an overview of these signatures, the strategies for their derivation, and future perspectives on their continued development and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Doultsinos
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK;
| | - Ian G. Mills
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK;
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
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19
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Zhou Y, Shao C. Histone methylation can either promote or reduce cellular radiosensitivity by regulating DNA repair pathways. Mutat Res Rev Mutat Res 2020; 787:108362. [PMID: 34083050 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2020.108362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is one of the primary modalities for cancer treatment, and its efficiency usually relies on cellular radiosensitivity. DNA damage repair is a core content of cellular radiosensitivity, and the primary mechanism of which includes non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR). By affecting DNA damage repair, histone methylation regulated by histone methyltransferases (HMTs) and histone demethylases (HDMs) participates in the regulation of cellular radiosensitivity via three mechanisms: (a) recruiting DNA repair-related proteins, (b) regulating the expressions of DNA repair genes, and (c) mediating the dynamic change of chromatin. Interestingly, both aberrantly high and low levels of histone methylation could impede DNA repair processes. Here we reviewed the mechanisms of the dual effects of histone methylation on cell response to radiation. Since some inhibitors of HMTs and HDMs are reported to increase cellular radiosensitivity, understanding their molecular mechanisms may be helpful in developing new drugs for the therapy of radioresistant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchuan Zhou
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, No. 2094 Xie-Tu Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chunlin Shao
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, No. 2094 Xie-Tu Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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20
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Saranyutanon S, Deshmukh SK, Dasgupta S, Pai S, Singh S, Singh AP. Cellular and Molecular Progression of Prostate Cancer: Models for Basic and Preclinical Research. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2651. [PMID: 32957478 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The molecular progression of prostate cancer is complex and elusive. Biological research relies heavily on in vitro and in vivo models that can be used to examine gene functions and responses to the external agents in laboratory and preclinical settings. Over the years, several models have been developed and found to be very helpful in understanding the biology of prostate cancer. Here we describe these models in the context of available information on the cellular and molecular progression of prostate cancer to suggest their potential utility in basic and preclinical prostate cancer research. The information discussed herein should serve as a hands-on resource for scholars engaged in prostate cancer research or to those who are making a transition to explore the complex biology of prostate cancer. Abstract We have witnessed noteworthy progress in our understanding of prostate cancer over the past decades. This basic knowledge has been translated into efficient diagnostic and treatment approaches leading to the improvement in patient survival. However, the molecular pathogenesis of prostate cancer appears to be complex, and histological findings often do not provide an accurate assessment of disease aggressiveness and future course. Moreover, we also witness tremendous racial disparity in prostate cancer incidence and clinical outcomes necessitating a deeper understanding of molecular and mechanistic bases of prostate cancer. Biological research heavily relies on model systems that can be easily manipulated and tested under a controlled experimental environment. Over the years, several cancer cell lines have been developed representing diverse molecular subtypes of prostate cancer. In addition, several animal models have been developed to demonstrate the etiological molecular basis of the prostate cancer. In recent years, patient-derived xenograft and 3-D culture models have also been created and utilized in preclinical research. This review is an attempt to succinctly discuss existing information on the cellular and molecular progression of prostate cancer. We also discuss available model systems and their tested and potential utility in basic and preclinical prostate cancer research.
