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Day DB, LeWinn KZ, Karr CJ, Loftus CT, Carroll KN, Bush NR, Zhao Q, Barrett ES, Swan SH, Nguyen RHN, Trasande L, Moore PE, Adams Ako A, Ji N, Liu C, Szpiro AA, Sathyanarayana S. Subpopulations of children with multiple chronic health outcomes in relation to chemical exposures in the ECHO-PATHWAYS consortium. Environ Int 2024; 185:108486. [PMID: 38367551 PMCID: PMC10961192 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
A multimorbidity-focused approach may reflect common etiologic mechanisms and lead to better targeting of etiologic agents for broadly impactful public health interventions. Our aim was to identify clusters of chronic obesity-related, neurodevelopmental, and respiratory outcomes in children, and to examine associations between cluster membership and widely prevalent chemical exposures to demonstrate our epidemiologic approach. Early to middle childhood outcome data collected 2011-2022 for 1092 children were harmonized across the ECHO-PATHWAYS consortium of 3 prospective pregnancy cohorts in six U.S. cities. 15 outcomes included age 4-9 BMI, cognitive and behavioral assessment scores, speech problems, and learning disabilities, asthma, wheeze, and rhinitis. To form generalizable clusters across study sites, we performed k-means clustering on scaled residuals of each variable regressed on study site. Outcomes and demographic variables were summarized between resulting clusters. Logistic weighted quantile sum regressions with permutation test p-values associated odds of cluster membership with a mixture of 15 prenatal urinary phthalate metabolites in full-sample and sex-stratified models. Three clusters emerged, including a healthier Cluster 1 (n = 734) with low morbidity across outcomes; Cluster 2 (n = 192) with low IQ and higher levels of all outcomes, especially 0.4-1.8-standard deviation higher mean neurobehavioral outcomes; and Cluster 3 (n = 179) with the highest asthma (92 %), wheeze (53 %), and rhinitis (57 %) frequencies. We observed a significant positive, male-specific stratified association (odds ratio = 1.6; p = 0.01) between a phthalate mixture with high weights for MEP and MHPP and odds of membership in Cluster 3 versus Cluster 1. These results identified subpopulations of children with co-occurring elevated levels of BMI, neurodevelopmental, and respiratory outcomes that may reflect shared etiologic pathways. The observed association between phthalates and respiratory outcome cluster membership could inform policy efforts towards children with respiratory disease. Similar cluster-based epidemiology may identify environmental factors that impact multi-outcome prevalence and efficiently direct public policy efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew B Day
- Center for Child Health, Behavior, and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1920 Terry Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA.
| | - Kaja Z LeWinn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 675 18th Street, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Catherine J Karr
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Washington, 4245 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, 4245 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, 4245 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Christine T Loftus
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Washington, 4245 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Kecia N Carroll
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nicole R Bush
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 675 18th Street, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Qi Zhao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 66 North Pauline Street, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Emily S Barrett
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, 683 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Shanna H Swan
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ruby H N Nguyen
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Leonardo Trasande
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Paul E Moore
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2200 Children's Way, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ako Adams Ako
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, 3415 Bainbridge Avenue, Bronx, NY 10467, USA
| | - Nan Ji
- Division of Environmental Health, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1845 N Soto St, MC 9239, Los Angeles, CA, 90039, USA
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Johnson Tower, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Adam A Szpiro
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, 3980 15th Avenue NE, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Sheela Sathyanarayana
- Center for Child Health, Behavior, and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1920 Terry Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Washington, 4245 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, 4245 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, 4245 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
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Pang L, Chen D, Wei H, Lan L, Li J, Xu Q, Li H, Lu C, Tang Q, Hu W, Wu W. Effect of prenatal exposure to phthalates on birth weight of offspring: A meta-analysis. Reprod Toxicol 2024; 124:108532. [PMID: 38181866 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2023.108532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to phthalates is common. However, its effect on birth weight has always been met with conflicting conclusions. To explore the effects of prenatal phthalate exposure on neonatal weight, we searched PubMed, Web of Science (WOS), Cochrane Library, and Embase databases for articles published up to October 24, 2023. Observational studies with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were included. Our findings indicate no significant association between either mixed exposure effects or single phthalate metabolites and offspring birth weight when monitoring maternal urine phthalate metabolites. When stratified by sex, ΣHMWPs and MMP significantly reduced the birth weight of female offspring (ΣHMWPs: Pooled β = -62.08, 95%CI: -123.11 to -1.05, P = 0.046; MMP: Pooled β = -10.77, 95%CI: -18.74 to -2.80, P = 0.008). The results of subgroup analysis showed that ΣPAEs and ΣDEHP significantly decreased birth weight in the specific gravity correction group (ΣPAEs: Pooled estimates = -29.31, 95%CI: -58.52 to -0.10, P = 0.049; ΣDEHP: Pooled estimates = -18.25, 95%CI: -33.03 to -3.47, P = 0.016), and MECPP showed a positive correlation in the creatinine correction group (MECPP: Pooled estimates = 18.45, 95%CI: 0.13 to 36.77, P = 0.048). MEP and MBzP were negatively associated with birth weight in the no adjustment for gestational age group (MEP: Pooled estimates = -7.70, 95%CI: -14.19 to -1.21, P = 0.020; MBzP: Pooled estimates = -9.55, 95%CI: -16.08 to -3.03, P = 0.004). To make the results more convincing, more high-quality studies with large samples are urgently required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Pang
- The affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Danrong Chen
- The affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongcheng Wei
- The affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Linchen Lan
- The affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinhui Li
- Department of Urology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Qiaoqiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huijun Li
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, China
| | - Chuncheng Lu
- The affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiuqin Tang
- Department of Obstetrics, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China.
| | - Weiyue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Wei Wu
- The affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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Traore K, Zirkin B. Use of in vitro methodology to investigate phthalate effects on the differentiation of seminiferous tubule-associated stem cells to form Leydig cells and on the Leydig cells derived from the stem cells. Front Toxicol 2024; 6:1352294. [PMID: 38362108 PMCID: PMC10867263 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2024.1352294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Leydig cells isolated from the testis are able to sustain high levels of testosterone production in vitro, but only for up to 3 days. Such cells are valuable for addressing the acute effects of chemicals on steroidogenic function, but not for repeated or chronic effects. Methodology is now available by which adult Leydig cells can be derived in vitro from seminiferous tubule-associated stem cells. In contrast to isolated Leydig cells, the Leydig cells derived in this way can synthesize and secrete high levels of testosterone for months. Herein, we asked whether this system might be used to address the effect of mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) exposure on the formation of Leydig cells from tubule-associated stem cells, and on the Leydig cells after their formation. Methods: Adult Brown Norway rats received an intraperitoneal injection of ethane dimethanesulfonate (EDS) to eliminate the existing Leydig cells. Seminiferous tubules then were isolated and cultured in medium containing Insulin-Transferrin- Selenium (ITS), Smoothened Agonist (SAG), and luteinizing hormone (LH). Results: Culture of the tubules for 8 weeks resulted in the formation of cells on the surfaces of the tubules that stained for CYP11A1 and STAR and produced high levels of testosterone. When the tubules were cultured in medium containing increasing concentrations of MEHP, concentration-dependent effects on Leydig cell formation occurred. To determine the effect of MEHP on newly produced Leydig cells, tubules were cultured for 8 weeks in the absence of MEHP, resulting in the formation of adult Leydig cells, and then in medium containing increasing concentrations of MEHP. Concentration-dependent decreases in testosterone production by the adult Leydig cells were seen, and these decreases proved to be reversible. Discussion: The use of this new system should make it possible to determine the mechanisms by which acute, repeated, or chronic exposures to increasing concentrations of MEHP and/or exposure to other chemicals affect the formation of Leydig cells from stem cells, as well as the steroidogenic function of adult Leydig cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassim Traore
- Jerry M. Wallace School of Osteopathic Medicine, Campbell University, Lillington, NC, United States
- Duquesne University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Barry Zirkin
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Küçük M, Osman B, Tümay Özer E. Dummy molecularly imprinted polymer-based solid-phase extraction method for the determination of some phthalate monoesters in urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1713:464532. [PMID: 38039622 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
A dummy molecularly imprinted polymer-based solid-phase extraction (SPE) sorbent was used for the selective extraction of some phthalate monoesters, monoethyl phthalate (MEP), monobutyl phthalate (MnBP) and mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) in urine prior to gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Diethyl phthalate (DEP), a phthalate ester, was successfully used as a dummy template to prepare selective sorbent for MEP, MnBP, and MEHP extraction. DEP-imprinted poly(ethylene glycol dimethacrylate N-methacryloyl-l-tryptophan methyl ester) (DPEMT) microbeads were synthesized by suspension polymerization and characterized by Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Brunauer Emmet Teller (BET) analysis. The critical parameters (i.e., pH, sorbent amount, ionic strength, sample volume, elution solvent) affecting the extraction performance of the DPEMT-SPE sorbent were optimized. Under optimum conditions, good linearities were obtained in the concentration range of 4 to 60 ng/mL with determination coefficients (R2) of greater than 0.9959. The developed SPE method provided low limits of detection (LOD) of 0.05-1.20 ng/mL and limits of quantification (LOQ) of 0.18-4.01 ng/mL with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of less than 8.95 % for intra- and inter-day analyses. The proposed SPE method was used to analyze phthalate monoesters in spiked urine samples, and recoveries of 97.45-109.26 % were obtained. DPEMT-SPE sorbent was reused for 15 times without any losses of performance. Consequently, a highly selective and sensitive SPE method based on a dummy molecularly imprinted polymer combined with GC-MS was successfully developed to monitor human phthalate exposure via urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melike Küçük
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Bursa Uludag University, Görükle, Bursa 16059, Turkey
| | - Bilgen Osman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Bursa Uludag University, Görükle, Bursa 16059, Turkey
| | - Elif Tümay Özer
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Bursa Uludag University, Görükle, Bursa 16059, Turkey.
