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Birhanu MT, Liga AD, Jabir YN. Practices of hygiene during complementary food feeding and associated factors among women with children aged 6-24 months in Dedo district, Southwest Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. Health Sci Rep 2023; 6:e1771. [PMID: 38111740 PMCID: PMC10725999 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Poor food handling practices contribute to food contamination, leading to food-borne illnesses and childhood diarrhea in developing countries like Ethiopia. This study examines hygienic complementary food feeding practices and associated characteristics among women with children ages 6-24 months in the Dedo District. Method A community-oriented cross-sectional study design was used in a multistage sampling strategy to gather information from 501 mothers of children between May 25 and July 10, 2022. There were absolute and relative frequencies assigned to each variable. Multiple logistic models have been used for factors that were 20% significant in univariate analysis. Odds ratios with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were produced to identify the important predictors. Results This study showed that mothers with a diploma (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 11.2; CI: 5.51-22.8), urban residency (AOR = 6.35; CI: 3.57-11.3), a positive attitude toward hygienic complementary food feeding (AOR = 2.23; CI: 1.19-4.20), good knowledge of complementary food feeding practices (AOR = 3.95; CI: 2.39-6.55), access to a hand washing facility close to the latrine (AOR = 2.60; CI: 1.55-4.36), and access to water close to their home (AOR = 2.42; CI: 1.27-4.59) were highly associated with good hygiene practices of mothers. Conclusion This study shows that mothers of children aged between 6 and 24 months have a very low overall prevalence of good hygienic complementary feeding practices. The concerned parties should therefore establish a healthcare educational program for mothers that emphasizes the importance of hand washing and informs them about the dangers of improper complementary feeding practices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abebe D. Liga
- Department of Statistics, College of Natural and Computational SciencesWolkite UniversityWolkiteEthiopia
| | - Yasin N. Jabir
- Department of Statistics, College of Natural ScienceJimma UniversityJimmaEthiopia
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Behera DK, Mishra S. The burden of diarrhea, etiologies, and risk factors in India from 1990 to 2019: evidence from the global burden of disease study. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:92. [PMID: 35027031 PMCID: PMC8759196 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-12515-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study aims to measure the burden of diarrhea in India and analyze the trend of mortality associated with it for the past 30 years. We also intend to find the prevailing etiology and risk factors associated with diarrheal mortality in India. Methods The study has used the latest round of Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study-2019. GBD data is available across age groups and gender-wise over the period from 1990 to 2019. The study has identified 13 etiologies for the cause of diarrhea deaths and 20 risk factors to analyze the burden of disease. Results Our study shows, childhood diarrhea has declined over the years significantly, yet contributes to a larger share of DALYs associated with the disease. Among all the death cases of Diarrhea, in 2019, the most prevalent disease-causing pathogen is found to be Campylobacter. But Adenovirus is the major contributor to childhood diarrheal deaths. Though the burden of diarrhea is declining over the period, still there is a need to progress the interventions to prevent and control diarrhea rapidly to avoid the huge number of deaths and disabilities experienced in India. Conclusions Consumption of safe and clean water, proper sanitation facility in every household, required nutrition intake by mother and child, safe breastfeeding and stool disposal practices and careful case management, rotavirus vaccination are some of the effective interventions to be implemented all over the country. Further, evidence-based policies should be made and implemented to sustain diarrhea prevention programs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-022-12515-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kumar Behera
- Faculty of Health Economics, Department of Commerce, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, 576 104, India.