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21
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Burkhart DL, Morel KL, Wadosky KM, Labbé DP, Galbo PM, Dalimov Z, Xu B, Loda M, Ellis L. Evidence that EZH2 Deregulation is an Actionable Therapeutic Target for Prevention of Prostate Cancer. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2020; 13:979-988. [PMID: 32917647 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-20-0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chemoprevention trials for prostate cancer by androgen receptor or androgen synthesis inhibition have proven ineffective. Recently, it has been demonstrated that the histone methlytransferase, EZH2 is deregulated in mouse and human high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HG-PIN). Using preclinical mouse and human models of prostate cancer, we demonstrate that genetic and chemical disruption of EZH2 expression and catalytic activity reversed the HG-PIN phenotype. Furthermore, inhibition of EZH2 function was associated with loss of cellular proliferation and induction of Tp53-dependent senescence. Together, these data provide provocative evidence for EZH2 as an actionable therapeutic target toward prevention of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L Burkhart
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Katherine L Morel
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kristine M Wadosky
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - David P Labbé
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, McGill University and Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Phillip M Galbo
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York
| | | | - Bo Xu
- Department of Pathology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Massimo Loda
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Leigh Ellis
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. .,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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22
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Neganova ME, Klochkov SG, Aleksandrova YR, Aliev G. Histone modifications in epigenetic regulation of cancer: Perspectives and achieved progress. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 83:452-471. [PMID: 32814115 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic changes associated with histone modifications play an important role in the emergence and maintenance of the phenotype of various cancer types. In contrast to direct mutations in the main DNA sequence, these changes are reversible, which makes the development of inhibitors of enzymes of post-translational histone modifications one of the most promising strategies for the creation of anticancer drugs. To date, a wide variety of histone modifications have been found that play an important role in the regulation of chromatin state, gene expression, and other nuclear events. This review examines the main features of the most common and studied epigenetic histone modifications with a proven role in the pathogenesis of a wide range of malignant neoplasms: acetylation / deacetylation and methylation / demethylation of histone proteins, as well as the role of enzymes of the HAT / HDAC and HMT / HDMT families in the development of oncological pathologies. The data on the relationship between histone modifications and certain types of cancer are presented and discussed. Special attention is devoted to the consideration of various strategies for the development of epigenetic inhibitors. The main directions of the development of inhibitors of histone modifications are analyzed and effective strategies for their creation are identified and discussed. The most promising strategy is the use of multitarget drugs, which will affect multiple molecular targets of cancer. A critical analysis of the current status of approved epigenetic anticancer drugs has also been performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita E Neganova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, 1, Severnii pr., Chernogolovka, 142432, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey G Klochkov
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, 1, Severnii pr., Chernogolovka, 142432, Russian Federation
| | - Yulia R Aleksandrova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, 1, Severnii pr., Chernogolovka, 142432, Russian Federation
| | - Gjumrakch Aliev
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, 1, Severnii pr., Chernogolovka, 142432, Russian Federation.,I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 8/2 Trubetskaya Str., Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.,Laboratory of Cellular Pathology, Federal State Budgetary Institution «Research Institute of Human Morphology», 3, Tsyurupy Str., Moscow, 117418, Russian Federation.,GALLY International Research Institute, 7733 Louis Pasteur Drive, #330, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
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23
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Kang N, Eccleston M, Clermont PL, Latarani M, Male DK, Wang Y, Crea F. EZH2 inhibition: a promising strategy to prevent cancer immune editing. Epigenomics 2020; 12:1457-1476. [PMID: 32938196 PMCID: PMC7607396 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2020-0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies are revolutionizing the clinical management of a wide range of cancers. However, intrinsic or acquired unresponsiveness to immunotherapies does occur due to the dynamic cancer immunoediting which ultimately leads to immune escape. The evolutionarily conserved histone modifier enhancer of zeste 2 (EZH2) is aberrantly overexpressed in a number of human cancers. Accumulating studies indicate that EZH2 is a main driver of cancer cells' immunoediting and mediate immune escape through downregulating immune recognition and activation, upregulating immune checkpoints and creating an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. In this review, we overviewed the roles of EZH2 in cancer immunoediting, the preclinical and clinical studies of current pharmacologic EZH2 inhibitors and the prospects for EZH2 inhibitor and immunotherapy combination for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Kang