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Robles-Matos N, Radaelli E, Simmons RA, Bartolomei MS. Preconception and developmental DEHP exposure alter liver metabolism in a sex-dependent manner in adult mouse offspring. Toxicology 2023; 499:153640. [PMID: 37806616 PMCID: PMC10842112 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Environmental exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) during critical periods of development is associated with an increased risk of metabolic diseases, including hepatic steatosis and obesity. Di-2-ethylhexyl-phthalate (DEHP) is an EDC strongly associated with these metabolic abnormalities. DEHP developmental windows of susceptibility are unknown yet have important public health implications. The purpose of this study was to identify these windows of susceptibility and determine whether developmental DEHP exposure alters hepatic metabolism later in life. Dams were exposed to control or feed containing human exposure relevant doses of DEHP (50 μg/kg BW/d) and high dose DEHP (10 mg/kg BW/d) from preconception until weaning or only exposed to DEHP during preconception. Post-weaning, all offspring were fed a control diet throughout adulthood. Using the Metabolon Untargeted Metabolomics platform, we identified 148 significant metabolites in female adult livers that were altered by preconception-gestation-lactation DEHP exposure. We found a significant increase in the levels of acylcarnitines, diacylglycerols, sphingolipids, glutathione, purines, and pyrimidines in DEHP-exposed female livers compared to controls. These changes in fatty acid oxidation and oxidative stress-related metabolites were correlated with hepatic changes including microvesicular steatosis, hepatocyte swelling, inflammation. In contrast to females, we observed fewer metabolic alterations in male offspring, which were uniquely found in preconception-only low dose DEHP exposure group. Although we found that preconception-gestational-lactation exposure causes the most liver pathology, we surprisingly found preconception exposure linked to an abnormal liver metabolome. We also found that two doses exhibited non-monotonic DEHP-induced changes in the liver. Collectively, these findings suggest that metabolic changes in the adult liver of offspring exposed periconceptionally to DHEP depends on the timing of exposure, dose, and sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Robles-Matos
- Epigenetics Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Enrico Radaelli
- Comparative Pathology Core, Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rebecca A Simmons
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Marisa S Bartolomei
- Epigenetics Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Samardzija Nenadov D, Tesic B, Tomanic T, Opacic M, Stanic B, Pogrmic-Majkic K, Andric N. Global gene expression analysis reveals a subtle effect of DEHP in human granulosa cell line HGrC1. Reprod Toxicol 2023; 120:108452. [PMID: 37536456 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2023.108452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is an endocrine disruptor that exerts anti-steroidogenic effects in human granulosa cells; however, the extent of this effect depends on the concentration of DEHP and granulosa cell models used for exposure. The objective of this study was to identify the effects of low- and high-dose DEHP exposure in human granulosa cells. We exposed human granulosa cell line HGrC1 to 3 nM and 25 μM DEHP for 48 h. The whole genome transcriptome was analyzed using the DNBSEQ sequencing platform and bioinformatics tools. The results revealed that 3 nM DEHP did not affect global gene expression, whereas 25 µM DEHP affected the expression of only nine genes in HGrC1 cells: ABCA1, SREBF1, MYLIP, TUBB3, CENPT, NUPR1, ASS1, PCK2, and CTSD. We confirmed the downregulation of ABCA1 mRNA and SREBP-1 protein (encoded by the SREBF1 gene), both involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Despite these changes, progesterone production remained unaffected in low- and high-dose DEHP-exposed HGrC1 cells. The high concentration of DEHP decreased the levels of ABC1A mRNA and SREBP-1 protein and prevented the upregulation of STAR, a protein involved in progesterone synthesis, in forskolin-stimulated HGrC1 cells; however, the observed changes were not sufficient to alter progesterone production in forskolin-stimulated HGrC1 cells. Overall, this study suggests that acute exposure to low concentration of DEHP does not compromise the function of HGrC1 cells, whereas high concentration causes only subtle effects. The identified nine novel targets of high-dose DEHP require further investigation to determine their role and importance in DEHP-exposed human granulosa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Biljana Tesic
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Serbia
| | - Tamara Tomanic
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Serbia
| | - Marija Opacic
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Serbia
| | - Bojana Stanic
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Serbia
| | | | - Nebojsa Andric
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Serbia
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Jauregui EJ, McSwain M, Liu X, Miller K, Burns K, Craig ZR. Human-relevant exposure to di-n-butyl phthalate tampers with the ovarian insulin-like growth factor 1 system and disrupts folliculogenesis in young adult mice. Toxicol Sci 2023; 195:42-52. [PMID: 37439711 PMCID: PMC10464517 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Phthalates are compounds used in consumer and medical products worldwide. Phthalate exposure in women has been demonstrated by detection of phthalate metabolites in their urine and ovarian follicular fluid. High urinary phthalate burden has been associated with reduced ovarian reserve and oocyte retrieval in women undergoing assisted reproduction. Unfortunately, no mechanistic explanation for these associations is available. In short term in vivo and in vitro animal studies modeling human-relevant exposures to di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), we have identified ovarian folliculogenesis as a target for phthalate exposures. In the present study, we investigated whether DBP exposure negatively influences insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) signaling in the ovary and disrupts ovarian folliculogenesis. CD-1 female mice were exposed to corn oil (vehicle) or DBP (10 µg/kg/day, 100 µg/kg/day, or 1000 mg/kg/day) for 20-32 days. Ovaries were collected as animals reached the proestrus stage to achieve estrous cycle synchronization. Levels of mRNAs encoding IGF1 and 2 (Igf1 and Igf2), IGF1 receptor (Igf1r), and IGF-binding proteins 1-6 (Ifgbp1-6) were measured in whole ovary homogenates. Ovarian follicle counts and immunostaining for phosphorylated IGF1R protein (pIGF1R) were used to evaluate folliculogenesis and IGF1R activation, respectively. DBP exposure, at a realistic dose that some women may experience (100 µg/kg/day for 20-32 days), reduced ovarian Igf1 and Igf1r mRNA expression and reduced small ovarian follicle numbers and primary follicle pIGF1R positivity in DBP-treated mice. These findings reveal that DBP tampers with the ovarian IGF1 system and provide molecular insight into how phthalates could influence the ovarian reserve in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela J Jauregui
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
- Training in Environmental Toxicology of Human Disease, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Maile McSwain
- Environmental Health Sciences Transformative Undergraduate Research Experiences Program, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Xiaosong Liu
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Kara Miller
- Training in Environmental Toxicology of Human Disease, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Kimberlie Burns
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Zelieann R Craig
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
- BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
- Southwest Environmental Health Sciences Center, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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Weng X, Zhu Q, Liao C, Jiang G. Cumulative Exposure to Phthalates and Their Alternatives and Associated Female Reproductive Health: Body Burdens, Adverse Outcomes, and Underlying Mechanisms. Environ Sci Technol 2023. [PMID: 37196176 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The global birth rate has recently shown a decreasing trend, and exposure to environmental pollutants has been identified as a potential factor affecting female reproductive health. Phthalates have been widely used as plasticizers in plastic containers, children's toys, and medical devices, and their ubiquitous presence and endocrine-disrupting potential have already raised particular concerns. Phthalate exposure has been linked to various adverse health outcomes, including reproductive diseases. Given that many phthalates are gradually being banned, a growing number of phthalate alternatives are becoming popular, such as di(isononyl) cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (DINCH), di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA), and di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHTP), and they are beginning to have a wide range of environmental effects. Studies have shown that many phthalate alternatives may disrupt female reproductive function by altering the estrous cycle, causing ovarian follicular atresia, and prolonging the gestational cycle, which raises growing concerns about their potential health risks. Herein, we summarize the effects of phthalates and their common alternatives in different female models, the exposure levels that influence the reproductive system, and the effects on female reproductive impairment, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and offspring development. Additionally, we scrutinize the effects of phthalates and their alternatives on hormone signaling, oxidative stress, and intracellular signaling to explore the underlying mechanisms of action on female reproductive health, because these chemicals may affect reproductive tissues directly or indirectly through endocrine disruption. Given the declining global trends of female reproductive capacity and the potential ability of phthalates and their alternatives to negatively impact female reproductive health, a more comprehensive study is needed to understand their effects on the human body and their underlying mechanisms. These findings may have an important role in improving female reproductive health and in turn decreasing the number of complications during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyu Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Jauregui EJ, McSwain M, Liu X, Miller K, Burns K, Craig ZR. Human relevant exposure to di-n-butyl phthalate tampers with the ovarian insulin-like growth factor 1 system and disrupts folliculogenesis in young adult mice. bioRxiv 2023:2023.03.15.532792. [PMID: 36993736 PMCID: PMC10055052 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.15.532792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are compounds used in consumer and medical products worldwide. Phthalate exposure in women has been demonstrated by detection of phthalate metabolites in their urine and ovarian follicular fluid. High urinary phthalate burden has been associated with reduced ovarian reserve and oocyte retrieval in women undergoing assisted reproduction. Unfortunately, no mechanistic explanation for these associations is available. In short term in vivo and in vitro animal studies modeling human relevant exposures to di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), we have identified ovarian folliculogenesis as a target for phthalate exposures. In the present study, we investigated whether DBP exposure negatively influences insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF) signaling in the ovary and disrupts ovarian folliculogenesis. CD-1 female mice were exposed to corn oil (vehicle) or DBP (10 or 100 μg/kg/day) for 20-32 days. Ovaries were collected as animals reached the proestrus stage to achieve estrous cycle synchronization. Levels of mRNAs encoding IGF1 and 2 ( Igf1 and Igf2 ), IGF1 receptor ( Igf1r ), and IGF binding proteins 1-6 ( Ifgbp1-6 ) were measured in whole ovary homogenates. Ovarian follicle counts and immunostaining for phosphorylated IGF1R protein (pIGF1R) were used to evaluate folliculogenesis and IGF1R activation, respectively. DBP exposure, at a realistic dose that some women may experience (100 μg/kg/day for 20-32 days), reduced ovarian Igf1 and Igf1r mRNA expression and reduced small ovarian follicle numbers and primary follicle pIGF1R positivity in DBP-treated mice. These findings reveal that DBP tampers with the ovarian IGF1 system and provide molecular insight into how phthalates could influence the ovarian reserve in females.
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10
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Useini A, Engelberger F, Künze G, Sträter N. Structural basis of the activation of PPARγ by the plasticizer metabolites MEHP and MINCH. Environ Int 2023; 173:107822. [PMID: 36841188 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and its substitute 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester (DINCH) are widely used as plasticizers but may have adverse health effects. Via hydrolysis of one of the two ester bonds in the human body, DEHP and DINCH form the monoesters MEHP and MINCH, respectively. Previous studies demonstrated binding of these metabolites to PPARγ and the induction of adipogenesis via this pathway. Detailed structural understanding of how these metabolites interact with PPARγ and thereby affect human health is lacking until now. We therefore characterized the binding modes of MINCH and MEHP to the ligand binding domain of PPARγ by X-ray crystallography and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Both compounds bind to the activating function-2 (AF-2) binding site via an interaction of the free carboxylates with the histidines 323 and 449, tyrosine 473 and serine 289. The alkyl chains form hydrophobic interactions with the tunnel next to cysteine 285. These binding modes are generally stable as demonstrated by the MD simulations and they resemble the complexation of fatty acids and their metabolites to the AF-2 site of PPARγ. Similar to the situation for these natural PPARγ agonists, the interaction of the free carboxylate groups of MEHP and MINCH with tyrosine 473 and surrounding residues stabilizes the AF-2 helix in the upward conformation. This state promotes binding of coactivator proteins and thus formation of the active complex for transcription of the specific target genes. Moreover, a comparison of the residues involved in binding of the plasticizer metabolites in vertebrate PPARγ orthologs shows that these compounds likely have similar effects in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abibe Useini
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Felipe Engelberger
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University, Brüderstraße 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Georg Künze
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University, Brüderstraße 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Norbert Sträter
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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11
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Liang HW, Snyder N, Wang J, Xun X, Yin Q, LeWinn K, Carroll KN, Bush NR, Kannan K, Barrett ES, Mitchell RT, Tylavsky F, Adibi JJ. A study on the association of placental and maternal urinary phthalate metabolites. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2023; 33:264-272. [PMID: 36114292 PMCID: PMC10101560 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-022-00478-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phthalate exposure in pregnancy is typically estimated using maternal urinary phthalate metabolite levels. Our aim was to evaluate the association of urinary and placental tissue phthalates, and to explore the role of maternal and pregnancy characteristics that may bias estimates. METHODS Fifty pregnancies were selected from the CANDLE Study, recruited from 2006 to 2011 in Tennessee. Linear models were used to estimate associations of urinary phthalates (2nd, 3rd trimesters) and placental tissue phthalates (birth). Potential confounders and modifiers were evaluated in categories: temporality (time between urine and placenta sample), fetal sex, demographics, social advantage, reproductive history, medication use, nutrition and adiposity. Molar and quantile normalized phthalates were calculated to facilitate comparison of placental and urinary levels. RESULTS Metabolites detectable in >80% of both urine and placental samples were MEP, MnBP, MBzP, MECPP, MEOHP, MEHHP, and MEHP. MEP was most abundant in urine (geometric mean [GM] 7.00 ×102 nmol/l) and in placental tissue (GM 2.56 ×104 nmol/l). MEHP was the least abundant in urine (GM 5.32 ×101 nmol/l) and second most abundant in placental tissue (2.04 ×104 nmol/l). In aggregate, MEHP differed the most between urine and placenta (2.21 log units), and MEHHP differed the least (0.07 log units). MECPP was positively associated between urine and placenta (regression coefficient: 0.31 95% CI 0.09, 0.53). Other urine-placenta metabolite associations were modified by measures of social advantage, reproductive history, medication use, and adiposity. CONCLUSION Phthalates were ubiquitous in 50 full-term placental samples, as has already been shown in maternal urine. MEP and MEHP were the most abundant. Measurement and comparison of urinary and placental phthalates can advance knowledge on phthalate toxicity in pregnancy and provide insight into the validity and accuracy of relying on maternal urinary concentrations to estimate placental exposures. IMPACT STATEMENT This is the first report of correlations/associations of urinary and placental tissue phthalates in human pregnancy. Epidemiologists have relied exclusively on maternal urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations to assess exposures in pregnant women and risk to their fetuses. Even though it has not yet been confirmed empirically, it is widely assumed that urinary concentrations are strongly and positively correlated with placental and fetal levels. Our data suggest that may not be the case, and these associations may vary by phthalate metabolite and associations may be modified by measures of social advantage, reproductive history, medication use, and adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Wei Liang
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nathaniel Snyder
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jiebiao Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xiaoshuang Xun
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Qing Yin
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kaja LeWinn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kecia N Carroll
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicole R Bush
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emily S Barrett
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Rod T Mitchell
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Fran Tylavsky
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jennifer J Adibi
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Miranowicz-Dzierżawska K. Comparison of binary mixtures of dibutyl phthalate and diisobutyl phthalate cytotoxicity towards skin and lung origin cells in vitro. Toxicology 2023; 486:153433. [PMID: 36708983 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In the light of current literature on the subject and legal acts that classify phthalates as a group of endocrine-disrupting chemicals, it is crucial to accurately assess their combined effect, because the disruption of endocrine homeostasis can lead to multi-directional implications causing disorders of the efficiency and functions of the body, and combined exposure to phthalates is common. The possibility of interactions between them during exposition to their mixtures is also extremely important. The aim of the study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of two phthalates: dibutyl and diisobutyl (which are structural isomers) on cells derived from the human respiratory system (A549) and human skin (A431) in vitro, and then to evaluate the interactions between the tested phthalates with the combined exposure of both types of cells to their equimolar (1:1) and non-molar mixtures, in which 1:3 and 3:1 ratios were used. Comparing the IC50 values determined for equimolar mixtures of DBP and DIBP (1:1) with the theoretical values, calculated on the basis of the IC50 values of each tested compound applied individually to cells, an antagonism of the cytotoxic effect in terms of cell metabolic activity and integrity of cell membranes were observed on A549 cells, while on A431 cells an equimolar mixture of the tested compounds showed a synergistic effect in terms of cytotoxicity assessed by the MTT test, while in the NRU test the differences between the obtained IC50 values and the calculated theoretical values were not statistically significant. In the combined exposure to equitoxic (1:1) mixtures of the tested compounds, antagonism of the cytotoxic effect regarding the ability of cells to proliferate was observed when both A549 and A431 cells were exposed to the lower of the concentrations tested, which was reflected in the calculated Synergy Index (SI) values. Taking into consideration that the results of cells co-exposure to chemicals can differ significantly from single exposure pattern of toxicity, it is essential to the take effects of co-exposure into account when performing the risk assessment.