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Ali Nor BS, Menza NC, Musyoki AM. Multidrug-Resistant Shigellosis among Children Aged below Five Years with Diarrhea at Banadir Hospital in Mogadishu, Somalia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 2021:6630272. [PMID: 34211618 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6630272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Globally, shigellosis remains the second leading cause of diarrhea-associated deaths among children under five years of age, and the infections are disproportionately higher in resource-limited settings due to overcrowding, poor sanitation, and inadequate safe drinking water. The emergence and global spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Shigella are exacerbating the shigellosis burden. We adopted a cross-sectional study design to determine the distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility (AST) patterns of Shigella serogroups among children aged below five years presenting with diarrhea at Banadir Hospital in Mogadishu, Somalia, from August to October 2019. Stool and rectal swab samples were collected from 180 children consecutively enrolled using a convenient sampling technique and processed following standard bacteriological methods. AST was determined using the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method and interpreted as per the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (2018) guidelines. Shigellosis prevalence was 20.6% (37/180), and S. flexneri (26/37 (70.3%)) was the predominant serogroup. All the serogroups were 100% resistant to ampicillin (AMP), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT), and tetracycline (TE). Ceftriaxone (CRO) resistance was the highest among S. sonnei (66.7%) isolates. 19.2% of S. flexneri and S. sonnei (50%) serogroups were resistant to ciprofloxacin (CIP), but all S. dysenteriae type 1 isolates remained (100%) susceptible. Forty percent of CIP-susceptible S. dysenteriae type 1 were resistant to CRO. Seven MDR Shigella phenotypes were identified, dominated by those involving resistance to AMP, SXT, and TE (100%). Our findings showed a high prevalence of shigellosis with S. flexneri as the most predominant serogroup among children under five years of age in Banadir Hospital, Somalia. AMP and SXT are no longer appropriate treatments for shigellosis in children under five years in Banadir Hospital. MDR Shigella strains, including those resistant to CIP and CRO, have emerged in Somalia, posing a public health challenge. Therefore, there is an urgent need for AMR surveillance and continuous monitoring to mitigate the further spread of the MDR Shigella strains in Banadir Hospital and beyond.
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Saithong S, Saisorn W, Visitchanakun P, Sae-Khow K, Chiewchengchol D, Leelahavanichkul A. A Synergy Between Endotoxin and (1→3)-Beta-D-Glucan Enhanced Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Candida Administered Dextran Sulfate Solution Induced Colitis in FcGRIIB-/- Lupus Mice, an Impact of Intestinal Fungi in Lupus. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:2333-2352. [PMID: 34103965 PMCID: PMC8179808 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s305225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The translocation of organismal molecules from gut into blood circulation might worsen the disease severity of lupus through the induction of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Methods An impact of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and (1→3)-β-D-glucan (BG), components of gut bacteria and fungi, respectively, on NETs formation, was explored in lupus models, Fc gamma receptor IIB deficiency (FcGRIIB-/-) and Pristane injection, using Candida-administered dextran sulfate solution induced colitis (Candida-DSS) model. Results Severity of Candida-DSS in FcGRIIB-/- mice was more prominent than wild-type (WT) and Pristane mice as indicated by (i) colonic NETs using immunofluorescence of Ly6G, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and neutrophil elastase (NE) together with expression of PAD4 and IL-1β, (ii) colonic immunoglobulin (Ig) deposition (immunofluorescence), (iii) gut-leakage by FITC-dextran assay, endotoxemia and serum BG, (iv) systemic inflammation (neutrophilia, serum cytokines, serum dsDNA and anti-dsDNA) and (v) renal injury (proteinuria, glomerular NETs and Ig deposition). Discussion The formation of NETs in Candida-DSS mice was more severe than non-Candida-DSS mice and NETs in Candida-DSS were more profound in FcGRIIB-/- mice than Pristane mice. Prominent NETs in Candida-DSS FcGRIIB-/- mice might be due to the profound responses against LPS+BG in FcGRIIB-/- neutrophils compared with WT cells. These data implied an impact of the inhibitory FcGRIIB in NETs formation and an influence of gut fungi in lupus exacerbation. Hence, gut fungi in a DSS-induced gut-leakage lupus model enhanced colonic NETs that facilitated gut translocation of organismal molecules and synergistically exacerbated lupus activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supichcha Saithong
- Medical Microbiology, Interdisciplinary and International Program, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Immunology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology Research Unit (TRIRU), Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wilasinee Saisorn
- Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology Research Unit (TRIRU), Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Peerapat Visitchanakun
- Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology Research Unit (TRIRU), Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kritsanawan Sae-Khow
- Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology Research Unit (TRIRU), Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Direkrit Chiewchengchol