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Mark Eccleston
- Belgian Volition SPRL, Parc Scientifique Créalys, Rue Phocas Lejeune 22, BE-5032 Isnes, Belgium
| | - Pier-Luc Clermont
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, 1050, avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Maryam Latarani
- Cancer Research Group, School of Life Health & Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
| | - David Kingsley Male
- Cancer Research Group, School of Life Health & Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
- Department of Urologic Sciences, The Vancouver Prostate Centre, The University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak St, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Francesco Crea
- Cancer Research Group, School of Life Health & Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
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24
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Ahmed ES, Elnour LS, Hassan R, Siddig EE, Chacko ME, Ali ET, Mohamed MA, Munir A, Muneer MS, Mohamed NS, Edris AMM. Immunohistochemical expression of Cyclin D1 among Sudanese patients diagnosed with benign and malignant prostatic lesions. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:295. [PMID: 32552908 PMCID: PMC7302005 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-05138-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Prostate cancer (PC) is common cancer worldwide. Several markers have been developed to differentiate between benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) from PC. A descriptive retrospective hospital-based study aimed at determining the expression of Cyclin D1 in BPH and PC. The study took place at different histopathology laboratories in Khartoum state, Sudan, from December 2016 to January 2019. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded blocks were sectioned and fixed in 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane coated slides incubated into primary antibody for Cyclin D1. The assessment of immunoreactivity of Cyclin D1 of each section was done using the Gleason scoring system. Results A total of 153 males’ prostate sections included in this study, of them, 120 (78.4%) were PC, and 33 (21.6%) were BPH. Their age ranged from 45 to 88 years, mean age was 66.19 ± 8.599. 142 (92.8%) did not have a family history of PC, while 11 (7.2%) patients reported having a family history. The Gleason scoring showed a total of 81 (52.9%) patients with high-grade and 39 (25.5%) with low-grade. 118 (97.5%) patients had PC showed positive results for Cyclin D1, while BPH was 3 (2.5%). P value < 0.001. Cyclin D1 staining was associated with high-grade Gleason score and perineural invasion, P value 0.001.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lubna S Elnour
- Department of Cytology and Histopathology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Rowa Hassan
- Mycetoma Research Center, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Emmanuel E Siddig
- Mycetoma Research Center, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.,Department of Cytology and Histopathology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.,Nile University- School of Medicine, Khartoum, Sudan.,Department of Histopathology and Cytology, Alfarrabi College for Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | - Eman T Ali
- Department of Cytology and Histopathology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.,Department of Histopathology and Cytology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, National University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Mona A Mohamed
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nile University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Abdalla Munir
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National University Research Institute, National University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Mohamed S Muneer
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.,Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Nouh S Mohamed
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nile University, Khartoum, Sudan. .,Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medicine, Sinnar University, Sinnar, Sudan. .,Molecular Biology Department, Alfarrabi College for sciences and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan.
| | - Ali M M Edris
- Department of Cytology and Histopathology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.,Department of Histopathology and Cytology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, Bisha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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25
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Lin LC, Lee HT, Chien PJ, Huang YH, Chang MY, Lee YC, Chang WW. NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 determines radiosensitivity of triple negative breast cancer cells and is controlled by long non-coding RNA NEAT1. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:2214-2224. [PMID: 32922184 PMCID: PMC7484675 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.45706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Radioresistant cells cause recurrence in patients with breast cancer after they undergo radiation therapy. The molecular mechanisms by which cancer cells obtain radioresistance should be understood to develop radiation-sensitizing agents. Results showed that the protein expression and activity of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) were upregulated in radioresistant MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. NQO1 knockdown inhibited the proliferation of NQO1 expressing Hs578t TNBC cells or the radioresistant MDA-MB-231 cells, whereas NOQ1 overexpression increased the survival of MDA-MB-231 cells, which lack of NQO1 expression originally, under irradiation. The cytotoxicity of β-lapachone, an NQO1-dependent bioactivatable compound, was greater in radioresistant MDA-MB-231 cells than in parental cells. β-lapachone displayed a radiosensitization effect on Hs578t or radioresistant MBDA-MB-231 cells. The expression of the long noncoding RNA NEAT1 positively regulated the NQO1 expression in radioresistant MDA-MB-231 cells at a translational level rather than at a transcription level. The inhibition of the NEAT1 expression through the CRISPR-Cas9 method increased the sensitivity of radioresistant MDA-MB-231 cells to radiation and decreased their proliferation, the activity of cancer stem cells, and the expression of stemness genes, including BMI1, Oct4, and Sox2. In conclusion, the NQO1 expression in triple-negative breast cancer cells determined their radiosensitivity and was controlled by NEAT1. In addition, NOQ1 bioactivatable compounds displayed potential for application in the development of radiation sensitizers in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ching Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chi-Mei Foundation Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Te Lee