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Guerra MT, Erthal RP, Punhagui-Umbelino APF, Trinque CM, Torres de Bari MA, Nunes TDM, Costa WF, Cleto PH, Fernandes GSA. Reproductive toxicity of maternal exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and butyl paraben (alone or in association) on both male and female Wistar offspring. J Appl Toxicol 2023; 43:242-261. [PMID: 35962557 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Parabens and phthalates are commonly found as contaminants in human fluids and are able to provoke reproductive toxicity, being considered endocrine disruptors. To evaluate the effects of phthalate and paraben, alone or in combination, on reproductive development of the offspring, female pregnant Wistar rats were allocated in six experimental groups: Three control groups (gavage [CG], subcutaneous [CS], and gavage + subcutaneous) received corn oil as vehicle, and the remaining groups were exposed to di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) (500 mg/kg, gavage), butyl paraben (BP) (100 mg/kg, subcutaneously), or MIX (DEHP + BP), from Gestational Day 12 until Postnatal Day (PND) 21. The following parameters were assessed on the offspring: anogenital distance and weight at PND 1, nipple counting at PND 13, puberty onset, estrous cycle, weights of reproductive and detoxifying organs, histological evaluation of reproductive organs, and sperm evaluations (counts, morphology, and motility). Female pups from MIX group presented reduced body weight at PND 1, lower AGD, and decreased endometrium thickness. Male animals showed decreased body weight at PND 1 and lower number of Sertoli cells on DEHP and MIX groups, MIX group revealed increase of abnormal seminiferous tubules, DEHP animals presented delayed preputial separation and higher percentage of immotile sperms, and BP males presented diminished number of Leydig cells. In conclusion, the male offspring was more susceptible to DEHP toxicity; even when mixed to paraben, the main negative effects observed seem to be due to antiandrogenic phthalate action. On the other hand, DEHP seems to be necessary to improve the effects of BP on reducing estrogen-dependent and increasing androgen-dependent events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafaela Pires Erthal
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina-UEL, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | - Camila Moreira Trinque
- Department of General Biology, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina-UEL, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | | | - Wagner Ferrari Costa
- Department of General Biology, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina-UEL, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Pedro Horácio Cleto
- Department of General Biology, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina-UEL, Londrina, Brazil
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Golestanzadeh M, Goodarzi-Khoigani M, Shahrbanoo Daniali S, Ebrahimpour K, Zarean E, Yazdi M, Basirat Z, Kelishadi R. Association between phthalate metabolites in human amniotic fluid and offspring birth size: a sub-study of the PERSIAN birth cohort. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:76970-76982. [PMID: 35676571 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20839-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As phthalate metabolites might cross the placenta, it is possible to find them in the amniotic fluid. This cross-sectional study aims to investigate the levels of phthalate metabolites in the amniotic fluid of a sample of Iranian women and its association with neonatal anthropometric measures. The other objective was to study the potential sources of maternal exposure to phthalates. This study was conducted from June 2019 to June 2021 in Isfahan, Iran. Pregnant women were recruited from their first trimester of pregnancy and followed up until their delivery. Amniotic fluid samples were collected from those who were assigned to have delivery by cesarean section. Overall, 158 samples of amniotic fluid were collected, of which 139 samples had sufficient volume and were free of blood. Data from 142 newborns were included in this study. Four phthalate metabolites were measured using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). After extraction of phthalate metabolites, 4 phthalate metabolites including mono-butyl phthalate (MBP; normal: 0.08 ± 0.79; overweight: 0.20 ± 1.11; obese: 0.07 ± 1.07; p-value: 0.405), mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP; normal: 7.54 ± 6.69; overweight: 7.48 ± 7.16; obese: 8.67 ± 12.75; p-value: 0.729), mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP; normal: 4.27 ± 6.36; overweight: 3.03 ± 8.44; obese: 3.53 ± 7.04; p-value: 0.245), and mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP; normal: 246.18 ± 189.80; overweight: 238.48 ± 200.23; obese: 287.65 ± 206.70; p-value: 0.723) were simultaneously detected in samples of maternal amniotic fluid. Our findings suggest that maternal exposure to phthalate metabolites is positively associated with in utero exposure of the developing fetus. The geometric means and medians of MBP, MBzP, MEOHP, and MEHHP of detected samples were 10.17 (9.52), 6.24 (3.47), 5.03 (11.72), and 174.79 (229.94) (μg/L), respectively. The median anthropometric measures of newborns were as follows: weight 3171.8 g, height 49.6 cm, head circumferences 34.9 cm, chest 33.3 cm, hip 31.5 cm, and arm circumferences 10.8 cm. There was no statistically significant association between phthalate metabolites concentration and newborn's anthropometric measures (p > 0.05). Future studies should focus on the collection of amniotic fluid at different trimesters and the corresponding maternal samples to better characterize the association and health impacts of these endocrine-disrupting chemicals during fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Golestanzadeh
- Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Hezarjerib Ave, Isfahan, 8174673461, Iran
| | - Masoomeh Goodarzi-Khoigani
- Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Hezarjerib Ave, Isfahan, 8174673461, Iran
| | - Seyede Shahrbanoo Daniali
- Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Hezarjerib Ave, Isfahan, 8174673461, Iran
| | - Karim Ebrahimpour
- Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Elaheh Zarean
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fetal Medicine Unit, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Yazdi
- Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Hezarjerib Ave, Isfahan, 8174673461, Iran
| | - Zohreh Basirat
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fetal Medicine Unit, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Roya Kelishadi
- Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Hezarjerib Ave, Isfahan, 8174673461, Iran.
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15
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Güil-Oumrait N, Cano-Sancho G, Montazeri P, Stratakis N, Warembourg C, Lopez-Espinosa MJ, Vioque J, Santa-Marina L, Jimeno-Romero A, Ventura R, Monfort N, Vrijheid M, Casas M. Prenatal exposure to mixtures of phthalates and phenols and body mass index and blood pressure in Spanish preadolescents. Environ Int 2022; 169:107527. [PMID: 36126421 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnant women are simultaneously exposed to several non-persistent endocrine-disrupting chemicals, which may influence the risk of childhood obesity and cardiovascular diseases later in life. Previous prospective studies have mostly examined single-chemical effects, with inconsistent findings. We assessed the association between prenatal exposure to phthalates and phenols, individually and as a mixture, and body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure (BP) in preadolescents. METHODS We used data from the Spanish INMA birth cohort study (n = 1,015), where the 1st and 3rd- trimester maternal urinary concentrations of eight phthalate metabolites and six phenols were quantified. At 11 years of age, we calculated BMI z-scores and measured systolic and diastolic BP. We estimated individual chemical effects with linear mixed models and joint effects of the chemical mixture with hierarchical Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR). Analyses were stratified by sex and by puberty status. RESULTS In single-exposure models, benzophenone-3 (BP3) was nonmonotonically associated with higher BMI z-score (e.g. Quartile (Q) 3: β = 0.23 [95% CI = 0.03, 0.44] vs Q1) and higher diastolic BP (Q2: β = 1.27 [0.00, 2.53] mmHg vs Q1). Methyl paraben (MEPA) was associated with lower systolic BP (Q4: β = -1.67 [-3.31, -0.04] mmHg vs Q1). No consistent associations were observed for the other compounds. Results from the BKMR confirmed the single-exposure results and showed similar patterns of associations, with BP3 having the highest importance in the mixture models, especially among preadolescents who reached puberty status. No overall mixture effect was found, except for a tendency of higher BMI z-score and lower systolic BP in girls. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal exposure to UV-filter BP3 may be associated with higher BMI and diastolic BP during preadolescence, but there is little evidence for an overall phthalate and phenol mixture effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Güil-Oumrait
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Parisa Montazeri
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nikos Stratakis
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Charline Warembourg
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Maria-Jose Lopez-Espinosa
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Faculty of Nursing and Chiropody, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jesús Vioque
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain
| | - Loreto Santa-Marina
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Biodonostia, Health Research Institute, Donostia, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Department of Health of the Basque Government, Subdirectorate of Public Health of Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Alba Jimeno-Romero
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Biodonostia, Health Research Institute, Donostia, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Preventive Medicine and Public Health Department, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Rosa Ventura
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, IMIM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Monfort
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, IMIM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martine Vrijheid
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maribel Casas
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
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Yang Z, Zhang T, Shan D, Li L, Wang S, Li Y, Du R, Wu S, Jin L, Lu X, Shang X, Wang Q. Associations between phthalate exposure and thyroid function in pregnant women during the first trimester. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2022; 242:113884. [PMID: 35853363 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are a class of environmental endocrine disruptors. Previous studies have demonstrated that phthalate exposure can affect thyroid function; however, limited studies have assessed the associations between phthalate exposure and thyroid function, especially thyroid autoimmunity in pregnant women during the first trimester. We recruited participants from a cohort of pregnant women in Beijing, China, and collected urine samples to measure ten phthalate metabolites, serum samples to measure free thyroxine (FT4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) during the first trimester. We included 325 pregnant women without thyroid diseases or dysfunction in this study. Associations between phthalate metabolites and thyroid function parameters were assessed with the Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) model, multiple linear regression model, and restricted cubic spline. In the BKMR model analysis, compared to the 50th percentile, total urinary phthalate metabolites levels were negatively associated with serum TPOAb levels when phthalate metabolites were at or below the 40th percentile. Stratifying by body mass index, total urinary phthalate metabolites levels were negatively associated with serum TPOAb levels in normal weight women when phthalate metabolites were at or below the 45th percentile. However, total urinary phthalate metabolites levels were positively associated with serum TPOAb levels in underweight women when phthalate metabolites were at or below the 30th percentile. In restricted cubic spline analysis, L-shaped nonlinear associations of mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (ΣDEHP), and inverted S-shaped nonlinear association of mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP) with TPOAb were observed. In conclusion, our findings suggest that phthalate exposure may affect thyroid autoimmunity in underweight pregnant women during early pregnancy, and the potential effects of phthalate exposure on thyroid autoimmunity may be nonlinear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, No.38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, No.38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Danping Shan
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, No.38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ludi Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, No.38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, No.38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yingzi Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, No.38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ruihu Du
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, No.38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Shaowei Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Lei Jin
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, No.38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xin Lu
- Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Haidian District, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Xuejun Shang
- Department of Andrology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, No.38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China.
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Fan Y, Xu Q, Qian H, Tao C, Wan T, Li Z, Yan W, Niu R, Huang Y, Chen M, Xu Q, Martin EM, Wang X, Qin Y, Lu C. High-fat diet aggravates prenatal low-dose DEHP exposure induced spermatogenesis disorder: Characterization of testicular metabolic patterns in mouse offspring. Chemosphere 2022; 298:134296. [PMID: 35301995 PMCID: PMC9533191 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a widely used plasticizer and has been identified as a male prenatal reproductive toxicant. A high fat diet (HFD) has also been suggested as another potential disruptor of male reproductive function. Despite this potential synergism between DEHP exposure and HFD, little is known about the concomitant effects of prenatal DEHP and a subsequent HFD exposure on male offspring reproductive injury. Here we established a mouse model of prenatal exposure to DEHP (0.2 mg/kg/day) to assess the testicular development and spermatogenesis in offspring subjected to obesogenic diet during the pubertal period. Gross phenotype, hormone profiles and the testicular metabolome were analyzed to determine the underlying mechanism. We found that prenatal exposure to low-dose DEHP resulted in decreased sperm density, decreased testosterone (T) levels, increased luteinizing hormone (LH) levels and testicular germ cell apoptosis. Furthermore, these injury phenotypes were aggravated by pubertal HFD treatment. Testicular riboflavin and biotin metabolites were enriched implying their roles in contributing HFD to exacerbate offspring spermatogenesis disorders due to prenatal low-dose DEHP exposure. Our findings suggest that pubertal HFD exacerbates reproductive dysfunction associated with prenatal exposure to low-dose DEHP in male adult offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Department of Microbes and Infection, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Qiaoqiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Hong Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Chengzhe Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Tingya Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Wenkai Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Rui Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yuna Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Minjian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Qiujin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Elizabeth M Martin
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, 111 TW Alexander Drive, NC, 27707, USA
| | - Xinru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yufeng Qin
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Department of Microbes and Infection, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
| | - Chuncheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
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Segovia-Mendoza M, Palacios-Arreola MI, Monroy-Escamilla LM, Soto-Piña AE, Nava-Castro KE, Becerril-Alarcón Y, Camacho-Beiza R, Aguirre-Quezada DE, Cardoso-Peña E, Amador-Muñoz O, Garduño-García JDJ, Morales-Montor J. Association of Serum Levels of Plasticizers Compounds, Phthalates and Bisphenols, in Patients and Survivors of Breast Cancer: A Real Connection? IJERPH 2022; 19:ijerph19138040. [PMID: 35805702 PMCID: PMC9265398 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19138040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates and bisphenols are ubiquitous environmental pollutants with the ability to perturb different systems. Specifically, they can alter the endocrine system, and this is why they are also known as endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs). Interestingly, they are related to the development and progression of breast cancer (BC), but the threshold concentrations at which they trigger that are not well established. Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the concentration measures of parent EDCs in three groups of women (without BC, with BC, and BC survivors) from two urban populations in Mexico, to establish a possible association between EDCs and this disease. We consider the measure of the parent compounds would reflect the individual’s exposure. Methods: The levels of di-ethyl-hexyl-phthalate (DEHP), butyl-benzyl-phthalate (BBP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and di-ethyl-phthalate (DEP), bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol S (BPS) were determined by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry in 102 subjects, including 37 women without any pathological disease, 46 patients with BC and 19 women survivals of BC of Mexico and Toluca City. Results: All phthalates were detected in 100% of women, two of them were significantly higher in patients with different BC subtypes in Mexico City. Differential increases were observed mainly in the serum concentration of phthalates in women with BC compared to women without disease between Mexico and Toluca City. In addition, when performing an analysis of the concentrations of phthalates by molecular type of BC, DEP and BBP were found mainly in aggressive and poorly differentiated types of BC. It should be noted that female BC survivors treated with anti-hormonal therapy showed lower levels of BBP than patients with BC. BPA and BPS were found in most samples from Mexico City. However, BPS was undetectable in women from Toluca City. Discussion: The results of our study support the hypothesis of a positive association between exposure to phthalates and BC incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Segovia-Mendoza
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico
- Correspondence: (M.S.-M.); (J.M.-M.)