- Immunology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology Research Unit (TRIRU), Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Asada Leelahavanichkul
- Immunology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology Research Unit (TRIRU), Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Ahmed SA, Karanis P. Cryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis: The Perspective from the Gulf Countries. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:E6824. [PMID: 32962045 PMCID: PMC7558405 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The present review discusses the burden of cryptosporidiosis in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), which is underreported and underestimated. It emphasizes that the Cryptosporidium parasite is infecting inhabitants and expatriates in the Gulf countries. Children under 5 years are a vulnerable group that is particularly affected by this parasitic disease and can act as carriers, who contribute to the epidemiology of the disease most probably via recreational swimming pools. Various risk factors for cryptosporidiosis in the GCC countries are present, including expatriates, predisposing populations to the infection. Water contamination, imported food, animal contact, and air transmission are also discussed in detail, to address their significant role as a source of infection and, thus, their impact on disease epidemiology in the Gulf countries' populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahira A. Ahmed
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt;
| | - Panagiotis Karanis
- Medical Faculty and University Hospital, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, University of Nicosia Medical School, CY-1700 Nicosia 24005, Cyprus
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Anwar MY, Warren JL, Pitzer VE. Diarrhea Patterns and Climate: A Spatiotemporal Bayesian Hierarchical Analysis of Diarrheal Disease in Afghanistan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 101:525-533. [PMID: 31392940 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Subject to a high burden of diarrheal diseases, Afghanistan is also susceptible to climate change. This study investigated the spatiotemporal distribution of diarrheal disease in the country and how associated it is with climate variables. Using monthly aggregated new cases of acute diarrhea reported between 2010 and 2016 and monthly averaged climate data at the district level, we fitted a hierarchical Bayesian spatiotemporal statistical model. We found aridity and mean daily temperature were positively associated with diarrhea incidence; every 1°C increase in mean daily temperature and 0.01-unit change in the aridity index were associated with a 0.70% (CI: 0.67%, 0.73%) increase and a 4.79% (CI: 4.30%, 5.26%) increase in the risk of diarrhea, respectively. Average annual temperature, on the other hand, was negatively associated, with a 3.7% (CI: 3.74%, 3.68) decrease in risk for every degree Celsius increase in annual average temperature. Temporally, most districts exhibited similar seasonal trends, with incidence peaking in summer, except for the eastern region where differences in climate patterns and population density may be associated with high rates of diarrhea throughout the year. The results from this study highlight the significant role of climate in shaping diarrheal patterns in Afghanistan, allowing policymakers to account for potential impacts of climate change in their public health assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Y Anwar
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Louisville School of Public Health and Information Sciences, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Joshua L Warren
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Virginia E Pitzer
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
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Harb A, O'Dea M, Abraham S, Habib I. Childhood Diarrhoea in the Eastern Mediterranean Region with Special Emphasis on Non-Typhoidal Salmonella at the Human⁻Food Interface. Pathogens 2019; 8:E60. [PMID: 31064086 PMCID: PMC6631750 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8020060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhoeal disease is still one of the most challenging issues for health in many countries across the Eastern Mediterranean region (EMR), with infectious diarrhoea being an important cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in children under five years of age. However, the understanding of the aetiological spectrum and the burden of enteric pathogens involved in diarrhoeal disease in the EMR is incomplete. Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS), the focus of this review, is one of the most frequently reported bacterial aetiologies in diarrhoeal disease in the EMR. Strains of NTS with resistance to antimicrobial drugs are increasingly reported in both developed and developing countries. In the EMR, it is now widely accepted that many such resistant strains are zoonotic in origin and acquire their resistance in the food-animal host before onward transmission to humans through the food chain. Here, we review epidemiological and microbiological aspects of diarrhoeal diseases among children in the EMR, with emphasis on the implication and burden of NTS. We collate evidence from studies across the EMR on the zoonotic exposure and antimicrobial resistance in NTS at the interface between human and foods of animal origin. This review adds to our understanding of the global epidemiology of Salmonella with emphasis on the current situation in the EMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Harb
- College of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia.