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Peng-Ju Chien
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hao Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Ya Chang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Chun Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Wei Chang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
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26
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Wu X, Scott H, Carlsson SV, Sjoberg DD, Cerundolo L, Lilja H, Prevo R, Rieunier G, Macaulay V, Higgins GS, Verrill CL, Lamb AD, Cunliffe VT, Bountra C, Hamdy FC, Bryant RJ. Increased EZH2 expression in prostate cancer is associated with metastatic recurrence following external beam radiotherapy. Prostate 2019; 79:1079-1089. [PMID: 31104332 PMCID: PMC6563086 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enhancer of zeste 2 (EZH2) promotes prostate cancer progression. We hypothesized that increased EZH2 expression is associated with postradiotherapy metastatic disease recurrence, and may promote radioresistance. METHODS EZH2 expression was investigated using immunohistochemistry in diagnostic prostate biopsies of 113 prostate cancer patients treated with radiotherapy with curative intent. Associations between EZH2 expression in malignant and benign tissue in prostate biopsy cores and outcomes were investigated using univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses. LNCaP and PC3 cell radiosensitivity was investigated using colony formation and γH2AX assays following UNC1999 chemical probe-mediated EZH2 inhibition. RESULTS While there was no significant association between EZH2 expression and biochemical recurrence following radiotherapy, univariate analysis revealed that prostate cancer cytoplasmic and total EZH2 expression were significantly associated with metastasis development postradiotherapy (P = 0.034 and P = 0.003, respectively). On multivariate analysis, the prostate cancer total EZH2 expression score remained statistically significant (P = 0.003), while cytoplasmic EZH2 expression did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.053). No association was observed between normal adjacent prostate EZH2 expression and biochemical recurrence or metastasis. LNCaP and PC3 cell treatment with UNC1999 reduced histone H3 lysine 27 tri-methylation levels. Irradiation of LNCaP or PC3 cells with a single 2 Gy fraction with UNC1999-mediated EZH2 inhibition resulted in a statistically significant, though modest, reduction in cell colony number for both cell lines. Increased γH2AX foci were observed 24 hours after ionizing irradiation in LNCaP cells, but not in PC3, following UNC1999-mediated EZH2 inhibition vs controls. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results reveal that high pretreatment EZH2 expression in prostate cancer in diagnostic biopsies is associated with an increased risk of postradiotherapy metastatic disease recurrence, but EZH2 function may only at most play a modest role in promoting prostate cancer cell radioresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Wu
- Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation OncologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Helen Scott
- Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation OncologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Surgical SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Sigrid V. Carlsson
- Department of Epidemiology & BiostatisticsMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkNew York
- Urology Service at the Department of SurgeryMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkNew York
- Department of UrologyInstitute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg UniversityGothenburgSweden
| | - Daniel D. Sjoberg
- Department of Epidemiology & BiostatisticsMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkNew York
| | - Lucia Cerundolo
- Nuffield Department of Surgical SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Hans Lilja
- Nuffield Department of Surgical SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Surgery (Urology), and Medicine (GU‐Oncology)Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkNew York
- Department of Translational MedicineLund UniversityMalmöSweden
| | - Remko Prevo
- Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation OncologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | | | | | - Geoffrey S. Higgins
- Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation OncologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Clare L. Verrill
- Nuffield Department of Surgical SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research CentreUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Alastair D. Lamb
- Nuffield Department of Surgical SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Vincent T. Cunliffe
- Department of Biomedical ScienceUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUnited Kingdom
| | - Chas Bountra
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Structural Genomics ConsortiumUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Freddie C. Hamdy
- Nuffield Department of Surgical SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Richard J. Bryant
- Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation OncologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Surgical SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
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