| | - Margarita Isabel Palacios-Arreola
- Grupo de Especiación Química de Aerosoles Orgánicos Atmosféricos, Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico; (M.I.P.-A.); (O.A.-M.)
| | | | - Alexandra Estela Soto-Piña
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca 50000, Mexico; (A.E.S.-P.); (Y.B.-A.); (R.C.-B.); (E.C.-P.); (J.d.J.G.-G.)
| | - Karen Elizabeth Nava-Castro
- Grupo de Biología y Química Ambientales, Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico;
| | - Yizel Becerril-Alarcón
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca 50000, Mexico; (A.E.S.-P.); (Y.B.-A.); (R.C.-B.); (E.C.-P.); (J.d.J.G.-G.)
| | - Roberto Camacho-Beiza
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca 50000, Mexico; (A.E.S.-P.); (Y.B.-A.); (R.C.-B.); (E.C.-P.); (J.d.J.G.-G.)
- Unidad Médica Especializada para la Detección y Diagnóstico de Cáncer de Mama, Instituto de Salud del Estado de México, Toluca 51760, Mexico;
| | - David Eduardo Aguirre-Quezada
- Unidad Médica Especializada para la Detección y Diagnóstico de Cáncer de Mama, Instituto de Salud del Estado de México, Toluca 51760, Mexico;
| | - Elías Cardoso-Peña
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca 50000, Mexico; (A.E.S.-P.); (Y.B.-A.); (R.C.-B.); (E.C.-P.); (J.d.J.G.-G.)
- Unidad de Medicina Familiar 220, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Toluca 50070, Mexico
| | - Omar Amador-Muñoz
- Grupo de Especiación Química de Aerosoles Orgánicos Atmosféricos, Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico; (M.I.P.-A.); (O.A.-M.)
| | - José de Jesús Garduño-García
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca 50000, Mexico; (A.E.S.-P.); (Y.B.-A.); (R.C.-B.); (E.C.-P.); (J.d.J.G.-G.)
- Hospital Regional 251, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Toluca 50070, Mexico
| | - Jorge Morales-Montor
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico
- Correspondence: (M.S.-M.); (J.M.-M.)
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Segovia-Mendoza M, Palacios-Arreola MI, Pavón L, Becerril LE, Nava-Castro KE, Amador-Muñoz O, Morales-Montor J. Environmental Pollution to Blame for Depressive Disorder? Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:1737. [PMID: 35162759 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Public concern has emerged about the effects of endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) on neuropsychiatric disorders. Preclinical evidence suggests that exposure to EDCs is associated with the development of major depressive disorder (MDD) and could result in neural degeneration. The interaction of EDCs with hormonal receptors is the best-described mechanism of their biological activity. However, the dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal adrenal axis has been reported and linked to neurological disorders. At a worldwide level and in Mexico, the incidence of MDD has recently been increasing. Of note, in Mexico, there are no clinical associations on blood levels of EDCs and the incidence of the MDD. Methodology: Thus, we quantified for the first time the serum levels of parent compounds of two bisphenols and four phthalates in patients with MDD. The levels of di-ethyl-hexyl-phthalate (DEHP), butyl-benzyl-phthalate (BBP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), and di-ethyl-phthalate (DEP), bisphenol A (BPA), and bisphenol S (BPS) in men and women with or without MDD were determined with a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. Results/conclusion: We found significant differences between concentrations of BBP between controls and patients with MDD. Interestingly, the serum levels of this compound have a dysmorphic behavior, being much higher in women (~500 ng/mL) than in men (≤10 ng/mL). We did not observe significant changes in the serum concentrations of the other phthalates or bisphenols tested, neither when comparing healthy and sick subjects nor when they were compared by gender. The results point out that BBP has a critical impact on the etiology of MDD disorder in Mexican patients, specifically in women.
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Bräuner EV, Uldbjerg CS, Lim YH, Gregersen LS, Krause M, Frederiksen H, Andersson AM. Presence of parabens, phenols and phthalates in paired maternal serum, urine and amniotic fluid. Environ Int 2022; 158:106987. [PMID: 34991249 PMCID: PMC8739868 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether selected endocrine disrupting chemicals were present in pregnant women and passed through the placental barrier to amniotic fluid, potentially exposing the developing fetus. METHODS Paired samples of maternal serum, urine and amniotic fluid were concurrently collected (<1 h) from 200 pregnant women (age >18 years) with a singleton pregnancy and undergoing amniocentesis between gestational weeks 12 - 36. The concentration of six different parabens, seven phenols, 31 metabolites from 15 phthalate diesters and the polychlorinated substance triclocarban were analyzed by isotope diluted TurboFlow-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Concentrations of all included compounds were highest in maternal urine followed by serum, and lowest in amniotic fluid. Of the six parabens measured in amniotic fluid, methylparaben (MeP) and ethylparaben (EtP) were detectable most often (87% and 33% of the samples, respectively). Of the seven phenols measured, three (2,4-dichlorphenol, 2,5-dichlorphenol, 2-propylphenol) were detectable in the range of 14-21% of the amniotic fluid samples, at low concentrations (<0.12 ng/ml). Two secondary phthalates metabolites, mono-(2-carboxymethyl-hexyl) phthalate and mono-carboxy-iso-octyl phthalate were each present in ≤15% of the amniotic fluid samples at concentrations 2-5 times lower than in maternal serum and 20-100 times lower than in maternal urine. A modest statistically significant correlation between the levels of MeP and EtP was detected in paired maternal urine-amniotic fluid samples was detected (Spearman rMeP: 0.246; rEtP: 0.364). Likewise, the concentration of mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP) in paired maternal urine and amniotic fluid samples indicated a modest statistically significant correlation (Spearman rMEP: 0.264), driven by detectable levels of MEP in only 3% of the amniotic fluid samples. CONCLUSIONS In general, the included parabens, phenols and phthalates were effectively metabolized and excreted via the urine, which was the matrix that reflected the highest detectable levels. The detectable levels of several included parabens and phthalates in human amniotic fluid calls for further investigations of the toxicokinetic and potential endocrine disrupting properties of individual and multiple endocrine disruptors in order to better assess the risk to the developing fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira V Bräuner
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; The International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cecilie S Uldbjerg
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; The International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Youn-Hee Lim
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Laura S Gregersen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; The International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marianna Krause
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; The International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanne Frederiksen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; The International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna-Maria Andersson
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; The International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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21
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van den Dries MA, Ferguson KK, Keil AP, Pronk A, Spaan S, Ghassabian A, Santos S, Jaddoe VWV, Trasande L, Tiemeier H, Guxens M. Prenatal Exposure to Nonpersistent Chemical Mixtures and Offspring IQ and Emotional and Behavioral Problems. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:16502-16514. [PMID: 34878787 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to nonpersistent chemicals such as phthalates, bisphenols, and organophosphate (OP) pesticides is ubiquitous and occurs in mixtures. So far, epidemiological studies investigating neurodevelopmental consequences of these exposures have mainly been restricted to single-pollutant models. Thus, we studied the association between prenatal exposure to nonpersistent chemical mixtures and child IQ and emotional and behavioral problems. Data came from 782 mother-child pairs. Eleven phthalate, one bisphenol, and five OP pesticide urinary exposure biomarkers were measured three times during pregnancy and averaged. Nonverbal IQ, internalizing and attention problems, aggressive behavior, and autistic traits were assessed at child age 6 years. We used quantile g-computation to estimate the change in each outcome per quartile increase in all chemicals within the mixture. Higher exposure to the mixture was associated with lower nonverbal IQ (-4.0 points (95%CI = -7.0, -1.0), -5.5 points (95%CI = -10.2, -0.9), and -4.6 points (95%CI = -10.8, 1.5) for the second, third, and fourth quartile, respectively, compared to the first quartile). These results were mainly driven by the phthalate mixture. No association was observed with emotional and behavioral problems. Prenatal exposure to nonpersistent chemical mixtures was associated with lower nonverbal IQ in children. Exposure to chemical mixtures during gestation is universal and may impact neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel A van den Dries
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3015 CN The Netherlands
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Generation R Study Group, Rotterdam, 3015 CN The Netherlands
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
- Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, 08002, Spain
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Kelly K Ferguson
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Alexander P Keil
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill North Carolina 27516, United States
| | - Anjoeka Pronk
- Department of Risk Analysis for Products in Development, TNO, Utrecht, 3584 CB, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Spaan
- Department of Risk Analysis for Products in Development, TNO, Utrecht, 3584 CB, The Netherlands
| | - Akhgar Ghassabian
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, New York 10016, United States
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, New York 10016, United States
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, New York 10016, United States
| | - Susana Santos
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Generation R Study Group, Rotterdam, 3015 CN The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3015 CN The Netherlands
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Generation R Study Group, Rotterdam, 3015 CN The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3015 CN The Netherlands
| | - Leonardo Trasande
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, New York 10016, United States
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, New York 10016, United States
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, New York 10016, United States
- New York University Wagner School of Public Service, New York City, New York 10012, United States
- New York University College of Global Public Health, New York City, New York 10003, United States
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3015 CN The Netherlands
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Mònica Guxens
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3015 CN The Netherlands
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
- Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, 08002, Spain
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, 28029, Spain
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22
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National Toxicology Program. Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate administered in feed to Sprague Dawley (Hsd:Sprague Dawley SD) rats. Natl Toxicol Program Tech Rep Ser 2021:NTP-TR-601. [PMID: 35073286 DOI: 10.22427/NTP-TR-601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a member of the phthalate ester chemical class that occurs commonly in the environment and to which humans are widely exposed. Lifetime exposure to DEHP is likely to occur, including during the in utero and early postnatal windows of development. To date, no carcinogenicity assessments of DEHP have used a lifetime exposure paradigm that includes the perinatal period (gestation and lactation). The National Toxicology Program (NTP) tested the hypothesis that exposure during the perinatal period would alter the DEHP carcinogenic response quantitatively (more neoplasms) or qualitatively (different neoplasm types). Two chronic carcinogenicity assessments of DEHP were conducted in which Sprague Dawley (Hsd:Sprague Dawley SD) rats were exposed to dosed feed containing 0, 300, 1,000, 3,000, or 10,000 ppm DEHP for 2 years using different exposure paradigms. In Study 1, groups of 45 F0 time-mated females were provided dosed feed beginning on gestation day (GD) 6 through lactation. On postnatal day (PND) 21, groups of 50 F1 rats per sex continued on the study and were provided dosed feed containing the same DEHP concentration as their respective dam for 2 years. In Study 2, groups of 50 rats per sex, aged 6 to 7 weeks at study start, were provided dosed feed containing DEHP for 2 years. (Abstract Abridged).