- Thi-Qar Public Health Division, Ministry of Health, Thi-Qar 64007, Iraq.
| | - Mark O'Dea
- College of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia. m.o'
| | - Sam Abraham
- College of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia.
| | - Ihab Habib
- College of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia.
- High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21516, Egypt.
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Anwari P, Debellut F, Pecenka C, Parwiz SM, Clark A, Groman D, Safi N. Potential impact and cost-effectiveness of rotavirus vaccination in Afghanistan. Vaccine 2018; 36:7769-7774. [PMID: 29107346 PMCID: PMC6290387 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite progress made in child survival in the past 20 years, 5.9 million children under five years died in 2015, with 9% of these deaths due to diarrhea. Rotavirus is responsible for more than a third of diarrhea deaths. In 2013, rotavirus was estimated to cause 215,000 deaths among children under five years, including 89,000 in Asia. As of April 2017, 92 countries worldwide have introduced rotavirus vaccination in their national immunization program. Afghanistan has applied for Gavi support to introduce rotavirus vaccination nationally. This study estimates the potential impact and cost-effectiveness of a national rotavirus immunization program in Afghanistan. METHODS This study examined the use of Rotarix® (RV1) administered using a two-dose schedule at 6 and 10 weeks of age. We used the ProVac Initiative's UNIVAC model (version 1.2.09) to evaluate the impact and cost-effectiveness of a rotavirus vaccine program compared with no vaccine over ten birth cohorts from 2017 to 2026 with a 3% annual discount rate. All monetary units are adjusted to 2017 US$. RESULTS Rotavirus vaccination in Afghanistan has the potential to avert more than one million cases; 660,000 outpatient visits; approximately 50,000 hospital admissions; 650,000 DALYs; and 12,000 deaths, over 10 years. Not accounting for any Gavi subsidy, rotavirus vaccination can avert DALYs at US$82/DALY from the government perspective and US$80/DALY from the societal perspective. With Gavi support, DALYs can be averted at US$29/DALY and US$31/DALY from the societal and government perspective, respectively. The average yearly cost of a rotavirus vaccination program would represent 2.8% of the total immunization budget expected in 2017 and 0.1% of total health expenditure. CONCLUSION The introduction of rotavirus vaccination would be highly cost-effective in Afghanistan, and even more so with a Gavi subsidy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palwasha Anwari
- Afghanistan National Immunization Technical Advisory Group, District 10, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | | | - Clint Pecenka
- PATH, 2201 Westlake Ave, Suite 200, Seattle, WA 98121, USA
| | - Sardar M Parwiz
- Expanded Program on Immunization, Directorate General of Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Public Health, District 1, Afghanistan
| | - Andrew Clark
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Devin Groman
- PATH, 2201 Westlake Ave, Suite 200, Seattle, WA 98121, USA
| | - Najibullah Safi
- Directorate General of Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Public Health, Masood Square, District 10, Kabul, Afghanistan
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Danger ahead: the burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990-2015. Int J Public Health 2018; 63:11-23. [PMID: 28776238 PMCID: PMC5973982 DOI: 10.1007/s00038-017-1017-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The Eastern Mediterranean Region faces several health challenges at a difficult time with wars, unrest, and economic change. METHODS We used the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study to present the burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors in the Eastern Mediterranean Region from 1990 to 2015. RESULTS Ischemic heart disease was the leading cause of death in the region in 2015, followed by cerebrovascular disease. Changes in total deaths ranged from a reduction of 25% for diarrheal diseases to an increase of about 42% for diabetes and tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer. Collective violence and legal intervention increased by 850% during the time period. Diet was the leading risk factor for disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for men compared to maternal malnutrition for females. Childhood undernutrition was the leading risk factor for DALYs in 1990 and 2005, but the second in 2015 after high blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that the region is facing several health challenges and calls for global efforts to stabilise the region and to address the current and future burden of disease.
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Roberts LF. When violence becomes endemic. Int J Public Health 2018; 63:3-5. [PMID: 28776248 PMCID: PMC5973969 DOI: 10.1007/s00038-017-1001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Leslie F Roberts
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, USA.
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