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23
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Mathew L, Snyder NW, Lyall K, Lee BK, McClure LA, Elliott AJ, Newschaffer CJ. Prenatal phthalate exposure measurement: A comparison of metabolites quantified in prenatal maternal urine and newborn's meconium. Sci Total Environ 2021; 796:148898. [PMID: 34280640 PMCID: PMC8440376 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are chemicals suspected to adversely affect fetal neurodevelopment, but quantifying the fetal exposure is challenging. While prenatal phthalate exposure is commonly quantified in maternal urine, the newborn's meconium may better capture cumulative prenatal exposure. Currently, data on phthalates measured in meconium is sparse. We measured phthalate metabolites in 183 maternal second and 140 third trimester (T2, T3) urine, and in 190 meconium samples collected in an autism enriched-risk pregnancy cohort of 236 mothers. Eleven and eight metabolites were detected in over 90% of urine and meconium samples, respectively. Hydrophilic and hydrophobic metabolites were detected in both biosamples. Most urine phthalate metabolite distributions were similar between T2 and T3. Among metabolites detected in both biosamples, those of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate displayed a similar pattern in magnitude across metabolite type. Specifically, T2 creatinine adjusted distribution [median (25%, 75%)] of urine measured mono(2-ethylhexyl-carboxypentyl) (MECPP), mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) (MEHHP), and mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP) were 18.8(11.9, 31.4), 11.8(7.2, 19.1), and 8.9(6.2, 14.2) ng/mg. In meconium these were 16.6(10.9, 23.7), 2.5(1.5, 3.8), and 1.3(0.8, 2.3) ng/g, respectively. Metabolite-to-metabolite correlations were lower in meconium than urine, but patterns were similar. For example, correlation (95% CI) between mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and MECPP was 0.73 (0.66, 0.78), and between MEOHP and MEHHP was 0.96 (0.95, 0.97) in urine as compared to 0.10 (-0.04, 0.24) and 0.31 (0.18, 0.43) respectively in meconium. Correlations between same metabolites measured in urine and meconium were low and differed by metabolite and trimester. Correlation between MEHHP in urine and meconium, for example, was 0.20 (0.008, 0.37) at T3, but 0.05 (-0.12, 0.21) at T2. Our study provides evidence of general population-level prenatal phthalate exposure in a population at high risk for neurodevelopmental disorders and supports the utility of meconium to measure prenatal phthalate exposure but provides little evidence of correlation with exposure measured in prenatal maternal urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leny Mathew
- AJ Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, 3020 Market St, Suite 560, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, 3215 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Nathaniel W Snyder
- AJ Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, 3020 Market St, Suite 560, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad St. Room 455, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Kristen Lyall
- AJ Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, 3020 Market St, Suite 560, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Brian K Lee
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, 3215 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Leslie A McClure
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, 3215 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Craig J Newschaffer
- AJ Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, 3020 Market St, Suite 560, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; College of Health and Human Development, Pennsylvania State University, 325 HHD Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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van den Dries MA, Keil AP, Tiemeier H, Pronk A, Spaan S, Santos S, Asimakopoulos AG, Kannan K, Gaillard R, Guxens M, Trasande L, Jaddoe VWV, Ferguson KK. Prenatal Exposure to Nonpersistent Chemical Mixtures and Fetal Growth: A Population-Based Study. Environ Health Perspect 2021; 129:117008. [PMID: 34817287 PMCID: PMC8612241 DOI: 10.1289/ehp9178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure to mixtures of nonpersistent chemicals is universal. Most studies examining these chemicals in association with fetal growth have been restricted to single exposure models, ignoring their potentially cumulative impact. OBJECTIVE We aimed to assess the association between prenatal exposure to a mixture of phthalates, bisphenols, and organophosphate (OP) pesticides and fetal measures of head circumference, femur length, and weight. METHODS Within the Generation R Study, a population-based cohort in Netherlands (n=776), urinary concentrations of 11 phthalate metabolites, 3 bisphenols, and 5 dialkylphosphate (DAP) metabolites were measured at <18, 18-25, and >25 weeks of gestation and averaged. Ultrasound measures of head circumference, femur length, and estimated fetal weight (EFW) were taken at 18-25 and >25 weeks of gestation, and measurements of head circumference, length, and weight were performed at delivery. We estimated the difference in each fetal measurement per quartile increase in all exposures within the mixture with quantile g-computation. RESULTS The average EFW at 18-25 wk and >25wk was 369 and 1,626g, respectively, and the average birth weight was 3,451g. Higher exposure was associated with smaller fetal and newborn growth parameters in a nonlinear fashion. At 18-25 wk, fetuses in the second, third, and fourth quartiles of exposure (Q2-Q4) had 26g [95% confidence intervals (CI):-38, -13], 35g (95% CI: -55, -15), and 27g (95% CI: -54, 1) lower EFW compared with those in the first quartile (Q1). A similar dose-response pattern was observed at >25wk, but all effect sizes were smaller, and no association was observed comparing Q4 to Q1. At birth, we observed no differences in weight between Q1-Q2 or Q1-Q3. However, fetuses in Q4 had 91g (95% CI: -258, 76) lower birth weight in comparison with those in Q1. Results observed at 18-25 and >25wk were similar for femur length; however, no differences were observed at birth. No associations were observed for head circumference. DISCUSSION Higher exposure to a mixture of phthalates, bisphenols, and OP pesticides was associated with lower EFW in the midpregnancy period. In late pregnancy, these differences were similar but less pronounced. At birth, the only associations observed appeared when comparing individuals from Q1 and Q4. This finding suggests that even low levels of exposure may be sufficient to influence growth in early pregnancy, whereas higher levels may be necessary to affect birth weight. Joint exposure to nonpersistent chemicals may adversely impact fetal growth, and because these exposures are widespread, this impact could be substantial. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP9178.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel A van den Dries
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alexander P Keil
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anjoeka Pronk
- Department Risk Analysis for Products in Development, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Spaan
- Department Risk Analysis for Products in Development, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Susana Santos
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Romy Gaillard
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mònica Guxens
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leonardo Trasande
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Robert F. Wagner School of Public Service, New York University, New York, New York, USA
- School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kelly K Ferguson
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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25
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Pérez PA, Toledo J, Picech F, Petiti JP, Mukdsi JH, Diaz-Torga G, Torres AI, De Paul AL, Gutiérrez S. Perinatal DEHP exposure modulates pituitary estrogen receptor α and β expression altering lactotroph and somatotroph cell growth in prepuberal and adult male rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 158:112649. [PMID: 34728246 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Phthalates are synthetic chemicals widely used to make polyvinylchloride (PVC) soft and flexible. Of these, Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is the most commonly used, with high human exposure occurring as early as the fetal developmental stage and affecting the endocrine system. We focused on the perinatal DEHP effects on pituitary estrogen receptor (ER) expression in male rats, explored their impact on lactotroph and somatotroph cell growth, and evaluated the direct effects of this phthalate on pituitary cell cultures. Our results showed that DEHP perinatal exposure was unable to modify the ERα+ pituitary cell number from prepuberal rats, but increased ERβ+ cells. In adulthood, the pituitary ERα+ cells underwent a slight decrease with ERβ showing the greatest changes, and with a significant increase observed in somatotroph cells. Also, in vitro, DEHP reduced the ERα+ cells, increased the percentage of ERβ+ pituitary cells and modified the Ki67 index, as well as decreasing the lactotrophs and increasing the somatotroph cells. In conclusion, the present study showed that DEHP induced ER expression changes in normal pituitary glands from male rats in in vivo and in vitro conditions, suggesting that DEHP could differentially modulate lactotroph and somatotroph cell growth, possibly as a consequence of ER imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo A Pérez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA) Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Córdoba, Argentina; Centro de Microscopia Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Jonathan Toledo
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA) Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Córdoba, Argentina; Centro de Microscopia Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Florencia Picech
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA) Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Córdoba, Argentina; Centro de Microscopia Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Juan P Petiti
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA) Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Córdoba, Argentina; Centro de Microscopia Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Jorge H Mukdsi
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA) Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Córdoba, Argentina; Centro de Microscopia Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Graciela Diaz-Torga
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia I Torres
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA) Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Córdoba, Argentina; Centro de Microscopia Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ana L De Paul
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA) Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Córdoba, Argentina; Centro de Microscopia Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Silvina Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA) Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Córdoba, Argentina; Centro de Microscopia Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina.
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26
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Traore K, More P, Adla A, Dogbey G, Papadopoulos V, Zirkin B. MEHP induces alteration of mitochondrial function and inhibition of steroid biosynthesis in MA-10 mouse tumor Leydig cells. Toxicology 2021; 463:152985. [PMID: 34627990 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a plasticizer that is widely used in manufacturing. Previous studies have shown that mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), the active metabolite of DEHP, has inhibitory effects on luteinizing hormone (LH)-stimulated steroid biosynthesis by Leydig cells. The molecular mechanisms underlying its effects, however, remain unclear. In the present study, we examined the effects of MEHP on changes in mitochondrial function in relationship to reduced progesterone formation by MA-10 mouse tumor Leydig cells. Treatment of MA-10 cells with MEHP (0-300 μM for 24 h) resulted in dose-dependent inhibition of LH-stimulated progesterone biosynthesis. Biochemical analysis data revealed that the levels of the mature steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (STAR), a protein that works at the outer mitochondrial membrane to facilitate the translocation of cholesterol for steroid formation, was significantly reduced in response to MEHP exposures. MEHP also caused reductions in MA-10 cell mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and mitochondrial respiration as evidenced by decreases in the ability of the mitochondria to consume molecular oxygen. Additionally, significant increases in the generation of mitochondrial superoxide were observed. Taken together, these results indicate that MEHP inhibits steroid formation in MA-10 cells at least in part by its effects on mitochondrial function.
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27
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Gonullu E, Bilvanisi S, Taşdöğen A, Gonullu H, Erkin Y, Küme T, Aykac MC. Does heated erythrocyte suspension transfusion with medical devices containing phthalates increase DEHP and MEHP levels? Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e14603. [PMID: 34229364 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS It is commonly known that stored blood and blood products are heated before transfusion to prevent hypothermia, which leads to increased di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) content leaching into the blood and blood products and thereby causes greater conversion of DEHP to mono (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP). However, there has been no study in the literature reporting on the amount of toxic phthalates in blood following the erythrocyte suspension (ES) transfused via warming. In this study, we aimed to investigate the DEHP and MEHP content in blood following the heated ES transfusions administered by DEHP-containing and DEHP-free infusion sets. METHODS The study included 30 patients that were randomly divided into two groups with 15 patients each: group I underwent ES transfusion via DEHP-containing infusion sets warmed with blood-fluid warmers, and group II underwent ES transfusion via DEHP-free infusion sets warmed with blood-fluid warmers. DEHP and MEHP levels were measured both before and after transfusion. RESULTS DEHP-free infusion sets led to no increase in the phthalate content, whereas DEHP-containing infusion sets significantly increased the DEHP and MEHP, where the DEHP level increased almost four times (P = .001). CONCLUSION DEHP-containing products lead to toxicity. Therefore, using DEHP-free medical devices may prevent toxicity in patients undergoing ES transfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edip Gonullu
- Anesthesiology and Reanimation Department, Faculty of Medicine, İzmir Bakircay University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Sevdegül Bilvanisi
- Emergency Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Aydın Taşdöğen
- Anesthesiology and Reanimation Department, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Hayriye Gonullu
- Emergency Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, İzmir Bakircay University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Yüksel Erkin
- Anesthesiology and Reanimation Department, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Tuncay Küme
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
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28
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Biemann R, Blüher M, Isermann B. Exposure to endocrine-disrupting compounds such as phthalates and bisphenol A is associated with an increased risk for obesity. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 35:101546. [PMID: 33966978 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2021.101546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence from epidemiological, animal and in vitro studies suggests that the increased production of synthetic chemicals that interfere with the proper functioning of the hormonal system, so-called endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs), might be involved in the development and rapid spread of obesity, coined the obesity epidemic. Recent findings have demonstrated that EDCs may interfere with hormonal receptors that regulate adipogenesis and metabolic pathways. Furthermore, prenatal exposure to EDCs has been shown to influence the metabolism of the developing embryo through epigenetic mechanisms and to promote obesity in subsequent generations. In this Review, we discuss the potential impact of bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalate-based plasticizers on obesity and obesity-related metabolic disorders. Special emphasis is given to the obesogenic effects of prenatal exposure and strategies for identifying, regulating, and replacing EDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Biemann
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Paul-List-Str. 13/15, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstr. 21, 04103, Leipzig, Germany; Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Liebigstr. 21, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Berend Isermann
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Paul-List-Str. 13/15, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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Abstract
Phthalates, widely used as plasticizers, are contained in many everyday products. Human biomonitoring studies detect their presence in biological fluids of a large part of the population worldwide. Maternal exposure during pregnancy has been related with aberrations in the reproductive growth of male infants. Rodent studies show that gestational exposure to single phthalates elicits reproductive toxicity in both sexes. Early aberrations include inhibition of gonadal sex determining gene expression and steroidogenesis, histopathology, and disturbed gametogenesis, leading later in life to dysfunctions in sperm production and oocyte reserves. Animal studies of in utero exposure to mixtures of phthalates, better mimicking human exposures, revealed analogous reproductive dysfunctions with the single compounds, but also indicated the combined actions and cumulative effects exerted by these chemicals. Further understanding the underlying mechanisms and the species differences in phthalate-induced reproductive toxicity will help to improve the risk assessment for human exposure to these toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Repouskou
- Basic Sciences Lab, Faculty of Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - Antonios Stamatakis
- Biology- Biochemistry Lab, Faculty of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - Efthymia Kitraki
- Basic Sciences Lab, Faculty of Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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30
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Warner GR, Dettogni RS, Bagchi IC, Flaws JA, Graceli JB. Placental outcomes of phthalate exposure. Reprod Toxicol 2021; 103:1-17. [PMID: 34015474 PMCID: PMC8260441 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Proper placental development and function relies on hormone receptors and signaling pathways that make the placenta susceptible to disruption by endocrine disrupting chemicals, such as phthalates. Here, we review relevant research on the associations between phthalate exposures and dysfunctions of the development and function of the placenta, including morphology, physiology, and genetic and epigenetic effects. This review covers in vitro studies, in vivo studies in mammals, and studies in humans. We also discuss important gaps in the literature. Overall, the evidence indicates that toxicity to the placental and maternal-fetal interface is associated with exposure to phthalates. Further studies are needed to better elucidate the mechanisms through which phthalates act in the placenta as well as additional human studies that assess placental disruption through pregnancy with larger sample sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genoa R Warner
- Dept of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Indrani C Bagchi
- Dept of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jodi A Flaws
- Dept of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - Jones B Graceli
- Dept of Morphology, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Brazil
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31
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Liu X, Yang J, Gan Z, Wang H, Hu Z, Liu J, Ran D. Effects of Mono-2-ethylhexyl Phthalate on the Neural Transmission of PNs in Drosophila Antennal Lobe. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:1430-1439. [PMID: 34191265 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00386-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Long-term exposure to different types of chemicals is hazardous to human health. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) could exert pleiotropic deleterious effects on nervous systems. Mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), as one of the most toxic metabolites of DEHP, may have similar effects on nervous systems. However, no effects of MEHP on neural circuits have been reported. To uncover the regulation of MEHP on neural transmission, the functional changes of neural excitability and synaptic plasticity of projection neurons (PNs) have been assessed. In the current study, we recorded the action potentials (APs), stimulate action potentials (sti-APs), mini excitement postsynaptic current (mEPSC), calcium currents, and sodium currents from PNs of isolated whole brain of Drosophila model utilizing patch clamp recordings. We found that MEHP-300 (at the concentration of 300 μM), but not MHEP-100 (at the concentration of 100 μM), significantly decreased the frequency and amplitude of APs. Besides, the amplitude and anti-amplitude of sti-APs were reduced with the application of MEHP-300. Meanwhile, MEHP-300 reduced the frequency of mEPSC, but not the amplitude. Furthermore, MEHP-300 reduced the peak current densities of sodium and calcium channels. Therefore, our results indicated that MEHP could alter the neural excitability and synaptic plasticity of PNs by inhibiting the ion channels activities, revealing the potential modulation of MEHP on neural transmission of PNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Junqing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongjie Gan
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuqin Hu
- Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Southwest University Public Health Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Liu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongzhi Ran
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.
- The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China.
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Jauregui EJ, Lock J, Rasmussen L, Craig ZR. Mono-n-Butyl Phthalate Distributes to the Mouse Ovary and Liver and Alters the Expression of Phthalate-Metabolizing Enzymes in Both Tissues. Toxicol Sci 2021; 183:117-127. [PMID: 34175954 PMCID: PMC8502470 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans are exposed to phthalates daily via items such as personal care products and medications. Reproductive toxicity has been documented in mice exposed to di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP); however, quantitative evidence of its metabolite, mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP), reaching the mouse ovary and its effects on hepatic and ovarian biotransformation enzymes in treated mice is still lacking. Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was employed to quantify MBP levels in liver, serum, and ovary from mice treated with a single or repeated exposure to the parent compound, DBP. Adult CD-1 females were pipet fed once or for 10 days with vehicle (tocopherol-stripped corn oil) or DBP at 1, 10, and 1000 mg/kg/day. Tissues and serum were collected at 2, 6, 12, and 24 h after the single or final dose and subjected to LC-MS/MS. Ovaries and livers were processed for qPCR analysis of selected phthalate-associated biotransformation enzymes. Regardless of duration of exposure (single vs repeated), MBP was detected in the tissues of DBP-treated mice. In single dose mice, MBP levels peaked at ≤6 h and fell close to background levels by 24 h post-exposure. Following the last repeated dose, MBP levels peaked at ≤2 h and fell to background levels by 12 h. Hepatic and ovarian expression of Lpl, Aldh1a1, Adh1, Ugt1a6a, and Cyp1b1 were altered in DBP-treated mice in a time- and dose-specific manner. These findings confirm that MBP reaches the mouse liver and ovary after oral exposure to DBP and influences the expression of hepatic and ovarian phthalate-associated biotransformation enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela J Jauregui
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Jasmine Lock
- Environmental Health Sciences Transformative Research Undergraduate Experience Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Lindsay Rasmussen
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Zelieann R Craig
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA,BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed at School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, 1230 N Cherry Avenue, BSRL 355, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. E-mail:
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Abstract
The burden of adverse pregnancy outcomes such as preterm birth and low birth weight is considerable across the world. Several risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcomes have been identified. One risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes receiving considerable attention in recent years is gestational exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Humans are exposed to a multitude of environmental chemicals with known endocrine-disrupting properties, and evidence suggests exposure to these EDCs have the potential to disrupt the maternal-fetal environment culminating in adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes. This review addresses the impact of maternal and fetal exposure to environmental EDCs of natural and man-made chemicals in disrupting the maternal-fetal milieu in human leading to adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes-a risk factor for adult-onset noncommunicable diseases, the role lifestyle and environmental factors play in mitigating or amplifying the effects of EDCs, the underlying mechanisms and mediators involved, and the research directions on which to focus future investigations to help alleviate the adverse effects of EDC exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wenhui Song
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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34
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Das MT, Kumar SS, Ghosh P, Shah G, Malyan SK, Bajar S, Thakur IS, Singh L. Remediation strategies for mitigation of phthalate pollution: Challenges and future perspectives. J Hazard Mater 2021; 409:124496. [PMID: 33187797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are a group of emerging xenobiotic compounds commonly used as plasticizers. In recent times, there has been an increasing concern over the risk of phthalate exposure leading to adverse effects to human health and the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to not only understand the current status of phthalate pollution, their sources, exposure routes and health impacts, but also identify remediation technologies for mitigating phthalate pollution. Present review article aims to inform its readers about the ever increasing data on health burdens posed by phthalates and simultaneously highlights the recent advancements in research to alleviate phthalate contamination from environment. The article enumerates the major phthalates in use today, traces their environmental fate, addresses their growing health hazard concerns and largely focus on to provide an in-depth understanding of the different physical, chemical and biological treatment methods currently being used or under research for alleviating the risk of phthalate pollution, their challenges and the future research perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihir Tanay Das
- Department of Environmental Science, Fakir Mohan University, Balasore 756020, Odisha, India
| | - Smita S Kumar
- J.C. Bose University of Science and Technology, YMCA, Faridabad 121006, Haryana, India; Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Pooja Ghosh
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Goldy Shah
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Sandeep K Malyan
- Institute for Soil, Water, and Environmental Sciences, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Somvir Bajar
- J.C. Bose University of Science and Technology, YMCA, Faridabad 121006, Haryana, India
| | - Indu Shekhar Thakur
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110 067, India
| | - Lakhveer Singh
- Department of Environmental Science, SRM University-AP, Amaravati 522502, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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35
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Padmanabhan V, Moeller J, Puttabyatappa M. Impact of gestational exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals on pregnancy and birth outcomes. Adv Pharmacol 2021; 92:279-346. [PMID: 34452689 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With the advent of industrialization, humans are exposed to a wide range of environmental chemicals, many with endocrine disrupting potential. As successful maintenance of pregnancy and fetal development are under tight hormonal control, the gestational exposure to environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) have the potential to adversely affect the maternal milieu and support to the fetus, fetal developmental trajectory and birth outcomes. This chapter summarizes the impact of exposure to EDCs both individually and as mixtures during pregnancy, the immediate and long-term consequences of such exposures on the mother and fetus, the direct and indirect mechanisms through which they elicit their effects, factors that modify their action, and the research directions to focus future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacob Moeller
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Loftus CT, Bush NR, Day DB, Ni Y, Tylavsky FA, Karr CJ, Kannan K, Barrett ES, Szpiro AA, Sathyanarayana S, LeWinn KZ. Exposure to prenatal phthalate mixtures and neurodevelopment in the Conditions Affecting Neurocognitive Development and Learning in Early childhood (CANDLE) study. Environ Int 2021; 150:106409. [PMID: 33556913 PMCID: PMC8162924 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Findings from epidemiological studies of prenatal phthalate exposure and child cognitive development are inconsistent. Methods for evaluating mixtures of phthalates, such as weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression, have rarely been applied. We developed a new extension of the WQS method to improve specificity of full-sample analyses and applied it to estimate associations between prenatal phthalate mixtures and cognitive and language outcomes in a diverse pregnancy cohort. METHODS We measured 22 phthalate metabolites in third trimester urine from mother-child dyads who completed early childhood visits in the Conditions Affecting Neurodevelopment and Learning in Early childhood (CANDLE) study. Language and cognitive ability were assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (age 3) and the Stanford Binet-5 (age 4-6), respectively. We used multivariable WQS regression to identify phthalate mixtures that were negatively and positively associated with language score and full-scale IQ, in separate models, adjusted for maternal IQ, race, marital status, smoking, BMI, socioeconomic status (SES), child age, sex, and breastfeeding. We evaluated effect modification by sex and SES. If full sample 95% WQS confidence intervals (which are known to be anti-conservative) excluded the null, we calculated a p-value using a permutation test (ppermutation). The performance of this new approach to WQS regression was evaluated in simulated data. We compared the power and type I error rate of WQS regression conducted within datasets split into training and validation samples (WQSSplit) and in the full sample (WQSNosplit) to WQS regression with a permutation test (WQSpermutation). Individual metabolite associations were explored in secondary analyses. RESULTS The analytic sample (N = 1015) was 62.1% Black/31.5% White, and the majority of mothers had a high school education or less (56.7%) at enrollment. Associations between phthalate mixtures and primary outcomes (language score and full-scale IQ) in the full sample were null. Individual metabolites were not associated with IQ, and only one metabolite (mono-benzyl phthalate, MBzP) was associated with Bayley language score (β = -0.68, 95% CI: -1.37, 0.00). In analyses stratified by sex or SES, mixtures were positively and negatively associated with outcomes, but the precision of full-sample WQS regression results were not supported by permutation tests, with one exception. In the lowest SES category, a phthalate mixture dominated by mono-methyl phthalate (MMP) and mono-carboxy-isooctyl phthalate (MCOP) was associated with higher language scores (βlow SES = 2.41, full-sample 95%CI: 0.58, 4.24; ppermutation = 0.04). Performance testing in simulated data showed that WQSpermutation had improved power over WQSSplit (90% versus 56%) and a lower type I error rate than WQSNosplit (7% versus 47%). CONCLUSIONS In the largest study of these relationships to date, we observed predominantly null associations between mixtures of prenatal phthalates and both language and IQ. Our novel extension of WQS regression improved sensitivity to detect true associations by obviating the need to split the data into training and test sets and should be considered for future analyses of exposure mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine T Loftus
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, United States.
| | - Nicole R Bush
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, United States; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Drew B Day
- Center for Child Health, Behavior, and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, United States
| | - Yu Ni
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, United States
| | | | - Catherine J Karr
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, United States; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, United States; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Washington, United States
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Emily S Barrett
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI), Rutgers University, United States
| | - Adam A Szpiro
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Washington, United States
| | - Sheela Sathyanarayana
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, United States; Center for Child Health, Behavior, and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, United States; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Washington, United States
| | - Kaja Z LeWinn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, United States
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Gao H, Zhang C, Tao FB. Association between prenatal phthalate exposure and gestational metabolic syndrome parameters: a systematic review of epidemiological studies. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:20921-20938. [PMID: 33674970 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13120-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The relationship of intrauterine phthalate exposure with gestational metabolic syndrome (GMS) parameters is inconsistently reported. We performed a systematic review to evaluate the association between prenatal phthalate exposure and GMS parameters. A literature search was performed in three databases. According to the defined PECOS statement, eligible studies were identified. The method and result for each study was qualitatively summarized with great emphasis on study design and exposure assessment. Fourteen studies were included in the present systematic review. Two studies used one-spot serum sample for evaluation of phthalate exposure, while others used 1-4 urine samples. Concentrations of phthalate metabolites varied substantially, and the levels in serum were greatly lower than those in urine. These studies observed no interstudy or intrastudy consistency for association between phthalates and GMS in pregnant women cross-sectionally or longitudinally, regardless of phthalates species or GMS indicator. Most reported associations were not significantly different from null result. Besides, positive and negative relationships also existed. The current epidemiological data do not support the hypothesis that prenatal exposure to phthalates increases GMS risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No.218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China.
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Anhui Provincial Cancer Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China
| | - Fang-Biao Tao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
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Hsu PC, Jhong JY, Huang LP, Lee KH, Chen HP, Guo YL. Transgenerational Effects of Di(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate on Anogenital Distance, Sperm Functions and DNA Methylation in Rat Offspring. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4131. [PMID: 33923623 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is widely used as a plasticizer in the manufacture of polyvinylchloride plastics and has been associated with concerns regarding male reproductive toxicity. In this study, we hypothesized that maternal exposure to DEHP induces transgenerational inheritance of adult-onset adverse reproductive outcomes through the male germline in the F1, F2, and F3 generations of male offspring. Pregnant rats were treated with 5 or 500 mg of DEHP/kg/day through gavage from gestation day 0 to birth. The offspring body weight, anogenital distance (AGD), anogenital index (AGI), sperm count, motility, and DNA fragmentation index (DFI) were measured for all generations. Methyl-CpG binding domain sequencing was performed to analyze sperm DNA methylation status in the F3. DEHP exposure at 500 mg/kg affected AGD, AGI, sperm count, mean DFI, and %DFI in the F1; AGD, sperm count, and mean DFI in the F2; and AGD, AGI, mean DFI, and %DFI in the F3. DEHP exposure at 5 mg/kg affected AGD, AGI, sperm count, and %DFI in the F1; sperm count in the F2; and AGD and AGI in F3. Compared with the control group, 15 and 45 differentially hypermethylated genes were identified in the groups administered 5 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg DEHP, respectively. Moreover, 130 and 6 differentially hypomethylated genes were observed in the groups administered 5 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg DEHP. Overall, these results demonstrated that prenatal exposure to DEHP caused transgenerational epigenetic effects, which may explain the observed phenotypic changes in the male reproductive system.
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39
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Lucaccioni L, Trevisani V, Passini E, Righi B, Plessi C, Predieri B, Iughetti L. Perinatal Exposure to Phthalates: From Endocrine to Neurodevelopment Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4063. [PMID: 33920043 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phthalates, as other endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), may alter the homeostasis and the action of hormones and signaling molecules, causing adverse health outcomes. This is true especially for infants, who are both more exposed and sensitive to their effects. Phthalates are particularly harmful when the exposure occurs during certain critical temporal windows of the development, such as the prenatal and the early postnatal phases. Phthalates may also interfere with the neuroendocrine systems (e.g., thyroid hormone signaling or metabolism), causing disruption of neuronal differentiation and maturation, increasing the risk of behavioral and cognitive disorders (ADHD and autistic behaviors, reduced mental, psychomotor, and IQ development, and emotional problems). Despite more studies being needed to better understand the role of these substances, plenty of evidence suggests the impact of phthalates on the neuroendocrine system development and function. This review aims to update the knowledge on the neuroendocrine consequences of neonatal and perinatal exposure to phthalates.
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40
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Bloom MS, Valachovic EL, Begum TF, Kucklick JR, Brock JW, Wenzel AG, Wineland RJ, Cruze L, Unal ER, Newman RB. Association between gestational phthalate exposure and newborn head circumference; impacts by race and sex. Environ Res 2021; 195:110763. [PMID: 33516688 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Observational and experimental studies report associations between gestational phthalate exposure and fetal development, yet few data exist to characterize phthalate effects on head circumference (HC) or to estimate the impact of race or sex. To address this data gap, we enrolled 152 African American and 158 white mothers with uncomplicated singleton pregnancies from the Charleston, South Carolina (USA) metropolitan area in a prospective birth cohort. Study participants provided up to two urine specimens during mid and late gestation, completed a study questionnaire, and allowed access to hospital birth records. We measured eight phthalate monoester metabolites using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry, and calculated molar sums of phthalate parent diesters. After specific gravity correction, we tested for associations between phthalates and neonatal HC (cm) and cephalization index (cm/g) using multiple informant linear regression with inverse probability weighting to account for selection bias between repeated urine sampling, adjusted for maternal race, age, body mass index, education, and smoking. We explored interactions by maternal race and infant sex. A doubling of urinary monoethyl phthalate (MEP) concentration was associated with a -0.49% (95%CI: -0.95%, -0.02%) smaller head circumference, although seven other phthalate metabolites were null. There were no statistically significant associations with cephalization index. HC was larger for whites than African American newborns (p < 0.0001) but similar for males and females (p = 0.16). We detected interactions for maternal race with urinary monobutyl phthalate (MBP; p = 0.03), monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP; p = 0.01), monoethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP; p = 0.05), monomethyl phthalate (MMP; p = 0.02), and the sum of dibutyl phthalate metabolites (∑DBP; p = 0.05), in which reduced HC circumference associations were stronger among whites than African Americans, and interactions for sex with MBP (p = 0.08) and MiBP (p = 0.03), in which associations were stronger for females than males. Our results suggest that gestational phthalate exposure is associated with smaller neonatal HC and that white mothers and female newborns have greater susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Bloom
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA.
| | - Edward L Valachovic
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY, USA
| | - Thoin F Begum
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY, USA
| | - John R Kucklick
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - John W Brock
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina Asheville, Asheville, NC, USA
| | - Abby G Wenzel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Rebecca J Wineland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Lori Cruze
- Department of Biology, Wofford College, Spartanburg, SC, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Unal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Roger B Newman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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Henderson AL, Colaiácovo MP. Exposure to phthalates: germline dysfunction and aneuploidy. Prenat Diagn 2021; 41:610-619. [PMID: 33583068 DOI: 10.1002/pd.5921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies continue to reveal the enduring impact of exposures to environmental chemicals on human physiology, including our reproductive health. Phthalates, a well characterized class of endocrine disrupting chemicals and commonly utilized plasticizers, are among one of the many toxicants ubiquitously present in our environment. Phthalate exposure has been linked to increases in the rate of human aneuploidy, a phenomenon that is detected in 0.3% of livebirths resulting in genetic disorders including trisomy 21, approximately 4% of stillbirths, and over 35% of miscarriages. Here we review recent epidemiological and experimental studies that have examined the role that phthalates play in germline dysfunction, including increases in apoptosis, oxidative stress, DNA damage, and impaired genomic integrity, resulting in aneuploidy. We will further discuss subject variability, as it relates to diet and polymorphisms, and the sexual dimorphic effects of phthalate exposure, as it relates to sex-specific targets. Lastly, we discuss some of the conserved effects of phthalate exposure across humans, mammalian models and nonmammalian model organisms, highlighting the importance of using model organisms to our advantage for chemical risk assessment and unveiling potential mechanisms that underlie phthalate-induced reproductive health issues across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayana L Henderson
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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42
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Amjad S, Rahman MS, Pang WK, Ryu DY, Adegoke EO, Park YJ, Pang MG. Effects of phthalates on the functions and fertility of mouse spermatozoa. Toxicology 2021; 454:152746. [PMID: 33711355 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phthalates are common environmental pollutants that are presumed to negatively impact male fertility including animals and humans. Particularly, these potential xenoestrogens may alter male fertility by binding to specific sperm receptors. Although several studies have characterized the toxic effects of single phthalates, epidemiological studies indicate that humans are typically exposed to phthalate mixtures. Here, we tested an environmental-related phthalate combination composed of 21 % di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, 15 % diisononyl phthalate, 8% diisobutyl phthalate, 15 % dibutyl phthalate, 35 % diethyl phthalate, and 5% benzylbutyl phthalate. Specifically, the effects of short-term exposure (90 min) to various concentrations (1, 10, 100, and 500 μg/mL) of this phthalate mixture on several important sperm processes, oocyte fertilization, and embryo production were assessed. All phthalate concentrations significantly decreased sperm motility and hyperactivity by compromising the sperm's ability to generate ATP. Additionally, short-term phthalate exposure (>10 μg/mL) also induced abnormal capacitation and the acrosome reaction by upregulating protein tyrosine phosphorylation via a protein kinase-A-dependent pathway. Furthermore, phthalate exposure (particularly at doses exceeding 10 μg/mL) significantly affected fertilization and early embryonic development. Together, our findings indicate that the studied phthalate mixtures adversely affected sperm motility, capacitation, and acrosome reaction, which resulted in poor fertilization rates and repressed embryonic development. Moreover, the lowest-observed-adverse-effect dose of the phthalate mixture tested can be assumed to be < 1 μg/mL in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shehreen Amjad
- Department of Animal Science & Technology and BET Research Institute, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Saidur Rahman
- Department of Animal Science & Technology and BET Research Institute, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Ki Pang
- Department of Animal Science & Technology and BET Research Institute, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Yeal Ryu
- Department of Animal Science & Technology and BET Research Institute, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Elikanah Olusayo Adegoke
- Department of Animal Science & Technology and BET Research Institute, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo-Jin Park
- Department of Animal Science & Technology and BET Research Institute, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Geol Pang
- Department of Animal Science & Technology and BET Research Institute, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea.
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Sedha S, Lee H, Singh S, Kumar S, Jain S, Ahmad A, Bin Jardan YA, Sonwal S, Shukla S, Simal-Gandara J, Xiao J, Huh YS, Han YK, Bajpai VK. Reproductive toxic potential of phthalate compounds - State of art review. Pharmacol Res 2021; 167:105536. [PMID: 33677105 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are pervasive compounds, and due to the ubiquitous usage of phthalates, humans or even children are widely exposed to them. Since phthalates are not chemically bound to the plastic matrix, they can easily leach out to contaminate the peripheral environment. Various animal and human studies have raised vital health concern including developmental and reproductive toxicity of phthalate exposure. The present review is based upon the available literature on phthalates with respect to their reproductive toxic potential. Common reproductive effects such as declined fertility, reduced testis weight, variations in accessory sex organs and several female reproductive disorders appeared to be largely associated with the transitional phthalates. Among the higher molecular weight phthalates (≥ C7), di-isononyl phthalate (DINP) produces some minor effects on development of male reproductive tract and among low molecular weight phthalates (≤C3), di-methyl (DMP) and di-isobutyl (DIBP) phthalate produce some adverse effects on male reproductive system. Whereas transitional phthalates such as di-butyl phthalate, benzyl butyl phthalate, and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate have shown adverse effects on female reproductive system. Owing to these, non-toxic alternatives to phthalates may be developed and use of phthalates could be rationalized as an important issue where human reproduction system is involved. Though, more epidemiological studies are needed to substantiate the reported findings on phthalates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Sedha
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr Hari Singh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar 470003, MP, India
| | - Hoomin Lee
- Department of Biological Engineering, NanoBio High-Tech Materials Research Center, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Nam-gu, Incheon 22212, South Korea
| | - Siddhartha Singh
- Government Girls P.G. College for Excellence, Sagar 470002, MP, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- National Institute of Occupational Health - ICMR, Meghaninagar, Ahmedabad 380016, Gujarat, India
| | - Subodh Jain
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr Hari Singh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar 470003, MP, India
| | - Ajaz Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yousef A Bin Jardan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sonam Sonwal
- Department of Biological Engineering, NanoBio High-Tech Materials Research Center, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Nam-gu, Incheon 22212, South Korea
| | - Shruti Shukla
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM), Sonipat, Haryana 131028, India
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo - Ourense Campus, Ourense E-32004, Spain
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo - Ourense Campus, Ourense E-32004, Spain.
| | - Yun Suk Huh
- Department of Biological Engineering, NanoBio High-Tech Materials Research Center, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Nam-gu, Incheon 22212, South Korea.
| | - Young-Kyu Han
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Seoul 04620, South Korea.
| | - Vivek K Bajpai
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Seoul 04620, South Korea.
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Sterrett ME, Bloom MS, Jamro EL, Wenzel AG, Wineland RJ, Unal ER, Brock J, Kucklick J, Garcia K, Newman RB. Maternal Food and Beverage Consumption Behaviors and Discrepant Phthalate Exposure by Race. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:2190. [PMID: 33672279 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18042190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Differential exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals, including phthalate diesters, may contribute to persistent racial/ethnic disparities in women’s reproductive health outcomes. We sought to characterize sources of gestational exposure to these agents that may differ according to maternal race. Methods: We enrolled pregnant Black (n = 198), including African American, and White (n = 197) women during the second trimester, and measured eight phthalate monoester metabolites in urine. We assessed confounder-adjusted associations between multiple food and beverage consumption habits, summarized using a principal component analysis, as predictors of maternal urinary phthalate metabolite levels, stratified by race. Results: Whites reported significantly greater unprocessed food consumption (42.5% vs. 32.0%; p < 0.001) and storage of food in clear unbreakable plastic containers (66.5% vs. 49.3%; p < 0.001) than Blacks, while Blacks consumed more canned fruits and vegetables (23.5% vs. 12.2%; p < 0.001) than Whites. Using plastics for food storage, microwaving in plastic containers, and using hard plastic water bottles was associated with urinary phthalate concentrations, especially DEHP metabolites (e.g., mean difference = 5.13%; 95% CI: 3.05, 7.25). These associations were driven primarily by Black pregnant women. Conclusions: Targeted interventions to reduce maternal exposure to phthalates need to be designed with specific attention to differences in food and beverage consumption behaviors among Black and White women.
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Martínez-Ibarra A, Martínez-Razo LD, MacDonald-Ramos K, Morales-Pacheco M, Vázquez-Martínez ER, López-López M, Rodríguez Dorantes M, Cerbón M. Multisystemic alterations in humans induced by bisphenol A and phthalates: Experimental, epidemiological and clinical studies reveal the need to change health policies. Environ Pollut 2021; 271:116380. [PMID: 33387779 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A vast amount of evidence indicates that bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates are widely distributed in the environment since these compounds are mass-produced for the manufacture of plastics and plasticizers. These compounds belong to a large group of substances termed endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC). It is well known that humans and living organisms are unavoidably and unintentionally exposed to BPA and phthalates from food packaging materials and many other everyday products. BPA and phthalates exert their effect by interfering with hormone synthesis, bioavailability, and action, thereby altering cellular proliferation and differentiation, tissue development, and the regulation of several physiological processes. In fact, these EDC can alter fetal programming at an epigenetic level, which can be transgenerational transmitted and may be involved in the development of various chronic pathologies later in the adulthood, including metabolic, reproductive and degenerative diseases, and certain types of cancer. In this review, we describe the most recent proposed mechanisms of action of these EDC and offer a compelling selection of experimental, epidemiological and clinical studies, which show evidence of how exposure to these pollutants affects our health during development, and their association with a wide range of reproductive, metabolic and neurological diseases, as well as hormone-related cancers. We stress the importance of concern in the general population and the urgent need for the medical health care system to closely monitor EDC levels in the population due to unavoidable and involuntary exposure to these pollutants and their impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Martínez-Ibarra
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Ciudad de México 04960, Mexico; Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología "Isidro Espinosa de Los Reyes" - Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico
| | - L D Martínez-Razo
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología "Isidro Espinosa de Los Reyes" - Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico
| | - K MacDonald-Ramos
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología "Isidro Espinosa de Los Reyes" - Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico
| | - M Morales-Pacheco
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología "Isidro Espinosa de Los Reyes" - Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico
| | - E R Vázquez-Martínez
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología "Isidro Espinosa de Los Reyes" - Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico
| | - M López-López
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Ciudad de México 04960, Mexico
| | | | - M Cerbón
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología "Isidro Espinosa de Los Reyes" - Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico.
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Day DB, Collett BR, Barrett ES, Bush NR, Swan SH, Nguyen RHN, Szpiro AA, Sathyanarayana S. Phthalate mixtures in pregnancy, autistic traits, and adverse childhood behavioral outcomes. Environ Int 2021; 147:106330. [PMID: 33418196 PMCID: PMC9291724 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure to multiple phthalates is ubiquitous, and yet few studies have evaluated these exposures as a mixture in relation to child autistic traits and behavioral problems. OBJECTIVES To assess cumulative associations between prenatal phthalate mixtures and child behaviors, including effect modification by exposure timing and child sex. METHODS Analyses included 501 mother/child pairs from the multicenter pregnancy cohort The Infant Development and Environment Study (TIDES). Nine maternal urinary phthalate metabolites were measured in early and late pregnancy, and behavior was assessed at ages 4-5 years using composite T scores for the Behavioral Assessment System for Children (BASC-2), which measures several dimensions of child behavior, and the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS-2), which measures social impairment consistent with autistic traits. We utilized weighted quantile sum (WQS) regressions to examine pregnancy period-specific associations between phthalate mixtures and behavioral outcomes. Full-sample 95% WQS confidence intervals are known to be anti-conservative, so we calculated a confirmatory p-value using a permutation test. Effect modification by sex was examined with stratified analyses. RESULTS A one-quintile increase in the early pregnancy phthalate mixture was associated with increased SRS-2 total score (coefficient = 1.0, confirmatory p = 0.01) and worse adaptive skills (coefficient = -1.0, confirmatory p = 0.06) in both sexes. In sex-stratified analyses, the early pregnancy phthalate mixture was associated with increased SRS-2 total score in boys (coefficient = 1.2, confirmatory p = 0.04) and girls (coefficient = 1.0, confirmatory p = 0.10) and worse BASC-2 adaptive skills score in girls (coefficient = -1.5, confirmatory p = 0.06), while the late pregnancy phthalate mixture was associated with increased BASC-2 externalizing score in boys (coefficient = 1.3, confirmatory p = 0.03). CONCLUSION Our results suggest cumulative adverse associations between prenatal phthalate mixtures and multiple facets of childhood behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew B Day
- Center for Child Health, Behavior, and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1920 Terry Ave, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
| | - Brent R Collett
- Center for Child Health, Behavior, and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1920 Terry Ave, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Emily S Barrett
- Department of Epidemiology, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers School of Public Health, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Nicole R Bush
- Center for Health and Community, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, 401 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Shanna H Swan
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 17 E. 102nd Street, CAM Building, 3 West, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Ruby H N Nguyen
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street Southeast, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Adam A Szpiro
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, 1705 Northeast Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Sheela Sathyanarayana
- Center for Child Health, Behavior, and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1920 Terry Ave, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, 1959 Northeast Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Liu S, Wang K, Svoboda LK, Rygiel CA, Neier K, Jones TR, Cavalcante RG, Colacino JA, Dolinoy DC, Sartor MA. Perinatal DEHP exposure induces sex- and tissue-specific DNA methylation changes in both juvenile and adult mice. Environ Epigenet 2021; 7:dvab004. [PMID: 33986952 PMCID: PMC8107644 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvab004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a type of phthalate plasticizer found in a variety of consumer products and poses a public health concern due to its metabolic and endocrine disruption activities. Dysregulation of epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation, has been shown to be an important mechanism for the pathogenic effects of prenatal exposures, including phthalates. In this study, we used an established mouse model to study the effect of perinatal DEHP exposure on the DNA methylation profile in liver (a primary target tissue of DEHP) and blood (a common surrogate tissue) of both juvenile and adult mice. Despite exposure ceasing at 3 weeks of age (PND21), we identified thousands of sex-specific differential DNA methylation events in 5-month old mice, more than identified at PND21, both in blood and liver. Only a small number of these differentially methylated cytosines (DMCs) overlapped between the time points, or between tissues (i.e. liver and blood), indicating blood may not be an appropriate surrogate tissue to estimate the effects of DEHP exposure on liver DNA methylation. We detected sex-specific DMCs common between 3-week and 5-month samples, pointing to specific DNA methylation alterations that are consistent between weanling and adult mice. In summary, this is the first study to assess the genome-wide DNA methylation profiles in liver and blood at two different aged cohorts in response to perinatal DEHP exposure. Our findings cast light on the implications of using surrogate tissue instead of target tissue in human population-based studies and identify epigenetic biomarkers for DEHP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Liu
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, 500 S State St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, 500 S State St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Laurie K Svoboda
- Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, 500 S State St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Christine A Rygiel
- Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, 500 S State St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kari Neier
- Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, 500 S State St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Tamara R Jones
- Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, 500 S State St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Raymond G Cavalcante
- Epigenomics Core, University of Michigan, 500 S State St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Justin A Colacino
- Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, 500 S State St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan, 500 S State St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Dana C Dolinoy
- Correspondence address. Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA. Tel: +734-647-3155; Fax: +734-936-7283; E-mail: (D.C.D.); Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, 100 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2218, USA . Tel: +734-763-8013; Fax: +734-615-6553; E-mail: (M.A.S.)
| | - Maureen A Sartor
- Correspondence address. Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA. Tel: +734-647-3155; Fax: +734-936-7283; E-mail: (D.C.D.); Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, 100 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2218, USA . Tel: +734-763-8013; Fax: +734-615-6553; E-mail: (M.A.S.)
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Martínez-Razo LD, Martínez-Ibarra A, Vázquez-Martínez ER, Cerbón M. The impact of Di-(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate and Mono(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate in placental development, function, and pathophysiology. Environ Int 2021; 146:106228. [PMID: 33157377 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a chemical widely distributed in the environment as is extensively used in the plastic industry. DEHP is considered an endocrine disruptor chemical (EDC) and humans are inevitably and unintentionally exposed to this EDC through several sources including food, beverages, cosmetics, medical devices, among others. DEHP exposure has been associated and may be involved in the development of various pathologies; importantly, pregnant women are a particular risk group considering that endocrine alterations during gestation may impact fetal programming leading to the development of several chronic diseases in adulthood. Recent studies have indicated that exposure to DEHP and its metabolite Mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) may impair placental development and function, which in turn would have a negative impact on fetal growth. Studies performed in several trophoblastic and placental models have shown the negative impact of DEHP and MEHP in key processes related to placental development such as implantation, differentiation, invasion and angiogenesis. In addition, many alterations in placental functions like hormone signaling, metabolism, transfer of nutrients, immunomodulation and oxidative stress response have been reported. Moreover, clinical-epidemiological evidence supports the association between DEHP exposure and adverse pregnancy outcomes and pathologies. In this review, we aim to summarize for the first time current knowledge about the impact of DEHP and MEHP exposure on placental development and pathophysiology, as well as the mechanisms involved. We also remark the importance of exploring DEHP and MEHP effects in different trophoblast cell populations and discuss new perspectives regarding this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Daniel Martínez-Razo
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología "Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes" - Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Martínez-Ibarra
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología "Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes" - Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico; Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Ciudad de México 04960, Mexico
| | - Edgar Ricardo Vázquez-Martínez
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología "Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes" - Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico
| | - Marco Cerbón
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología "Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes" - Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico.
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Morová M, Senko T, Olexová L, Dzirbíková Z, Kršková L. A mixture of diethylhexyl, diisononyl and dibutyl phthalate decreased anogenital distance, postnatal testosterone levels, and changed social behavior in Wistar rats. Physiol Res 2020; 69:S489-S498. [PMID: 33476171 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Phthalates are chemicals interfering with the function of testosterone and are suspected to play a role in the emergence of neurodevelopmental diseases. This could be due to interference with brain development for which optimal testosterone levels are essential. We investigated the effect of prenatal and early postnatal exposure to a phthalate mixture on the anogenital distance (AGD), plasma testosterone levels and social behavior in rats. Pregnant rats were exposed to a mixture of diethylhexyl, diisononyl and dibutyl phthalate, each at a dose of 4.5 mg/kg/day, from gestational day 15 to postnatal day 4. A social interaction test was performed to assess sociability in the three ontogenetic stages (weaning, puberty, adulthood). AGD was measured in adulthood to assess changes in prenatal testosterone levels. Plasma testosterone levels were measured in adults by a radioimmunoassay. The total frequency and time of socio-cohesive interactions were decreased in phthalate exposed females in weaning, puberty and adulthood. Phthalate exposed males showed a decrease in the frequency of social interactions in weaning only. Shorter anogenital distance was observed in adult males exposed to phthalates. Decreased testosterone levels were observed in the exposed group in both sexes. Our results suggest that early developmental phthalate exposure may play an important role in the hormonal and behavioral changes associated with several neurodevelopmental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Morová
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ethology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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Neier K, Montrose L, Chen K, Malloy MA, Jones TR, Svoboda LK, Harris C, Song PXK, Pennathur S, Sartor MA, Dolinoy DC. Short- and long-term effects of perinatal phthalate exposures on metabolic pathways in the mouse liver. Environ Epigenet 2020; 6:dvaa017. [PMID: 33391822 PMCID: PMC7757125 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvaa017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates have been demonstrated to interfere with metabolism, presumably by interacting with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). However, mechanisms linking developmental phthalate exposures to long-term metabolic effects have not yet been elucidated. We investigated the hypothesis that developmental phthalate exposure has long-lasting impacts on PPAR target gene expression and DNA methylation to influence hepatic metabolic profiles across the life course. We utilized an established longitudinal mouse model of perinatal exposures to diethylhexyl phthalate and diisononyl phthalate, and a mixture of diethylhexyl phthalate+diisononyl phthalate. Exposure was through the diet and spanned from 2 weeks before mating until weaning at postnatal day 21 (PND21). Liver tissue was analyzed from the offspring of exposed and control mice at PND21 and in another cohort of exposed and control mice at 10 months of age. RNA-seq and pathway enrichment analyses indicated that acetyl-CoA metabolic processes were altered in diisononyl phthalate-exposed female livers at both PND21 and 10 months (FDR = 0.0018). Within the pathway, all 13 significant genes were potential PPAR target genes. Promoter DNA methylation was altered at three candidate genes, but persistent effects were only observed for Fasn. Targeted metabolomics indicated that phthalate-exposed females had decreased acetyl-CoA at PND21 and increased acetyl-CoA and acylcarnitines at 10 months. Together, our data suggested that perinatal phthalate exposures were associated with short- and long-term activation of PPAR target genes, which manifested as increased fatty acid production in early postnatal life and increased fatty acid oxidation in adulthood. This presents a novel molecular pathway linking developmental phthalate exposures and metabolic health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Neier
- Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1415 Washington Heights 48109 MI, USA
| | - Luke Montrose
- Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1415 Washington Heights 48109 MI, USA
| | - Kathleen Chen
- Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1415 Washington Heights 48109 MI, USA
| | - Maureen A Malloy
- Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1415 Washington Heights 48109 MI, USA
| | - Tamara R Jones
- Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1415 Washington Heights 48109 MI, USA
| | - Laurie K Svoboda
- Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1415 Washington Heights 48109 MI, USA
| | - Craig Harris
- Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1415 Washington Heights 48109 MI, USA
| | - Peter X K Song
- Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1415 Washington Heights 48109 MI, USA
| | - Subramaniam Pennathur
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1500 East Medical Center Drive 48109 MI, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1137 E. Catherine St. 48109 MI, USA
| | - Maureen A Sartor
- Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1415 Washington Heights 48109 MI, USA
- Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 100 Washtenaw Avenue 48109 MI, USA
| | - Dana C Dolinoy
- Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1415 Washington Heights 48109 MI, USA
- Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1415 Washington Heights 48109 MI, USA
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